新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：形容词、副词
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| 名称 | 新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：形容词、副词 |  | |
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
形容词、副词
形容词是描述人或事物的性质、特征或状态的一种开放性词类。主要用于修饰名词和部分代词。副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
一、 形容词的特征和分类
形容词的特征 作定语一般位于修饰词的前面 a sunny day; a kind person; a funny story
作表语位于系动词的后面 Miss Green is very strict.I am feeling lonely.
多数形容词有不同程度的变化，有比较级和最高级 a clever boy; a clever boy; the cleverest boy
多数形容词有自己独特的后缀形式 常见的后缀形式有：-able, -ible,-al,-ical, -ant, -ary, -ful, -less, -ly, -ous, -some, -ycomfortable, terrible, national, political; important, ordinary; beautiful, careless; lovely; dangerous, handsome; angry; funny
形容词的分类 按用途 性质形容词:表示事物所具有的性质或特征，有级的变化。 hot; short ; poor; good; long; healthy; brave; funny; lovely
类属形容词：阐明人活事物所属的特定种类的类别，没有程度大小的区别，没有比较级和最高级，不能用表示程度的副词修饰。 basic; central; cultural; daily; direct; empty; golden; local; mental; national; political
颜色形容词：专门表示事物的颜色 black; blue; brown; green; grey; orange; pink; purple; red; violet; white; yellow
强调形容词：对所述事物进行强调。 absolute；complete，entire; positive; perfect; pure; real; true
按词汇意义 静态形容词：描述人或事物所固有的或持久的性质的形容词。 red; big; small; tall; short; old; young; round; important; necessary; poor; cold
动态形容词：表示暂时状态的形容词 brave; calm; careful; careless; cheerful; clever; cruel; foolish; friendly; naughty; nervous; noisy; patient; quiet; serious; shy
按结构 单个形容词 beautiful；tall；wonderful，kind
复合形容词 （主要作定语，一般不作表语） 数词+名词（+形容词） two-year-old; tree-week; 800-meter-long
形容词+名词+ed absent-minded; able-minded; warm-hearted; cold-blooded; middle-aged; good-tempered
形容词、副词+动词的-ing形式 far-reaching; long-standing; ordinary-looking;
名词+动词的-ed形式 man-made; snow-covered;
副词+动词的-ed形式 newly-built; well-known; well-dressed; well-received; newly-laid
其他 face-to-face; out-of-date; know-it-all
二、 形容词的句法功能
功能 解释 示例
定语 修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征 Harbin is a nice city in north China.
表语 与系动词连用构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。以a开头的形容词多在系动后作表语。 The tea is very strong.I feel sick today.The sleepy(定语)boy soon fell asleep(表语).
补足语 说明宾语或主语的性质、状态特征 Don't make your parents disappointed.The room was found very dirty.
状语 单独起一个无动词分句的作用，修饰全句 Hungry and tired(原因), he had to stop working.Strange, it was he who invited us.Afraid of troubles(原因)，he wouldn’t accept the duty.
三、形容词的用法
1. 形容词一般在句中作定[表、宾补]语等2. 以a开头的形容词在系动后作表语3. 形容词作状语，表示伴随、原因等 1.She didn’t imagine how smooth the material felt .(表语).2.She likes a soft （定语） pillow and a hard（定语） mattress.3.How did she make things so smooth (宾补).4.The sleepy(定语)boy soon fell asleep(表语).5.He walked against the north wind，cold and hungry.(形容词作状语表伴随情况)6.Afraid of troubles(原因)，he refused the job.
