新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：动词
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动词
动词是用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词，在句子中作谓语，是句子中不可缺少的部分。英语中的动词有不同的形式，这些形式体现出动作发生的时间（即时态）、主动发出动作还是被动接受动作（即语态）和说话者的口气、感情等（即语气）。
动词的分类
根据句法功能 实义动词：行为动词 不及物动词 不能跟宾语的的动词 go; walk; work; die; smile;act; agree; appear;arrive; blow; come;dance; exist; fall; flow; graduate; happen; lie; leave; last; live; look;listen; rise; run;sit; stand; stay wait
及物动词 单宾语及物动词 只能跟一个宾语的动词 accept; admire; admit; affect; afford; announce; break; bury; cover; defeat; destroy; devote; discover; educate; enjoy; explain; forget; invent; raise; sign
双宾语及物动词 可以同时跟连个宾语的动词，一个宾语指人，称为间接宾语，一个宾语指物，称为直接宾语 give; hand; lend; offer; pay; pass; post; promise; read; return; show; teach; tell; wish; write (有时间接宾语放在直接宾语后面，需加介词to）
buy; book; build; choose; cook; draw; design; find; get; make; order; paint; prepare; purchase; spare(有时间接宾语放在直接宾语后面，需加介词for）
跟复合宾语的及物动词 跟一个宾语意思不完整，宾语后必须加上补足语，来补充说明宾语的性质、状态 以形容词作宾补：consider; drive(驱使); find; force; get; imagine; judge; keep; leave; make; set; think
以名词（短语）作宾补：believe; call; consider; choose; elect; find; guess; keep; make; name; suppose; think
以带to不定式作宾补: advise; allow; ask; cause; command; encourage; expect; invite; order; permit; persuade; prefer; remind; teach; tell; want; wish; warn
以不带to不定式作宾补：discover; fell; have; hear; look at; listen to; let; make; notice; observe; see; watch (以上动词动词为被动时，省略了的to必须加上，let除外）
以-ving形式作宾补：catch（碰见）；discover; find; get; have; hear; keep; look at; listen to; leave（使处于）；notice; observe; see; smell; watch
以-ed形式作宾补：discover; feel; find; get; have; hear; let; look at; listen to; leave （使）；make( 使) ; notice; observe; see; watch
系动词 状态系动词 本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的情况，性质和特征等。 状态系动词用来表示主语的状态：be( am, is, are, was , were)
持续连系动词 持续连系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态：keep；rest; remain; stay; lie; stand
表象系动词 表象系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念：seem; appear; look
感官系动词 感官系动词：smell; feel; sound; taste; look
变化连系动词 变化连系动词表示主语变成什么样：become; grow; turn; fall; get; go; come; run
终止连系动词 终止连系动词表明主语动作已经终止：prove；turn out
助动词 助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语。 be用作助动词用以构成时态 (各种进行时态）和语态（被动语态）, 有人称、时态和数的变化。am; is; are; was; were; being; been
have主要与过去分词在一起构成各种完成时态。有人称、时态和数的变化。has; have; had
do在句子中用来帮助实义动词构成否定、疑问等形式；有时可以放在动词前起强调作用，仅用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中。do; does; did; don't ; didn't; doesn't
will; would; shall; should作助动词用以构成将来时态。Shall;should 主要用在主语是第一人称的句子中，will；would可用于主语是任何人称的句子中。
情态动词 词义不全，不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成复合谓语 can; could; may; might; must; will; would; shall; should; ought to; need; dare等
根据词义特点 状态动词 状动词 love; hate; like; dislike; think; guess
仪动词 stand; lie; sit
动作动词 持续性动词 能够延续的动作或状态。可以和表示时间段的状语连用。 learn; work; stand; lie; know; walk; keep; have;wait; watch; sing; read; sleep; live; stay等He has lived here for six years.I stayed here for two weeks last year.How long have you kept the car
终止性动词 也叫非延续性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后，立即结束。非延续动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，在否定句中可以与表示时间段的状语连用。 open; die; close; begin; finish; come; go; borrow; lend; buy; leave; become; get; start; catch; join等His grandfather died 5 years ago.I lent my car to my workmate.I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.We haven't come here for ages.The film will start in ten minutes.(表示10分钟内的某一时间点)The fire broke out during the night.(夜间某一时间点）
按功能分类 谓语动词 能直接作谓语的动词 We love our motherland.
非谓语动词 不定式 能作谓语以外的所有成分 Henry came to study Chinese.To encourage the pupils is your task.
动名词和现在分词 不作谓语，动名词相当一个名词，现在分词相当一个形容词或副词 Don't give up trying.We spent all day looking for you.
过去分词 相当于一个形容词或副词 Use the words given above to make sentences.Heated, ice can turn into water.
动词的基本形式
原形 一般现在时第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
work works worked worked working
study studies studied studied studying
stop stops stopped stopped stopping
play plays played played playing
三、 动词的时态
英语动词的l6种时态形式(以do为例）
方式时间 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 ★do(es) ★did ★shall/will do ★should/would do
进行 ★am/is/are doing ★was(were) doing shall/will be doing would / should be doing
完成 ★have/has done ★had done shall/will have done should/would have done
完成进行 ★have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing
英语动词常用的9种时态
时态 用 法 例 示
一般现在时 表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与usually，always，seldom，sometimes，often，frequently，every day，every week[year，morning…]，on Sundays等时间状语连用 1. The students often do some listening practice in the evening.2. They always care for each other in their daily life. 3. I am used to listening to the news report every evening. 4. He sometimes stays up till midnight to review his lessons. 5. Do you usually go to school by bike
表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态 1. She enjoys listening to music. 2. China is a developing country which belongs to the third world. 3. —Do you like reading —Very much.
表示客观规律、正确事实或科学真理、格言以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在 1. Time and tide wait for no man. 2. Knowledge is power. 3.In summer days are longer than nights. ★ Our teacher told us China lies in the east of Asia.
在由连词if，unless，before，as soon as，when，once，however等引起的时间[条件、让步]状语从句中，用一般现在时，表示将来 1. He won't go to sleep unless you tell him a story.
2. Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.3. We will start as soon as you come back. 4. We'll have to finish the job, however long it takes.
5.Once I get him a job, he'll be fine.
表示安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，open，close，return等一类动词 1. The concert starts at seven o’clock this evening. 2. The train leaves at 5:00 a.m. and arrives in London at 22:00 p.m.3. The final exam takes place next week.
一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，in l996，two years ago，last month，the day before yesterday，the other day，once upon a time等表示过去的时间状语连用 1. The Great Wall came into being in 221 B.C. 2. I wrote a letter to him the other day.3. Mr Jackson visited the city a score of years ago. 4. A thief broke into his house and stole his treasure last night.
表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为，常与every day，often，sometimes等时间状语连用；“used to+动词原形"或“would+动词原形”常用来表示过去经常或反复发生的行为 1. When I was in the school，I often worked very long hours. 2. I usually came to school on foot last term. 3. We used to get up at five every morning when we were at school. 4. On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden.
表示相继发生的一连串动作 I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.
在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时 1. He said he would let us know if he got any news. 2. He promised that he would buy some gifts for me when he went to Beijing. 3. She said she would call us the moment she arrived there.
