2023届高三英语二轮复习：动词的时态与语态导学案-(无答案）
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动词的时态与语态
动词时态
时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。
（一）一般现在时
1．通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always,
sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。
She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。
The old man goes to park every morning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。
2．表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。
The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3．表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。
The train starts at seven in the morning. 火车早上七点出发。
4．在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。
I’ll go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就会和你一起去。
（二）一般过去时
1．一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week(year/month), in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995, in the past等连用。
I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。
They began to work two months ago. 两个月前他们开始工作。
2．一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。
He wrote a novel. 他写了一部小说。
I didn’t expect you were waiting for us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。
3．used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。
He used to get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）
He will be used to getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。
Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。
（三）一般将来时
1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month, next time（year/month/week）, from now on, tomorrow, in 2030等。
I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八岁了。
He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去机场接她。
2、一般将来时的其它表示形式
（1）一般现在时表将来
①按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。
The new library opens next month. 新图书馆下月开放。
The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飞机于下午三点起飞。
②在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)
If you leave tomorrow , I’ll see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到机场送你。
When she comes, I’ll tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。
（2）现在进行时表将来
现在进行时表示将来，往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也称为位移性动词，其进行时表示马上要做某事。
I’m taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个周日我将带孩子们去动物园。
He is leaving school in one year’s time.他一年后就要毕业了。
（3）be to do sth结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
The president is to visit Japan in May.主席将于五月访问日本。
I’m to get married next year. 我明年结婚。
（4）be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事，马上要做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作即将发生（不跟表将来的时间状语连用）。
We are about to discuss this problem.我们将马上讨论这个问题。
They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要离开时电话响了。
3、will和be going to的区别。
（1）will多表示带意愿色彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事，也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。
I will stay with you and help you. 我会和你一起并且帮助你。
—You have left the light on. 你还开着灯呢。
— Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，确实是的。我马上去关掉它。
（2）be going to常用于口语中，主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。
There’s going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一场英文电影。
Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。
（四）现在完成时
1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet，for +时间段，since+时间点，in(during) the past(last) +时间段等副词连用。
I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。
He has been to Germany. 他去过德国。
2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。
I have known him for three years. 我认识他三年了。
He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。
【注意】（1）因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。
My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。
My sister has married. Don’t disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。
（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/..time that..句型里，从句要用现在完成时。
This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。
（3）句型It is/has been...since..所使用的两种时态都正确。
It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。
（五）过去完成时
1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
When we got to the station, the train had left.
2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。
3、表示思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本······（但事与愿违）”。
I had thought that he would win. 我原以为他能赢。
We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。
（六）现在进行时
1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Listen, someone is crying. 听，有人在哭。
What are you doing these days 这些天你们在干什么？
2、有时，现在进行时也与always等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，用以表达说话人赞扬、讨厌等情绪。
He is always asking the same question. 他总是问同一个问题。（厌烦）
3、动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表将要发生的动作时也用现在进行时。
They are leaving for Shanghai. 他们将动身去上海。
4、状态动词be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于进行时。
Do you know where he is 你知道他在哪儿吗？
（七）过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在发生的动作。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲门的时候我正在洗头发。
【辨析】现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带，它强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，可能现在仍在那家医院工作。)
他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。
He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (这只是讲述一个过去的事实，表示他现在已经不在那家医院了。)
他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。
Have you had your lunch 你吃午饭了吗？
What did you have for lunch 你午饭吃的是什么？
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去过长城，我去年夏天去的。
动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
（1）被动语态
1）用法
A．不知道动作的执行者是谁。
B． 没有必要指出动作的执行者
C．强调动作的承受着。
（2）被动语态的构成及用法
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词
一般现在时：is/am/are+done 现在被做
一般过去时:was/were+done 过去被做
现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done 正在被做
过去进行时:was/were+being+done 当时/过去正在被做
一般将来时:will+be+done 将会被做
过去将来时:would+be+done 过去将会被做
现在完成时:have/has+been+done 已经被做
过去完成时:had+been +done 过去/曾经已经被做
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4) 主动形式表示被动意义
1）如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：
The pen writes smoothly.
2）感官动词如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容词作表语。
The food tastes good.