名词+ly或y是形容词 cloudy，rainy，stormy,snowy，sunny，funny，healthy，wealthy，worthy，lucky, friendly，lovely，orderly，comradely，motherly , brotherly，fatherly, daily，deadly
修饰名词时形容词的位置 1. 形容词作定语一般放在名词前面2. 形容词修饰any，some，every，no等组成的复合不定代词时需后置3. 以a开头的表语形容词作定语时需后置4. enough修饰形容词、副词时需后置5. 数词+名词+形容词（away, long, wide, deep, tall 等）结构作定语时需后置6. 成对的形容词由but, and 或or 连接时需后置7. 形容词后接介词+名词构成短语作定语需后置，其功用相当于定语从句8. 分词短语作定语需后置9. 介词短语作定语需后置10. 有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义差别很大 1. Children should be given some free time.2. Tell me if there is anything wrong with this watch. Tom did everything possible to please his boss. 3.He is the most famous scientist alive in the world. 但副词修饰时可前置： the sound asleep children／the wide awake patient. 4.It is warm enough for you to play out of doors. I know well enough what he is up to. 5.There are many buildings over twenty storeys high in our city. 6.Every country，big or small，has it’s own strong points and weak points. We will turn our motherland into a country, beautiful and strong. 7.Mary is the actress suitable for the play. It is a place difficult to reach at present.8.He was reading an article written by a famous writer. The river flowing into the lake has been polluted. 9.A professor from Beijing University will give us a lecture about how to stop air pollution. 10. Our present problem is how to help reduce the noise around the school. （目前的，现在的） The people present at the meeting are mostly from the west of China. （出席的，在场的）
多个形容词修饰名词的大体顺序：限定词（包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、数词等）→描绘性形容词（观点、品质、状态）→大、小、长、短、高、低→形状、年龄、新旧→颜色→国籍、地区、出处→物质材料→用途、类别+名词. 可归纳为：限定、描绘、大长高，形状、年龄和新老，颜色、国籍、出(处)、材料，作用、类别往后靠。 a few big round new black French wooden talbesthe last few unforgettable sunny daysa very cheap round new red Chinese iron writing deska very small round mirrorher nice long purple Russian coatthe seven ugly steel writing desks these short young Japanese studentsmy first small black leather money walletmany huge ancient stone buildingsa quite beautiful large rose gardenan extraordinary new Canadian play
worth 和worthybe worth+ ①价、钱名词,表示值……； ②v-ing (表被动) 值得做……的 ③sb’s while to do sth/ doing sth. 值得做……be worthy +①to be done 值得……的②of being done 值得……的③of+(非金钱名词) 配得上……的④+名词作定语 配得上……的 1. The old picture is worth￡5000. 2. He is worthy of our trust and expectation. 3. He is a poet who is worthy of his name，we call him a worthy poet. 4. The attractive site is well worth a visit. 5. The city of Rome is worth visiting. =The city of Rome is worthy to be visited. =The city of Rome is worthy of being visited. = Visiting the city of Rome is worth while. = It is worth your while to to visit the city of Rome.= It is worth while for you to visit the city of Rome.= It is worth visiting the city of Rome. = It is worth while visiting the city of Rome. = It is worth your while visiting the city of Rome.
四、 副词的分类和句法功能
副词的分类：根据意义和句法功能 时间副词 then; ago; late; since; immediately; right then; late; tomorrow;just now
地点副词 here; there; in; out; up; down; far; over; back; outdoors; everywhere
方式副词 well; fast; hard; carefully; slowly; suddenly; kindly; together
程度副词 much; little; enough; hardly; extremely; entirely; rather;almost;so
频度副词 usually; often; sometimes; always;never; forever; constantly; frequently
评论副词 luckily; happily; generally; briefly; naturally; roughly; honestly;broadly
疑问副词 where; when; why; how; whenever; however
关系副词 where; when ; why
连接副词 therefore; moreover; besides; however; otherwise; then; though; when; where;why; whenever
其他副词 yes; no; certainly; surely; really; sure
句法功能 状语：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句 He should deal with the matter seriously.（修饰动词）She speaks English very beautifully. （修饰副词）Luckily, she had got another chance. （修饰整个句子）I am very busy. （修饰形容词）
表语：主要指主语的方向、方位和动作情况 When the meeting is over, give me a phone call.Sorry, I have to be off right now.Is anybody in
定语：主语是表示时间和地点的副词 Who is the person over there There people there are very kind to visitors.
补足语：主要说明主语或宾语所处的位置、状态等 Did you see anybody out The boy was seen upstairs.