一般将来时一般将来时 表示将来发生的行为或存在的状态，常与soon，tomorrow，next term，next week，some day，from now on，the day after tomorrow，in (the) future等表示将来的时间状语连用 1. There is no telling what will happen in the future. 2. We will lose jobs if we don't work hard. 3. —How soon will he come back —In a week. 4. He will act as a volunteer for the foreign visitors tomorrow. 5. Next week，he will show us around our new school campus.
will+动词原形1. (按自然规律将)必然会…2. 表示事先未考虑的意图3. 表示说话人认为、相信、希望、假定(在遥远)将来要发生的事4. (科技中)表示事物的倾向性或规律性5. 用在正式的天气预报中 1 . We will die when we are old. My grandpa will be ninety five years old next year. 2. —Ann is in hospital. —Oh，really I didn’t know. I'll go and visit her. 3. We believe China will become one of the most powerful countries in the world. I think we will never meet him again. 4 . Oil and water will not mix. If the pure water is heated to 100 degrees centigrade，it will boil. 5. There will be light rain tomorrow. Strong wind will persist(继续存在)in this area.
be going to do…1. (事先考虑)打算，决定做…2. 某种客观迹象预示即将会…3. (用于条件句表将来)打算… 1. We're going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.2. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. I feel terrible. I think I'm going to die. 3. If you are going to catch the early bus，you’d better leave now. If you are going to do it you'd better try your best to do it well.
be to do…1. (按计划安排)打算，将要做2. (按命令、指示、约定、要求、职责、义务等)必须，必要，应该做，相当于should，ought to，must，have to3. 表示可能或不可能(相当于may，can)4. 表示后来命运注定会发生…5. (用于条件句)想；想要做… 1. A new hospital is to be built in this area. The expedition to north pole is to start in 3 weeks' time. 2. No one is to leave the scene of the crime without the police’s permission. You are to finish your homework before you go home. Old people are to be respected rather than despised. 3. This kind of flower is to be found in the rainforest. 4. Troubles never come singly. The worst is still to come. She didn’t know that he was to become a famous star later on. 5. If you are to find a good job, you’ll have to master the skills in communication.
be about to do即将，正要做(不与时间状语连用，但可和when从句连用，意同be on the point of)be not about to do很不愿意，不打算，无意做… 1. We are about to leave soon . 2. The country's economy is on the point of collapse.
3. I'm not about to (不愿意) stop when I'm so close to success.
be doing按计划、安排即将做，常用动词有go，start，leave，reach，arrive，return，come，move等 1. We are leaving Shanghai for Xi'an on Sunday. 2. She is moving to a new school next week. 3. I'm meeting my brother at the railway station at 5 o’clock tomorrow. 4. The plane is taking off at 6:20.
be due to do(按时间表、旅行安排)预定，预期，预计做… 1. The visitors are due to get here this afternoon. 2. Professor Smith is due to give us a lecture at eight tomorrow morning.
祈使句或短语+and [or] +主语+ will (and表肯定；or表否定) 1. Bring the flowers into a warm room and they will soon open.2. Eat more vegetables or you will make yourself ill.3. If you make another move，the snake will bite you Make another move and the snake will bite you. =Another move and the snake will bite you. = Making another move, the snake will bite you.
过 去 将 来 时 一般不能独立使用，常用在宾语从句和间接引语中，表示从过去的观点，看在将来发生的行为或存在的状态 1. I asked if he would come and see me immediately.2. He told us when we would hold the sports meet. 3. We wanted to know when you would finish the task. 4. Lucy asked if there would be a lecture that evening.
was [were] going to+动词原形 1. Anne asked if there was going to be a concert that weekend. 2. He said that he was going to call on us soon.
was [were]to动词原形was [were] about to+动词原形was [were]+现在分词was[were]on the point of doing正要做 ...... 1. He said that two men were to appear in court on charges of armed robbery.
2. I was (just) about to explain when she interrupted me. 3. He said he was leaving a few days later. 4. The baby was on the point of crying when her mother came home. 5. The climber was on the point of death when they found him.
现在进行时 表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作 1. Look! The baby is smiling. 2. Look! The monkey is eating a banana. 3. I haven’t accepted the job yet. I'm still considering it.
表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行) I am writing a book about how to memorize new words easily.2. How are you getting along with your English these days 3. We are preparing for the coming exam to be held next Friday.
表示说话人现在对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等(常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用) 1. He is always thinking of others instead of himself. (表赞许)2. He is constantly coming to school late these days. (表不满)3. The boy is always making trouble. (表厌恶)4. That woman next door is always complaining. (表厌恶)5. You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)
表示在最近计划或安排要进行的动作，常限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work, sleep，stay，do，have，wear等表移动，方向的动词 1. A professor is giving a lecture about environment protection this afternoon. 2. He is starting the work in a few minutes. 3. She is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow afternoon. 4. She is coming to see you tonight. 5. She is staying with his parents for a few days next month.
系表结构用进行时表示一时的表现作表语的形容词表示性质、品质时用进行时，表示一时的表现。 Tom is being a little polite.Why are you being so foolish
过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，这一特定的过去时间，除有上下文暗示外，一般和时间状语连用 1. They were sleeping when the fire broke out. 2. I met Frank while I was visiting Hollywood. 3. —What were you doing at about 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon —I was doing an experiment in the lab. 4. The first time I saw him, he was reading a newspaper at office.
表示说话人过去对主语的行为表赞叹、厌恶等，常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用 1. My brother was always leaving things all about. (表厌恶)2. He was always thinking of his study at that time. (表赞叹)3. The naughty boy was constantly asking for money. (表厌恶)4. He was always blowing his own trumpet. (老王卖瓜,自卖自 夸。)
表示过去将来发生的动作，一般限于一些表示移动、方向的动词 1. He said that he was coming to visit his old friends the next month. 2. I asked him whether he was leaving for Xi'an. 3. Nobody knew whether he was going with us.
描写故事的背景 The fire was burning fiercely. Children were crying. Women were running about and men were trying to put it out.
用在复合句中 1. He was reading while his wife was watching TV. 2. While he was lying in bed，he was thinking about the matter.
现 在 完 成 时 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 1. —Have you had your breakfast yet —Yes，I have. I've just had it. (现在不饿了。)2. I have already mailed the article. (文章已不在我这里。)
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用：now，just，today，this morning，this month，this year，for，since，all the time 1. I haven’t heard from her for a long time. 2. Have you finished reading the magazine today 3. I’ve known Mr. White for over 5 years. since he came here. since l0 years ago. 4. He has studied here since 2001 (since yesterday). since last year. ever since (then).
与already，never，ever，just，before，lately，recently，yet，so far，up to the present，up till now，in the past [last] few years等状语连用 1. I have never read such an interesting book before. 2. Jim has finished his homework already. 3. I haven’t seen Jim so far. 4. —Have you ever been to The Great Wall —No，I have never been there. 5. Up till now we haven’t been to the cinema. 6. He has recently come from Hong Kong.
常与有介词for，during，in，within，over引导的时间状语连用，表示从过去的某一行为一直延续到现在 1. We have discussed the issue (for) the last 3 months. 2. China has made rapid progress during the past 30 years. 3. —Have you seen any black cars pass by here —Not within the last three hours. 4. I haven’t worked here in the recent years.
表示反复或习惯性的动作，常与several times，once，twice，three times，frequently等频度副词连用 1. I have found him in the bar several times. 2. I have been to Paris twice. 3. He has seen the movie three times.
在“最高级+名词"或在“这是第几次"之后跟定语从句，从句用现在完成时 1. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 2. It is the second time that you have made the same mistake. 3. This is the first time that I have visited the Summer Palace.
表示从过去到现在没有发生的动作 1. He hasn’t washed his feet for a week. 2. They haven't received a letter from him for 20 years.
用在时间，条件状语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作之前业已完成 1. I will give my opinion after I have read through the article. We’ll set off immediately if the rain has stopped. 3. I’ll tell her about it after you have left.
have been to 去过……(已回来)have gone to去……了(或到了或在途中) 1. He has been to America，but he is back now. 2. He has gone to America and he is not here now.
