新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：介词
图片预览
文档简介
中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
介词
介词是一种虚词, 不能重读, 也不能单独作句子成分, 通常用于名词或相当于名词的词及代词前, 表示其后的词语与句中其他词之间的关系。介词和名词或代词构成介词短语。介词短语才能作句子成分。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词的宾语, 其后的代词需用宾格。
介词的分类
类别 例词
按形态分类 简单介词 about, above, across, against, among, along, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except; for; from; in; into; near; of; off; on; over; past; since; through; till; to;under; up ; with;
复合介词 within; without; inside; throughout; toward; outside; toward;
短语介词 regardless of; according to; because of; due to; up to; thanks to; ahead of; instead of; out of ; apart from; away from; except for ;
as far as ; as early as; as good as; as soon as possible; as well as ;in front of; in spite of; by means of; in need of ; on top of; for fear of ; in charge of; in search of; in touch with; in addition to; in case of ; in celebration of; in danger of; in honour of; in memory of; in place of; in praise of; in time of; on account of ; on behalf of; under control of; in exchange for; with respect to; with regard to; ...
at the age of; at the back of; at the bottom of ; at the end of; at the foot of; at the edge of; at the beginning of; at the idea of; at the mercy of; at the sight of ;as a result of; by the name of; by the way of; in the face of; in the habit of; in the middle of, under the rule of; on the way to; under the condition of ; in the name of ; with the help of; with the purpose of; with the reach of; in the course of ;as a result of;...
二重介词 from behind; from under; until after; from above; from across; from below; from among
分词介词 considering/given (考虑到）；including; concerning; regarding
按词义分类 表示地点 at; above; below; near; over; under
表示时间 at ; after; before; during; since; until
表示原因, 目的 for; to; because of; owing to; due to; on account of
表所属或伴随 of ; with
表方法、手段 by; in; with; without
介词宾语的类型
类别 示例 备注
名词/代词 There is a map of the world on the wall.I would like to go to the cinema with them tonight.They thought highly of his abilities.There is nothing to worry about. ① 仅在but / except / about / than或instead of 几个词后面间或可用不定式作宾语。在but/except前有do的某一形式时, 后面的不定式的“to”省略。② 作“介宾”的从句不能用if 引导, 单可以用whether 来引导。③ that 引导的从句作“介词的宾语”时, that 通常不能省略。④有些形容词用作介词的宾语可视为其前面省略了动名词being。⑤ 介词后面根介词短语的情况以from 最常见。其余的还有till, until, since, except 等。⑥介词后面的从句通常不接that从句, 但except除外。
动名词 She is fond of singing.I am good at drawing and dancing.I had great difficulty in finding the way to the entrance.
形容词 His spoken English is far from perfect. In short，finishing the job is not so easy as you may think．If you go on this way,you will only make things from bad to worse for yourself.The ship was considered as unsinkable.His answer is far from (being) satisfactory. in full全面地; in private私下地; in particular特别地; in general通常地; in brief简言之; in short简言之; in vain徒然地; for free免费地; for certain肯定地; for sure肯定地; for short简称; at large 自由自在地, 逍遥法外; by far 最最
副词 Nothing engages his attention for long.Smoking is no allowed in here.I looked everywhere except there.The machine was brought from abroad.Since then, he got rid of his bad habit of smoking.Until recently, business advertising was hardly seen in the mass media.
从句 From what I've read, the company seems to be in difficulties. From what I heard last night we're going to need a new chairman.Choosing the right bike depends on what you want to use it for.She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.He paid no attention to the fact that she had no job at all.
介词短语 I saw him from across the street.Choose a gift from among these.He came out from behind the door.A cat ran out from under the bed. I'm a night owl and seldom go to bed until after midnight.I have been here since after dinner.
不定式 I had no choice but to accept the offer.Autumn harvest is about to start.He never came to visit except to borrow something.He doesn't do anything but spend money . (在do后to省略）He never did anything but watch TV. (在do后to省略）She died rather than be insulted.She would rather die than marry him.My purpose is to advise him instead of to cheat him.He paid much attention to how to pronounce this word.He gave me some advice on how to learn English well.
数词 Canada has a population of slightly over 30 million.He finished his college education at he age of 24.Xiao Ming is always among the last to leave the office.
过去分词 We regarded the problem as solved. I took it for granted that you would come last Sunday. He went out without being seen by others. (不能用seen )
复合结构 The teacher came in with a book under his arm.All the day he slept with the windows closed.There was no hope of their getting well.I take great objection to people borrowing things without permission.
三、 介词短语的句法功能
句法功能 示例 备注
状语 Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.Danny has been working here since 1988. 介词短语作定语时, 要放在所修饰的词后, 作状语时, 位置较为灵活。
定语 The pears on the table are for you and me.A stitch in time saves nine.
表语 We're in the same boat.Good advice is beyond price. (忠告是无价之宝。）
补语 He found himself in the hospital.All the chairs were arranged in order.
介词和其他词类的搭配
搭配类型 例词
动词+介词 arrive in/at (到达) knock at/on(敲) ask for (请求, 向......要) point at/to (指着, 指向) live on (靠......生活, 以......为主食) stand by /for (与......站在一起/代表)
动词+ 副词+ 介词 keep up with 跟上 drop in on 顺便拜访 get down to 着手进行...... come up to 达到 write back to 给......回信 run out of 用完；耗尽 look down upon 轻视 do well in 在......方面干得好 do away with 废除 go on with 继续 add up to 总计 get away from 从......逃离 date back to 始于 look forward to 盼望 get out of 摆脱, 从......出来 make up for 弥补 work hard at 努力干...... break away from 从......脱离 catch up with 赶上 put up with 忍受, 容忍 get along/on with 进行/进展......
