新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：情态动词和虚拟语气
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| 名称 | 新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：情态动词和虚拟语气 |  | |
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词用于表示说话人的情绪态度和语气。本身有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词无人称和数的变化，但有些情态动词有过去式，否定式是在其后面直接加not， 疑问句式直接将其提到主语前。情态动词主要有：can, could, be able to, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would,,ought to, need, dare, used to和had better等。
一、 情态动词的基本用法：
功 能 情态动词 例 示
表示能力 can do (现在或将来)能做am/are/is able to (现在能做）will be able to 将来能做could do (过去)能做（一般能力）was/were able to do 过去能做(叙述一般能力） Hennry can ( is able to ) speak several languages. I can't (won't be able to ) come to tommorrow, but I can (will be able to ) the day after tomorrow.He could (was able to) climb trees when he was young. Because he was tired，he couldn't [wasn’t able to] swim across the river. (但在否定结构中无区别)
was (were) able to do…过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情事时不用could，只能用was/were able to,意思相当于：manage to do = succeed in doing Only five of them were able to escaped from the fire.They were able to find a hiding place before they they were found by the enemy. I talked with her for a long time，and at last I was able to make her understand me.
表推测 对现在或将来的推测 may [might] (语气最不肯定，多用 于(肯、否]定句)可能can (语气肯定，多用于[疑问句、否定句、感叹句]句，一般不用肯定句)可能must(语气最肯定，只用肯定句) 一定 A: There's someone outside, who can it be B：It may be the headmaster. A：It can not be him. He has gone to Beijing. B：It must be Mr. Li. He looks like the headmaster.
can表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况，也可用肯定句，意为“有时会，时而可能”could表示不太确定，可用于肯定句 Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous. He can be very naughty at times. (并非一贯如此)It can be very hot here, even in spring. Everyboday can make mistakes. I don't know her age. She could be thirty or thirty-two.
will (表揣测、猜测、推测）可能，该是 This will be the building you are looking for.
should表示可能性很大的猜测，常译作“按理该；很可能 ” That should be Janey coming upstairs now.It's already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment.
ought to(表示可能性、揣测、猜测、期望等) 照说应该，理应 If my son started at seven，he ought to be home now.
对此时此刻进行推测 情态动词(may/might/ can/ could/must)+be+doing —What can he be doing now —He may/might be watering the flowers. He can't be sleeping now. ( He must be watching TV now.)
对过去的推测 may[might]have+done (语气不肯定)过去可能…… —I didn’t see Mary at school yesterday. —She might have been ill，I think.
can’t[couldn’t] have+done(语气肯定)过去不可能…… It couldn't have rained during the night. The ground is still very dry.
must have+done (语气肯定)过去一定…… You must have met him yesterday, didn't you
should have+done(据实推论)过去理应该...... They should have arrived there by then.
ought to have十done (据实推论)过去按理该…… If he had set out at 8 o’clock，he ought to have got there by now.
表责备 may[might]have+done (语气委婉)过去本可能做……而未做…… Why did you walk there You might have taken a bus.
can[could]have+done (语气委婉)过去本能做……而未做 —Did you attend the lecture —No，we could have attended it. But we had a lot of work to do at hand.
should have+done(语气强烈)过去本该做……，而未做…… You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had hoped you to.
ought to have+done(语气强烈)过去本应该做……，而未做 You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.
★needn’t have+done (无责备之意)过去本不必做 ……，却做了 There was plenty of time then, we needn't have hurried.
didn’t need to do 过去不必做某事也没做某事（need作实意动词用） I didn't hire a car because it was so near and I didn't need to do so.
表未曾实现的愿 望 should (would) like / love to have done过去本希望做某事却没有做成某事 I would like to have gone to the cinema last night, but I had an expected visitor.
had better have done过去真该做某事而没有做成 had better not have done过去真不该做某事却做了 She has missed this good chance. You'd better have told her about it earlier. You had better not have stayed at home.
would rather have done过去宁愿做的事而却没有做would rather not have done过去宁可不做的事却做了 My brother would rather have been a soldier.—Did you scold him for that mistake —Yes, but I would rather not have done it.
had wanted [planned, meant, hoped, intended ] to do= wanted[ planned, meant, hoped, intended ] to have done过去原想[计划，希望，打算]做某事而没有做 I had wanted to go to the movie but I had much work to do.I had planned to attend the party, but the boss gave me some extra work to do. = I planned to have attend the party, but the boss gave me some extra work to do.
was/ were to have done 过去原打算做某事却没有做 I was to have come here yesterday, but I had an important meeting to attend.