现在完成时 在现在完成时中，终止动词若与for，since等延续状语连用，需把终止动词变为be动词等的适当形式。如：die—be dead; join—be in; fall ill—be ill; finish—be over; leave [go]—be away; begin—be on; make friends—be friends; become— be; get ready—be ready; buy—get [have]; marry—be married (to); borrow—keep; arrive [get to, reach ; come]—be in [be at, stay ]; dress—be[dressed]in；put on—have on[wear]; meet—stay together 1. He arrived in Beijing in 2005 [5 years ago]. 2. He has arrived in Beijing. 3. He has been in Beijing since l999 [for 11 years]. 4. It is (has been ) 8 years since he arrived in Beijing. 5. She has left her hometown for l8 years. × She has been away from her hometown for l8 years. √6. She has married Johnny since l999. × She has been married to Johnny since l999. √ 7. I have borrowed the dictionary for several days·× I have kept the dictionary for several days. √8. He has been in the league for 9 years. √ He has joined the league for 9 years. ×
现在完成进行时 表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，甚至将来(强调进行的过程) 1. I have been fixing the fridge all this morning. (动作会继续下去)2. I am very tired. I have been typing letters all day. 3. Where have you been I have been waiting for you all this morning. (动作刚刚结束)
一直到现在为止的一段时间内一再反复进行的动作 1. You have been saying you can succeed for five years. 2. I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
近来发生的动作，一般不再继续。此时常通过上下文语境判断 My hands are dirty. I've been painting the door.What have you been eating to get as fat as this
过去完成时 两个动作都在过去发生，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时 1. The play had begun when I got to the theatre last night. The play had been on for an hour when I got to the theatre last night. 2. He had worked in the company for 5 years before he reached here. 3. It rained yesterday after it had been dry for 8 months.
用在主句是过去时的间接引语、宾语从句和定语从句中 1. The teacher said that she had made much progress since the new term started.2. He told me that he had stayed in Beijing and Shanghai for years. 3. I found the key that I had lost.
用于hardly / rarely / scarcely ... when...和 no sooner...than...引导的时间状语从句中，如果hardly / scarcely / no sooner位于句首，主句要倒装 1. The car had hardly started when I heard a man call my name.2. He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door.
3. No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.
表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，这个时间可用短语或从句来表示，也可由上下文加以衬托 1. By the end of last month，the new school had been completed. 2. By 6:30 yesterday afternoon，I had finished reading the book. 3. On my way to school yesterday morning, I met him. He told me that he had discussed the problem with my sister.
表示过去本打算做而未实现的希望或计划。常用此结构的动词有hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等 1. I had meant to start early, but I had an unexpected visitor. 2. They had expected to get what they needed，but there was nothing there. 3. She had intended to write to me，but she didn't have my address. 4. I had planned to send him a phone call to congratulate him on his marriage，but I didn’t manage it.
时态的比较：
各种时态之间的比较 现在进行时：①表示此时或现阶段正在进行的动作；②表示某时或某段时间所进行的具体动作；③表短时间一般现在时：①表示习惯性，经常性的动作或状态；②表示固有的特征能力等；③表长时间 1. They are playing cards in the office now. (正在进行) They often play cards in the office. (经常性)2. He is writing an novel in English. (正在写) He writes a novel in English. (表示能力)3. He lives in Nanjing. (久住) He is living in Nanjing. (暂时)
过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作一般过去时：表示过去发生的一个单纯事实，往往已经完成 1. Anne wrote a letter to her friend yesterday evening. (信写完了) Anne was writing a letter to her friend yesterday evening. (信不一定写完)2. I was watching a TV play last night. (强调动作) I watched a TV play last night. (强调事实)
现在完成时：表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况一般过去时：只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系 1. I have read the book. (我了解这本书的内容) I read the book last week. (只说明上周读过该书，不涉及现在)2. He has lived in Boston since l972. (现在还在波士顿住) He lived Boston in l972. (不涉及他现在是否住在波士顿)
现在完成时：强调结果或动作已经完成现在完成进行时：强调动作或动作在继续 1. They have discussed the problems with us. (讨论完毕)2. They have been discussing the problems with us all evening. (一直在进行)
固定句型 现在完成时：动作过去发生，对现在有影响过去完成时：动作的发生在过去，结束也在过去 I haven’t heard from him since he left. (从离开到现在一直没见到)I hadn’t heard from him since he left，but I got a letter from him yesterday. I got a letter from him in l988 and I haven’t heard from him since then.
by the end of ①+过去时间用过去完成时 ②+现在或将来时间用 用将来完成时 By the end of last term，we had learned 3000 words. By the end of this term, we will have learned 3000 words. By the end of next term, we will have learned 3000 words By the time we are l7，we will have learned 3000 words
It is the+序数词+时间十定语从句用现在完成时It was the+序数词+时间+定语从句用过去完成时It is(high)+time十定语从句用过去时属虚拟语气 1. It is the first time you have visited our factory. 2. It was the first time you had visited our factory. 3. It is (high) time I left here.
It is (has been)+时间+since从句(用过去时)It was+时闻+since从句(用过去时或过去完成时)It was+时间+ago+that(强调结构用过去时)主句过去时+it was十时问+since从句(用过去完成时) 1. It's (has been) 5 years since she arrived in Xi'an. It's 5 years since she last arrived in Xi'an. 2. It was 5 years since she (had) arrived in Xi'an. 3. It was 5 years ago that she arrived in Xi'an. 4. She said that it was years since she had arrived in Xi'an.
各种时态的构成方式，以teach为例：
时 态 用 法 例 示
时态综合 一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时be going to表将来现在进行时过去进行时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时 1. Mr Brown teaches us maths every day. 2. Mr Brown taught us maths last year. 3. Mr Brown will teach us maths next term. 4. Mr Brown is going to teach us maths next week. 5. Mr Brown is teaching us maths for the time being. 6. Mr Brown was teaching us maths at nine o’clock yesterday evening. 7. Mr Brown said that he would teach [was going to teach] us maths the next day. 8. Mr Brown has taught us maths since he came to our school. 9. Mr Brown had taught us maths before he came to our school. 10. Mr Brown has been teaching us maths all the morning.
动词的被动语态
被动语态的构成 助动词be+及物动词的过去分词 Most paper work is done by computer now.
被动语态的使用场合 1. 不知道或不必要说出动作的执行者2. 强调动作的承受者，将承受着作为谈话的中心3. 动词的执行者有较长的修饰语4. 为使语气委婉，避免说出动作的执行者5. 为使句子更加合理流畅 1. A new teaching building will be built in our hometown.2. The girl has been taken to hospital. 3. The programme was supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak English. 4. Karl Marx was born in Germany in l818. 5. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
主动语态变被动语态的方法 原主动语态的： (1)宾语变为被动语态的主语(2)谓语主动变被动(3)主语变为介词by的宾语(by后的人称代词用宾格，意义明确时可省略) （主语）I（谓语）teach （宾语）English in our school.（主语）English（谓语）is taught（宾语）（by me）in our school.
英语动词的八种时态的主动语态变被动语态 主动语态1.We do most paper work by computer. 2. Mr. White wrote a book last year . 3.The police are looking into the accident now. 4. He was teaching us English then. 5. He will give us a lecture next term. 6. He has taken action to stop him. 7.He had taught us English before hecame. 8. He said that he would explain the problem to us soon. 被动语态1. Most paper work is done by computer. (一般现在时)2. A book was written (by Mr. White) last year. (一般过去时) 3. The accident is being looked into (by the police) now. (现在进行时)4. We were being taught English (by him) then.(过去进行时)5. We will be given a lecture (by him) next term.(一般将来时)6. Action has been taken to stop him. (现在完成时)7. We had been taught English (by him) before he came. (过去完成时)8. He said the problem would be explained to us (by him) soon. (过去将来时)
含情态动词的主动语态变被动语态 1. He might repair the computer tomorrow. 2. She must hand in her homework by 5 o'clock. 3. She is going to teach us English soon. 4. She used to teach us Chinese at that time. 1. The computer might be repaired tomorrow. 2. Her homework must be handed in by 5 o'clock. 3. We are going to be taught English (by him) soon. 4. We used to be taught Chinese (by him) at that time.