非谓语动词（只简要介绍初中部分内容，在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目，要努力掌握）
对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。
（1）非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
（2）不定式作宾语补足语
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
（3）不定式作目的状语
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词
这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（5）用不带to不定式的情况
使役动词如： let, have, make等和感官动词如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。
（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同
1) stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
3) remember to do 记得去做某事。 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事。 (已做)
4) try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
5) go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
6) mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。
Do you speak English
May I speak to Mr Pope, please
3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。
What are you talking about
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
4) tell 表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual
2) see 指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday
3) watch 指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
4） read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。
1) borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary
2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please
3) keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。
How long can the recorder be kept
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday
2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag
The box is heavy. Can you carry it
4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some
(5) wear, put on和dress的区别
1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something/(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
3) use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer
Shall we use your car
(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。
1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Jack (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
2. I (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
3. The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward) with success in the end.
4. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it (come) on the market in 1973.
5. This is the first time we (see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
6. It was raining lightly when I (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
7. I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
8. Susan had quit her well-paid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
9. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
10.Last year, every employee in our company (offer) a physical examination free of charge.
11.Upon arriving home, Lily found that her husband (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.
12. I (walk) toward the door to go outside when suddenly Jim opened it unexpectedly.
13. The Palace Museum has put on many attractions since it ________ (rebuild) in 2017.
14. Rent usually ________ (go) up in the summer, when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.
15. Over the last few decades, economic globalization ________ (contribute) greatly to global growth.
16. When I came back from my 10-day holiday, I found the fish tank was broken and the fish ________ (die).
17. — How can I apply for an online course
— Just fill out this form and we ________ (see) what we can do for you.
18. Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ________ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
19. The pianist ________ (develop) a love for music when he was a little boy.
20. I didn’t get in touch with David yesterday, since he ________ (chair) a meeting when I called.
21.—Were you surprised by the ending of the film
—No, I _______ (read) the book, so I already knew the story.
22. This coastal area (name) a national wildlife reserve last year.
23. Up to now, the program ________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
24. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ________ (do) for me.
25.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.
26. When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
27. Progress (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
28. If their marketing plans succeed，they (increase) their sales by 20 percent.
29. The moment I got home, I found I (leave) my jacket on the playground.
30. Judy is going to marry the sailor she (meet) in Rome last year.
31. So far this year we (see) a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
32. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I (go) there several years ago.
33. Cathy didn’t go to the cinema with us last night, for she (do) her homework.
34. The doctors ______ (refuse) to operate on Sam because his parents had not given permission．
35. John says he’s 80 years old, but nobody (believe) him．
介词：
介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的词与句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用，可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语在句中可以作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)。
The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)
02用法讲解
1. 表示时间的介词
表示时间的介词主要有at, in, on；具体区别如下：
（1）表示时间点用at。例如：
at six o’clock 在六点钟 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜
（2）表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：
in the ninth century 在第九世纪
in 2002 在2002年
in May在五月
in winter 在冬天
in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon在下午
（3）表示具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上时，用on。例如：
on Monday 在周一
on July 1st 在七月一日
on Sunday morning 在星期日的早上
表示时间的介词还有before（在……前）, after（在……后）等。例如：
before ten o’clock 在十点前 after breakfast 在早饭后
2. 表示地点或者方位的介词或词组
（1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面上”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
（2）between，among
between指在两者之间，among指在三者或三者以上的人或者物之间。例如：
The library is between the post office and the market.
The teacher is among the students.
（3）in front of，in the front of＆before
in front of表示在(物体外部的)前面，in the front of表示在(物体内部的)前面，before既可以作介词也可以作连词，既可以表示在某时间和位置的前面，也可以表示在顺 序或次序的前面。例如：
In front of our classroom, there is a big tree.
There is a big TV set in the front of our classroom.
Please come before ten o’clock.
He puts his work before everything.