五、 副词的用法
形容词+ly变副词的规则： 一般在词尾+ly especially, continuously, carefully, entirely, completely, unfortunately, softly，shortly
以y结尾变y为ily busily, easily, angrily, heavily, hungrily, luckily, happily
以le结尾去e加y comfortably, gently, horribly, possibly, probably, simply, terribly
特殊情况 true-truly, whole-wholly, shy-shyly/shily, dry-drily/dryly
以-ly结尾的副词和不以-ly的副词的区别： 不以-ly的副词多表具体1）多位于动词（+宾语）后2）介词前3）于过去分词构成符合词 The gold lies deep in the earth.（表具体）They dived deep into the ocean.（表具体）Einstein was a man with deep-set eyes.（表具体）The kite was flying high.（表具体）He opened his eyes wide.（表具体）
以-ly结尾的副词表表抽象：1）修饰形容词, 副词，过去分词2）修饰动词的位置不限 He thought highly of the new design .（表抽象）They were deeply interested in the plan.（表抽象）They were deeply impressed by the scenery in Jiuzaigou.（表抽象）They deeply moved by what they heard.（表抽象）They loved their children deeply.（表抽象）English is widely used in the world.（表抽象）
带不带-ly意思有差异的常见词语： clean (完全地）/ cleanly (干净地）; clear (清楚地，完全地 ) / clearly (清楚地)；near (近) / nearly (几乎)；most (最，大部分的) / mostly (主要地，大部分地）；loud (出声地) / loudly (吵闹地)；close (接近地 ) /closely (仔细)；late (迟) / lately (最近)；wide (广阔地) / widely (广泛地) ；sharp (正，指时刻) / sharply (锐利地)；hard (努力地) / hardly (几乎不)； free (免费) / freely (自由地)；high (表空间) / highly (表程度)；deep (表具体深度) / deeply (表程度)；direct (直接地) / directly (立刻，马上)
固定词组和谚语中的副词 think highly of (高度评价)；take it easy(别着急)aim high(力争上游)；far and wide(四面八方) be wide awake (清醒)；safe and sound(平安无恙)；still waters run deep静水流深(大智若愚)
fairly, quite, rather 和pretty: fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very的程度依次增大。试比较： James speaks Chinese very well.(程度最高)James speaks Chinese fairly well.(仅能对日常生活会话)James speaks Chinese quite well.(讲得不错，足以对付难度较大的讨论)James speaks Chinese rather well.(可达专门从事语言工作人员的水平) (正式用语)James speaks Chinese pretty well.(程度同rather)(非正式用语)
语气上：有贬褒 (语气弱)fairly（褒义）→ quite → rather / pretty(贬义）→ very(语气强) He is fairly friendly,while she is rather rudeYou draw fairly well and he draws rather badly.The case is fairly small.You can put it in your pocket.(赞许)The case is rather small. I can’t put my clothes in it.(厌恶)
quite：1) 表“完全”之意，常与perfect，impossible，dead 等连用2) 与不分等级的形容词连用 1）It’s quite impossible for them to finish it on time. Cheer up, it's not quite hopeless yet. This is a quite perfect solution.2）You are quite wrong.“I refused to do any more work until I'd been paid.”“Quite right. They can't expect you to work for nothing.”
rather:1) +too/like(介词)……稍微(太像)……2) +比较级 It was a nice house, but rather too small for a family of four.Wolves are rather like dogs.The task proved to be rather more difficult than I had expected.
quite或rather1) 修饰动词enjoy, like...2) 可位于不定冠词前、后。如前没有形容词，只能说成quite a...而不能说成a quite...3) rather修饰贬义词仅是一个大体倾向，决不能说rather永远不能修饰具有积极意义的形容词。 1) I quite like Chinese food.
I haven't seen such a film quite (rather) a long time.2) a quite(rather，fairly，pretty，very) long time. He is quite a pianist.√ 而不说He is a quite pianist.×3) I was rather pleased when I heard the news that I won the contest. It's rather a good plan. She is rather a nice girl.
表示“很；非常”的副词：very 和much very 修饰1. 形容词、副词、现在分词的原级;2. 形容词化的表心理状态的过去分词;3. (good，fine，nice ) and+形容词、副词 = very+形容词、副词 1. We look on him as a very promising university student. 2. The boy is very interested in English and he speaks English very well. The very surprised boy is much surprised by the very surprising scene. 3. It's nice and warm today.= It's very warm today. This orange is nice and juicy.=The orange is pleasantly juicy The car goes very(=nice and) fast.
much修饰1. 形容词、副词的比较级2. the+最高级3. 以a开始的表语形容词4. 动词和被动语态5. 介词短语 1. Though it is much colder today，he works much harder than before. 2. Mr Brown is much the best/the very best Brown here. 3. I'm very much aware of the lack of food supplies. 4. She didn't enjoy the film (very) much. His daughters are much struck at their mum's death. 5. Much to her surprise he came back next day.
almost 、 nearly、mostly 和 almost1. 修饰表“感情”“心理”的动词、形容词2. 修饰形容词、副词的比较级3. +no，none，nothing，never…几乎不，从未……4. +any(…)几乎任何……5. +too…简直太……6. +more than…远远大于[超过]……7. hardly+any=almost no…几乎没有……8. hardly+ever=almost never几乎从不、很……9. not nearly....原不及......，相差很远10. pretty/very nearly...几乎是......11. mostly主要地，多半，通常12. a most=a very...十分，很the most+形容词、副词最高级，最......13. at most最多，充其量不过 1. I almost thought(几乎认为)you were dead when I saw you. We were almost pleased that you would get the first place. 2. He is almost taller than she. 3. He has almost no(=hardly any) money left. I almost never(=hardly ever)see such a beautiful girl. 4. We can find the word in almost any dictionary. 5. He spoke almost too fast for me to follow. 6. This is almost more than we expected. 7. There's hardly any gas left.8. He hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.9. They are not nearly ready for the coming examination.10. The computer is new, or pretty nearly (几乎是) so. 11. The people to work here are mostly from China.12. The problem is a most difficult problem，but it is not the most difficult one.13.There were at most 50 people in the audience.
