新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：句子结构

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
句子的结构
英语中的句子按照结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。英语中的简单句主要有五种基本句型，其他各种句子基本上都是由这五种结构转换、缩写或扩展而成。
简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
主语+不及物动词+（状语）
主语 不及物动词（+状语） 例句
主语 不及物动词( 没有宾语) X（不接任何成分） Things have changed. They walked and laughed. He and his brother arrived.
副词 You go first and I will follow behind. You should listen carefully at the meeting. It was snowing heavily last night.
介词短语 She could swim like a fish when she was a child.The accident resulted from your carelessness. China lies in the east of Asia.
to do He went to visit his uncle in the town yesterday. I stopped to talk to a friend of mine. He got up early to catch the first bus.
-ing分词 We often go skating in the river in winter. Xiao Ming came running all the way to school He came hurrying to see her as soon as he heard she was ill.
名词 The lecture lasted two hours. The sea level has risen three centimeters since then. The temperature fell 5 degrees.
主语+系动词+表语
主语 系动词及系动词类型 充当表语的词类或短语 例句
主语 状态系动词 be 名词 He finally became a successful pianist. My father used to be a football player.
持续系动词 keep ; remain; hold; continuestay; lie; stand; rest 代词 She is very tired and looks it.—Who is it —It's me.
数词 We are seven.
形容词 Time is precious to everybody.In time of danger, he remains calm.The dream will come true.The price sounds reasonable.The man is said to have gone mad.China is growing stronger and stronger.The thought lies heavy on her mind.They stood still, saying nothing.
副词 The manager is out to dinner with the customers.He has been away from his hometown for many years.
表像系动词 seem; appear; look 介词短语 Are you on duty today Everything is in good order.They appear out of breath.
-ing分词 It’s surprising that you haven’t met.The young man is very promising.
感官系动词 feel; smell; sound; taste; -ed分词 He looked worried after reading the letter.They seemed disappointed at the news.Are you well prepared
that 从句 The reason why he failed the exam is that he played too much.
动名词 My hobby is growing flowers.
变化系动词 become; grow; turn; fall; get; go; come; run wh-从句 The question is whether he will come or not.That is where we differ.The problem is how many people will take part in the game.
to be Little Tom's wish is to become a scientist.The weather turned out to be fine.The design proved to be a success.
不定式 His plan is to go abroad for further study.My ambition is to enter Beijing University.
as if / though 从句 It sounds as though she's been really ill.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
终止系动词 prove； turn out 形容词+介词短语 Little Tom was confident of his ability.Young people are eager for knowledge.
3）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
主语 及物动词 充当宾语的词类和短语 例句
主语 谓语 名词 I will visit an old friend this weekend.I don't know the girl standing there.
代词 I don't know him.He supported us in the argument
数词 —How many chairs do you need —I need two.
反身代词 He hurt himself badly when he fell off his bike.I can't make myself understood by others about it.
同源宾语 We are living a happy life.He dreamed a sweet dream.
不定式 He pretended not to see me.He managed to escape from the burning building.
动名词 He risked losing his life to rescue the child.He is considering changing his job these days.
疑问词+不定式 I don't know whom to turn to in the strange city.We haven't decided when to hold the sports meet.
that从句 He told me that had been abroad three times.He found that he was in a different world when he woke up.
wh-从句 I wondered who would help me in such bad weather.Only you can decide who is the best employee in our company.
主语+谓语（及物动词）+双宾语
主语 谓语：及物动词 双宾语 例句
bring; do; give; hand; lend; owe; offer; post; promise; read; sell; send; show; take; teach; tell; throw; write 间接宾语 + 直接宾语= 直接宾语+to+间接宾语 1. The children proudly showed me their presents.
=The children showed me their presents proudly.2. We sent Mom flowers for Mother's Day.= We sent flowers to Mom for Mother's Day. 3. The hospital agreed to lend us a wheelchair.