委婉的请求 could/ might/ would肯定回答时用can/may / will —Could you come and see me tomorrow —Sure，I can.—Might I ask you a question —Of course you may.—Would you give me a hand —Certainly, I will.★—Would you like to go swimming with me —Yes, I'd like to.
征求对方的意见或请求指 示 shall 用于第一人称 Shall I wait for you at the office
用于第三人称 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow, Mr. Brown
will/would 用于第二人称 Will you come this way, please
Would you open the window please I feel a bit hot now.
表示不得不做某 事 mustmustn't表禁止（不可以） 主观命令或强制。must （还可以表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦）偏要，硬要，非要 I won't allow you to go by bicycle. You must go on foot.You mustn't swim in the river. The water is so cold.Must you make so much noise If you must smoke, do it outside, please
have todon't have to (没必要) 客观实际情况要求不得不 It's Sunday today, so you don't have to go to school.There being no bus, you have to go home on foot.
表“敢于” dare 不用于肯定句（作实意动词不受限制） He doesn't dare to go out alone at night.(实意动词）He dares to cross the river. (实意动词）He daren't do it alone.(情态动词）How dare you say I am unfair (情态动词）
表“需要” need 不用于肯定句（作实意动词不受限制） You needn't stay long. （情态动词）Going to the dentist need not necessarily be a painful experience. （情态动词）I need to buy a new computer.(实意动词）You don't need to go there to buy such a small thing.(实意动词）
过去的习惯“常常” used to do 过去常常做某事（现在不再做）可以和行为动词和状态动词连用。 It used to be believed that sugar could decay the teeth.My parents used to be teachers, but now they are doing business.
would do 过去常常，（不和现在对比），带有感彩，表示赞扬或厌恶。 We would sit around grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.When I was young , I would listen to the radio, waiting for my favourite songs.When I was in trouble , he would encourage me.
情态动词的常用答语：
情态动词开头主语是第一人称的问句，回答时一般还是用原来的情态动词，但是有些需要变化，见表：
may 肯定答语 Yes, please; Yes, certainly; Yes, surely; Yes, of course, Yes, to be sure; Yes, you may. —May I go now —Yes, you may.—No, you mustn't.—No, you can't.—May I make a suggestion — Yes， please.
否定答语 No, you can't ; No, you mustn't; No, you'd better not; No, you may not.
must 肯定答语 Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. —Must you leave now —Yes, I must. / No, I needn't to go yet.
否定答语 No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. / No, you needn't to.
need 肯定答语 Yes, yu must. / Yes, you have to —Need we buy a new computer —Yes, we must. / No, we needn't
否定答语 No，you needn't.
二、情态动词的用法细解
情态动词 用法 例句
cancould 表能力 Dick can play five different musical instrument now.
表客观可能性 It can be quite cold here in winter.
请求和许可can't 亦可表禁止 Can you help me with this box Could I read your newspaper We can't wear jeans at work.
表推测（否定句和疑问句中） He can't be at home—I saw him in the supermarket just now.Who can it be It can't be our English teacher.
在感叹句、疑问句和否定句中表惊异、怀疑、不相信 What can they be doing Can he be serious Where can she have put it
提建议 We can eat in a restaurant, if you like. I can take the car if necessary.
may might 表许可(口语中用can跟常见） —May I have a word with your manager, please —Yes, you may. (—No, you mustn't)—Might I use the telephone？ —Yes，please. (—Yes，you may.)
表推测 We may go camping this Sunday.He may come tomorrow.Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later
表祝愿 May you succeed in whatever you do!May you live longer!
must 必须；应该 You must go to bed every night.
非常有把握的推测 The book must be the one I lost yesterday.
have to 不得不，必须 I have to go now. My friends are waiting me downstairs.They had to speed up, for the weather turned terrible.
shall 征求意见（一、三人称） What shall we do next Shall we go to park Shall Henry come in, sir He is waiting outside.