（4）in the middle of, in the center of
1）center中心、中央，该词大体上接近于几何概念，即一个圆或一个球内的一点，这一点与周围的任何一点的距离相等，也可喻为政治商业中心。
2）middle表示的中间，是相对而言，笼统的中部包括了中心再加上中心周围部分，middle可用于空间、时间或某项活动中间。
因此，in the center of the park一般翻译成“公园中心”，而in the middle of the park是“公园中部”，范围比center大。
（5） across，through，past，over
表示从某一个物体的表面横过、穿过用介词across; 从某一个物体的里面或者一定范围内穿过、横过用介词through; 从旁边经过用past；指在某物上方“通过、越过”，与表面不接触，用over，常用来指“越过（篱笆、墙）等。例如：
They swam across the river.
The boys go through the forest quickly.
They drove past a big supermarket.
The birds fly over the city.
（6）beside, by, near, next to
1）by和beside均表示“在……旁边”，常可换用。例如：
She stood by the window. 她站在窗边。
The hotel is beside (/by) the river. 那家饭店在河边。
Come and sit beside (/by) me. 过来，坐在我边上。
2）next to 指“紧靠着的旁边”，意思和by与beside接近，有时互换。例如：
The new house next to the library is my house.
那座紧挨着图书馆的新房子是我家。
Come and sit next to (beside /by) me. 过来坐在我旁边。
3）near指“在......附近，接近，近”，表示的距离比by和beside远一些。例如：
There is a post office near his home. 他家附近有一个邮局。
His home is very near. 他的房子就在附近。
常见的表示地点的介词或者词组还有：behind，inside, outside, along, across from等，需要同学们在以后的学习中不断的总结。
3. 其他介词
（1）about
about意为“关于，对于”，例如：
The American girl wants to learn about Chinese history.
那个美国女孩儿想要了解中国历史。
（2）from
from 意为“从……，自从”；常构成词组“from… to…”。例如：
I go to school from Monday to Friday. 我从周一到周五去学校。
How far is it from Beijing to Shanghai 从北京到上海有多远？
（3）with
with 意为“与……一起，附有，使用”等意思。例如：
He has a house with a small garden. 有一个带着小花园的房子。
Can you play with me 你能和我一起玩儿吗？
（4）of
of 意为“……的，属于……的”常用来表示所属关系或者构成一些词组。例如：
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。
What kind of movie do you like 你喜欢哪一种电影？
（5）to
to意为“向，到，对”。例如：
Let me tell you the way to my house. 让我告诉你去我家的路。
Scotland is to the north of England. 苏格兰在英格兰之北。
（6）for
for 意为“对于，为了，以……为代价，（时间持续）……之久”等。例如：
For breakfast, he likes eggs, bananas and apples. 早餐他吃鸡蛋、香蕉和苹果。
For boys, we have socks for only five dollars each.
对于男孩子，我们有仅仅五元一双的袜子。
（7） as , like
like与as作介词，都有“像”的意思。但有一定区别。
1）like意为“像……一样”。用于相似关系，即两者在形态上或性质上有相似之处，但并不等于。
2）as意为“作为；以……身份”。用于说明同一关系，即两者实为一体。
例如：She talks to me like my mother.
她像我妈妈那样跟我说话。（她不是我妈妈）
She talks to me as a mother.
她以妈妈的身份跟我说话。（她是我妈妈）
连词
用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。
(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but, while等。
(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
引到状语从句的连词
（1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
介词、代词、冠词、连词总结
Modern methods 1 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
Of 2 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
I work not because I have to, 3 because I want to.
When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was 4 joke.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 5 dogs, seven to be exact.
Everybody wears 6 same style of clothes.
But can uniforms help improve school standards The answer 7 this question is not clear.
While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life 8 walking, cycling or swimming.
If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 9 a try.
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 10 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water 11 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.
Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 12 top of her lungs.
I was searching 13 these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 14 (they) alive.
Many westerners who / that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 15 can be to eat out.
If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home 16 dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) 17 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
As 18 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 19 work.
This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over 20 top.
However, the railway quickly proved tobe a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 21 every day.
Instead, she is earning $6,500 a day as 22 model in New York.
After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 23 engineering or architecture.
“She thought I had hurt 24 (I),” says Pahlsson.
For Pahlsson, its return was 25 wonder.
But my connection with pandas goes back 26 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 27 (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 28 other is with mum — she never suspects.
Most of us are more focused 29 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 30 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 31 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 32 their hands.
A few hours before / earlier, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 33 (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.