= The hospital agreed to lend a wheel chair to us.4. Joe gave me a smile as I walked in.= Joe gave a smile to me as I walked in.
buy; build; paint; call; choose; cook; cut; do; fetch; get; keep; draw; make; order; save; sing 间接宾语+直接宾语= 间接宾语+for+直接宾语 1. I'll draw you a rough map.= I'll draw a rough map for you.2. He bought his mother some flowers=He bought some flowers for his mother.3. Could you fetch me my glasses from the other room, please =Could you fetch my glasses for me from the other room, please
4. I've chosen Luis a present.=I've chosen a present for Luis.比较：
I wrote several letters to her . (给他写信）I wrote several letters for her.（替她写信）
announce；explain； introduce； mention； express；say; report; present; suggest to+间接宾语+直接宾语= 直接宾语+to +间接宾语 1. The teacher explained the rules to the children.
= The teacher explained to the children the rules .
2. She first introduced the pleasures of sailing to me. =She first introduced to me the pleasure of sailing.3. He expressed to me his thanks.= He expressed his thanks to me.4. He suggested his plan to the manager.= He suggested to the manage his plan.5. He mentioned to me that he would leave his hometown. He mentioned that he would leave his hometown to me.
主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+补足语
主语 及物动词 宾语 充当宾补的词类和短语 例句
主语 谓语 宾语 名词 I don't find him an easy person to get on with.
The President has made Lloyd Bentsen his Secretary of the Treasury.
形容词 The company has not made accounts public yet.
We all believe him dead then.
副词 You can find the lights still on in the distance.I found him out when I got to his house.
现在分词 We can see some children playing in the yard.Don't leave him standing outside in the cold wind.
过去分词 You must get your car repaired this Sunday.I found the dog tied to a strong iron bar.
to be He found Australia to be an amazing place.We considered him to be the murderer.
不定式 I persuaded him to give up smoking at last.He advised me to leave the city at once.
动词原形 The parents watched the train disappear in the distance.A teacher observed a student climb over the gate.
介词短语 People soon found the fire out of control.We found the house we bought in a terrible state.
简单句的分类
英语简单句按照使用目的和交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。
句子类别 例 示
陈述句：用来陈述事实或表明说话人的看法，态度等，句末用句号“.” 肯定句 ①主语+不及物动词②主语+系动词+表语③主语+及物动词+宾语④主语+及物动词+间宾+直宾⑤主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 ① Great changes have taken place in my hometown The children are singing and dancing now.② The weather turned out fine the next day.③ I would like something to drink I go over all these lessons every morning.④ My father bought me an MP3 as my birthday present. She gave the baby a big kiss on its face.⑤ I heard a little girl sing there. Waking up，he found himself lying in the hospital.
否定句 1. 如果句子的谓语动词中含有am，is，are，was，were，have，has，shall，should，will，would，can，could，may，might，must, need，dare，do，does，did等助动词和情态动词时，在它们之后加not构成否定式；ought to在ought后面加not; used to有两种方式，即didn't use to和usedn't to。 1. He is not studying in the classroom now. 2. They were not in the same football team last year. 3. I haven’t heard from him for 2 years. 4. You can’t have attended the meeting yesterday. 5. She dare not go out alone at night. 6. I used not to live in the tall building. 7. We ought not to treat the old man like that. 8. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that.
2. 如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词时，在谓语动词前需用don’t，单数第三人称用doesn’t，过去时用didn’t 1.He doesn’t like maths at all. 2. My parents don’t want me to stay up too late. 3. They don’t often take part in our discussion. 4. I didn’t find any mistake in my paper. 5. We didn’t find him in the cinema.
3.其他的否定方法：1) no [hardly，never等]+行为动词2) 两者全部否定用neither或nor 两者部分否定用both+not3) 三者以上全部否定用none，nothing，nobody，no one等 三者以上部分否定用all [every，always 等]+not 1. He was an orphan, he has no brothers or sisters. He can hardly walk, let lone run. 2. Neither of the stories was [were] true.(全部) Both of us didn’t attend the lecture. (部分)3. None of three answers is [are]right. (全部) Nobody agrees with what you said. (全部) All that glitters is not gold. (部分) Not everyone can do such heavy work. (部分)
疑问句:用来提出问题的句子 一般疑问句 对某一情况的“是、否”提出质疑的句子。一般多用yes, no回答 —Do you often go to school by bike —Yes, I do. (No. I don't. )—Had he left before you arrived —Yes, I had. (No. I hadn't. )—Did you go to bed early last night —Yes, I did. (No, I didn't.)