一定（表示强烈的意志和不可避免性，用于陈述句一三人称） We shall defend the island, whatever the cost may be.Our day shall come.
表命令、许诺、警告等（二、三人称） You shall be punished for what you have done.Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he behaves well.You shall go with me.
应该、应当（表示规定、法令，第三人称的陈述句中） Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
should 表劝告和建议作“应该” We should be strict with ourselves.How do you think I should cope with all kinds of strange rumors.
表责任和义务，“应该” I think today's children should really learn to respect their elders.Parents shouldn't allow their children to play computer games whenever they are free.
可能性推测，期待 I should have finished the book by Friday.The roads should be less crowded today.
表惊讶、失望、愤怒、以外等特殊感情 It is surprising that Mary should love such a person like Jack.It's unbelieveable that a boy should sing such a beautiful song.Why should you be so late today Why should I help him He's never done anything for me.
倒是（用于第一人称，表示一种客气、委婉的语气） I should advise you not do that.That is beautiful, I should say.
用于表建议、要求、命令的动词后面的宾语从句中以及该动词相对应的名词后的表语从句及同位语从句 I suggested to him that he (should ) adopt a different policy.He gave orders for the work that the work (should) be started immediately.He made a suggestion that we (should) all go for a picnic.
应该，竟然会（用在表必要，适当，奇怪，遗憾等的从句中） It is necessary that I (should )go at once.It is proper that no hasty decision (should) be made.It is a pity that she should have lost all his money.
表示可能性很大的推测 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.
用在if 条件句中，表示一种很小的可能性，意为“万一” If you should change your mind, do let me know.If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do Should anyone call (= if anyone calls), please tell them I'm busy.
will would 表意志或意愿 Scott will stick to his own way of life.I promised that I would do my best to learn Enlish well.
表示请求和建议 Won't you come in and take a seat Would you open the window please
习惯性动作 The old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.I would go out for a walk after supper ten years ago.
预料和猜测（可能性很大） Every family would have some trouble.I thought you would have finished it by now.It would be about ten when he left.This will be the house I am looking for.
表一种倾向性和规律性 People will die without water or air.Oil will float on water.The door won't open.
在否定句中表示拒绝，意为：“不愿，不肯” No matter what I said , he wouldn't listen to me.
need 需要，必要（否定句，疑问句中） You needn't ask him the question.Need I finish the task before Friday
dare 敢，敢于（否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句中） How dare you [he] say such a thing They dared not look me in the face.If he dare say such a thing again, I shall knock him down.
ought to 应该（同should,语气稍强） You ought to take care of your little sister.He ought to be home by now.
used to 常常（表过去，现在已不再） There used to be a tall building in front of the supermarket.We're eating out more often than we used to.
had better 最好做...... You'd better think it twice before you do it.
虚拟语气
1、语气的分类和意义
类别 语法意义 例句
陈述语气 用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问等形式，谓语动词受人称，数和时态的限制 Action speak louder than words.How should we act towards people who have AIDS
祈使语气 提出请求，劝告，命令或警告等。常用动词原形，否定形式用“don't+ 动词原形” Let's speak English together!Don't call me John. Call me Mr John. Don't (you )forget it!
虚拟语气 表示说的事不是事实，或不可能成立，只是一种愿望、假设或建议等 If I were you, I would follow him.I wish I could fly to the moon.
2、虚拟语气用在if条件状语从句中
用 法 例 示
时间 从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 If+主语+动词过去式(be动词一般用were) 主语+would (should/could/might)+动词原形 1. If I knew the answer，I would tell you. 2. If Grant didn't smoke so much, he might get rid of cough sooner. 3. If I were 20 years younger ，I would start all over again.4. If I had time today，I would go with you.
与过去事实相反 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语+ would (should / could / might) + have十过去分词 1. If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the finial exam.2. If he had been here then，we could have asked him about it. 3. If I had been you then，I shouldn't have quarrelled with him. 4. If We had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.
与将来事实相反 If + 主语+should ( were to / 动词过去式） 主语 + would (should / could / might ) + 动词原形 If I should fail again, we wouldn't lose courage.If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.If it rained tomorrow, our plan would be put off.If I were you , I shouldn't quarrel with her tomorrow.
