新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：连词
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连词
连词是连接单词短语或句子的一种虚词, 在句子中不单独作句子成分,一般不重读,按照性质分并列连词和从属连词.
一、连词的分类及使用
类别 定义 连接关系 例词 例句
并列连词 连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。 并列关系 and; not only ... but also...; both...and...; neither... nor... I used to live in Paris and London.Both Jane and Jim are interested in reading.The weather here is neither too hot nor too cold.She is not only kind but also honest.
转折关系 but; yet ; while; when The car is very old but it runs very fast.The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.Why did you borrow the book when you had one He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
选择关 系 not...but...; either...or...;or Would you like to leave or would you like to stay He is not a teacher but a writer.You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.
因果关 系 for It must have rained, for the ground is wet.The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
从属连词从属连词 通常引导一个从句，修饰主句。 引导名词性从句 that; whether; if They were all very much worried about the fact that you were sick. ( that引导同位语从句）Whether he will come or not is unknown. (whether引导主语从句）She asked if I could forgive her. (if 引导宾语从句）Your trouble is that you are absent-minded. (that 引导表语从句）
引导状语从句引导状语从句 时间状语从句when; while; as; after; before; until/till; since; as soon as When you came in, I was watching TV.It started to rain while I was playing outdoors.They talked as they walked along the river.After you finish this form, come to my office.Don't hand in your papers before you are sure there are no mistakes.Wait here until/till I come.I have lived in England since I was three.As soon as you feel sick, go to see a doctor.
地点状语从句where; wherever I live where there are mountains.We should go where we are needed most.We must camp wherever we can get water.
原因状语从句because; since; as We'll have to go to bed early because we'll start off early tomorrow.Since you know all about it, tell me please.As all the seats were taken, I had to stand.
条件状语从句if; unless; as/so long as ; once (一旦) If you wish to go, please go.We won't finish the work in time unless we work hard.I will lend you 100 yuan as long as you return it by the end of the month.Once you understand this rule, you'll have no further difficulty.
目的状语从句in order that; so that; so In order that we can get there on time, we should start off early.I have decided to learn photography in order that/so that/ so I can better appreciated the beauty of nature.
让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though;while Though/Although Canada is large, the population is small.Even if/ Even though we got a local guide, we still had some difficulty walking through the bush.While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
结果状语从句so; so...that...; such...that...; so that It was very cold yesterday, so I had to stay at home.He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.Dalian is such a beautiful city that a great many people go there for holidays.The teacher explained very clearly so that we all understood.
比较状语从句than; as China has a larger population than India.Some people think that planes now are not as safe as trains.
方式状语从句as ; as if/ though You should do as I do.He cried as if he was frightened.He walked about as if / though he had lost something important.
二、 几组常用连词的比较
becausesinceas for because是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，表示造成某种情况的直接原因，与其最重，常用来回答why提出的问题。 1. —Why didn't he pass the exam —Because he didn't work hard.2. He didn't have breakfast because he got up too late.
since和as 往往表示众所周知的原因，常译为“既然，由于”。since语气比as稍强。 He must have taken the book since it isn't here.We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.Since you won't help, I'll ask someone else.As he has no car, she can't get there easily.
for表示原因是并列连词，语气最弱，仅对前面的分句加以解释或表示推断的原因。for所连接的分句只能方放在句尾，前面用逗号与前一分句分开。 I stopped to rest, for I was very tired.The days are short, for it is now December.
whenwhileas 主句表示一个短暂的动作，从句表示一个持续的动作，三者都可用。 Little Tom fell asleep when/while/as he was watching TV.
主从句表示两个同时进行的持续动作，且强调主句所表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，用while; 若主句从句动作不同时发生，则用when。 I kept silent while he was complaining.You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.When he was a child, he was always trying out new ideas.
主从句表示两个同时或几乎同时发生的短暂性动作，或主句是一个持续的动作，从句是一个短暂性动作，可用as/when,不用while。 I thought of it just when/as you opened your mouth.When my mother came back home yesterday evening I was doing my homework.It was raining hard when / as he arrived.
若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，“一边......一边......”用as。 1. Things are getting better and better as time goes on.2. The students took notes as they listened.
as和when后面可以直接跟一个名词构成省略句，while不可以。 1. As a child , he lived in a small village.2. When (he was) a boy, he was very naughty.