句型；①主+谓+宾②主+谓+双宾③主+ 谓+复宾 1. Everybody likes the music. 2. She send him a letter. 3. She gave a book to him. 4. She called the baby Ann. 1. The music is liked by everybody. 2. He was sent a letter (by her). 3. A book was given to him (by her). 4. The baby was called Ann (by her).
短语动词应看作一个整体不能分开 1. The nurse must takes good care of the baby. 2. You must pay attention to the use of this word. 3. He is laughing at the boy. 1. The baby must be taken good care of (by the nurse). 2. The use of the word must be paid attention to (by you ). 3. The boy is being laughed at (by him).
多用主动表被动 有些物动词作为不及物用，后面加副词 (如hardly，easily，badly，nicely，well，smoothly等时)，多用主动表被动。常用此结构的动词有: act，add，bend，close，lock，cut，begin，move，open，read，sell，teach，translate，wash，wear，write等，其主语往往是物而不是人 1. This pen writes smoothly. 2. Paper burns easily. 3. Lace(花边) tears easily. 4. The car drives smoothly. 5. The clothes wash well. 6. The book translates well. 7. The case opens easily. 8.The wine is selling well. 9. Each stone fits so well. 10. The cloth wears long. 11. This saw cuts badly. 12. The apples sell well. 13. The door locks automatically.
在某些“形容词+不定式”的结构中，不定式与句子主语有动宾关系时。(常用于此结构的形容词有：difficult，easy，hard，interesting，pleasant，nice, bitter，fit，dangerous，light，heavy，important等)*注意l)如果句中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语要用主动语态2)如果句中的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语需用被动语态 1. The scenery is pleasant to look at. 2. The passage is not easy to understand. 3. The small river was difficult to find on the map. 4. Good medicine is bitter to taste. 5. The book is funny to read. 6. The case is too heavy (for you) to carry. 7. The article is too difficult for me to understand. 试比较：8. I have some clothes to wash, so I can’t go with you.(自己洗) I has no more clothes to be washed, thank you. (让人洗)9. I found the question hard to answer. (我回答) I found the question hard to be understood. (让人理解)
只用主动表被动 介词短语in sight；out of sight；on show；on sale；out of repair；under construction; under discussion, beyond description 等作表语或定语表被动 1. The model spaceship is on show. (=being shown. )2. The new airport under construction will be completed soon. 3. The old computer is out of repair. 4. The beautiful scenery in the area is beyond description.
be worth doing…值得做be in need of doing…需要做sth. want[need, require] doing 某事需要做be missing…丢了hang from被挂在…上remaining(作前置定语)剩余的be to let／rent…出租be to blame…应受责备be to seek还缺少，还没找到，待寻to spare多余的，剩余的 1. The film is worth seeing twice. 2. This technology is still in need of improving. 3. The old house requires repairing. 4. My bike is missing(= gone/lost). 5. This lamp hangs from the ceiling. 6. You may take the remaining food home. 7. The house is to let. (出租)8. You are to blame for that terrible accident. 9. There is no money left here There is no remaining money here. There is no money to spare here.10. The explanation of your being fired is not far to seek . 11. I arrived at the station with 6 minutes to spare.
连系动词：表感觉：be，appear，feel，look，prove，ring，taste，smell，sound 表变化：become，come，drop(自然变成)，fall，get，grow，go，make，run，turn，work 表依旧：continue，hold，keep，lie，remain，rest，stay，stand等+adj. 不用被动语态 1. Velvet feels very soft. 2. The perfume smells sweet. 3. The food has gone bad. 4. His dream has come true.5. May you stay beautiful. 6. Please keep quiet.7. The weather continues fine. 8.The boy stood still. 9. He fell ill yesterday. 10. The light turned red. 11. The theory proved to be wrong. 12. He soon dropped asleep.
被动表主动 bury, devote, dress, hurt，hide，love，seat，station，wear，tire 等 + oneself +介词= be+v-ed+介词 1. He lost himself (=was lost) in the strange city. 2. I hurt myself (=was hurt) while cutting vegetables. 3. He seats himself (=is seated) on the sofa. 4. She devoted himself (=was devoted) to teaching. 5. You'll have to bury yourself ( be buried )in your studies if you want to pass the entrance examinations.
affect，amuse，astonish，delight，disappoint，discourage，encourage，excite，frighten，inspire，move，interest，impress，puzzle，please，satisfy，surprise，terrify，tire，strike，touch，trouble，upset，worry，embarrass，confuse，amaze等“使......感到......”类的词应用下列句型：sb+be+v-ed分词作表语sth+be+v-ing分词作表语作定语-ed+sb或sb’s面部表情作定语v-ing+sth 1. The mystery interests me (=I am interested in the mystery). 2. The mystery is an interesting mystery. 3. The old man looked at me with a puzzled expression. 4. The astonished man looked at me with an astonished look. 5. The story is puzzling to me. 6. The woman was too frightened to say a word. 7. Edward was thrilled at the sight. 8. Hearing his frightening sound，the boy cried for his mom in afrightened voice. ★但是： I was wondering at what he had said to the boss. (wonder表“惊奇”,只用主动) I panicked at seeing smoke come out of the kitchen.
不用被动语态 last，happen，cost，break out，belong to，take place，give out (精疲力竭)，come about，occur，succeed，fail，add up to，come into being，set sail for，shake hands with，take part in，lose heart，come true，play a part in等一般不用被动语态 1. The war lasted (for) five years. 2. Something terrible has happened.
3. Dangerous driving could cost you your life.4. The Anti-Japanese War broke out in l937. 5. The house belonged to my grandfather.
6. Great changes have taken place in the past thirty years. 7. His strength gave out after he ran that long distance.8.His dream of becoming a university teacher has come true. 9.How did it come about that the man is dismissed
双重被动式 主语+谓语被动式+不定式被动式；能用此结构的动词有wish，expect，advise, mean，believe，suppose，order，allow等；句中不定式的被动式to be在美语中，省不省略无大区别；但在英国英语中省to be表完成表结果；不省表开始或发生 1. The work was ordered (to be) finished soon. =Someone ordered the work to be finished soon. =Someone ordered that the work should be finished soon. 2. Hary Potter series are believed to have been translated into Chinese. 3. The football match was never expected to be put off. 4. The project is wanted (to be) finished before Sunday.
感官动词：主语+be+-ed分词★只用have[get]sth. [sb.]+-ed分词 1. A young man was seen stopped by a policeman. =We saw a young man stopped by a policeman. =We saw that a young man was stopped by a policeman. 2. I wanted to have my son educated in the USA.
其他动词+-ed分词表被动 get，become，go，come，feel，grow，seem，look. 等动词+-ed分词结构表被动意义，主要用在口语中，从含义方面来说，一般不强调动作，而强调结果或过程 1. They plan to get married in the summer. 2. She became worried when her son hadn’t come home by midnight. 3. Meat quickly goes rotten in hot weather. 4. The boy grew excited and a little surprised. 5. I felt tired after the trip. 6. He seemed disappointed with my work. 7. Five people got injured in the accident. 8. His shoelace had come undone.
so that，in order that连接的目的状语从旬中用情态动词表虚拟语气主句为现在时态，用can，may，will主句为过去时态，用could，might，would目的状语从句为否定结构，多用should 1. Speak loudy so that everyone can hear you. 2. I hired a car so that I could go outing. 3. She looked down so that I could not see her face. 4. He wore a pair of sunglass so that no one should recognize him.
用在一些表示祝愿的句子中 1. Long live peace ! 2. May you be happy ! 3. May God bless you! 4. God damn it !(该死的。） 5. May the friendship between China and USA last for ever!