特殊疑问句 用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用yes, no来回答，需直接用陈述句回答或简略答语。 1.—Who is in the kitchen — My mother2.—When did you receive the letter —Last Friday.3.—Why didn't you tell me a bit earlier —Because I didn't have your phone number.
选择疑问句 是说话者对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案，供对方选择其一。它的两部分用or连接，不用yes, no 回答,根据实际情况选择其一来回答。 Are you a doctor or a lawyer Have you put the book in the box or on the shelf Will you go swimming or hiking this weekend Where are you going, to the classroom or to the library
反意疑问句 是在陈述句之后，附加一个简短句，对陈述句提出的事情提出相反的疑问。用yes, no 回答，一般原则是：前肯定，后否定；或前否定， 后肯定 Your parents had a long walk with you last night, didn't they They haven't been told the truth, have they The little child can't read, can he？
祈使句：是用来发出命令或指示，提出要求、建议或劝告的句子。句末用句号或感叹号。 祈使句的肯定结 构祈使句的否定结 构 动词原形+其他Do+动词原形“务必；一定……”Please+动词原形或动词原形+pleaseGet+v-edYou+动词原形You+主语+动词原形祈使句+and / or +主语+will十动词原形8. Let+人称代词宾格+动词原形 1. Fancy yourseflf to be the chairman. Catch the ball. Be careful in your work.2. Do come earlier tomorrow. Do be careful while crossing the street. 3. Please buy me a dictionary. Fill up this form,please.4. Get washed as soon as possible Get dressed and wait for me down stairs please· 5. You go to the office and ask for my secretary. 6. You boys carry water and you girls sweep the floor. You doctors go by bike.You nurses go by bus. 7. Seize the opportunity，or you will regret it. Look carefully and you will find the differences .8. Let me take your temperature. Let 's go to the cinema together. Let us do it by ourselves.
1. Do not或Don’t十动词原形2. Never+动词原形 “千万别……” 3. Let+宾格+not+动词原形4. Don’t let+宾格+动词原形5. Don’t+you+动词原形6. No+ (动) 名词 “禁止；严禁；不准’’ 1. Don’t smoke in the workshop. Don't be shy in public.2. Never forget your work and study. Never tell me a lie. 3. Let's not touch the statue. Let's not go any further, I am too tired. 4. Don’t let it bother you any longer. Don’t let’s quarrel about it any more. 5. Don’t you call me John, call me Mr Brown. Don’t you look on me like a child. 6. No fishing [smoking，parking]. No photos!（禁止拍照）
感叹句：表示强烈情感的句子 What 引导的感叹句： What +a(an) +可数名词单数+主谓结构What+不可数名词+主谓结构What+名词复数+主谓结构What+a(an)+形容词+n.(单数）+主谓结构What +形容词+不可数名词+主谓结构What+形容词+名词复数+主谓结构 What a day it is!What fun it is！What flowers!What a big apple it is!What bad weather it is!What beautiful flowers they are!
How引导的感叹句： 1. How+形容词+主谓结构2. How+副词+主谓结构3. How+形容词+a(an)+可数名词+主谓结构4. How+形容词+（it is )+of +sb to do5. How+形容词+（it is )+for sb to do6. How+主谓结构+（其他） How lovely the baby is!How hard he works!How clever a boy he is!How stupid of you to say so!How important it is for us to learn English well!How time flies!