动词+名词（代词）+介词 pay attention to 注意 say hello to 向......问好 catch sight of 看到 give a lesson to 教训 make friends with与......交友 make fun of 取笑 fix one's eyes on/upon注视；盯着 show sb. around 带......参观 take the place of 替代 take pride in 以......自豪 remember me to 代我向......问好 devote oneself to 献身于...... have words with 与......吵架 make room for 为......腾地方 shake hands with 与......握手
名词+ 介词 objection to 反对 success in在......方面成功 advice on/about 关于......的建议 the answer to ......的答案 the key to ......的钥匙 an entrance to ......的入口 knowledge of......的了解 a chance of ......的机会 the matter with......有毛病 thanks to 多亏, 由于 a visit to对......的访问
名词+介词+名词 face to face面对面 hand in hand手拉手 day after day日复一日 the day after tomorrow 后天 the day before yesterday 前天 day by day 逐日 one by one 依次 arm in arm 手挽手 back to back背对背 step by step 逐步 heart to heart 推心置腹 ten to one十有八九
介词+名词+介词 in honour of（为表达对某人的敬意） ; in memory of（为纪念......） ; in need of （需要）; in search of（寻找） , in spite of ( 尽管 ）；on account of(因为）; during the course of （在......的过程中）; in favour of(赞成）; at the age of ; at the beginning of; in charge of（负责；管理） ;
介词+名词 by this means; by no means; for pleasure; at sb's pleasure; in/out of order; with pleasure; to the point; at hand; in no hurry; on the contrary; on sale; for sale; by the way; over the radio; out of control; out of date; to one's delight/joy; against one's will; under control; at will; in the wayby accident/chance; on duty; by hand; with care; under construction;
形容词+ 介词 familiar to;familiar with; far from; different from; eager for; excellent in; expert at; absent from; abundant in; active in; angry with sb; jealous of; keen on; lacking in; loyal to; mad at; anxious about/for; ashamed of; aware of; blind to; busy with; capable of; clever at; content with; contrary to; fit for; fond of; full of; good to ;crazy about; critical of; dependent on; faithful to; good for; harmful to;tried from ; tried of; typical of ; vital to; weak in; worthy of, opposite to; particular about; patient with; popular with; present at; proud of; rude to ; rich in; responsible to; sensitive to; similar to skilled in; sorry for; strict in; suitable for; successful in; suspicious of; sure of
过去分词+介词 1. 过去分词 + about annoyed; bothered; concerned; excited; pleased; puzzled ; worried
2. 过去分词 + at alarmed; amazed; amused; annoyed; astonished; delighted at; disappointed; dissatisfied; excited; overjoyed; pleased; satisfied; shocked; surprised
3. 过去分词 + against arranged; prepared; irrigated
4. 过去分词 +for celebrated; concerned; known; noted; prepared ; pressed; qualified
5. 过去分词 + in absorbed; concerned; disappointed; delighted; dressed; embarrassed ; engaged ; experienced ; interested; lost; set ; skilled
6. 过去分词 + on founded; based; bent; set
7. 过去分词 + to abandoned; accustomed; addicted; adapted; committed; dedicated ; devoted; exposed ; known;limited ;lost; opposed; related to; married; restricted; suited
8. 过去分词 + with acquainted; annoyed; bored; charged; concerned; connected; crowded; decorated; delighted; disappointed; displeased; equipped; exhausted; faced; furnished; occupied; pleased; pressed; satisfied; surrounded; loaded
常见介词短语归纳 at lastat leastat mostat noonat onceabove allafter allat allat firstat homeat seaat the weekendas ....as ....at the top of one's voiceat workat one timeas wellat breakfastat a timeas a matter of factas a resultas usualat presentat the same timeby farby handin returnin vainat he latestand so onby thenby and byin futurein casein a week or soin the airin a correct wayin this wayin the open airin the wildin bedin peacein chargein charge ofin commonin the dayin those daysin the daytimein the distancein the endin front ofin a hurryin lifein linein a minutein need ofin orderin order thatin order to doin place ofin publicin ragsin search ofin the waywith difficultywith all speedwith attentionwith heart and soul by the wayby phoneby oneselfby weightby volumeby the hourfor everby mistakeby accidentby chanceby no meansfor one thingfor a whilefor the time beingfirst of allfor oneselffor instancefor the first timefor the last timefor salefor longfor freefor oncefor the sake offrom...to...from time to timefrom day to dayfrom hand to handin the habit of in harmony withfrom now onfrom then onout of doorsout of breathout of orderout of sightout of dangerin exchange forin the hope of in the form ofin terms ofin case ofin praise of in silencein modern timesin one's opinionin the pastin placein generalon holidayon the wholeon fireon Sundayon one's way offon and onon the other side ofon the other handon the point ofon one's ownon averageon the airon boardon the contraryon dutyon footon the one hand...on the other handon the radio from generation to generationfrom house to