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动词
动词是用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词，在句子中作谓语，是句子中不可缺少的部分。英语中的动词有不同的形式，这些形式体现出动作发生的时间（即时态）、主动发出动作还是被动接受动作（即语态）和说话者的口气、感情等（即语气）。
动词的分类
根据句法功能 实义动词：行为动词 不及物动词 不能跟宾语的的动词 go; walk; work; die; smile;act; agree; appear;arrive; blow; come;dance; exist; fall; flow; graduate; happen; lie; leave; last; live; look;listen; rise; run;sit; stand; stay wait
及物动词 单宾语及物动词 只能跟一个宾语的动词 accept; admire; admit; affect; afford; announce; break; bury; cover; defeat; destroy; devote; discover; educate; enjoy; explain; forget; invent; raise; sign
双宾语及物动词 可以同时跟连个宾语的动词，一个宾语指人，称为间接宾语，一个宾语指物，称为直接宾语 give; hand; lend; offer; pay; pass; post; promise; read; return; show; teach; tell; wish; write (有时间接宾语放在直接宾语后面，需加介词to）
buy; book; build; choose; cook; draw; design; find; get; make; order; paint; prepare; purchase; spare(有时间接宾语放在直接宾语后面，需加介词for）
跟复合宾语的及物动词 跟一个宾语意思不完整，宾语后必须加上补足语，来补充说明宾语的性质、状态 以形容词作宾补：consider; drive(驱使); find; force; get; imagine; judge; keep; leave; make; set; think
以名词（短语）作宾补：believe; call; consider; choose; elect; find; guess; keep; make; name; suppose; think
以带to不定式作宾补: advise; allow; ask; cause; command; encourage; expect; invite; order; permit; persuade; prefer; remind; teach; tell; want; wish; warn
以不带to不定式作宾补：discover; fell; have; hear; look at; listen to; let; make; notice; observe; see; watch (以上动词动词为被动时，省略了的to必须加上，let除外）
以-ving形式作宾补：catch（碰见）；discover; find; get; have; hear; keep; look at; listen to; leave（使处于）；notice; observe; see; smell; watch
以-ed形式作宾补：discover; feel; find; get; have; hear; let; look at; listen to; leave （使）；make( 使) ; notice; observe; see; watch
系动词 状态系动词 本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的情况，性质和特征等。 状态系动词用来表示主语的状态：be( am, is, are, was , were)
持续连系动词 持续连系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态：keep；rest; remain; stay; lie; stand
表象系动词 表象系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念：seem; appear; look
感官系动词 感官系动词：smell; feel; sound; taste; look
变化连系动词 变化连系动词表示主语变成什么样：become; grow; turn; fall; get; go; come; run
终止连系动词 终止连系动词表明主语动作已经终止：prove；turn out
助动词 助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语。 be用作助动词用以构成时态 (各种进行时态）和语态（被动语态）, 有人称、时态和数的变化。am; is; are; was; were; being; been
have主要与过去分词在一起构成各种完成时态。有人称、时态和数的变化。has; have; had
do在句子中用来帮助实义动词构成否定、疑问等形式；有时可以放在动词前起强调作用，仅用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中。do; does; did; don't ; didn't; doesn't
will; would; shall; should作助动词用以构成将来时态。Shall;should 主要用在主语是第一人称的句子中，will；would可用于主语是任何人称的句子中。
情态动词 词义不全，不能单独作谓语，只能与实义动词一起构成复合谓语 can; could; may; might; must; will; would; shall; should; ought to; need; dare等
根据词义特点 状态动词 状动词 love; hate; like; dislike; think; guess
仪动词 stand; lie; sit
动作动词 持续性动词 能够延续的动作或状态。可以和表示时间段的状语连用。 learn; work; stand; lie; know; walk; keep; have;wait; watch; sing; read; sleep; live; stay等He has lived here for six years.I stayed here for two weeks last year.How long have you kept the car
终止性动词 也叫非延续性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后，立即结束。非延续动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，在否定句中可以与表示时间段的状语连用。 open; die; close; begin; finish; come; go; borrow; lend; buy; leave; become; get; start; catch; join等His grandfather died 5 years ago.I lent my car to my workmate.I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.We haven't come here for ages.The film will start in ten minutes.(表示10分钟内的某一时间点)The fire broke out during the night.(夜间某一时间点）
按功能分类 谓语动词 能直接作谓语的动词 We love our motherland.
非谓语动词 不定式 能作谓语以外的所有成分 Henry came to study Chinese.To encourage the pupils is your task.
动名词和现在分词 不作谓语，动名词相当一个名词，现在分词相当一个形容词或副词 Don't give up trying.We spent all day looking for you.
过去分词 相当于一个形容词或副词 Use the words given above to make sentences.Heated, ice can turn into water.
动词的基本形式
原形 一般现在时第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
work works worked worked working
study studies studied studied studying
stop stops stopped stopped stopping
play plays played played playing
三、 动词的时态
英语动词的l6种时态形式(以do为例）
方式时间 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 ★do(es) ★did ★shall/will do ★should/would do
进行 ★am/is/are doing ★was(were) doing shall/will be doing would / should be doing
完成 ★have/has done ★had done shall/will have done should/would have done
完成进行 ★have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing
英语动词常用的9种时态
时态 用 法 例 示
一般现在时 表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与usually，always，seldom，sometimes，often，frequently，every day，every week[year，morning…]，on Sundays等时间状语连用 1. The students often do some listening practice in the evening.2. They always care for each other in their daily life. 3. I am used to listening to the news report every evening. 4. He sometimes stays up till midnight to review his lessons. 5. Do you usually go to school by bike
表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态 1. She enjoys listening to music. 2. China is a developing country which belongs to the third world. 3. —Do you like reading —Very much.
表示客观规律、正确事实或科学真理、格言以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在 1. Time and tide wait for no man. 2. Knowledge is power. 3.In summer days are longer than nights. ★ Our teacher told us China lies in the east of Asia.
在由连词if，unless，before，as soon as，when，once，however等引起的时间[条件、让步]状语从句中，用一般现在时，表示将来 1. He won't go to sleep unless you tell him a story.
2. Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.3. We will start as soon as you come back. 4. We'll have to finish the job, however long it takes.
5.Once I get him a job, he'll be fine.
表示安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，open，close，return等一类动词 1. The concert starts at seven o’clock this evening. 2. The train leaves at 5:00 a.m. and arrives in London at 22:00 p.m.3. The final exam takes place next week.
一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，in l996，two years ago，last month，the day before yesterday，the other day，once upon a time等表示过去的时间状语连用 1. The Great Wall came into being in 221 B.C. 2. I wrote a letter to him the other day.3. Mr Jackson visited the city a score of years ago. 4. A thief broke into his house and stole his treasure last night.
表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为，常与every day，often，sometimes等时间状语连用；“used to+动词原形"或“would+动词原形”常用来表示过去经常或反复发生的行为 1. When I was in the school，I often worked very long hours. 2. I usually came to school on foot last term. 3. We used to get up at five every morning when we were at school. 4. On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden.
表示相继发生的一连串动作 I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.
在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时 1. He said he would let us know if he got any news. 2. He promised that he would buy some gifts for me when he went to Beijing. 3. She said she would call us the moment she arrived there.