表“也”的几个副词：also 位于助动词后，主要动词前，too 位于句中助动词之前或句尾so 位于句首，需倒装as well 多位于句尾as well as 不但.....而且...... 1. He will go to the theatre, too.= He will go to the theatre as well.= He , too, will go to the theatre.= He will also go to the theatre.2. He will go fishing, and I will go fishing ,too.= He will go fishing, so will I.= He as well as I will go fishing= Not only I but also he will go fishing.= Both I and he will go fishing there.
否定句中的“也” either位于句尾 neither/nor/no more位于句首需倒装。 He won't go shopping, and I won't go shopping, either.=He won't go shopping , and neither/nor will I.=He won't go shopping, and no more will I.=Neither he nor I will go shopping.
不再：no longer=not...any longer和no more=not...any more no longer (只作状语)不再，再也不……可用于实义动词之前，助动词或连系动词之后，或者位于句尾[首] He no longer works here. = He works here no longer [no more]. =He doesn’t work here any longer [any more]. = No longer [No more] does he work here. 2. He no longer bought lottery tickets(彩票). 3. They are no longer living with us. 4. I can no longer put up with you.
no more (作状语)不再，再也不，一般位于句尾或句首1.作名词“再没有了”,代替不可数名词2.作定语“再没有……”，修饰不可数名词3.作表语“死”= be dead4.+than，不过，仅仅5.=Neither [Nor]…既不……，也不……(用倒装结构)在否定句中用在动词后 1. I have no more to say about it. 2. We have no more time left. 3. The great leader is no more (死了). (表语)4. I have no more than (=only) five dollars to pay for the meal. 5. If he doesn’t leave, no more will I.= If he doesn’t leave , neither will I. = If he doesn’t leave , nor will I.= If he doesn’t leave , I won’t leave, either.
already①(肯定句)已经②(疑问句)表惊讶(多位于句尾)still ①(肯定、疑问句)仍然，还②(否定句)还(位于助动词前)yet ①(疑问句)已经②(否定句)还未(多位于句尾) 1. She has already done her home work.2. Have you read the the book already 3. They still do not know the truth.4. He hasn’t returned home yet. 5. Has he returned home yet 6. Hasn’t he returned home yet
so／too1. +many+可数名词复数+much+不可数名词+much在句中作主[宾、表、状]语2. so many+可数名词复数+that...so+ much+不可数名词 + that...如此……以致于……3. many more＋可数名词复数+ than…，much more＋不可数名词+than…，比……多得多4. much too(只作状语)修饰形容词或副词 1. They asked so many/too many questions. I have so much /too much work to do.2 .I have so much homework to do that I can't go out with you. He has so many books that he can lend some to you. 3. He has much more experience than I (have). There are many more ways to deal with the problem.4. You've drunk much too much to drive. It's much too cold in Sweden, it's much too hot in Rome
too的用法：1.too+形容词[副词]+to do…太......而不能……2.too+(ready，glad，willing等)+to do表示肯定3.too…not to do…太……不会不4.not(never) too…to do…永[决]不…能5.only too [but too]…to do十分，非常，极其 1. This problem is too difficult for you to solve. = This problem is so difficult that you can't solve it. The question is too difficult for a child (to answer. )2. He is too willing to help others. (他太乐于助人。)3. He is too thoughtful not to think about it. 4. One is never too old to learn. (活到老学到老。)5. I am only too glad( very glad) to accept your kind invitation.
can not...too...= can never…too...无论怎样都不过分，越……越好 1. We cannot be too careful in making friends when young. =We can never be too careful in making friend when young. 2. You cannot pay too much attention to your handwriting.
be more…than…与其说是……不如说是……=be less…than…=be not so [as] much…as=be…rather than. …=be rather…than… He is more an artist than a philosopher.与其说他是位哲学家，不如说他是位艺术家。=He is less a philosopher than an artist. =He is not so much a philosopher as an artist. =He is rather an artist than a philosopher. =He is an artist rather than a philosopher.