错综虚拟语气（混合虚拟语气）主句和从句所指的时间不一致，它要求主句和从句根据各自发生的时间选择相应的虚拟语气形式 Tom would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night.If it had rained last night, it would be very cold today.If I were you now, I would have gone with him.If you had studied hard, you would be studying in university now.
含蓄虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过从句表达出来，而是通过某些短语如：without, but for等， 或隐含在上下文中 But for your advice, I would have failed.= If you hadn't given me advice, I would have failed.Without your help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.= If you hadn't given me help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.
if 条件句如果使用了倒装，即把were,had, should提到句首，则if必须省略有的虚拟语气的条件句或者主句可以省略，只剩下一个主句或从句 Had I seen him then, I would have been very happy.Were time to go back, I would work double hard.Should it fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.If my mother were with me!She should have come to my party.
3、虚拟语气的其他用法
if only+从句wish + 从句 与将来事实相反would（could, might)+ do. I wished he could (would, might ) visit us tomorrow
与现在事实相反动词过去式 I wished I were ten years younger.
与过去事实相反had+done 或could have done I wish he had come to the lecture yesterday.=I wish he could have come to the lecture yesterday.
would rather + 动词原形+(than do )宁愿做......而不做.....would rather + 宾语从句从句谓语表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去式从句谓语表示与过去事实相反，用had +P.P. I would rather go to the cinema with you than stay at home.I would rather you kept silent now.I'd rather you had returned the book yesterday.I'd rather you could help me tomorrow.
宾语从句中在表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令等的动词，如：decide，insist, demand, require, propose, suggest, command, order, advise 等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词习惯上用（should+) 动词原形注意：suggest还可表示暗示，insist 还可以表示坚持说，这两种情况不用虚拟语气： He demands that he （should）be told everything.We advised that they should start early.I suggest (that) we (should) go out to eat.He ordered that the murderer (should) be sentenced to death.He requested that Alice (should) attend the medical conference.Her face suggested (暗示)that she was ill. So I suggested (建议) that she(should) be sent to hospital immediately. Tom insisted (建议说) Mike(should)apologize to his teacher，but Mike insisted (坚持说) that he was not wrong at all.
It is / was + adj.+ that +主语+ (should) do常见的形容词有：important，necessary，impossible，natural，strange，surprising等It is/was + n.+ that + 主语+ （should) do常见的名词有：a pity，a shame; an honour, a surprise等。It is / was + 过去分词+that +主语+ （should) do常见的过去分词有：suggested, advised, requested , required; ordered; proposed; decided 等 It is surprising that you (should) not understand me!It is important that we should keep the balance of nature.It's a pity that you (should) miss such a golden opportunity.It is a shame that she should marry such a foolish man.It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language and the IT course in college.It is ordered that the bridge（should）be blown up.
在表语从句和同位语从句中如果主语的主语是表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令的名词，其表语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形。在表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形。 My suggestion is that we (should) get started soon enough.My advice is that you (should) quit smoking.We made a suggestion that you (should) stay here until the party was over.English teacher gave us advice that we (should ) make good use of every chance to speak English.
虚拟宾语从句和相应的虚拟主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的转化 I advised that students should take plenty of boiled water.（宾语从句）My advice is that students should take plenty of boiled water. （表语从句）My advice that students should take plenty of boiled water was accepted.（同位语从句）It is advised that students should take plenty of boiled water. （主语从句）区分：This is the advice that I gave to the students at the meeting. ( 定语从句)
as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句①动词过去式(与现在事实相反)②过去进行式(与现在正在进行相反)③had+过去分词(与过去事实相反)④ could (might / would )+ 动词原形（与将来事实相反） 1. It looks as if she were 20 years younger today. It looks as if a wolf was running after him now. It looks as if he hadn’t had a meal for a long time. It looks as if she could live for another eighty years. 2. It looks as if we were hot on the sun. 3. He behaved as if nothing had happened. 4. The grandma speaks as if she were a girl again. 5. He speaks as if there were a frog in the throat (说话声音沙哑).
It’s (high ) time that… 是该做……的时候了that从句动词过去式或should+动词原形（should不能省略） 1. It is (high) time that we ended our discussion. 2. It’s time that we handed in our papers. 3. It is time (that) he should come to pick me up .