housefrom morning till nightfrom beginning to endfrom bad to worsefrom start to finishin allin one's search forin sightin spacein surprisein no timein townin troublein a low voicein a short whilein a wordin other wordsin totalin shorton the shore(s)on strikeon top ofon watchon one's way homein turnin dangerin detailin preparation forin secretin ruinsin realityon one's way toon saleon purposeon leaveout of workout of dateout of one's reachout of the questionout of questionout of touch withover and over againof courseof one's ownto sb's joyto sb's delightto sb's disappointmentto sb's puzzlementto sb's surpriseto sb's astonishmentwith pleasurewith sb's helpwith the purpose ofwith an increase of with easewith successwithout a breakwithout paywithout delaywithout intentionwithout questionwithout doubtwithout mercywithout permissionwithout hesitationon the left
易混用的介词短语
类别 说明 示例
1.表示时间的介词 表示在具体的某一天上午、下午、晚上、前夕的, 或表示上午、下午、晚上、前夕的名词前有形容词修饰时, 常用on On May 1; on Sunday; on a cold morning; on Christmas Day on New Year's Eve; on a stormy night ; on Saturday morning ( 但是: at Christmas )
表示在较长的时间内如世纪、年代、月份、季节、周以及泛指的在上午、在下午、在晚上等用介词in In the 20th century; in the first week; in the evening; in the morning ; in the afternoon ( 但是：at night; on / at weekends ) , in spring
在电钟、黎明、正午、黄昏、始、末、节日等强用at At down ;at noon; at night; at midnight;at sunrise; at day break; at the beginning of; at the end of ; at Christmas；( 但on Christmas Day/ during the Christmas days )
in +时间段 (+'s time) (用于将来时, 表示“......之后”用于过去时则表示“......之内”）within+时间段 （用于将来时或过去时均表示“......之内”）after + 时间点 /时间段 （用于将来时或过去时, 均表示“......之后”） He will return to school within 5 days.( 5天内 )He will return to school in 5 days. (5 天后 )He will return to school after 5 o'clock. ( 5点后 )He returned to school after 5 days. (5 天后 ) He returned to school in 5 days. ( 5天内)He returned to school within 5 days.( 5天内 )He returned to school 5 days later.( 5天后 )
for与during+时间段 since+时间点/时间段+ago / 抽象名词from+抽象名词/普通名词 He stayed there for / during the first two days.He has stayed there since last year.I have known him from / since childhood.I have known him from a boy.
2.表示地点的介词 in/on表示静止位置； into/onto表示运动方向。 sit in the chair; go/come/run/walk into; put/jump/fall/ throw in/into; fall onto the floor; jump onto the table
at the shop/station (较小的地方用）in the field/China (较大的地方用）on the wall/ground (在表面上）at the corner 在拐角处（外角）in the corner 在拐角里（内角）on the corner 在角落上（外角上） 习惯用法：on/in the street; at 106 Beijing Road; in a middle school; at the No.2 Middle School; a hole in the wall; a picture on the wall ; a bird in the tree; an apple on the tree; a picture in the book
in 表示同一范围之内on 表示(相邻)范围外to在（相邻或不相邻)范围外off 距（某处）某距离 Japan lies in the east of Asia.Japan lies to the east of China.Korea lies on the east of China.The ship sank off Cape Horn. 轮船在合恩角外沉没了.
地点介词的引申意义 in danger; in trouble; in public; in the same boat; on business; on sale; on show; under construction
3.表示方式、工具的介词 by+交通工具（表方式）(无冠词）in a car/ on a plane / on a bus /on a bike (有冠词或物主代词, 注意介词的差异）on foot = with one's feet ; on horsebackin+原料/颜色/语言/钢（铅）笔/大小写字母with+one's/冠词+工具和五官等by hand / letter / electricity / doing sth.live by doing 以......来谋生live on sth (以......为主食）by the day/ hour / year ; by weightin this way 以这种方法by means of 通过......方法with this method 用这种方法 He travelled around the world by plane/on a plane.learn English by radio= learn English on/over/through the radio (有冠词）.Please answer me in English.Please write the title in capital lettersPlease write with a pen/ a pencil= write in ink/ pencil He cut the cake in two with a knife .We see with our eyes and smell with our noses.The blind learns something by touching.make a living by teaching; live on riceThe baby-sitter got paid by the day/the hour.The problem was solved in this way / with this method/ by means of discussion.
4. 表示经、穿过、越过的介词 by=past 从（物体）旁边走过across （从物体表面）横（穿）过through （从物体、立体空间）穿过、洞穿过over （从物体表面）越过到另一边 A girl helped an old lady by(past) the truck.A girl helped an old man across the road.He pushed his way through the crowd.The thief climbed over the wall and ran away.
5.表示上下方位的介词 above在......上方 与below 相反on在......上面 与beneath 相反over在......正上方 与under 相反at在......顶端/底部 The plane was flying over the clouds.There are many popular CDs on the shelf.He spread a cloth over the table.They held a large umbrella over her.She shouted his name at the top of her voice.Grandma was standing at the bottom of the stairs.
6.表示在......之间的介词 between一般用于二者之间；用于三者以上时, 强调每两者之间的关系或某一物体的位置与一组特定的可分离事物之间的关系among用于两者以上, 常指数目不确定的事物； 用于最高级= one of I lost my keys somewhere between the car and the house.Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.Mary is popular among the children.Hong Kong is among the biggest cities in the world.