A对于B犹如C对于D一样=A is to B (just) as C is to D=A is to B what C is to D= (just) as C is to D, so is A to B=What C is to D, that is A to B 书本对于学生就像枪对于战士一样(重要)。Books are to students (just) as guns are to soldiers. =Books are to students what guns are to soldiers. = (Just) as books are to students, so are guns to soldiers. = What books are to students, that are guns to soldiers.
形容词、副词比较级和最高级变化规则
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词 1. 一般在词尾+er，est slowtall slowertaller slowesttallest
2. 以e结尾+r，st wisebrave wiserbraver wisestbravest
3. 辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母，双写词尾+er，est wethotbig wetterhotterbigger wettesthottestbiggest
4. 元音字母+y结尾+ er，est greygay greyergayer greyestgayest
5. 辅音字母+y结尾变y为ier，iest dryshy driershyer/shier driestshyest/ shiest
双音节词 1. 少数以y结尾的双音节词可把y变为ier，iest happyprettylucky happierprettierluckier happiestprettiestluckiest
2. 以ble，ple结尾+r，st ablesimple ablersimpler ablestsimplest
3. 以er，ow结尾+er，est clevernarrow cleverernarrower cleverestnarrowest
多音节词 在词前+more，most expensiveinterestingwonderful more expensivemore interestingmore wonderful most expensivemost interesting most wonderful
降级比较单 双音 节 一般都可在词前+less ; least quietfoolishdeliciousdifficult less quietless foolishless deliciousless difficult least quietleast foolishleast deliciousleast difficult
不规则变化 不规则 goodwell better较好的 best最好的
bad(1y)ill worse较坏的 worst最坏的
many much more较多的 most最多的
1ittle less较少的 least最少的
far farther较远的 further进一步的 farthest最远的 furthest最远的
old older较老(旧)的elder较年长的 oldest最老的eldest最年长的
late later较远的(时间) latter后者(顺序) latest最迟(新)的1ast最后(的)
无比较级别 alive, asleep，aloud，awake，foreign,main，final, senior，junior，complete，double,square，correct,enough，fearless，alone，total，empty, right，wrong，impossible, favourite，excellent，last, perfect，whole，superior(优越)，inferior(较劣的), unique（唯一的）, wooden ( 木制的 ）senior， （高级的）
七、 与形容词副词比较等级相关句型的用法
as+adj. [adv.]原级+as像……一样 not as或so+adj. [adv.]原级+as…不如……那样 My handwriting is as beautiful as yours.The weather here is not as cozy as that in China. = The weather in China is cozier than here. Johnson studies as carefully as Jack. Johnson doesn't study so carefully as Jack. =Johnson doesn’t study as careful as Jack.
比较级+ than... ……比…… less+adj.[adv.]原级+than… ……不比…… 3. This book is more difficult than that one. 4. This book is less difficult than that one. Johnson works more careful than Jack. Johnson works less careful than Jack.
sb / sth ...the +最高级+ among... (同类) of all (同类) in+地点etc. (不同类)副词最高级前的“the”可省略。 5. This is the most interesting story among the stories. This is the most interesting story of all stories. This is the most interesting story in the story book. 6. Johnson studies (the) hardest among the boys. Johnson studies (the) hardest of all. Johnson studies (the ) hardest in his class.
1. almost，exactly，just，quite，nearly，half等词用来加强as…as结构的语气2. much，far，even，still，a lot，a little，a bit，little，by far，a great deal，many times，several times，slightly，all the，rather，any，yet，almost等用来加强than比较级结构的语气3. any与比较级连用加强语气，常用于否定句和疑问句 4. 最高级用by far，much，a great deal，a good deal，far and away，nearly，almost，not quite等词(组)来加强语气5. 把ever，on earth，in the world位于最高级后加强语气 1. This film is just as moving as that one. This tool is almost as easy to use as that one. Too much drinking is almost as harmful as smoking.2. I feel much better today. I came to school a little earlier than John. He is two years older than I. = He is older than I by two years. = He is older by two years than I. 3. He doesn't live here any longer. Are you feeling any better today 4. He is nearly [almost，much，by far] the cleverest man I know. This hat is by far[much，nearly，a great deal…]the biggest. Steel is by far the most popular material used in industry. 5. This is the best hotel I’ve ever stayed in. You are the oldest man in the world.
含有as…as结构的固定词组：1. as…as possible 尽可能地2. as early as 早在……3. as[so]far as 远到……，一直到……，就…而言4. as good as 与……几乎一样，实际上等于5. as long as 早在……就已经; 既然6. as[so]long as 只要，如果，长达……(之久)7. as many as 和……一样多的，像…那样多，多达……8. as much as 像……那么多，多达，9. as soon as 一……就……；和……一样快[早]10.as well as 除……之外(还)；和；与……一样(表程度)11. as much…as 和……一样是……▲ much as 尽管，即使 1. We need the repairs done as soon as possible.2. As early as the late 13 th century，he traveled to Europe. 3. As far as I know，they will come at ten o'clock this morning. They walked as far as the lake.