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情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词用于表示说话人的情绪态度和语气。本身有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词无人称和数的变化，但有些情态动词有过去式，否定式是在其后面直接加not， 疑问句式直接将其提到主语前。情态动词主要有：can, could, be able to, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would,,ought to, need, dare, used to和had better等。
一、 情态动词的基本用法：
功 能 情态动词 例 示
表示能力 can do (现在或将来)能做am/are/is able to (现在能做）will be able to 将来能做could do (过去)能做（一般能力）was/were able to do 过去能做(叙述一般能力） Hennry can ( is able to ) speak several languages. I can't (won't be able to ) come to tommorrow, but I can (will be able to ) the day after tomorrow.He could (was able to) climb trees when he was young. Because he was tired，he couldn't [wasn’t able to] swim across the river. (但在否定结构中无区别)
was (were) able to do…过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情事时不用could，只能用was/were able to,意思相当于：manage to do = succeed in doing Only five of them were able to escaped from the fire.They were able to find a hiding place before they they were found by the enemy. I talked with her for a long time，and at last I was able to make her understand me.
表推测 对现在或将来的推测 may [might] (语气最不肯定，多用 于(肯、否]定句)可能can (语气肯定，多用于[疑问句、否定句、感叹句]句，一般不用肯定句)可能must(语气最肯定，只用肯定句) 一定 A: There's someone outside, who can it be B：It may be the headmaster. A：It can not be him. He has gone to Beijing. B：It must be Mr. Li. He looks like the headmaster.
can表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况，也可用肯定句，意为“有时会，时而可能”could表示不太确定，可用于肯定句 Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous. He can be very naughty at times. (并非一贯如此)It can be very hot here, even in spring. Everyboday can make mistakes. I don't know her age. She could be thirty or thirty-two.
will (表揣测、猜测、推测）可能，该是 This will be the building you are looking for.
should表示可能性很大的猜测，常译作“按理该；很可能 ” That should be Janey coming upstairs now.It's already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment.
ought to(表示可能性、揣测、猜测、期望等) 照说应该，理应 If my son started at seven，he ought to be home now.
对此时此刻进行推测 情态动词(may/might/ can/ could/must)+be+doing —What can he be doing now —He may/might be watering the flowers. He can't be sleeping now. ( He must be watching TV now.)
对过去的推测 may[might]have+done (语气不肯定)过去可能…… —I didn’t see Mary at school yesterday. —She might have been ill，I think.
can’t[couldn’t] have+done(语气肯定)过去不可能…… It couldn't have rained during the night. The ground is still very dry.
must have+done (语气肯定)过去一定…… You must have met him yesterday, didn't you
should have+done(据实推论)过去理应该...... They should have arrived there by then.
ought to have十done (据实推论)过去按理该…… If he had set out at 8 o’clock，he ought to have got there by now.
表责备 may[might]have+done (语气委婉)过去本可能做……而未做…… Why did you walk there You might have taken a bus.
can[could]have+done (语气委婉)过去本能做……而未做 —Did you attend the lecture —No，we could have attended it. But we had a lot of work to do at hand.
should have+done(语气强烈)过去本该做……，而未做…… You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had hoped you to.
ought to have+done(语气强烈)过去本应该做……，而未做 You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.
★needn’t have+done (无责备之意)过去本不必做 ……，却做了 There was plenty of time then, we needn't have hurried.
didn’t need to do 过去不必做某事也没做某事（need作实意动词用） I didn't hire a car because it was so near and I didn't need to do so.
表未曾实现的愿 望 should (would) like / love to have done过去本希望做某事却没有做成某事 I would like to have gone to the cinema last night, but I had an expected visitor.
had better have done过去真该做某事而没有做成 had better not have done过去真不该做某事却做了 She has missed this good chance. You'd better have told her about it earlier. You had better not have stayed at home.
would rather have done过去宁愿做的事而却没有做would rather not have done过去宁可不做的事却做了 My brother would rather have been a soldier.—Did you scold him for that mistake —Yes, but I would rather not have done it.
had wanted [planned, meant, hoped, intended ] to do= wanted[ planned, meant, hoped, intended ] to have done过去原想[计划，希望，打算]做某事而没有做 I had wanted to go to the movie but I had much work to do.I had planned to attend the party, but the boss gave me some extra work to do. = I planned to have attend the party, but the boss gave me some extra work to do.
was/ were to have done 过去原打算做某事却没有做 I was to have come here yesterday, but I had an important meeting to attend.