一般将来时一般将来时 表示将来发生的行为或存在的状态，常与soon，tomorrow，next term，next week，some day，from now on，the day after tomorrow，in (the) future等表示将来的时间状语连用 1. There is no telling what will happen in the future. 2. We will lose jobs if we don't work hard. 3. —How soon will he come back —In a week. 4. He will act as a volunteer for the foreign visitors tomorrow. 5. Next week，he will show us around our new school campus.
will+动词原形1. (按自然规律将)必然会…2. 表示事先未考虑的意图3. 表示说话人认为、相信、希望、假定(在遥远)将来要发生的事4. (科技中)表示事物的倾向性或规律性5. 用在正式的天气预报中 1 . We will die when we are old. My grandpa will be ninety five years old next year. 2. —Ann is in hospital. —Oh，really I didn’t know. I'll go and visit her. 3. We believe China will become one of the most powerful countries in the world. I think we will never meet him again. 4 . Oil and water will not mix. If the pure water is heated to 100 degrees centigrade，it will boil. 5. There will be light rain tomorrow. Strong wind will persist(继续存在)in this area.
be going to do…1. (事先考虑)打算，决定做…2. 某种客观迹象预示即将会…3. (用于条件句表将来)打算… 1. We're going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.2. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. I feel terrible. I think I'm going to die. 3. If you are going to catch the early bus，you’d better leave now. If you are going to do it you'd better try your best to do it well.
be to do…1. (按计划安排)打算，将要做2. (按命令、指示、约定、要求、职责、义务等)必须，必要，应该做，相当于should，ought to，must，have to3. 表示可能或不可能(相当于may，can)4. 表示后来命运注定会发生…5. (用于条件句)想；想要做… 1. A new hospital is to be built in this area. The expedition to north pole is to start in 3 weeks' time. 2. No one is to leave the scene of the crime without the police’s permission. You are to finish your homework before you go home. Old people are to be respected rather than despised. 3. This kind of flower is to be found in the rainforest. 4. Troubles never come singly. The worst is still to come. She didn’t know that he was to become a famous star later on. 5. If you are to find a good job, you’ll have to master the skills in communication.
be about to do即将，正要做(不与时间状语连用，但可和when从句连用，意同be on the point of)be not about to do很不愿意，不打算，无意做… 1. We are about to leave soon . 2. The country's economy is on the point of collapse.
3. I'm not about to (不愿意) stop when I'm so close to success.
be doing按计划、安排即将做，常用动词有go，start，leave，reach，arrive，return，come，move等 1. We are leaving Shanghai for Xi'an on Sunday. 2. She is moving to a new school next week. 3. I'm meeting my brother at the railway station at 5 o’clock tomorrow. 4. The plane is taking off at 6:20.
be due to do(按时间表、旅行安排)预定，预期，预计做… 1. The visitors are due to get here this afternoon. 2. Professor Smith is due to give us a lecture at eight tomorrow morning.
祈使句或短语+and [or] +主语+ will (and表肯定；or表否定) 1. Bring the flowers into a warm room and they will soon open.2. Eat more vegetables or you will make yourself ill.3. If you make another move，the snake will bite you Make another move and the snake will bite you. =Another move and the snake will bite you. = Making another move, the snake will bite you.
过 去 将 来 时 一般不能独立使用，常用在宾语从句和间接引语中，表示从过去的观点，看在将来发生的行为或存在的状态 1. I asked if he would come and see me immediately.2. He told us when we would hold the sports meet. 3. We wanted to know when you would finish the task. 4. Lucy asked if there would be a lecture that evening.
was [were] going to+动词原形 1. Anne asked if there was going to be a concert that weekend. 2. He said that he was going to call on us soon.
was [were]to动词原形was [were] about to+动词原形was [were]+现在分词was[were]on the point of doing正要做 ...... 1. He said that two men were to appear in court on charges of armed robbery.
2. I was (just) about to explain when she interrupted me. 3. He said he was leaving a few days later. 4. The baby was on the point of crying when her mother came home. 5. The climber was on the point of death when they found him.
现在进行时 表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作 1. Look! The baby is smiling. 2. Look! The monkey is eating a banana. 3. I haven’t accepted the job yet. I'm still considering it.
表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行) I am writing a book about how to memorize new words easily.2. How are you getting along with your English these days 3. We are preparing for the coming exam to be held next Friday.
表示说话人现在对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等(常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用) 1. He is always thinking of others instead of himself. (表赞许)2. He is constantly coming to school late these days. (表不满)3. The boy is always making trouble. (表厌恶)4. That woman next door is always complaining. (表厌恶)5. You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)
表示在最近计划或安排要进行的动作，常限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work, sleep，stay，do，have，wear等表移动，方向的动词 1. A professor is giving a lecture about environment protection this afternoon. 2. He is starting the work in a few minutes. 3. She is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow afternoon. 4. She is coming to see you tonight. 5. She is staying with his parents for a few days next month.
系表结构用进行时表示一时的表现作表语的形容词表示性质、品质时用进行时，表示一时的表现。 Tom is being a little polite.Why are you being so foolish
过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，这一特定的过去时间，除有上下文暗示外，一般和时间状语连用 1. They were sleeping when the fire broke out. 2. I met Frank while I was visiting Hollywood. 3. —What were you doing at about 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon —I was doing an experiment in the lab. 4. The first time I saw him, he was reading a newspaper at office.
表示说话人过去对主语的行为表赞叹、厌恶等，常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用 1. My brother was always leaving things all about. (表厌恶)2. He was always thinking of his study at that time. (表赞叹)3. The naughty boy was constantly asking for money. (表厌恶)4. He was always blowing his own trumpet. (老王卖瓜,自卖自 夸。)
表示过去将来发生的动作，一般限于一些表示移动、方向的动词 1. He said that he was coming to visit his old friends the next month. 2. I asked him whether he was leaving for Xi'an. 3. Nobody knew whether he was going with us.
描写故事的背景 The fire was burning fiercely. Children were crying. Women were running about and men were trying to put it out.
用在复合句中 1. He was reading while his wife was watching TV. 2. While he was lying in bed，he was thinking about the matter.
现 在 完 成 时 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 1. —Have you had your breakfast yet —Yes，I have. I've just had it. (现在不饿了。)2. I have already mailed the article. (文章已不在我这里。)
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用：now，just，today，this morning，this month，this year，for，since，all the time 1. I haven’t heard from her for a long time. 2. Have you finished reading the magazine today 3. I’ve known Mr. White for over 5 years. since he came here. since l0 years ago. 4. He has studied here since 2001 (since yesterday). since last year. ever since (then).
与already，never，ever，just，before，lately，recently，yet，so far，up to the present，up till now，in the past [last] few years等状语连用 1. I have never read such an interesting book before. 2. Jim has finished his homework already. 3. I haven’t seen Jim so far. 4. —Have you ever been to The Great Wall —No，I have never been there. 5. Up till now we haven’t been to the cinema. 6. He has recently come from Hong Kong.
常与有介词for，during，in，within，over引导的时间状语连用，表示从过去的某一行为一直延续到现在 1. We have discussed the issue (for) the last 3 months. 2. China has made rapid progress during the past 30 years. 3. —Have you seen any black cars pass by here —Not within the last three hours. 4. I haven’t worked here in the recent years.
表示反复或习惯性的动作，常与several times，once，twice，three times，frequently等频度副词连用 1. I have found him in the bar several times. 2. I have been to Paris twice. 3. He has seen the movie three times.
在“最高级+名词"或在“这是第几次"之后跟定语从句，从句用现在完成时 1. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 2. It is the second time that you have made the same mistake. 3. This is the first time that I have visited the Summer Palace.
表示从过去到现在没有发生的动作 1. He hasn’t washed his feet for a week. 2. They haven't received a letter from him for 20 years.
用在时间，条件状语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作之前业已完成 1. I will give my opinion after I have read through the article. We’ll set off immediately if the rain has stopped. 3. I’ll tell her about it after you have left.
have been to 去过……(已回来)have gone to去……了(或到了或在途中) 1. He has been to America，but he is back now. 2. He has gone to America and he is not here now.