4. The noise of this machine is so low. It is as good as silent. 5. I wanted to be a footballer as long as I can remember. As long as we’ve driven this far，we might as well go on. 6. As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.7. As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.8. Please speak English as much as you can in class every day. 9. As soon as the reporters know what to write about，they get down to work. We didn't get there as soon as they had expected. 10. They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
He plays the piano as well as his brother.11. The soldier is as much a man as anybody. The building is as much as 300 meters high. At the job she could earn as much as 8 dollars a week. ▲ Much as I would like to help you, I'm afraid I'm simply too busy at the moment.
借自拉丁语的一些形容词，作比较时用介词tobe inferior to次于，劣于比……差be junior to少于，低于，次于，小于be prior to在……以前，较……重要be senior to比……年长be superior to胜过，优于，比……好 1. This wine is inferior to that in flavor.2. She is junior to me by three years.3. Constitution (宪法) is prior to all other laws.4. He is two months senior to me.= He is two months older than me. 5. Their computer is superior to ours. He is superior to me in ability. (他在能力方面，比我强。)
1. prefer…to… 喜欢……不喜欢……2. prefer doing... to doing... 喜欢做......而不喜欢做......3. prefer to do... rather than do... 宁愿做......而不愿做......4. would do…rather than do....... =would rather...than... 宁可做......不愿做......5. rather than 与其…倒不如，不是…而是6. no sooner ... than... 一......就...... 1. He preferred physics to chemistry. 2. Many people prefer living in the country to living in a city. 3. I preferred to go with them rather than stay at home. 4. He would die rather than give in. 5. He would rather die than give in. 6. I had no sooner left than she called. = No sooner had I left than she called.
the+比较级+of the two…the+最高级+of the three…the+very[序数词]+最高级+n.单数one of [among] the+最高级+n.复数a very+原级+n. 单数 Tom is the stronger of the two boys. Tom is the strongest of the three boys. Tom is one of (=among ) the strongest boys in his class. Canada is the second largest country in the world. Russia is the very largest country in the world. Canada is a very large country in the world.
同一范围内比较： than any other + n.单数than any+n. 单数 +elsethan any of (all) the other +n. 复数than any of (all) the + n. 复数than any of (all) the others Russia is larger than any other country in the world.Russia is larger than any country else in the world.Russia is larger than any of (=all ) the other countries in the worldRussia is larger than any of (=all )the others in the world.
不同范围：than any other + n. 复数than any + n. 单数than any of the +n. 复数 Jim is not in my class Jim is taller than any other boys in my class.jim is taller than any boy in my class.Jim is taller than any of the boys in my class.
which is + 比较级（两者）which is+the 比较级+ n. 单数（两者）which is the 最高级（三者） Which is larger, Canada or America Which is the larger country，Cadada or America Which is the largest，Russia, America or Canada
在下列两种表达方式中，most 表示非常：1. most+adj.(作表语） 2. a most +adj.+名词 most 前加the 表最高级the+adj.最高级+名词+定语从句...ever= never... a +adj.比较级+名词 1. Hangzhou is a most beautiful city in China. Hangzhou is most beautiful in China.2. This is the most beautiful city that I’ve ever visited. = I have never visited a more beautiful city than this.
表示“A是B的....X倍”的句型：A is (x) times as+原级+as B =A is (x)times the+名词+of B 表示“A比B...多x倍”的句型：A is (x ) times+比较级+than B★once，twice，three times，four times...形容词： large（big），wide，deep，high，tall，heavy，expensive对应名词： size，width，depth，height，weight, price The bridge is 3 times as long as that one.The bridge is 3 times longer than that one.The bridge is 3 times the length of that one.= The bridge is as long as that one by 3 times. = The length of the bridge is 3 times the length of that one.= The length of the bridge is 3 times that of that one.= The length of the road is 3 times what it was 3 years ago.
表示“A并不比B……” 的句型：A is no+比较级+than B .= A is as+该词反义词+as B.表示“A不及B”的句型：A is not+原级+ than B.= A is not as /so +原级+as B=A is less +比较级+ than B I am no richer than you.(两人都穷）= I am as poor as you.Jack is not taller than Johnson. (两者都高，但前者不及后者）= Jack is not as tall as Johnson.= Jack is less taller than Johnson.