委婉的请求 could/ might/ would肯定回答时用can/may / will —Could you come and see me tomorrow —Sure，I can.—Might I ask you a question —Of course you may.—Would you give me a hand —Certainly, I will.★—Would you like to go swimming with me —Yes, I'd like to.
征求对方的意见或请求指 示 shall 用于第一人称 Shall I wait for you at the office
用于第三人称 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow, Mr. Brown
will/would 用于第二人称 Will you come this way, please
Would you open the window please I feel a bit hot now.
表示不得不做某 事 mustmustn't表禁止（不可以） 主观命令或强制。must （还可以表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦）偏要，硬要，非要 I won't allow you to go by bicycle. You must go on foot.You mustn't swim in the river. The water is so cold.Must you make so much noise If you must smoke, do it outside, please
have todon't have to (没必要) 客观实际情况要求不得不 It's Sunday today, so you don't have to go to school.There being no bus, you have to go home on foot.
表“敢于” dare 不用于肯定句（作实意动词不受限制） He doesn't dare to go out alone at night.(实意动词）He dares to cross the river. (实意动词）He daren't do it alone.(情态动词）How dare you say I am unfair (情态动词）
表“需要” need 不用于肯定句（作实意动词不受限制） You needn't stay long. （情态动词）Going to the dentist need not necessarily be a painful experience. （情态动词）I need to buy a new computer.(实意动词）You don't need to go there to buy such a small thing.(实意动词）
过去的习惯“常常” used to do 过去常常做某事（现在不再做）可以和行为动词和状态动词连用。 It used to be believed that sugar could decay the teeth.My parents used to be teachers, but now they are doing business.
would do 过去常常，（不和现在对比），带有感彩，表示赞扬或厌恶。 We would sit around grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.When I was young , I would listen to the radio, waiting for my favourite songs.When I was in trouble , he would encourage me.
情态动词的常用答语：
情态动词开头主语是第一人称的问句，回答时一般还是用原来的情态动词，但是有些需要变化，见表：
may 肯定答语 Yes, please; Yes, certainly; Yes, surely; Yes, of course, Yes, to be sure; Yes, you may. —May I go now —Yes, you may.—No, you mustn't.—No, you can't.—May I make a suggestion — Yes， please.
否定答语 No, you can't ; No, you mustn't; No, you'd better not; No, you may not.
must 肯定答语 Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. —Must you leave now —Yes, I must. / No, I needn't to go yet.
否定答语 No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. / No, you needn't to.
need 肯定答语 Yes, yu must. / Yes, you have to —Need we buy a new computer —Yes, we must. / No, we needn't
否定答语 No，you needn't.
二、情态动词的用法细解
情态动词 用法 例句
cancould 表能力 Dick can play five different musical instrument now.
表客观可能性 It can be quite cold here in winter.
请求和许可can't 亦可表禁止 Can you help me with this box Could I read your newspaper We can't wear jeans at work.
表推测（否定句和疑问句中） He can't be at home—I saw him in the supermarket just now.Who can it be It can't be our English teacher.
在感叹句、疑问句和否定句中表惊异、怀疑、不相信 What can they be doing Can he be serious Where can she have put it
提建议 We can eat in a restaurant, if you like. I can take the car if necessary.
may might 表许可(口语中用can跟常见） —May I have a word with your manager, please —Yes, you may. (—No, you mustn't)—Might I use the telephone？ —Yes，please. (—Yes，you may.)
表推测 We may go camping this Sunday.He may come tomorrow.Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later
表祝愿 May you succeed in whatever you do!May you live longer!
must 必须；应该 You must go to bed every night.
非常有把握的推测 The book must be the one I lost yesterday.
have to 不得不，必须 I have to go now. My friends are waiting me downstairs.They had to speed up, for the weather turned terrible.
shall 征求意见（一、三人称） What shall we do next Shall we go to park Shall Henry come in, sir He is waiting outside.