For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away 34 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 35 most modern of architects and engineers.
动词时态
时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。
（一）一般现在时
1．通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always,
sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。
She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。
The old man goes to park every morning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。
2．表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。
The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3．表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。
The train starts at seven in the morning. 火车早上七点出发。
4．在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。
I’ll go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就会和你一起去。
（二）一般过去时
1．一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week(year/month), in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995, in the past等连用。
I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。
They began to work two months ago. 两个月前他们开始工作。
2．一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。
He wrote a novel. 他写了一部小说。
I didn’t expect you were waiting for us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。
3．used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。
He used to get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）
He will be used to getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。
Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。
（三）一般将来时
1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month, next time（year/month/week）, from now on, tomorrow, in 2030等。
I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八岁了。
He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去机场接她。
2、一般将来时的其它表示形式
（1）一般现在时表将来
①按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。
The new library opens next month. 新图书馆下月开放。
The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飞机于下午三点起飞。
②在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。(主将从现)
If you leave tomorrow , I’ll see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到机场送你。
When she comes, I’ll tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。
（2）现在进行时表将来
现在进行时表示将来，往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也称为位移性动词，其进行时表示马上要做某事。
I’m taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个周日我将带孩子们去动物园。
He is leaving school in one year’s time.他一年后就要毕业了。
（3）be to do sth结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
The president is to visit Japan in May.主席将于五月访问日本。
I’m to get married next year. 我明年结婚。
（4）be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事，马上要做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作即将发生（不跟表将来的时间状语连用）。
We are about to discuss this problem.我们将马上讨论这个问题。
They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要离开时电话响了。
3、will和be going to的区别。
（1）will多表示带意愿色彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事，也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。
I will stay with you and help you. 我会和你一起并且帮助你。
—You have left the light on. 你还开着灯呢。
— Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，确实是的。我马上去关掉它。
（2）be going to常用于口语中，主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。
There’s going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一场英文电影。
Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。
（四）现在完成时
1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet，for +时间段，since+时间点，in(during) the past(last) +时间段等副词连用。
I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。
He has been to Germany. 他去过德国。
2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。
I have known him for three years. 我认识他三年了。
He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。
【注意】（1）因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。
My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。
My sister has married. Don’t disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。
（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/..time that..句型里，从句要用现在完成时。
This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。
（3）句型It is/has been...since..所使用的两种时态都正确。
It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。
（五）过去完成时
1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
When we got to the station, the train had left.
2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。
3、表示思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本······（但事与愿违）”。
I had thought that he would win. 我原以为他能赢。
We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。
（六）现在进行时
1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Listen, someone is crying. 听，有人在哭。
What are you doing these days 这些天你们在干什么？
2、有时，现在进行时也与always等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，用以表达说话人赞扬、讨厌等情绪。
He is always asking the same question. 他总是问同一个问题。（厌烦）
3、动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表将要发生的动作时也用现在进行时。
They are leaving for Shanghai. 他们将动身去上海。
4、状态动词be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于进行时。
Do you know where he is 你知道他在哪儿吗？
（七）过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在发生的动作。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲门的时候我正在洗头发。
【辨析】现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带，它强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，可能现在仍在那家医院工作。)
他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。
He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (这只是讲述一个过去的事实，表示他现在已经不在那家医院了。)
他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。
Have you had your lunch 你吃午饭了吗？
What did you have for lunch 你午饭吃的是什么？
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去过长城，我去年夏天去的。
动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
（1）被动语态
1）用法
A．不知道动作的执行者是谁。
B． 没有必要指出动作的执行者
C．强调动作的承受着。
（2）被动语态的构成及用法
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词
一般现在时：is/am/are+done 现在被做
一般过去时:was/were+done 过去被做
现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done 正在被做
过去进行时:was/were+being+done 当时/过去正在被做
一般将来时:will+be+done 将会被做
过去将来时:would+be+done 过去将会被做
现在完成时:have/has+been+done 已经被做
过去完成时:had+been +done 过去/曾经已经被做
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4) 主动形式表示被动意义
1）如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：
The pen writes smoothly.
2）感官动词如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容词作表语。
The food tastes good.