表示"越......就越....." 的句型：（1）the+比较级（单音节）......，the + 比较级（单音节）......（2）the more + (多音节形容词）......，the more + (多音节形容词） 表示“越不......就越不......”的句型： the less...， the less... 1. The more we get together，the happier we will be. 2. The more difficult he problem is,the more careful we should be. 3. The more books you read，the more you will know. 4. The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.5. The less she worried，the better she worked. 6. The less I know him，the less I like him.
表示“越来越”1. 比较级+比较级 2. more and more +adj.原级(多音节） more and more + n. 表示越来越多的......3. more or less 大约...... 1. China is becoming stronger and stronger. 2. Tom became more and more excited when he read the novel. Our city is becoming more and more beautiful. More and more students are more and more interested in computers. 3. Eighty people more or less attended the meeting.
“像……一样”：…as+adj. (原级)+as …the same+名词+as “与……不同 ”：…different from 1. The picture is as beautiful as that one. 2. Our garden is the same size as theirs. 3. The TV set is not the same as that one. 4. American English is a little different from British English.
表示“......和......是如此一样的...."as /so+adj. + a(n) + 名词+ as= a(n) + 名词 + as + adj. + as=such a(n)+adj. + 名词+as 1. I have heard of such a clever boy. = I have heard of so clever a boy. 2. I have never heard of as/so clever a boy as he. =I have never heard of a boy as clever as he. =I have never heard of such a clever boy as he.
非常，大大，最，比......得多:far+比较级;比较级+by far;by far+最高级;最高级+by far Your handwriting is far better than that mine.Your handwriting is better by far than that mine.Your handwriting is (by) far the better of the two.Your handwriting is the better by far of the two.Your handwriting is by far the best of the three.Your handwriting is the best by far of the three.
形容词原级、比较级和最高级句型间的互换：the+最高级+名词 = no…as [so]+原级+as...+比较范围= no…比较级+ than+比较范围=比较级+than any other+名词+比较范围 She is the most charming girl in the school. =No girl is as[so] charming as she in the school. =No girl is more charming than she in the school. =She is more charming than any other girl in the school.
与more和 less 相关的习语：no more than只，仅仅= onlynot more than最多不过= at mostno less than多达= as many[much]not less than至少=at leastmore than 1）多于=over 2）不仅仅，不止less than 少于，不到no less…than…同……一样不，不亚于 1. There was no more than(=only) thirty dollars in the drawer. 2. It is not more than (=at most ) ten minutes' walk from the station.3. No less than(=As many as ) ten students flunked the exam. 4. The audience was not less than(=at least) five thousand.5. Such work requires more than indomitable(坚韧不拔的）will.6. There are more than two thousand students in our schoo1. 7.The whole house went up in smoke in less than an hour.8. She is no less diligent than (=as diligent as) her elder sister.
非最高级形式的表最高级的其他表达法：1. as…as any…最……2. as…as ever…最……3. no [not]…+比较级…than… 没有……比……更……4. nothing...more...than... 没有……比……更……5. never…more…than 从来没有……比……更……6. more... than any+定语 比任何……更……7. more... than any+else 比任何……都……8. more.... than all other… 比其他……都9. 比较级+than+most of 比……都……10. 否定词+like 没有什么比得上11. 否定词+so…as 没有什么比……更12. 否定词+so…as to动词原形 没有什么 比……更 1. She is as famous a singer as any I've seen. 2. It was as splendid a job as I have ever done. 3. I have not seen a more beautiful girl than Lily before. 4. Nothing is more important than knowledge. 5. Never have I read a more interesting book than this. 6. He is a man more kind and just (公正) than any I have ever met. 7. I like it better than anything else in the world. 8. He looked after her mother more patient than all other sons. 9. He is more thoughtful than most of his workmates(同事). 10. There is nothing like reading. (读书其乐无穷)11. Nothing is so valuable as health. 12. Nobody is so easy as to get along with him.
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形容词、副词
形容词是描述人或事物的性质、特征或状态的一种开放性词类。主要用于修饰名词和部分代词。副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
一、 形容词的特征和分类
形容词的特征 作定语一般位于修饰词的前面 a sunny day; a kind person; a funny story
作表语位于系动词的后面 Miss Green is very strict.I am feeling lonely.