反意疑问句的用法详解
陈述部分的组成情况以及附加问句的使用事项 例句
1. 主语是名词时，附加问句的主语用人称代词来代替 1. Your parents had a long walk with you last night, didn't they 2. Hangzhou is a beautiful city, isn't it
2. 在回答反意疑问句时，若事实是肯定的，就用yes; 事实是否定的，就用no —He is a doctor, isn't he (他是个医生，不是吗？） —Yes, he is. (不，他是医生。） —No, he isn't.（是的，他不是医生。)
3. 带有be动词、助动词、情态动词时，则重复其陈述部分的相应的be动词、助动词、情态动词；实义动词的一般现在时用do，does，一般过去时用did 1. Henry didn't pass the exams，did she 2. He would rather do it，wouldn’t he 3. You had better not lie to her，had you [should you ]4. She ought to come early，oughtn’t she [shouldn’t she ]5. He used to live in Beijing，usedn’t he [didn’t he ]6. There usedn’t to be a temple here，used [did / was]there
4. 如果陈述部分的主语是不定代词no one, nobody, everyone, someone, everybody, somebody, none等时，其附加问句的主语侧重全部时可用they，侧重个体是也可以用he No one was there that day, was he/ were they Everyone knows the answer, don't they/doesn't he Anyone can do it, can't they/he Everyone knows their duties, don't they
5. 陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, something, nothing 时，附加问句的主语用it Everything he said is true, isn't it Nothing could make him change his mind, could it
6. 不定代词one作陈述部分的主语时，附加问句的主语正式场合用one，在非正式场合用you One should be honest, shouldn't one/you ONe should be ready to help others, shouldn't one
7. 陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，其后的附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词。this/that—it, these/those—they This is your car, isn't it Those are grapes, aren't they
8. 陈述部分是there be 结构，表示“存在”，其后的附加问句仍用there；There引导的倒装结构时，附加问句与陈述部分的主语一致 1. There was a hospital here, wasn't there 2. There are two cakes on the plate, aren't there 3. There comes the bus, doesn't it
9. 陈述部分的主谓部分是I am 结构时，附加问句用aren't I , am I not或can't you see; 主语部分是I am not时，附加问句用am I 1. I am older than you, aren't I 2. I am the first one to call you, aren't I 3. I am not late, am I
10. 陈述部分是感叹句时,动词用否定式，代词与感叹句中的名词或代词一致 What delicious food (it is ), isn't it How lovely the girl is, isn't she
11. 陈述部分含有情态动词must,要根据must在陈述部分中的意义决定。表“必须”时，用mustn't或needn't构成；表“必要”时，用needn't构成；mustn't作“不准，禁止”讲时，用must, may; 表示推测时，有must后面的动词决定 1. We must work hard at physics, mustn't we 2. We must update the information, needn't we 3. They must be sleeping then, weren't they 4. He msut have come here yesterday, didn't he 5. He msut have studied English for ten years, hasn't he 6. You mustn't walk on the ice, must/may you
12. 当陈述部分含有used to时，附加问句的谓语动词用usedn't或didn't 1. He used to live in the country, didn't/usedn't he 2. They used to be good friends, didn't / usedn't they
13. 当陈述部分含有had better时，附加问句用hadn't 1. We had better go to school, hadn't we 2. You'd better go to the doctor, hadn't you
14. 陈述部分的主句含有no, never, nothing, nowhere, rarely, hardly, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little等否定或半否定词，附加问句一般用肯定式 1. He is never late for school, is he 2. There is nothing wrong with you, is there 3. He seldom went home by bus, did he 4. He has nothing to say, doesn't/does he
15. 陈述部分为祈使句时，附加问句一般用will you或won't you; 以Let's开头的祈使句，用shall we; 以Let us/me开头的祈使句用will you; 陈述部分是否定祈使句，will you或can't you 都可以 1. Look at the blackboard, will you/won't you？2. Let's go home, shall we？3. Let me have a try, will you 4. Don't make any noise, will you
16. 陈述部分主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, imagine, expect等，且时态是一般现在时的句子，如果宾语从句是否定形式，一般讲否定转移到主句中来，这种句子的反意疑问句附加部分的主语与从句一致，动词用肯定式 1. I don't think he will come, will he 2. We don't believe the news is true, is it 3. I don't think that you care for that colour, do you？4. I suppose he will come here today, won't he