7.表示“关于”意义是的介词 about关于（表示内容较普通, 不太正式）on关于（表示严肃的、学术性的、专门研究用的）including包括 The writer is writing a book for children about science in the future.He is writing an essay on political economy(政治经济学）.Many people attended the meeting this afternoon, including me ( = me included ).
8.与“除外”相关的介词及短语 1. beside 在......旁边2. besides①除......之外（还有）（常与also,else,any, other,more 连用②adv. 而且；况且（插入语）3. but 除......之外（没有）常与every, any,no,all, none, who, where,when等词连用。4. except 除......之外（没有）,不能放在句首, （前后概念一致, 即排除在外的和没有排除的是同类人（事）物）5. except for 除......之外（没有）,能放在句首(整体肯定, 排除细节, 前后概念不一致）6. except that 除......之外（没有）+ 从句7. except when = unless 除非......8. beyond 除......之外无（常用于疑问句和否定句中）9. besides[but,except,beyond]在否定句中可通用。10. without...没有......就...... 11. as well as除......之外（还有）= besides12. in addition另外, 而且, 加上13. in addition to=besides14. other than 1)除了 2）与.....不同, 不同于15. apart from 1）除......外别无 2）出......外（尚有）16. aside from（美语）= apart from 1. I was standing right beside her at the time.2. People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault. 3. He was unable to swallow anything but liquids. There's no one here but me. 4. You can have any of the cakes except this one.5. She felt fine except for being a little tired. The meal was excellent except for the first course.6. She remembered nothing (about him) except that his hair was black.7. She is very kind except when (=unless) she is angry with us.8. I didn't notice anything beyond his rather strange accent.9. I have nothing except/but/besides/beyond the clothes on my body. (在否定句中, 这四个词含义一样）比较: We all went to the cinema except Tom.(已告知去......) We also went to the cinema besides Tom.(汤姆和我们都去了）10. We all went to the cinema without Tom.(未告知去......)11. He went to the party as well as his sister．12. In addition (to the names on the list) there are six other applicants.13. In addition to an album, I gave him a pen and a pencil.14.He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan． I do not wish him other than he is．我不希望他改变现状。15. Apart from these two books，he has written some plays and film scripts.16. Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．
9.till、 until和by till[until] 用于肯定句时, 表示“一直到......”主句谓语动词为“延续性动词”用于否定句时, 表示“直到......才......”主句谓语动词用延续性或终止性动词。by（于终止性动词连用）常用于完成时, “到......时为止”。 The shop is open till 6 o'clock.Can't you wait till/until we come back I didn't receive your letter until/till the day before yesterday.I had received your parcel by the day before yesterday.We will have learned 4000 words by the end of next term.By the end of last term, we had learned 3000 words.
10.表示“在......期间”的介词 in 和during 表示在......期间 一般通用, 但是在强调不准确的时间时用during; 强调整个时期时用during; 指一项活动或经历的过程也用during。而表示具体发生的时间则用in I woke up many times during / in the night.It happened in 1949, not 1959.The shop is closed during the whole of August.Foxes remain hidden during the day.I mentioned the subject during our discussions at her Washington office.
11.常见的易错用的介词 1. with the help of 在......的帮助下 2. in the direction of 朝......方向 3. from the direction of 从......方向 4. under the leadership of 在......的领导下 5. the article in the newspaper 报上的文章 6. a hole in the wall墙上的洞 7. a bird in the tree 树上的鸟 8. apples on the tree 树上的苹果 9. be wounded in the leg 腿上受伤 10. a pain in the back 背疼 11. tickets for the concert 音乐会的票 12. the key to the car 车钥匙 13.leave for Beijing 动身去北京 14. set an example to sb 给某人树立榜样 最易加错介词的动词: enter the room 易错写成：enter into the room; serve the people易错写成：serve for the people; come/go home易错写成：come/go to home; marry sb易错写成：marry with sb; be married to sb易错写成：be married with sb
介词的省略
省略的情况 示例
时间介词的省略 在next; last, this, these, today, yesterday , tomorrow, one, any, every, each和all等词前, at, on, in等一般都要省略。 this morning; yesterday; the next day; next week; every week; last year
在某些表示时间的名词词组前, 可以省略介词 （on) that day ; (in) the year before last(on) Mondays (每逢周一）; （on) Monday
在肯定句中表示一段时间的for常可以省略。位于句首或在否定句中, for一般不省略。 I have been waiting for you ( for ) a whole afternoon.
of 的省略 在“of+大小、形状、年龄、面积、材料” 结构中, of 常省略 When I was (of ) your age, I knew much less than you.The desks in our class are (of) the same color, material, and shape.
all/both/half of 用于带限定词的名词前, of常省略 Both (of) my sons are good at English.Half (of )her money is spent on clothes.
from的省略 在prevent/stop ...(from) doing 结构中, from一般省略。但是在被动语态中不可省。keep......from doing中的from 不能省略。 The heavy traffic stopped him (from) attending the meeting on time.I can't stop (from)drinking.He kept me from going there.
在某些习惯用语中的省略 be busy (in ) doing sth; (in ) this/that way; next (to ); (at) any time; have difficulty (in) doing sth; spend ...(in) doing sth; have a good time (in) doing sth; pass time (in) doing sth; waste time (in) doing sth; kill time (in) doing sth; It's no use (in) doing sth; There is no point (in) doing sth.