现在完成时 在现在完成时中，终止动词若与for，since等延续状语连用，需把终止动词变为be动词等的适当形式。如：die—be dead; join—be in; fall ill—be ill; finish—be over; leave [go]—be away; begin—be on; make friends—be friends; become— be; get ready—be ready; buy—get [have]; marry—be married (to); borrow—keep; arrive [get to, reach ; come]—be in [be at, stay ]; dress—be[dressed]in；put on—have on[wear]; meet—stay together 1. He arrived in Beijing in 2005 [5 years ago]. 2. He has arrived in Beijing. 3. He has been in Beijing since l999 [for 11 years]. 4. It is (has been ) 8 years since he arrived in Beijing. 5. She has left her hometown for l8 years. × She has been away from her hometown for l8 years. √6. She has married Johnny since l999. × She has been married to Johnny since l999. √ 7. I have borrowed the dictionary for several days·× I have kept the dictionary for several days. √8. He has been in the league for 9 years. √ He has joined the league for 9 years. ×
现在完成进行时 表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，甚至将来(强调进行的过程) 1. I have been fixing the fridge all this morning. (动作会继续下去)2. I am very tired. I have been typing letters all day. 3. Where have you been I have been waiting for you all this morning. (动作刚刚结束)
一直到现在为止的一段时间内一再反复进行的动作 1. You have been saying you can succeed for five years. 2. I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
近来发生的动作，一般不再继续。此时常通过上下文语境判断 My hands are dirty. I've been painting the door.What have you been eating to get as fat as this
过去完成时 两个动作都在过去发生，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时 1. The play had begun when I got to the theatre last night. The play had been on for an hour when I got to the theatre last night. 2. He had worked in the company for 5 years before he reached here. 3. It rained yesterday after it had been dry for 8 months.
用在主句是过去时的间接引语、宾语从句和定语从句中 1. The teacher said that she had made much progress since the new term started.2. He told me that he had stayed in Beijing and Shanghai for years. 3. I found the key that I had lost.
用于hardly / rarely / scarcely ... when...和 no sooner...than...引导的时间状语从句中，如果hardly / scarcely / no sooner位于句首，主句要倒装 1. The car had hardly started when I heard a man call my name.2. He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door.
3. No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.
表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，这个时间可用短语或从句来表示，也可由上下文加以衬托 1. By the end of last month，the new school had been completed. 2. By 6:30 yesterday afternoon，I had finished reading the book. 3. On my way to school yesterday morning, I met him. He told me that he had discussed the problem with my sister.
表示过去本打算做而未实现的希望或计划。常用此结构的动词有hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等 1. I had meant to start early, but I had an unexpected visitor. 2. They had expected to get what they needed，but there was nothing there. 3. She had intended to write to me，but she didn't have my address. 4. I had planned to send him a phone call to congratulate him on his marriage，but I didn’t manage it.
时态的比较：
各种时态之间的比较 现在进行时：①表示此时或现阶段正在进行的动作；②表示某时或某段时间所进行的具体动作；③表短时间一般现在时：①表示习惯性，经常性的动作或状态；②表示固有的特征能力等；③表长时间 1. They are playing cards in the office now. (正在进行) They often play cards in the office. (经常性)2. He is writing an novel in English. (正在写) He writes a novel in English. (表示能力)3. He lives in Nanjing. (久住) He is living in Nanjing. (暂时)
过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作一般过去时：表示过去发生的一个单纯事实，往往已经完成 1. Anne wrote a letter to her friend yesterday evening. (信写完了) Anne was writing a letter to her friend yesterday evening. (信不一定写完)2. I was watching a TV play last night. (强调动作) I watched a TV play last night. (强调事实)
现在完成时：表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况一般过去时：只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系 1. I have read the book. (我了解这本书的内容) I read the book last week. (只说明上周读过该书，不涉及现在)2. He has lived in Boston since l972. (现在还在波士顿住) He lived Boston in l972. (不涉及他现在是否住在波士顿)
现在完成时：强调结果或动作已经完成现在完成进行时：强调动作或动作在继续 1. They have discussed the problems with us. (讨论完毕)2. They have been discussing the problems with us all evening. (一直在进行)
固定句型 现在完成时：动作过去发生，对现在有影响过去完成时：动作的发生在过去，结束也在过去 I haven’t heard from him since he left. (从离开到现在一直没见到)I hadn’t heard from him since he left，but I got a letter from him yesterday. I got a letter from him in l988 and I haven’t heard from him since then.
by the end of ①+过去时间用过去完成时 ②+现在或将来时间用 用将来完成时 By the end of last term，we had learned 3000 words. By the end of this term, we will have learned 3000 words. By the end of next term, we will have learned 3000 words By the time we are l7，we will have learned 3000 words
It is the+序数词+时间十定语从句用现在完成时It was the+序数词+时间+定语从句用过去完成时It is(high)+time十定语从句用过去时属虚拟语气 1. It is the first time you have visited our factory. 2. It was the first time you had visited our factory. 3. It is (high) time I left here.
It is (has been)+时间+since从句(用过去时)It was+时闻+since从句(用过去时或过去完成时)It was+时间+ago+that(强调结构用过去时)主句过去时+it was十时问+since从句(用过去完成时) 1. It's (has been) 5 years since she arrived in Xi'an. It's 5 years since she last arrived in Xi'an. 2. It was 5 years since she (had) arrived in Xi'an. 3. It was 5 years ago that she arrived in Xi'an. 4. She said that it was years since she had arrived in Xi'an.
各种时态的构成方式，以teach为例：
时 态 用 法 例 示
时态综合 一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时be going to表将来现在进行时过去进行时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时 1. Mr Brown teaches us maths every day. 2. Mr Brown taught us maths last year. 3. Mr Brown will teach us maths next term. 4. Mr Brown is going to teach us maths next week. 5. Mr Brown is teaching us maths for the time being. 6. Mr Brown was teaching us maths at nine o’clock yesterday evening. 7. Mr Brown said that he would teach [was going to teach] us maths the next day. 8. Mr Brown has taught us maths since he came to our school. 9. Mr Brown had taught us maths before he came to our school. 10. Mr Brown has been teaching us maths all the morning.
动词的被动语态
被动语态的构成 助动词be+及物动词的过去分词 Most paper work is done by computer now.
被动语态的使用场合 1. 不知道或不必要说出动作的执行者2. 强调动作的承受者，将承受着作为谈话的中心3. 动词的执行者有较长的修饰语4. 为使语气委婉，避免说出动作的执行者5. 为使句子更加合理流畅 1. A new teaching building will be built in our hometown.2. The girl has been taken to hospital. 3. The programme was supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak English. 4. Karl Marx was born in Germany in l818. 5. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
主动语态变被动语态的方法 原主动语态的： (1)宾语变为被动语态的主语(2)谓语主动变被动(3)主语变为介词by的宾语(by后的人称代词用宾格，意义明确时可省略) （主语）I（谓语）teach （宾语）English in our school.（主语）English（谓语）is taught（宾语）（by me）in our school.
英语动词的八种时态的主动语态变被动语态 主动语态1.We do most paper work by computer. 2. Mr. White wrote a book last year . 3.The police are looking into the accident now. 4. He was teaching us English then. 5. He will give us a lecture next term. 6. He has taken action to stop him. 7.He had taught us English before hecame. 8. He said that he would explain the problem to us soon. 被动语态1. Most paper work is done by computer. (一般现在时)2. A book was written (by Mr. White) last year. (一般过去时) 3. The accident is being looked into (by the police) now. (现在进行时)4. We were being taught English (by him) then.(过去进行时)5. We will be given a lecture (by him) next term.(一般将来时)6. Action has been taken to stop him. (现在完成时)7. We had been taught English (by him) before he came. (过去完成时)8. He said the problem would be explained to us (by him) soon. (过去将来时)
含情态动词的主动语态变被动语态 1. He might repair the computer tomorrow. 2. She must hand in her homework by 5 o'clock. 3. She is going to teach us English soon. 4. She used to teach us Chinese at that time. 1. The computer might be repaired tomorrow. 2. Her homework must be handed in by 5 o'clock. 3. We are going to be taught English (by him) soon. 4. We used to be taught Chinese (by him) at that time.