17. 陈述部分如果是并列句，附加问句与邻近分句一致；如果是主从复合句，附加问句部分的主语和动词和主句保持一致 1. She works hard and she is the best one in her factory, isn't he 2. Tom is very clever and studies hard, doesn't he 3. When the teacher speaks in class, we have to keep quiet, don't we
18. 陈述部分主语是不定式，动名词，主语从句，介词短语以及none of +可数名词复数或不可数名词时，附加问句主语用it 1. To master a foreign language is not easy, isn't it 2. Reading is great fun, isn't it 3. That our team won again is true, isn't it 4. What you said is unbelievable, isn't it 5. From home to your school is a short distance, isn't it 6. None of the money is wasted, is it 7. None of the books is cheap, is it
19. 陈述部分用了带否定前缀的派生词，如dislike，useless，unfair等时，后面的附加问句仍用否定式 1. It is unfair, isn't it 2. You dislike John, don't you 3. The book is useless, isn't it
20. 陈述部分含有“too...to...”，附加问句用肯定形式 1. He is too weak to carry the TV set, is he 2. You are too tired to work on, are you
21. 当陈述部分是强调句型时，附加问句主语用it 1. It was in the hospital that he was treated, wasn't it 2. It is in the office that he works, isn't it
22. I (we) wish(want)表愿望时，附加问句用may的肯定式，he (they)wish(want) 时，用doesn't 1. I wish to go home, may I 2. They wish to go home, don't they？3. He wishes to go home, doesn't he
23. 陈述部分含有情态动词can't表推测，附加问句的谓语根据can't后面的动词选用相应的形式 1. The person can't be an doctor, is he 2. They can't have finished it now, have they 3. They couldn't have gone abroad before, did they？
24. 陈述部分含有have/had to时，附加问句常用do的相应形式 1. We have to go there at eight tomorrow, don't we 2. You had to go to school on foot when you were a boy, didn't you
25. 陈述部分是有or, but, and, for等连接的并列句时，以及有Not only...but also...连接并列主语时，附加问句和后句（后面的主语）保持一致 1. We must study hard or we can't catch up with others, can we 2. He is a doctor but his wife is a teacher, isn't she 3. He was born in France, but he speaks English, doesn't he 4. He is not only honest but also studyies hard, does he
26. 陈述部分的主语是none时，附加问中的动词用单数，人称用第三人称 1. None of his painting is good, is it 2. None of the food was delicious, was it
27. 陈述部分使用dare, need时，若作情态动词使用，还用dare, need反问，若作实意动词，则用do或does 1. He dare not try it again, dare he He dares to try it again, doesn't he You needn't work so hard, need you You don't need to work so hard, do you
并列句
含有连个或多个相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫作并列句，换句话说就是由两个或多个并列的简单句构成的。并列句中的各个简单句意义同等重要，联系密切；他们平行并列，相互之间没有从属关系。其中的各个分句有连接词或分号连接。连接并列词语或并列分句的词称为等立连词。
等立连词的分类
分类 连词分类 例 示
等立连词 并列连词 and 和，与，及，同，又，并，也，兼，亦 both…and既……又......; 和……二者都as well as和，以及，除……之外(还)；不仅……而且 not…but不(但)是……而(且)是 not only [just，merely]…but(also)不但……而且，既……又 neither…nor既不……也不，二者都不not only…but…as well不仅……而且
转折连词 but 但是，可是，而(是)，相反，然而，不过，尽管如此however 然而，不过，但是，可是，仍然 nevertheless 然而，仍然，不过，尽管如此still 还是，但是，尽管如此，仍然，然而 when 届时，那时，然后，然而，偏偏 whereas (然)而，可是，但是；尽管，虽然 while(然)而，却，相比之下yet 尽管，(然)而，却，可是，但是
选择连词 either...or...或者……或者......；不是……就是......，要么……要么......，是……还是......or 否则，不然；大约，大概，或许；或，或者，还是；即，就是；也不or else 否则，不然；否则的话 otherwise 否则，不然，除此之外rather…than 宁可……而不，与其……不如，宁愿……不愿
因果连词 for (书面语)因为，由于(……的缘故) so 因此，因而，所以，结果是，于是thus因此，因而，从而，于是，所以 therefore 因此，所以，因而，为此 then结果，因此，则，就，既然如此 hence因此，由此，所以
等立连词的用法
类别 等立连词 例 示
并列 and 和；那么;然后;而且 1. Do it slowly and carefully. Can he read and write I cooked lunch. And I made a cake.Think it over again and you will find a way out．We stopped and bought some bread.“We talked for hours.”“And what did you decide ”Miss another class and you'll fail.