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
介词
介词是一种虚词, 不能重读, 也不能单独作句子成分, 通常用于名词或相当于名词的词及代词前, 表示其后的词语与句中其他词之间的关系。介词和名词或代词构成介词短语。介词短语才能作句子成分。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词的宾语, 其后的代词需用宾格。
介词的分类
类别 例词
按形态分类 简单介词 about, above, across, against, among, along, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except; for; from; in; into; near; of; off; on; over; past; since; through; till; to;under; up ; with;
复合介词 within; without; inside; throughout; toward; outside; toward;
短语介词 regardless of; according to; because of; due to; up to; thanks to; ahead of; instead of; out of ; apart from; away from; except for ;
as far as ; as early as; as good as; as soon as possible; as well as ;in front of; in spite of; by means of; in need of ; on top of; for fear of ; in charge of; in search of; in touch with; in addition to; in case of ; in celebration of; in danger of; in honour of; in memory of; in place of; in praise of; in time of; on account of ; on behalf of; under control of; in exchange for; with respect to; with regard to; ...
at the age of; at the back of; at the bottom of ; at the end of; at the foot of; at the edge of; at the beginning of; at the idea of; at the mercy of; at the sight of ;as a result of; by the name of; by the way of; in the face of; in the habit of; in the middle of, under the rule of; on the way to; under the condition of ; in the name of ; with the help of; with the purpose of; with the reach of; in the course of ;as a result of;...
二重介词 from behind; from under; until after; from above; from across; from below; from among
分词介词 considering/given (考虑到）；including; concerning; regarding
按词义分类 表示地点 at; above; below; near; over; under
表示时间 at ; after; before; during; since; until
表示原因, 目的 for; to; because of; owing to; due to; on account of
表所属或伴随 of ; with
表方法、手段 by; in; with; without
介词宾语的类型
类别 示例 备注
名词/代词 There is a map of the world on the wall.I would like to go to the cinema with them tonight.They thought highly of his abilities.There is nothing to worry about. ① 仅在but / except / about / than或instead of 几个词后面间或可用不定式作宾语。在but/except前有do的某一形式时, 后面的不定式的“to”省略。② 作“介宾”的从句不能用if 引导, 单可以用whether 来引导。③ that 引导的从句作“介词的宾语”时, that 通常不能省略。④有些形容词用作介词的宾语可视为其前面省略了动名词being。⑤ 介词后面根介词短语的情况以from 最常见。其余的还有till, until, since, except 等。⑥介词后面的从句通常不接that从句, 但except除外。
动名词 She is fond of singing.I am good at drawing and dancing.I had great difficulty in finding the way to the entrance.
形容词 His spoken English is far from perfect. In short，finishing the job is not so easy as you may think．If you go on this way,you will only make things from bad to worse for yourself.The ship was considered as unsinkable.His answer is far from (being) satisfactory. in full全面地; in private私下地; in particular特别地; in general通常地; in brief简言之; in short简言之; in vain徒然地; for free免费地; for certain肯定地; for sure肯定地; for short简称; at large 自由自在地, 逍遥法外; by far 最最
副词 Nothing engages his attention for long.Smoking is no allowed in here.I looked everywhere except there.The machine was brought from abroad.Since then, he got rid of his bad habit of smoking.Until recently, business advertising was hardly seen in the mass media.
从句 From what I've read, the company seems to be in difficulties. From what I heard last night we're going to need a new chairman.Choosing the right bike depends on what you want to use it for.She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.He paid no attention to the fact that she had no job at all.
介词短语 I saw him from across the street.Choose a gift from among these.He came out from behind the door.A cat ran out from under the bed. I'm a night owl and seldom go to bed until after midnight.I have been here since after dinner.
不定式 I had no choice but to accept the offer.Autumn harvest is about to start.He never came to visit except to borrow something.He doesn't do anything but spend money . (在do后to省略）He never did anything but watch TV. (在do后to省略）She died rather than be insulted.She would rather die than marry him.My purpose is to advise him instead of to cheat him.He paid much attention to how to pronounce this word.He gave me some advice on how to learn English well.
数词 Canada has a population of slightly over 30 million.He finished his college education at he age of 24.Xiao Ming is always among the last to leave the office.
过去分词 We regarded the problem as solved. I took it for granted that you would come last Sunday. He went out without being seen by others. (不能用seen )
复合结构 The teacher came in with a book under his arm.All the day he slept with the windows closed.There was no hope of their getting well.I take great objection to people borrowing things without permission.
三、 介词短语的句法功能
句法功能 示例 备注
状语 Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.Danny has been working here since 1988. 介词短语作定语时, 要放在所修饰的词后, 作状语时, 位置较为灵活。
定语 The pears on the table are for you and me.A stitch in time saves nine.
表语 We're in the same boat.Good advice is beyond price. (忠告是无价之宝。）
补语 He found himself in the hospital.All the chairs were arranged in order.
介词和其他词类的搭配
搭配类型 例词
动词+介词 arrive in/at (到达) knock at/on(敲) ask for (请求, 向......要) point at/to (指着, 指向) live on (靠......生活, 以......为主食) stand by /for (与......站在一起/代表)
动词+ 副词+ 介词 keep up with 跟上 drop in on 顺便拜访 get down to 着手进行...... come up to 达到 write back to 给......回信 run out of 用完；耗尽 look down upon 轻视 do well in 在......方面干得好 do away with 废除 go on with 继续 add up to 总计 get away from 从......逃离 date back to 始于 look forward to 盼望 get out of 摆脱, 从......出来 make up for 弥补 work hard at 努力干...... break away from 从......脱离 catch up with 赶上 put up with 忍受, 容忍 get along/on with 进行/进展......