一定（表示强烈的意志和不可避免性，用于陈述句一三人称） We shall defend the island, whatever the cost may be.Our day shall come.
表命令、许诺、警告等（二、三人称） You shall be punished for what you have done.Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he behaves well.You shall go with me.
应该、应当（表示规定、法令，第三人称的陈述句中） Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
should 表劝告和建议作“应该” We should be strict with ourselves.How do you think I should cope with all kinds of strange rumors.
表责任和义务，“应该” I think today's children should really learn to respect their elders.Parents shouldn't allow their children to play computer games whenever they are free.
可能性推测，期待 I should have finished the book by Friday.The roads should be less crowded today.
表惊讶、失望、愤怒、以外等特殊感情 It is surprising that Mary should love such a person like Jack.It's unbelieveable that a boy should sing such a beautiful song.Why should you be so late today Why should I help him He's never done anything for me.
倒是（用于第一人称，表示一种客气、委婉的语气） I should advise you not do that.That is beautiful, I should say.
用于表建议、要求、命令的动词后面的宾语从句中以及该动词相对应的名词后的表语从句及同位语从句 I suggested to him that he (should ) adopt a different policy.He gave orders for the work that the work (should) be started immediately.He made a suggestion that we (should) all go for a picnic.
应该，竟然会（用在表必要，适当，奇怪，遗憾等的从句中） It is necessary that I (should )go at once.It is proper that no hasty decision (should) be made.It is a pity that she should have lost all his money.
表示可能性很大的推测 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.
用在if 条件句中，表示一种很小的可能性，意为“万一” If you should change your mind, do let me know.If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do Should anyone call (= if anyone calls), please tell them I'm busy.
will would 表意志或意愿 Scott will stick to his own way of life.I promised that I would do my best to learn Enlish well.
表示请求和建议 Won't you come in and take a seat Would you open the window please
习惯性动作 The old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.I would go out for a walk after supper ten years ago.
预料和猜测（可能性很大） Every family would have some trouble.I thought you would have finished it by now.It would be about ten when he left.This will be the house I am looking for.
表一种倾向性和规律性 People will die without water or air.Oil will float on water.The door won't open.
在否定句中表示拒绝，意为：“不愿，不肯” No matter what I said , he wouldn't listen to me.
need 需要，必要（否定句，疑问句中） You needn't ask him the question.Need I finish the task before Friday
dare 敢，敢于（否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句中） How dare you [he] say such a thing They dared not look me in the face.If he dare say such a thing again, I shall knock him down.
ought to 应该（同should,语气稍强） You ought to take care of your little sister.He ought to be home by now.
used to 常常（表过去，现在已不再） There used to be a tall building in front of the supermarket.We're eating out more often than we used to.
had better 最好做...... You'd better think it twice before you do it.
虚拟语气
1、语气的分类和意义
类别 语法意义 例句
陈述语气 用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问等形式，谓语动词受人称，数和时态的限制 Action speak louder than words.How should we act towards people who have AIDS
祈使语气 提出请求，劝告，命令或警告等。常用动词原形，否定形式用“don't+ 动词原形” Let's speak English together!Don't call me John. Call me Mr John. Don't (you )forget it!
虚拟语气 表示说的事不是事实，或不可能成立，只是一种愿望、假设或建议等 If I were you, I would follow him.I wish I could fly to the moon.
2、虚拟语气用在if条件状语从句中
用 法 例 示
时间 从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 If+主语+动词过去式(be动词一般用were) 主语+would (should/could/might)+动词原形 1. If I knew the answer，I would tell you. 2. If Grant didn't smoke so much, he might get rid of cough sooner. 3. If I were 20 years younger ，I would start all over again.4. If I had time today，I would go with you.
与过去事实相反 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语+ would (should / could / might) + have十过去分词 1. If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the finial exam.2. If he had been here then，we could have asked him about it. 3. If I had been you then，I shouldn't have quarrelled with him. 4. If We had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.
与将来事实相反 If + 主语+should ( were to / 动词过去式） 主语 + would (should / could / might ) + 动词原形 If I should fail again, we wouldn't lose courage.If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.If it rained tomorrow, our plan would be put off.If I were you , I shouldn't quarrel with her tomorrow.