as well as和，以及，除……之外(还)；不仅……而且...... 1. The promising graduate is clever as well as beautiful．2. He went to the party as well as his sister．3. It is a political as well as economic question．4. He was kind as well as sensible．
both...and...既……又......；和……（二者）都 1. Both men and women have complained about the advertisement.
2. I felt both happy and sad at the same time.
neither...nor...既不…也不...... 1. Neither his parents nor he knew what had happened． 2. Neither Oleg's mother nor his father spoke English.
3. The equipment is neither accurate nor safe.
not only[merely]...but (also)...不但……而且......，既……又......not only...but...as well不仅……而且...... 1. He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read.2. Shakespeare was not only a writer，but (also) an actor．3. It's not merely a matter of cost, but whether she's old enough to go on holiday alone.4. I not only heard it，but saw it as well．
not...but...不是……而是...... 1. It is not sleeping but thinking about it with his eyes closed．2. He is not a worker but an engineer in the limited company．
转折 but但[可，而]是，相反，而是，不过，尽管如此 1．I'd love to go to the theatre tonight, but I'm too busy.2．Tom went to the party, but his brother didn't.3．The situation looked desperate，but they didn’t give up hope．4. He was tired but happy after the long walk.
however 然而，但[可]是 This is a cheap and simple process; however, there are dangers.His first response was to say no; however, he changed his mind later.
when届时，那时，然而，偏偏 I had just fallen asleep when someone knocked at the door.I was standing there lost in thought when I was called from behind.
still还[但]是，尽管如此，仍然，然而 1．The hotel was terrible. Still, we were lucky with the weather.2．He's treated you badly；still, he's your brother and you should help him.
while(然)而，却，相比之下 Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue．
whereas(然)而，可[但]是；尽管，虽然 The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.
nevertheless然而，仍然，尽管如此 1. He was very tired; nevertheless he went on walking.2. What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
yet尽管，(然)而，却，可[但]是 1. I offered him still more, and yet he was not satisfied.2. She does not speak our language and yet she seems to understand what we say.
选择 or否则，不然；大约；或(者)，还是；即，就是；也不 1. Shall we go out to the cinema or stay at home
2. Wear your coat or you'll catch cold.
3. It weighs a kilo，or just over two pounds． 4. They never dance or sing.
or else否则 (的话)，不然 1. I had to defend myself or else he'd have killed me.
2. You must pay $100 or else go to prison．3. It's obviously not urgent or else they would have called us straight away.
either...or或者…或者;不是……就是......，是……还是...... 1. She's the kind of person you either love or hate. 2. I will buy either a camera or a CD player with the money．3. It's your choice! Either she leaves or I will!
4. Do you speak either Japanese or Spanish
otherwise否则，不然，除此之外 1. He worked hard; otherwise he would have failed.2. He skinned his shins, but otherwise he was uninjured.
rather...than 宁可……而不......，与其……不如...... 1. I'd rather walk than take a bus.2. She'd rather die than lose the children.
因果 for(书面语) 因为，由于 1. I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her.2. He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
so 因此(而]，所以，结果，于是 1．She felt very tired so she went to bed early．2．She wrote a famous book，and so won a place in history．3．It was still painful so I went to see a doctor．
hence因此，由此，所以 1．My mother is by herself，hence I must go home now．2．Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it．3. The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.
then 结果，因此，则，就，既然如此 Start off early, then you won't have to rush.Go out by the back door，then no one will see you．
therefore因此，所以，因而，为此 1. Progress so far has been very good. We are, therefore, confident that the work will be completed on time. 2. It rained；therefore the game was called off． 3. We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.