动词+名词（代词）+介词 pay attention to 注意 say hello to 向......问好 catch sight of 看到 give a lesson to 教训 make friends with与......交友 make fun of 取笑 fix one's eyes on/upon注视；盯着 show sb. around 带......参观 take the place of 替代 take pride in 以......自豪 remember me to 代我向......问好 devote oneself to 献身于...... have words with 与......吵架 make room for 为......腾地方 shake hands with 与......握手
名词+ 介词 objection to 反对 success in在......方面成功 advice on/about 关于......的建议 the answer to ......的答案 the key to ......的钥匙 an entrance to ......的入口 knowledge of......的了解 a chance of ......的机会 the matter with......有毛病 thanks to 多亏, 由于 a visit to对......的访问
名词+介词+名词 face to face面对面 hand in hand手拉手 day after day日复一日 the day after tomorrow 后天 the day before yesterday 前天 day by day 逐日 one by one 依次 arm in arm 手挽手 back to back背对背 step by step 逐步 heart to heart 推心置腹 ten to one十有八九
介词+名词+介词 in honour of（为表达对某人的敬意） ; in memory of（为纪念......） ; in need of （需要）; in search of（寻找） , in spite of ( 尽管 ）；on account of(因为）; during the course of （在......的过程中）; in favour of(赞成）; at the age of ; at the beginning of; in charge of（负责；管理） ;
介词+名词 by this means; by no means; for pleasure; at sb's pleasure; in/out of order; with pleasure; to the point; at hand; in no hurry; on the contrary; on sale; for sale; by the way; over the radio; out of control; out of date; to one's delight/joy; against one's will; under control; at will; in the wayby accident/chance; on duty; by hand; with care; under construction;
形容词+ 介词 familiar to;familiar with; far from; different from; eager for; excellent in; expert at; absent from; abundant in; active in; angry with sb; jealous of; keen on; lacking in; loyal to; mad at; anxious about/for; ashamed of; aware of; blind to; busy with; capable of; clever at; content with; contrary to; fit for; fond of; full of; good to ;crazy about; critical of; dependent on; faithful to; good for; harmful to;tried from ; tried of; typical of ; vital to; weak in; worthy of, opposite to; particular about; patient with; popular with; present at; proud of; rude to ; rich in; responsible to; sensitive to; similar to skilled in; sorry for; strict in; suitable for; successful in; suspicious of; sure of
过去分词+介词 1. 过去分词 + about annoyed; bothered; concerned; excited; pleased; puzzled ; worried
2. 过去分词 + at alarmed; amazed; amused; annoyed; astonished; delighted at; disappointed; dissatisfied; excited; overjoyed; pleased; satisfied; shocked; surprised
3. 过去分词 + against arranged; prepared; irrigated
4. 过去分词 +for celebrated; concerned; known; noted; prepared ; pressed; qualified
5. 过去分词 + in absorbed; concerned; disappointed; delighted; dressed; embarrassed ; engaged ; experienced ; interested; lost; set ; skilled
6. 过去分词 + on founded; based; bent; set
7. 过去分词 + to abandoned; accustomed; addicted; adapted; committed; dedicated ; devoted; exposed ; known;limited ;lost; opposed; related to; married; restricted; suited
8. 过去分词 + with acquainted; annoyed; bored; charged; concerned; connected; crowded; decorated; delighted; disappointed; displeased; equipped; exhausted; faced; furnished; occupied; pleased; pressed; satisfied; surrounded; loaded
常见介词短语归纳 at lastat leastat mostat noonat onceabove allafter allat allat firstat homeat seaat the weekendas ....as ....at the top of one's voiceat workat one timeas wellat breakfastat a timeas a matter of factas a resultas usualat presentat the same timeby farby handin returnin vainat he latestand so onby thenby and byin futurein casein a week or soin the airin a correct wayin this wayin the open airin the wildin bedin peacein chargein charge ofin commonin the dayin those daysin the daytimein the distancein the endin front ofin a hurryin lifein linein a minutein need ofin orderin order thatin order to doin place ofin publicin ragsin search ofin the waywith difficultywith all speedwith attentionwith heart and soul by the wayby phoneby oneselfby weightby volumeby the hourfor everby mistakeby accidentby chanceby no meansfor one thingfor a whilefor the time beingfirst of allfor oneselffor instancefor the first timefor the last timefor salefor longfor freefor oncefor the sake offrom...to...from time to timefrom day to dayfrom hand to handin the habit of in harmony withfrom now onfrom then onout of doorsout of breathout of orderout of sightout of dangerin exchange forin the hope of in the form ofin terms ofin case ofin praise of in silencein modern timesin one's opinionin the pastin placein generalon holidayon the wholeon fireon Sundayon one's way offon and onon the other side ofon the other handon the point ofon one's ownon averageon the airon boardon the contraryon dutyon footon the one hand...on the other handon the radio from generation to generationfrom house to