句型；①主+谓+宾②主+谓+双宾③主+ 谓+复宾 1. Everybody likes the music. 2. She send him a letter. 3. She gave a book to him. 4. She called the baby Ann. 1. The music is liked by everybody. 2. He was sent a letter (by her). 3. A book was given to him (by her). 4. The baby was called Ann (by her).
短语动词应看作一个整体不能分开 1. The nurse must takes good care of the baby. 2. You must pay attention to the use of this word. 3. He is laughing at the boy. 1. The baby must be taken good care of (by the nurse). 2. The use of the word must be paid attention to (by you ). 3. The boy is being laughed at (by him).
多用主动表被动 有些物动词作为不及物用，后面加副词 (如hardly，easily，badly，nicely，well，smoothly等时)，多用主动表被动。常用此结构的动词有: act，add，bend，close，lock，cut，begin，move，open，read，sell，teach，translate，wash，wear，write等，其主语往往是物而不是人 1. This pen writes smoothly. 2. Paper burns easily. 3. Lace(花边) tears easily. 4. The car drives smoothly. 5. The clothes wash well. 6. The book translates well. 7. The case opens easily. 8.The wine is selling well. 9. Each stone fits so well. 10. The cloth wears long. 11. This saw cuts badly. 12. The apples sell well. 13. The door locks automatically.
在某些“形容词+不定式”的结构中，不定式与句子主语有动宾关系时。(常用于此结构的形容词有：difficult，easy，hard，interesting，pleasant，nice, bitter，fit，dangerous，light，heavy，important等)*注意l)如果句中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语要用主动语态2)如果句中的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语需用被动语态 1. The scenery is pleasant to look at. 2. The passage is not easy to understand. 3. The small river was difficult to find on the map. 4. Good medicine is bitter to taste. 5. The book is funny to read. 6. The case is too heavy (for you) to carry. 7. The article is too difficult for me to understand. 试比较：8. I have some clothes to wash, so I can’t go with you.(自己洗) I has no more clothes to be washed, thank you. (让人洗)9. I found the question hard to answer. (我回答) I found the question hard to be understood. (让人理解)
只用主动表被动 介词短语in sight；out of sight；on show；on sale；out of repair；under construction; under discussion, beyond description 等作表语或定语表被动 1. The model spaceship is on show. (=being shown. )2. The new airport under construction will be completed soon. 3. The old computer is out of repair. 4. The beautiful scenery in the area is beyond description.
be worth doing…值得做be in need of doing…需要做sth. want[need, require] doing 某事需要做be missing…丢了hang from被挂在…上remaining(作前置定语)剩余的be to let／rent…出租be to blame…应受责备be to seek还缺少，还没找到，待寻to spare多余的，剩余的 1. The film is worth seeing twice. 2. This technology is still in need of improving. 3. The old house requires repairing. 4. My bike is missing(= gone/lost). 5. This lamp hangs from the ceiling. 6. You may take the remaining food home. 7. The house is to let. (出租)8. You are to blame for that terrible accident. 9. There is no money left here There is no remaining money here. There is no money to spare here.10. The explanation of your being fired is not far to seek . 11. I arrived at the station with 6 minutes to spare.
连系动词：表感觉：be，appear，feel，look，prove，ring，taste，smell，sound 表变化：become，come，drop(自然变成)，fall，get，grow，go，make，run，turn，work 表依旧：continue，hold，keep，lie，remain，rest，stay，stand等+adj. 不用被动语态 1. Velvet feels very soft. 2. The perfume smells sweet. 3. The food has gone bad. 4. His dream has come true.5. May you stay beautiful. 6. Please keep quiet.7. The weather continues fine. 8.The boy stood still. 9. He fell ill yesterday. 10. The light turned red. 11. The theory proved to be wrong. 12. He soon dropped asleep.
被动表主动 bury, devote, dress, hurt，hide，love，seat，station，wear，tire 等 + oneself +介词= be+v-ed+介词 1. He lost himself (=was lost) in the strange city. 2. I hurt myself (=was hurt) while cutting vegetables. 3. He seats himself (=is seated) on the sofa. 4. She devoted himself (=was devoted) to teaching. 5. You'll have to bury yourself ( be buried )in your studies if you want to pass the entrance examinations.
affect，amuse，astonish，delight，disappoint，discourage，encourage，excite，frighten，inspire，move，interest，impress，puzzle，please，satisfy，surprise，terrify，tire，strike，touch，trouble，upset，worry，embarrass，confuse，amaze等“使......感到......”类的词应用下列句型：sb+be+v-ed分词作表语sth+be+v-ing分词作表语作定语-ed+sb或sb’s面部表情作定语v-ing+sth 1. The mystery interests me (=I am interested in the mystery). 2. The mystery is an interesting mystery. 3. The old man looked at me with a puzzled expression. 4. The astonished man looked at me with an astonished look. 5. The story is puzzling to me. 6. The woman was too frightened to say a word. 7. Edward was thrilled at the sight. 8. Hearing his frightening sound，the boy cried for his mom in afrightened voice. ★但是： I was wondering at what he had said to the boss. (wonder表“惊奇”,只用主动) I panicked at seeing smoke come out of the kitchen.
不用被动语态 last，happen，cost，break out，belong to，take place，give out (精疲力竭)，come about，occur，succeed，fail，add up to，come into being，set sail for，shake hands with，take part in，lose heart，come true，play a part in等一般不用被动语态 1. The war lasted (for) five years. 2. Something terrible has happened.
3. Dangerous driving could cost you your life.4. The Anti-Japanese War broke out in l937. 5. The house belonged to my grandfather.
6. Great changes have taken place in the past thirty years. 7. His strength gave out after he ran that long distance.8.His dream of becoming a university teacher has come true. 9.How did it come about that the man is dismissed
双重被动式 主语+谓语被动式+不定式被动式；能用此结构的动词有wish，expect，advise, mean，believe，suppose，order，allow等；句中不定式的被动式to be在美语中，省不省略无大区别；但在英国英语中省to be表完成表结果；不省表开始或发生 1. The work was ordered (to be) finished soon. =Someone ordered the work to be finished soon. =Someone ordered that the work should be finished soon. 2. Hary Potter series are believed to have been translated into Chinese. 3. The football match was never expected to be put off. 4. The project is wanted (to be) finished before Sunday.
感官动词：主语+be+-ed分词★只用have[get]sth. [sb.]+-ed分词 1. A young man was seen stopped by a policeman. =We saw a young man stopped by a policeman. =We saw that a young man was stopped by a policeman. 2. I wanted to have my son educated in the USA.
其他动词+-ed分词表被动 get，become，go，come，feel，grow，seem，look. 等动词+-ed分词结构表被动意义，主要用在口语中，从含义方面来说，一般不强调动作，而强调结果或过程 1. They plan to get married in the summer. 2. She became worried when her son hadn’t come home by midnight. 3. Meat quickly goes rotten in hot weather. 4. The boy grew excited and a little surprised. 5. I felt tired after the trip. 6. He seemed disappointed with my work. 7. Five people got injured in the accident. 8. His shoelace had come undone.
so that，in order that连接的目的状语从旬中用情态动词表虚拟语气主句为现在时态，用can，may，will主句为过去时态，用could，might，would目的状语从句为否定结构，多用should 1. Speak loudy so that everyone can hear you. 2. I hired a car so that I could go outing. 3. She looked down so that I could not see her face. 4. He wore a pair of sunglass so that no one should recognize him.
用在一些表示祝愿的句子中 1. Long live peace ! 2. May you be happy ! 3. May God bless you! 4. God damn it !(该死的。） 5. May the friendship between China and USA last for ever!
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