(共18张PPT)
专题六 谓语动词
第2讲 完成体、完成进行时、时态的呼应
必备知识 整合提升
核心考法 重难突破
易混知识 易错清单
谓语动词
强化模拟 限时训练
必备知识
整合提升
考点一 动词
考点二 一般体
考点三 进行体
考点四 完成体
考点五 完成进行体
考点六 时态的呼应
考点七 被动语态
考点八 主谓一致
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解1:现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
1. 表示动作或事情发生在说话之前某个不确定的时间里,但现在已经完成,且其结果对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有:
lately近来 recently最近
so far到目前为止 by now到现在
up to/till now直到现在
in the last/past few days/years在过去的几天/几年里
Progress has been very good so far and we are sure that the work will be finished on time. 到目前为止,工作进展得很顺利,我们确信一定会按时完工。
In the last century or so, these changes in agricultural technology have accelerated.大约在上个世纪,这些农业技术方面的变化已经加快了。[浙江高考改编]
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解1:现在完成时
2. 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态,并可能还会继续进行下去,常用的时间状语有:
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的首部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
He has taught Chinese for more than 20 years.
他教中文已有20多年了。
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解1:现在完成时
3. 瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时,但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。在否定句中,瞬间动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用的瞬间动词有:go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, buy, die, fall, stop, start, kill, close, graduate, join, finish, lose等。若瞬间动词要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换,如:
buy→have买 borrow→keep借
finish→be over结束 leave→be away离开
close→be closed关闭 open→be open打开
come/go/become→be来/去/变得;成为
die→be dead死 fall asleep→be asleep睡觉
marry→be married结婚 fall ill→be ill生病
put on→have on/wear穿
join the army→be a soldier/be in the army参军
“他已经参军三年了”可以用以下方式表示:
He joined the army three years ago.
=It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
=He has been a soldier for three years.
=He has been in the army for three years.
(×)He has joined the army for three years.
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解2:过去完成时
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成,必须以过去某一时刻为基点,即“过去的过去”。其基本用法如下:
1. 表示在过去某一时间或过去某一事件之前已经发生并完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
The next day, we got a disappointing message that another buyer had offered a much higher price.第二天,我们得到了一个令人失望的消息,那就是另一位买主已经给出了一个更高的价格。
The film had begun when we got to the cinema yesterday.昨天我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解2:过去完成时
2. 表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直持续到过去这一时刻,并也可能继续下去。常用的时间状语有:
by then到那时为止 by that time到那时候
before… 在……之前
by the end of… 到……末为止
until then直到那时
by the time+一般过去时的从句 到……时候
Experiments of this kind had been conducted in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.在二战之前这种实验已经在美国和欧洲进行得很好了。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.杰克从英格兰回到家中时,他的儿子已大学毕业。
As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.由于经济衰退,镇上的一些人已经失业。[全国新高考Ⅰ]
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解2:过去完成时
特别注意!
如果表示到将来某个时间或某件事情为止,某一动作或状态已经发生或完成,要用将来完成时,常用的时间状语有“by+将来的某个时间”或“by the end of+将来的某个时间”或“by the time+一般现在时的从句”等。
—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know.By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.
——汤米计划要买车。
——我知道。到下个月,他就能攒够买一辆二手车的钱了。
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解2:过去完成时
3. intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think 等动词的过去完成时,可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法等。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算昨天去看你的,但我这边来了一个不速之客。(实际上没去)
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们本来期望你能赢得这次比赛。(实际上没有赢)
考点三 完成体
分考点讲解3:常使用完成时的句型
“It was/had been+一段时间+since从句”,从句用过去完成时;
“It is/has been+一段时间+since从句”,从句用一般过去时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年没这么高兴了。
“It is the first/second/… time+ that 从句”,从句用现在完成时;
“It was the first/second/… time+ that 从句”,从句用过去完成时。
It is the first time that I have been here.
这是我第一次到这里来。
The teacher said it was the first time that little John had listened so attentively.老师说这是小约翰第一次那么认真地听讲。
“That/This/It is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+定语从句”,从句常用完成时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
That dinner was the most expensive meal we had ever had.那顿晚饭是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。
在hardly/scarcely… when… 及no sooner… than… (一……就……)句型中,主句常用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时且hardly/scarcely及no sooner位于句首时主句用部分倒装。
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站,车就开了。
No sooner did she leave my doorstep than I had emails from two women.她刚离开我家门口,我就收到了两位女士的电子邮件。[天津高考改编]
考点四 完成体
分考点讲解3:常使用完成时的句型
“It was/had been+一段时间+since从句”,从句用过去完成时;
“It is/has been+一段时间+since从句”,从句用一般过去时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年没这么高兴了。
“It is the first/second/… time+ that 从句”,从句用现在完成时;
“It was the first/second/… time+ that 从句”,从句用过去完成时。
It is the first time that I have been here.
这是我第一次到这里来。
The teacher said it was the first time that little John had listened so attentively.老师说这是小约翰第一次那么认真地听讲。
“That/This/It is/was+the+形容词最高级+名词+定语从句”,从句常用完成时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
That dinner was the most expensive meal we had ever had.那顿晚饭是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。
在hardly/scarcely… when… 及no sooner… than… (一……就……)句型中,主句常用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时且hardly/scarcely及no sooner位于句首时主句用部分倒装。
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站,车就开了。
No sooner did she leave my doorstep than I had emails from two women.她刚离开我家门口,我就收到了两位女士的电子邮件。[天津高考改编]
考点五 完成进行体
分考点讲解
高考对于完成进行体要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时由“have/has been+现在分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
1. 表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成,也可能仍在进行。常用的时间状语有:
all this morning整个早上 this month这个月
these few days这几天 all night整个晚上
recently最近 since… 自从……
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物,我好像什么事也没完成。
Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里,汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆学习。
Mother wants to be a good provider, a role she has been shouldering since her marriage to Father.
母亲想做一个称职的养家的人,一个自从她和父亲结婚以来就一直承担着的角色。
考点五 完成进行体
分考点讲解
高考对于完成进行体要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时由“have/has been+现在分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It's because I have been practising a lot these days.
——你是个很棒的游泳运动员。
——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在做大量练习。[天津高考]
考点六 时态的呼应
分考点讲解1:含状语从句的时态一致
高考对于完成进行体要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时由“have/has been+现在分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It's because I have been practising a lot these days.
——你是个很棒的游泳运动员。
——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在做大量练习。[天津高考]
考点六 时态的呼应
分考点讲解2:含宾语从句的时态一致
如果主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,从句可根据句意选用任何时态。
He says (that) he works at night.
他说他上夜班。
She says (that) she has been to Mount Tai.
她说她去过泰山。
如果主句为过去的某种时态,从句多用过去时态。具体情况如下:
考点六 时态的呼应
分考点讲解2:含宾语从句的时态一致
情 况 从句时态 例 句
从句谓语动词所表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 一般过去时、过去进行时 He said there was no hospital in the village.他说村庄里没有医院。
从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前 过去完成时 He said that he had finished the task.他说他已经完成了任务。
从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之后 过去将来时 He said that he was going to look after the patient.他说他会去照顾病人。
考点六 时态的呼应
分考点讲解2:含宾语从句的时态一致
注意!
(1)当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、格言、谚语或习惯性动作时,即使主句用的是过去的某种时态,从句仍用一般现在时。
He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光比声音传播得快得多。
The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our heart into it.老师告诉我们:世上无难事,只怕有心人。
(2)当主句为过去时态时,若从句中有表示确定的过去时间的状语,从句仍用一般过去时。
She said she came to work here in 1998.
她说她是1998年来这里工作的。