housefrom morning till nightfrom beginning to endfrom bad to worsefrom start to finishin allin one's search forin sightin spacein surprisein no timein townin troublein a low voicein a short whilein a wordin other wordsin totalin shorton the shore(s)on strikeon top ofon watchon one's way homein turnin dangerin detailin preparation forin secretin ruinsin realityon one's way toon saleon purposeon leaveout of workout of dateout of one's reachout of the questionout of questionout of touch withover and over againof courseof one's ownto sb's joyto sb's delightto sb's disappointmentto sb's puzzlementto sb's surpriseto sb's astonishmentwith pleasurewith sb's helpwith the purpose ofwith an increase of with easewith successwithout a breakwithout paywithout delaywithout intentionwithout questionwithout doubtwithout mercywithout permissionwithout hesitationon the left
易混用的介词短语
类别 说明 示例
1.表示时间的介词 表示在具体的某一天上午、下午、晚上、前夕的, 或表示上午、下午、晚上、前夕的名词前有形容词修饰时, 常用on On May 1; on Sunday; on a cold morning; on Christmas Day on New Year's Eve; on a stormy night ; on Saturday morning ( 但是: at Christmas )
表示在较长的时间内如世纪、年代、月份、季节、周以及泛指的在上午、在下午、在晚上等用介词in In the 20th century; in the first week; in the evening; in the morning ; in the afternoon ( 但是：at night; on / at weekends ) , in spring
在电钟、黎明、正午、黄昏、始、末、节日等强用at At down ;at noon; at night; at midnight;at sunrise; at day break; at the beginning of; at the end of ; at Christmas；( 但on Christmas Day/ during the Christmas days )
in +时间段 (+'s time) (用于将来时, 表示“......之后”用于过去时则表示“......之内”）within+时间段 （用于将来时或过去时均表示“......之内”）after + 时间点 /时间段 （用于将来时或过去时, 均表示“......之后”） He will return to school within 5 days.( 5天内 )He will return to school in 5 days. (5 天后 )He will return to school after 5 o'clock. ( 5点后 )He returned to school after 5 days. (5 天后 ) He returned to school in 5 days. ( 5天内)He returned to school within 5 days.( 5天内 )He returned to school 5 days later.( 5天后 )
for与during+时间段 since+时间点/时间段+ago / 抽象名词from+抽象名词/普通名词 He stayed there for / during the first two days.He has stayed there since last year.I have known him from / since childhood.I have known him from a boy.
2.表示地点的介词 in/on表示静止位置； into/onto表示运动方向。 sit in the chair; go/come/run/walk into; put/jump/fall/ throw in/into; fall onto the floor; jump onto the table
at the shop/station (较小的地方用）in the field/China (较大的地方用）on the wall/ground (在表面上）at the corner 在拐角处（外角）in the corner 在拐角里（内角）on the corner 在角落上（外角上） 习惯用法：on/in the street; at 106 Beijing Road; in a middle school; at the No.2 Middle School; a hole in the wall; a picture on the wall ; a bird in the tree; an apple on the tree; a picture in the book
in 表示同一范围之内on 表示(相邻)范围外to在（相邻或不相邻)范围外off 距（某处）某距离 Japan lies in the east of Asia.Japan lies to the east of China.Korea lies on the east of China.The ship sank off Cape Horn. 轮船在合恩角外沉没了.
地点介词的引申意义 in danger; in trouble; in public; in the same boat; on business; on sale; on show; under construction
3.表示方式、工具的介词 by+交通工具（表方式）(无冠词）in a car/ on a plane / on a bus /on a bike (有冠词或物主代词, 注意介词的差异）on foot = with one's feet ; on horsebackin+原料/颜色/语言/钢（铅）笔/大小写字母with+one's/冠词+工具和五官等by hand / letter / electricity / doing sth.live by doing 以......来谋生live on sth (以......为主食）by the day/ hour / year ; by weightin this way 以这种方法by means of 通过......方法with this method 用这种方法 He travelled around the world by plane/on a plane.learn English by radio= learn English on/over/through the radio (有冠词）.Please answer me in English.Please write the title in capital lettersPlease write with a pen/ a pencil= write in ink/ pencil He cut the cake in two with a knife .We see with our eyes and smell with our noses.The blind learns something by touching.make a living by teaching; live on riceThe baby-sitter got paid by the day/the hour.The problem was solved in this way / with this method/ by means of discussion.
4. 表示经、穿过、越过的介词 by=past 从（物体）旁边走过across （从物体表面）横（穿）过through （从物体、立体空间）穿过、洞穿过over （从物体表面）越过到另一边 A girl helped an old lady by(past) the truck.A girl helped an old man across the road.He pushed his way through the crowd.The thief climbed over the wall and ran away.
5.表示上下方位的介词 above在......上方 与below 相反on在......上面 与beneath 相反over在......正上方 与under 相反at在......顶端/底部 The plane was flying over the clouds.There are many popular CDs on the shelf.He spread a cloth over the table.They held a large umbrella over her.She shouted his name at the top of her voice.Grandma was standing at the bottom of the stairs.
6.表示在......之间的介词 between一般用于二者之间；用于三者以上时, 强调每两者之间的关系或某一物体的位置与一组特定的可分离事物之间的关系among用于两者以上, 常指数目不确定的事物； 用于最高级= one of I lost my keys somewhere between the car and the house.Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.Mary is popular among the children.Hong Kong is among the biggest cities in the world.