错综虚拟语气（混合虚拟语气）主句和从句所指的时间不一致，它要求主句和从句根据各自发生的时间选择相应的虚拟语气形式 Tom would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night.If it had rained last night, it would be very cold today.If I were you now, I would have gone with him.If you had studied hard, you would be studying in university now.
含蓄虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过从句表达出来，而是通过某些短语如：without, but for等， 或隐含在上下文中 But for your advice, I would have failed.= If you hadn't given me advice, I would have failed.Without your help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.= If you hadn't given me help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.
if 条件句如果使用了倒装，即把were,had, should提到句首，则if必须省略有的虚拟语气的条件句或者主句可以省略，只剩下一个主句或从句 Had I seen him then, I would have been very happy.Were time to go back, I would work double hard.Should it fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.If my mother were with me!She should have come to my party.
3、虚拟语气的其他用法
if only+从句wish + 从句 与将来事实相反would（could, might)+ do. I wished he could (would, might ) visit us tomorrow
与现在事实相反动词过去式 I wished I were ten years younger.
与过去事实相反had+done 或could have done I wish he had come to the lecture yesterday.=I wish he could have come to the lecture yesterday.
would rather + 动词原形+(than do )宁愿做......而不做.....would rather + 宾语从句从句谓语表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去式从句谓语表示与过去事实相反，用had +P.P. I would rather go to the cinema with you than stay at home.I would rather you kept silent now.I'd rather you had returned the book yesterday.I'd rather you could help me tomorrow.
宾语从句中在表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令等的动词，如：decide，insist, demand, require, propose, suggest, command, order, advise 等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词习惯上用（should+) 动词原形注意：suggest还可表示暗示，insist 还可以表示坚持说，这两种情况不用虚拟语气： He demands that he （should）be told everything.We advised that they should start early.I suggest (that) we (should) go out to eat.He ordered that the murderer (should) be sentenced to death.He requested that Alice (should) attend the medical conference.Her face suggested (暗示)that she was ill. So I suggested (建议) that she(should) be sent to hospital immediately. Tom insisted (建议说) Mike(should)apologize to his teacher，but Mike insisted (坚持说) that he was not wrong at all.
It is / was + adj.+ that +主语+ (should) do常见的形容词有：important，necessary，impossible，natural，strange，surprising等It is/was + n.+ that + 主语+ （should) do常见的名词有：a pity，a shame; an honour, a surprise等。It is / was + 过去分词+that +主语+ （should) do常见的过去分词有：suggested, advised, requested , required; ordered; proposed; decided 等 It is surprising that you (should) not understand me!It is important that we should keep the balance of nature.It's a pity that you (should) miss such a golden opportunity.It is a shame that she should marry such a foolish man.It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language and the IT course in college.It is ordered that the bridge（should）be blown up.
在表语从句和同位语从句中如果主语的主语是表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令的名词，其表语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形。在表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形。 My suggestion is that we (should) get started soon enough.My advice is that you (should) quit smoking.We made a suggestion that you (should) stay here until the party was over.English teacher gave us advice that we (should ) make good use of every chance to speak English.
虚拟宾语从句和相应的虚拟主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的转化 I advised that students should take plenty of boiled water.（宾语从句）My advice is that students should take plenty of boiled water. （表语从句）My advice that students should take plenty of boiled water was accepted.（同位语从句）It is advised that students should take plenty of boiled water. （主语从句）区分：This is the advice that I gave to the students at the meeting. ( 定语从句)
as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句①动词过去式(与现在事实相反)②过去进行式(与现在正在进行相反)③had+过去分词(与过去事实相反)④ could (might / would )+ 动词原形（与将来事实相反） 1. It looks as if she were 20 years younger today. It looks as if a wolf was running after him now. It looks as if he hadn’t had a meal for a long time. It looks as if she could live for another eighty years. 2. It looks as if we were hot on the sun. 3. He behaved as if nothing had happened. 4. The grandma speaks as if she were a girl again. 5. He speaks as if there were a frog in the throat (说话声音沙哑).
It’s (high ) time that… 是该做……的时候了that从句动词过去式或should+动词原形（should不能省略） 1. It is (high) time that we ended our discussion. 2. It’s time that we handed in our papers. 3. It is time (that) he should come to pick me up .
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