非谓语动词（只简要介绍初中部分内容，在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目，要努力掌握）
对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。
（1）非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
（2）不定式作宾语补足语
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
（3）不定式作目的状语
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词
这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（5）用不带to不定式的情况
使役动词如： let, have, make等和感官动词如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。
（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同
1) stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
3) remember to do 记得去做某事。 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事。 (已做)
4) try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
5) go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
6) mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。
Do you speak English
May I speak to Mr Pope, please
3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。
What are you talking about
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
4) tell 表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual
2) see 指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday
3) watch 指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
4） read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。
1) borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary
2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please
3) keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。
How long can the recorder be kept
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday
2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag
The box is heavy. Can you carry it
4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some
(5) wear, put on和dress的区别
1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something/(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
3) use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer
Shall we use your car
(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。
1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Jack (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
2. I (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
3. The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward) with success in the end.
4. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it (come) on the market in 1973.
5. This is the first time we (see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
6. It was raining lightly when I (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
7. I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
8. Susan had quit her well-paid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
9. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
10.Last year, every employee in our company (offer) a physical examination free of charge.
11.Upon arriving home, Lily found that her husband (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.
12. I (walk) toward the door to go outside when suddenly Jim opened it unexpectedly.
13. The Palace Museum has put on many attractions since it ________ (rebuild) in 2017.
14. Rent usually ________ (go) up in the summer, when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.
15. Over the last few decades, economic globalization ________ (contribute) greatly to global growth.
16. When I came back from my 10-day holiday, I found the fish tank was broken and the fish ________ (die).
17. — How can I apply for an online course
— Just fill out this form and we ________ (see) what we can do for you.
18. Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ________ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
19. The pianist ________ (develop) a love for music when he was a little boy.
20. I didn’t get in touch with David yesterday, since he ________ (chair) a meeting when I called.
21.—Were you surprised by the ending of the film
—No, I _______ (read) the book, so I already knew the story.
22. This coastal area (name) a national wildlife reserve last year.
23. Up to now, the program ________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
24. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ________ (do) for me.
25.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.
26. When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
27. Progress (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
28. If their marketing plans succeed，they (increase) their sales by 20 percent.
29. The moment I got home, I found I (leave) my jacket on the playground.
30. Judy is going to marry the sailor she (meet) in Rome last year.
31. So far this year we (see) a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
32. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I (go) there several years ago.
33. Cathy didn’t go to the cinema with us last night, for she (do) her homework.
34. The doctors ______ (refuse) to operate on Sam because his parents had not given permission．
35. John says he’s 80 years old, but nobody (believe) him．
介词：
介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的词与句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用，可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语在句中可以作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)。
The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)
02用法讲解
1. 表示时间的介词
表示时间的介词主要有at, in, on；具体区别如下：
（1）表示时间点用at。例如：
at six o’clock 在六点钟 at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜
（2）表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：
in the ninth century 在第九世纪
in 2002 在2002年
in May在五月
in winter 在冬天
in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon在下午
（3）表示具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上时，用on。例如：
on Monday 在周一
on July 1st 在七月一日
on Sunday morning 在星期日的早上
表示时间的介词还有before（在……前）, after（在……后）等。例如：
before ten o’clock 在十点前 after breakfast 在早饭后
2. 表示地点或者方位的介词或词组
（1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面上”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
（2）between，among
between指在两者之间，among指在三者或三者以上的人或者物之间。例如：
The library is between the post office and the market.
The teacher is among the students.
（3）in front of，in the front of＆before
in front of表示在(物体外部的)前面，in the front of表示在(物体内部的)前面，before既可以作介词也可以作连词，既可以表示在某时间和位置的前面，也可以表示在顺 序或次序的前面。例如：
In front of our classroom, there is a big tree.
There is a big TV set in the front of our classroom.
Please come before ten o’clock.
He puts his work before everything.
（4）in the middle of, in the center of
1）center中心、中央，该词大体上接近于几何概念，即一个圆或一个球内的一点，这一点与周围的任何一点的距离相等，也可喻为政治商业中心。
2）middle表示的中间，是相对而言，笼统的中部包括了中心再加上中心周围部分，middle可用于空间、时间或某项活动中间。
因此，in the center of the park一般翻译成“公园中心”，而in the middle of the park是“公园中部”，范围比center大。
（5） across，through，past，over
表示从某一个物体的表面横过、穿过用介词across; 从某一个物体的里面或者一定范围内穿过、横过用介词through; 从旁边经过用past；指在某物上方“通过、越过”，与表面不接触，用over，常用来指“越过（篱笆、墙）等。例如：
They swam across the river.