7.表示“关于”意义是的介词 about关于（表示内容较普通, 不太正式）on关于（表示严肃的、学术性的、专门研究用的）including包括 The writer is writing a book for children about science in the future.He is writing an essay on political economy(政治经济学）.Many people attended the meeting this afternoon, including me ( = me included ).
8.与“除外”相关的介词及短语 1. beside 在......旁边2. besides①除......之外（还有）（常与also,else,any, other,more 连用②adv. 而且；况且（插入语）3. but 除......之外（没有）常与every, any,no,all, none, who, where,when等词连用。4. except 除......之外（没有）,不能放在句首, （前后概念一致, 即排除在外的和没有排除的是同类人（事）物）5. except for 除......之外（没有）,能放在句首(整体肯定, 排除细节, 前后概念不一致）6. except that 除......之外（没有）+ 从句7. except when = unless 除非......8. beyond 除......之外无（常用于疑问句和否定句中）9. besides[but,except,beyond]在否定句中可通用。10. without...没有......就...... 11. as well as除......之外（还有）= besides12. in addition另外, 而且, 加上13. in addition to=besides14. other than 1)除了 2）与.....不同, 不同于15. apart from 1）除......外别无 2）出......外（尚有）16. aside from（美语）= apart from 1. I was standing right beside her at the time.2. People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault. 3. He was unable to swallow anything but liquids. There's no one here but me. 4. You can have any of the cakes except this one.5. She felt fine except for being a little tired. The meal was excellent except for the first course.6. She remembered nothing (about him) except that his hair was black.7. She is very kind except when (=unless) she is angry with us.8. I didn't notice anything beyond his rather strange accent.9. I have nothing except/but/besides/beyond the clothes on my body. (在否定句中, 这四个词含义一样）比较: We all went to the cinema except Tom.(已告知去......) We also went to the cinema besides Tom.(汤姆和我们都去了）10. We all went to the cinema without Tom.(未告知去......)11. He went to the party as well as his sister．12. In addition (to the names on the list) there are six other applicants.13. In addition to an album, I gave him a pen and a pencil.14.He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan． I do not wish him other than he is．我不希望他改变现状。15. Apart from these two books，he has written some plays and film scripts.16. Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．
9.till、 until和by till[until] 用于肯定句时, 表示“一直到......”主句谓语动词为“延续性动词”用于否定句时, 表示“直到......才......”主句谓语动词用延续性或终止性动词。by（于终止性动词连用）常用于完成时, “到......时为止”。 The shop is open till 6 o'clock.Can't you wait till/until we come back I didn't receive your letter until/till the day before yesterday.I had received your parcel by the day before yesterday.We will have learned 4000 words by the end of next term.By the end of last term, we had learned 3000 words.
10.表示“在......期间”的介词 in 和during 表示在......期间 一般通用, 但是在强调不准确的时间时用during; 强调整个时期时用during; 指一项活动或经历的过程也用during。而表示具体发生的时间则用in I woke up many times during / in the night.It happened in 1949, not 1959.The shop is closed during the whole of August.Foxes remain hidden during the day.I mentioned the subject during our discussions at her Washington office.
11.常见的易错用的介词 1. with the help of 在......的帮助下 2. in the direction of 朝......方向 3. from the direction of 从......方向 4. under the leadership of 在......的领导下 5. the article in the newspaper 报上的文章 6. a hole in the wall墙上的洞 7. a bird in the tree 树上的鸟 8. apples on the tree 树上的苹果 9. be wounded in the leg 腿上受伤 10. a pain in the back 背疼 11. tickets for the concert 音乐会的票 12. the key to the car 车钥匙 13.leave for Beijing 动身去北京 14. set an example to sb 给某人树立榜样 最易加错介词的动词: enter the room 易错写成：enter into the room; serve the people易错写成：serve for the people; come/go home易错写成：come/go to home; marry sb易错写成：marry with sb; be married to sb易错写成：be married with sb
介词的省略
省略的情况 示例
时间介词的省略 在next; last, this, these, today, yesterday , tomorrow, one, any, every, each和all等词前, at, on, in等一般都要省略。 this morning; yesterday; the next day; next week; every week; last year
在某些表示时间的名词词组前, 可以省略介词 （on) that day ; (in) the year before last(on) Mondays (每逢周一）; （on) Monday
在肯定句中表示一段时间的for常可以省略。位于句首或在否定句中, for一般不省略。 I have been waiting for you ( for ) a whole afternoon.
of 的省略 在“of+大小、形状、年龄、面积、材料” 结构中, of 常省略 When I was (of ) your age, I knew much less than you.The desks in our class are (of) the same color, material, and shape.
all/both/half of 用于带限定词的名词前, of常省略 Both (of) my sons are good at English.Half (of )her money is spent on clothes.
from的省略 在prevent/stop ...(from) doing 结构中, from一般省略。但是在被动语态中不可省。keep......from doing中的from 不能省略。 The heavy traffic stopped him (from) attending the meeting on time.I can't stop (from)drinking.He kept me from going there.
在某些习惯用语中的省略 be busy (in ) doing sth; (in ) this/that way; next (to ); (at) any time; have difficulty (in) doing sth; spend ...(in) doing sth; have a good time (in) doing sth; pass time (in) doing sth; waste time (in) doing sth; kill time (in) doing sth; It's no use (in) doing sth; There is no point (in) doing sth.
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)