表示“每当......的时候”，暗示一种规律性，一般用when 1. It is cold when it rains.2. He smiles when you praise him.
when和while后可以直接用一个分词、介词短语或形容词构成省略句，as不可。 1. While reading, he fell asleep.2. When in trouble, ask her for help.
when和while还可以作并列连词用，as无此用法。 1. The students were running out to play football when their teacher came in.2. He is strong while his brother is weak.
so thatso...that... so that “以便......; 为了......”“以致”，引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，从句中常用may,can,will等情态动词。口语中有时可以省略that。 Work hard so (that) you can pass the exam.He went by air so that he could get there on time.（目的状语）He went by air so that he got there on time. (结果状语）
so...that...意为“如此......以致......”，其中的that引导结果壮语从句。当so...that...引导结果状语从句时，从句若是否定句，常与too...to...结构可互换。 It is so small a city that we can't find it on the map.He walked so quickly that I could hardly catch up with him.We were so tired that we couldn't go any farther.We were too tired to go any farther.
althoughthough 表示“虽然”，两者同义，可互换。although比though正式。though引导让步状语从句时，从句中的表语，状语、实意动词等可以提前，但although不能这样用。另外在as though, even though 这样的固定短语中不能换。另外though可以作副词表示“不过，可是”，放在句末，前有逗号隔开。 Though/Although it was only 4 o'clock, the lights were already on.Though/ Although we are poor, we live a happy life.Poor though he is, he lives a happy life.= Poor as he is, he lives a happy life.Try though you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem.She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though.
whetherif 1.引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句一般用whether不用if。2.在主语从句中，若用it作形式主语时，whether和if都可使用，否则只能用whether。3.引导宾语从句，但为了强调宾语部分，也可以把从句放句首，此时只能用whether不用if。4.作介词的宾语时只能用whether。作discuss的宾语时，用whether不用if。5.与or not直接连用时用whether不用if。6.与不定式连用时用whether不用if。7.句中已有if引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用whether不用if。8.用if产生歧义时，用whether。9.从句为否定结构时，用if不用whether。 1.Whether it is true remains a question. The problem is whether you can get in touch with them. We have a doubt whether it is true.2. It hasn't been decided yet whether/if we shall hold a meeting.3. Whether he will come I am not sure.4. It depends on whether it will be fine. I am not interested in whether they will go or not.5. We discussed whether we should use the money to buy a new house.5. I don't know whether or not he arrives. I don't care whether or not your car breaks down.6. I didn't know whether to cry or laugh.7. He asked me whether I'd move to New York if I got the job.8. 比较：Please let me know if you need help.(如果）Please let me know whether you need help.（是否）9. I don't know if it won't rain tomorrow.
三、几组较为特殊的连词：
引导时间状语从句 next time 下次 Next time I go skiing, I'll wear warmer clothes.
every time 每当 Every time I looked at him, he was yawning.
Immediately / instantly / directly 一......就...... Immediately she'd gone, I remembered her name.Instantly he saw me, he held out his hands. He married directly he left the university.
the moment (that) / the minute (that) / the instant (that) 一......就...... He said he'd phone you the moment he got home.
I recognized him the minute (that) I saw him.I recognized her the instant (that) (= as soon as) I saw her.
hardly...when.../ scarcely...when.../ no sooner...than... 一......就...... The car had hardly started when I heard a man call my name.He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door.He had no sooner arrived than he fell sick. = No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.
引导条件状语从句 suppose 假如 Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do .Suppose I were left alone on a desert island, what would I do
supposing 假如 Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do then
provided 假如，如是 I will accompany you provided (that) I am well enough.
providing 假如，如果 You can borrow the car, providing I can have it back by six o'clock.
in case 如果，若 In case he arrives be fore I get back，please ask him to wait．
so long as 只要 You may use the room as you like，so long as you clean it up afterwards．
引导目的状语从句 that 为了 He did it that he might go free.I am anxious to get it done that I can have a holiday at May 1st.
lest 以免; 为不使 He hid the money lest it should be stolen.He hurried on, lest she should meet him again.
for fear (that) 唯恐，担心 He worried for fear that his son would be hurt.She didn't dare to call me for fear that they might her us.
in case 以防 Take more clothes in cse the weather is cold.I will stay in the hotel in case there is news of Harry.
引导原因状语从句 seeing （that） 既然，由于，鉴于 Seeing that he refused to help us，there's no reason why we should now help him．
considering （that） 考虑到; 就...而言: Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
now ( that ) 既然 Now that you have finished your work， you'd better have a rest．Now that you have the chance you'd better make good use of it
that 因为 I am awfully sorry that this has happened.I'm very pleased that you have decided to come.
引导让步状语从句 while（放句首） 尽管 While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.While they are my neighbours, I don't know them well.
as （倒装） 尽管 Clever as she was, she couldn't work out the problem.Try as he would, he could not get her out of his mind.
much as 尽管, 即使 Much as I would like to help you, I'm afraid I'm simply too busy at the moment.
引导方式状语从句 however Arrange your hours however you like.You may use it however you like.
the way He doesn't speak the way I do.I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
引导地点状语从句 everywhere 不管哪里 Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current United States champion.
no matter where Keep your mobile phone no matter where you are.