The boys go through the forest quickly.
They drove past a big supermarket.
The birds fly over the city.
（6）beside, by, near, next to
1）by和beside均表示“在……旁边”，常可换用。例如：
She stood by the window. 她站在窗边。
The hotel is beside (/by) the river. 那家饭店在河边。
Come and sit beside (/by) me. 过来，坐在我边上。
2）next to 指“紧靠着的旁边”，意思和by与beside接近，有时互换。例如：
The new house next to the library is my house.
那座紧挨着图书馆的新房子是我家。
Come and sit next to (beside /by) me. 过来坐在我旁边。
3）near指“在......附近，接近，近”，表示的距离比by和beside远一些。例如：
There is a post office near his home. 他家附近有一个邮局。
His home is very near. 他的房子就在附近。
常见的表示地点的介词或者词组还有：behind，inside, outside, along, across from等，需要同学们在以后的学习中不断的总结。
3. 其他介词
（1）about
about意为“关于，对于”，例如：
The American girl wants to learn about Chinese history.
那个美国女孩儿想要了解中国历史。
（2）from
from 意为“从……，自从”；常构成词组“from… to…”。例如：
I go to school from Monday to Friday. 我从周一到周五去学校。
How far is it from Beijing to Shanghai 从北京到上海有多远？
（3）with
with 意为“与……一起，附有，使用”等意思。例如：
He has a house with a small garden. 有一个带着小花园的房子。
Can you play with me 你能和我一起玩儿吗？
（4）of
of 意为“……的，属于……的”常用来表示所属关系或者构成一些词组。例如：
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。
What kind of movie do you like 你喜欢哪一种电影？
（5）to
to意为“向，到，对”。例如：
Let me tell you the way to my house. 让我告诉你去我家的路。
Scotland is to the north of England. 苏格兰在英格兰之北。
（6）for
for 意为“对于，为了，以……为代价，（时间持续）……之久”等。例如：
For breakfast, he likes eggs, bananas and apples. 早餐他吃鸡蛋、香蕉和苹果。
For boys, we have socks for only five dollars each.
对于男孩子，我们有仅仅五元一双的袜子。
（7） as , like
like与as作介词，都有“像”的意思。但有一定区别。
1）like意为“像……一样”。用于相似关系，即两者在形态上或性质上有相似之处，但并不等于。
2）as意为“作为；以……身份”。用于说明同一关系，即两者实为一体。
例如：She talks to me like my mother.
她像我妈妈那样跟我说话。（她不是我妈妈）
She talks to me as a mother.
她以妈妈的身份跟我说话。（她是我妈妈）
连词
用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。
(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but, while等。
(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
引到状语从句的连词
（1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
介词、代词、冠词、连词总结
Modern methods 1 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
Of 2 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
I work not because I have to, 3 because I want to.
When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was 4 joke.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 5 dogs, seven to be exact.
Everybody wears 6 same style of clothes.
But can uniforms help improve school standards The answer 7 this question is not clear.
While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life 8 walking, cycling or swimming.
If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 9 a try.
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 10 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water 11 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.
Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at 12 top of her lungs.
I was searching 13 these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 14 (they) alive.
Many westerners who / that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 15 can be to eat out.
If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home 16 dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) 17 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
As 18 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 19 work.
This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over 20 top.
However, the railway quickly proved tobe a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 21 every day.
Instead, she is earning $6,500 a day as 22 model in New York.
After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 23 engineering or architecture.
“She thought I had hurt 24 (I),” says Pahlsson.
For Pahlsson, its return was 25 wonder.
But my connection with pandas goes back 26 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 27 (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 28 other is with mum — she never suspects.
Most of us are more focused 29 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 30 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 31 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 32 their hands.
A few hours before / earlier, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 33 (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.
For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away 34 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 35 most modern of architects and engineers.