thus 因此[而]，从而，于是，所以 1. Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.2. He studied hard；thus he got high marks．
等立连词辨析
but(属并列连词表转折，上下分句所述情况相反，用在句中，后不加逗号)但是，可是while (属并列连词表对比，但程度不及still强烈)虽然，尽管，而yet(属副词作并列连词用，语气比but强烈，可与and，but连用)而，然而，可是however(属副词兼作并列连词用，表转折比but稍松弛，可位于句中 [首、尾] 用逗号分开) 可是，然而，仍然一still(属副词作连词用)尽管如此，但仍然如故 (常用于后一分句，可跟逗号)though。(作副词用，一般用在句末)(口语)可是，不过，然而 1. Life is limited，but there is no limit to serving the people．2．I am poor，but I am happy．3．He is very clever，while his brother is foolish.4．While there was no conclusive evidence, most people thought he was guilty.5．She trained hard all year yet still failed to reach her best form.6．He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.7．He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however．8. The composition is all right；however，there is room for improvement．9. He has his faults；still, I love him．10．I didn’t win the game．Still, it’s been a good experience．11．The work was hard．I enjoy it, though．12：I can’t stay．I'll have a coffee，though．★但在实际语言应用中这些词区别很小，有时可相互转换13．The design’s very good , but (yet ) it can be betterThe design’s very good, but (still) it can be better． The design’s very good, and (yet) it can be better．The design’s very good, yet it can be better．The design’s very good, still, it can be better．The design’s very good, however, it can be better.The design’s very good, it can be better, however. The design’svery good. It can be better ( , ) though．
(either)...or(属并列连词)或……或；是……还是whether．．．or(属从属连词)无论是……还是…… 1．Either you leave now or I call the police!2．I don’t mind whether you or he attends the conference．3．Poor farmers, whether owners or tenants, will be worst affected.
and表并列和肯定or表否定 1．There is no air and no water on the moon． There is no air or water on the moon.2．There are air and water on the earth．3．Study hard and you will succeed in the coming exam. =If you study hard，you will succeed in the coming exam. Study hard or you will fail in coming exam. =If you don't study hard you, you will fail in the coming exam.
thus(副词常与and连用)因而，因此，从而therefore(副词常用与and连用)因此，因而，所以so(属并列连词)因此，所以，于是as a result(副词短语可与and连用)作为结果，因此as a consequence(副词短语可与and连用)因此，结果= inconsequence 1. He didn’t study and thus failed his test．2. They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.3. He was very sleepy，and therefore he fell sound asleep soon．4. I am not quite myself，so I can't attend to the lecture．5. She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.6. He refused to have medical attention in the early stages of his complaint，and as a result he became seriously ill．在实际语言应用中这些词区别很小，有时可相互转换7. He is ill, (and ) so he can't come. He is ill, (and )therefore(, ) he can't come. He is ill, (and )thus(, ) he can't come. He is ill, (and ) as a result(, ) he can't come. He is ill, (and ) as a consequence(, ) he can't come. He is ill; thus( , ) he can't come. He is ill; therefore(, ) he can't come He is ill; as a result (, ) he can't come He is ill; as a consequence (, ) he can't come ▲如有“；”不用and ▲ so后不用“，”
三、复合句概述
由一个主句和一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句，主句是句子的主体，从句不能独立，仅用作主句的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语。（具体内容见后面的章节）
主句 从句 例句
主句 定 语从 句 限制性定语从句 The explorer took some men and things that he really need into the jungle.
非限制性定语从句 David Herbert Lawrence was a famous British poet, as is well known.
名词性从句 宾语从句 Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
主语从句 What you said yesterday is right.
表语从句 The problem is when we can get a pay rise.
同位语从句 There was little hope that she would survive.
状 语从 句 时间状语从句 As soon as he heard the news, he jumped with joy.
地点状语从句 Make marks where you have questions.
条件状语从句 If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
比较状语从句 He was more successful than we had expected.
原因状语从句 As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
方式状语从句 He closed his eyes as if he wanted to sleep.
结果状语从句 We arrived early in the morning, so (that) we caught the fisrt train.
目的状语从句 Speak louder so (that) the people in the hall can hear you.
让步状语从句 Though I had a bit of headache, it is nothing much.
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