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连词
连词是连接单词短语或句子的一种虚词, 在句子中不单独作句子成分,一般不重读,按照性质分并列连词和从属连词.
一、连词的分类及使用
类别 定义 连接关系 例词 例句
并列连词 连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。 并列关系 and; not only ... but also...; both...and...; neither... nor... I used to live in Paris and London.Both Jane and Jim are interested in reading.The weather here is neither too hot nor too cold.She is not only kind but also honest.
转折关系 but; yet ; while; when The car is very old but it runs very fast.The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.Why did you borrow the book when you had one He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
选择关 系 not...but...; either...or...;or Would you like to leave or would you like to stay He is not a teacher but a writer.You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.
因果关 系 for It must have rained, for the ground is wet.The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
从属连词从属连词 通常引导一个从句，修饰主句。 引导名词性从句 that; whether; if They were all very much worried about the fact that you were sick. ( that引导同位语从句）Whether he will come or not is unknown. (whether引导主语从句）She asked if I could forgive her. (if 引导宾语从句）Your trouble is that you are absent-minded. (that 引导表语从句）
引导状语从句引导状语从句 时间状语从句when; while; as; after; before; until/till; since; as soon as When you came in, I was watching TV.It started to rain while I was playing outdoors.They talked as they walked along the river.After you finish this form, come to my office.Don't hand in your papers before you are sure there are no mistakes.Wait here until/till I come.I have lived in England since I was three.As soon as you feel sick, go to see a doctor.
地点状语从句where; wherever I live where there are mountains.We should go where we are needed most.We must camp wherever we can get water.
原因状语从句because; since; as We'll have to go to bed early because we'll start off early tomorrow.Since you know all about it, tell me please.As all the seats were taken, I had to stand.
条件状语从句if; unless; as/so long as ; once (一旦) If you wish to go, please go.We won't finish the work in time unless we work hard.I will lend you 100 yuan as long as you return it by the end of the month.Once you understand this rule, you'll have no further difficulty.
目的状语从句in order that; so that; so In order that we can get there on time, we should start off early.I have decided to learn photography in order that/so that/ so I can better appreciated the beauty of nature.
让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though;while Though/Although Canada is large, the population is small.Even if/ Even though we got a local guide, we still had some difficulty walking through the bush.While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
结果状语从句so; so...that...; such...that...; so that It was very cold yesterday, so I had to stay at home.He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.Dalian is such a beautiful city that a great many people go there for holidays.The teacher explained very clearly so that we all understood.
比较状语从句than; as China has a larger population than India.Some people think that planes now are not as safe as trains.
方式状语从句as ; as if/ though You should do as I do.He cried as if he was frightened.He walked about as if / though he had lost something important.
二、 几组常用连词的比较
becausesinceas for because是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，表示造成某种情况的直接原因，与其最重，常用来回答why提出的问题。 1. —Why didn't he pass the exam —Because he didn't work hard.2. He didn't have breakfast because he got up too late.
since和as 往往表示众所周知的原因，常译为“既然，由于”。since语气比as稍强。 He must have taken the book since it isn't here.We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.Since you won't help, I'll ask someone else.As he has no car, she can't get there easily.
for表示原因是并列连词，语气最弱，仅对前面的分句加以解释或表示推断的原因。for所连接的分句只能方放在句尾，前面用逗号与前一分句分开。 I stopped to rest, for I was very tired.The days are short, for it is now December.
whenwhileas 主句表示一个短暂的动作，从句表示一个持续的动作，三者都可用。 Little Tom fell asleep when/while/as he was watching TV.
主从句表示两个同时进行的持续动作，且强调主句所表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，用while; 若主句从句动作不同时发生，则用when。 I kept silent while he was complaining.You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.When he was a child, he was always trying out new ideas.
主从句表示两个同时或几乎同时发生的短暂性动作，或主句是一个持续的动作，从句是一个短暂性动作，可用as/when,不用while。 I thought of it just when/as you opened your mouth.When my mother came back home yesterday evening I was doing my homework.It was raining hard when / as he arrived.
若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，“一边......一边......”用as。 1. Things are getting better and better as time goes on.2. The students took notes as they listened.
as和when后面可以直接跟一个名词构成省略句，while不可以。 1. As a child , he lived in a small village.2. When (he was) a boy, he was very naughty.
表示“每当......的时候”，暗示一种规律性，一般用when 1. It is cold when it rains.2. He smiles when you praise him.
when和while后可以直接用一个分词、介词短语或形容词构成省略句，as不可。 1. While reading, he fell asleep.2. When in trouble, ask her for help.
when和while还可以作并列连词用，as无此用法。 1. The students were running out to play football when their teacher came in.2. He is strong while his brother is weak.
so thatso...that... so that “以便......; 为了......”“以致”，引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，从句中常用may,can,will等情态动词。口语中有时可以省略that。 Work hard so (that) you can pass the exam.He went by air so that he could get there on time.（目的状语）He went by air so that he got there on time. (结果状语）
so...that...意为“如此......以致......”，其中的that引导结果壮语从句。当so...that...引导结果状语从句时，从句若是否定句，常与too...to...结构可互换。 It is so small a city that we can't find it on the map.He walked so quickly that I could hardly catch up with him.We were so tired that we couldn't go any farther.We were too tired to go any farther.
althoughthough 表示“虽然”，两者同义，可互换。although比though正式。though引导让步状语从句时，从句中的表语，状语、实意动词等可以提前，但although不能这样用。另外在as though, even though 这样的固定短语中不能换。另外though可以作副词表示“不过，可是”，放在句末，前有逗号隔开。 Though/Although it was only 4 o'clock, the lights were already on.Though/ Although we are poor, we live a happy life.Poor though he is, he lives a happy life.= Poor as he is, he lives a happy life.Try though you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem.She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though.
whetherif 1.引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句一般用whether不用if。2.在主语从句中，若用it作形式主语时，whether和if都可使用，否则只能用whether。3.引导宾语从句，但为了强调宾语部分，也可以把从句放句首，此时只能用whether不用if。4.作介词的宾语时只能用whether。作discuss的宾语时，用whether不用if。5.与or not直接连用时用whether不用if。6.与不定式连用时用whether不用if。7.句中已有if引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用whether不用if。8.用if产生歧义时，用whether。9.从句为否定结构时，用if不用whether。 1.Whether it is true remains a question. The problem is whether you can get in touch with them. We have a doubt whether it is true.2. It hasn't been decided yet whether/if we shall hold a meeting.3. Whether he will come I am not sure.4. It depends on whether it will be fine. I am not interested in whether they will go or not.5. We discussed whether we should use the money to buy a new house.5. I don't know whether or not he arrives. I don't care whether or not your car breaks down.6. I didn't know whether to cry or laugh.7. He asked me whether I'd move to New York if I got the job.8. 比较：Please let me know if you need help.(如果）Please let me know whether you need help.（是否）9. I don't know if it won't rain tomorrow.
三、几组较为特殊的连词：
引导时间状语从句 next time 下次 Next time I go skiing, I'll wear warmer clothes.
every time 每当 Every time I looked at him, he was yawning.
Immediately / instantly / directly 一......就...... Immediately she'd gone, I remembered her name.Instantly he saw me, he held out his hands. He married directly he left the university.
the moment (that) / the minute (that) / the instant (that) 一......就...... He said he'd phone you the moment he got home.
I recognized him the minute (that) I saw him.I recognized her the instant (that) (= as soon as) I saw her.
hardly...when.../ scarcely...when.../ no sooner...than... 一......就...... The car had hardly started when I heard a man call my name.He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door.He had no sooner arrived than he fell sick. = No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.
引导条件状语从句 suppose 假如 Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do .Suppose I were left alone on a desert island, what would I do
supposing 假如 Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do then
provided 假如，如是 I will accompany you provided (that) I am well enough.
providing 假如，如果 You can borrow the car, providing I can have it back by six o'clock.
in case 如果，若 In case he arrives be fore I get back，please ask him to wait．
so long as 只要 You may use the room as you like，so long as you clean it up afterwards．
引导目的状语从句 that 为了 He did it that he might go free.I am anxious to get it done that I can have a holiday at May 1st.
lest 以免; 为不使 He hid the money lest it should be stolen.He hurried on, lest she should meet him again.
for fear (that) 唯恐，担心 He worried for fear that his son would be hurt.She didn't dare to call me for fear that they might her us.
in case 以防 Take more clothes in cse the weather is cold.I will stay in the hotel in case there is news of Harry.
引导原因状语从句 seeing （that） 既然，由于，鉴于 Seeing that he refused to help us，there's no reason why we should now help him．
considering （that） 考虑到; 就...而言: Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
now ( that ) 既然 Now that you have finished your work， you'd better have a rest．Now that you have the chance you'd better make good use of it
that 因为 I am awfully sorry that this has happened.I'm very pleased that you have decided to come.
引导让步状语从句 while（放句首） 尽管 While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.While they are my neighbours, I don't know them well.
as （倒装） 尽管 Clever as she was, she couldn't work out the problem.Try as he would, he could not get her out of his mind.
much as 尽管, 即使 Much as I would like to help you, I'm afraid I'm simply too busy at the moment.
引导方式状语从句 however Arrange your hours however you like.You may use it however you like.
the way He doesn't speak the way I do.I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
引导地点状语从句 everywhere 不管哪里 Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current United States champion.
no matter where Keep your mobile phone no matter where you are.
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