多数形容词有不同程度的变化，有比较级和最高级 a clever boy; a clever boy; the cleverest boy
多数形容词有自己独特的后缀形式 常见的后缀形式有：-able, -ible,-al,-ical, -ant, -ary, -ful, -less, -ly, -ous, -some, -ycomfortable, terrible, national, political; important, ordinary; beautiful, careless; lovely; dangerous, handsome; angry; funny
形容词的分类 按用途 性质形容词:表示事物所具有的性质或特征，有级的变化。 hot; short ; poor; good; long; healthy; brave; funny; lovely
类属形容词：阐明人活事物所属的特定种类的类别，没有程度大小的区别，没有比较级和最高级，不能用表示程度的副词修饰。 basic; central; cultural; daily; direct; empty; golden; local; mental; national; political
颜色形容词：专门表示事物的颜色 black; blue; brown; green; grey; orange; pink; purple; red; violet; white; yellow
强调形容词：对所述事物进行强调。 absolute；complete，entire; positive; perfect; pure; real; true
按词汇意义 静态形容词：描述人或事物所固有的或持久的性质的形容词。 red; big; small; tall; short; old; young; round; important; necessary; poor; cold
动态形容词：表示暂时状态的形容词 brave; calm; careful; careless; cheerful; clever; cruel; foolish; friendly; naughty; nervous; noisy; patient; quiet; serious; shy
按结构 单个形容词 beautiful；tall；wonderful，kind
复合形容词 （主要作定语，一般不作表语） 数词+名词（+形容词） two-year-old; tree-week; 800-meter-long
形容词+名词+ed absent-minded; able-minded; warm-hearted; cold-blooded; middle-aged; good-tempered
形容词、副词+动词的-ing形式 far-reaching; long-standing; ordinary-looking;
名词+动词的-ed形式 man-made; snow-covered;
副词+动词的-ed形式 newly-built; well-known; well-dressed; well-received; newly-laid
其他 face-to-face; out-of-date; know-it-all
二、 形容词的句法功能
功能 解释 示例
定语 修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征 Harbin is a nice city in north China.
表语 与系动词连用构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征。以a开头的形容词多在系动后作表语。 The tea is very strong.I feel sick today.The sleepy(定语)boy soon fell asleep(表语).
补足语 说明宾语或主语的性质、状态特征 Don't make your parents disappointed.The room was found very dirty.
状语 单独起一个无动词分句的作用，修饰全句 Hungry and tired(原因), he had to stop working.Strange, it was he who invited us.Afraid of troubles(原因)，he wouldn’t accept the duty.
三、形容词的用法
1. 形容词一般在句中作定[表、宾补]语等2. 以a开头的形容词在系动后作表语3. 形容词作状语，表示伴随、原因等 1.She didn’t imagine how smooth the material felt .(表语).2.She likes a soft （定语） pillow and a hard（定语） mattress.3.How did she make things so smooth (宾补).4.The sleepy(定语)boy soon fell asleep(表语).5.He walked against the north wind，cold and hungry.(形容词作状语表伴随情况)6.Afraid of troubles(原因)，he refused the job.
名词+ly或y是形容词 cloudy，rainy，stormy,snowy，sunny，funny，healthy，wealthy，worthy，lucky, friendly，lovely，orderly，comradely，motherly , brotherly，fatherly, daily，deadly
修饰名词时形容词的位置 1. 形容词作定语一般放在名词前面2. 形容词修饰any，some，every，no等组成的复合不定代词时需后置3. 以a开头的表语形容词作定语时需后置4. enough修饰形容词、副词时需后置5. 数词+名词+形容词（away, long, wide, deep, tall 等）结构作定语时需后置6. 成对的形容词由but, and 或or 连接时需后置7. 形容词后接介词+名词构成短语作定语需后置，其功用相当于定语从句8. 分词短语作定语需后置9. 介词短语作定语需后置10. 有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义差别很大 1. Children should be given some free time.2. Tell me if there is anything wrong with this watch. Tom did everything possible to please his boss. 3.He is the most famous scientist alive in the world. 但副词修饰时可前置： the sound asleep children／the wide awake patient. 4.It is warm enough for you to play out of doors. I know well enough what he is up to. 5.There are many buildings over twenty storeys high in our city. 6.Every country，big or small，has it’s own strong points and weak points. We will turn our motherland into a country, beautiful and strong. 7.Mary is the actress suitable for the play. It is a place difficult to reach at present.8.He was reading an article written by a famous writer. The river flowing into the lake has been polluted. 9.A professor from Beijing University will give us a lecture about how to stop air pollution. 10. Our present problem is how to help reduce the noise around the school. （目前的，现在的） The people present at the meeting are mostly from the west of China. （出席的，在场的）
多个形容词修饰名词的大体顺序：限定词（包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、数词等）→描绘性形容词（观点、品质、状态）→大、小、长、短、高、低→形状、年龄、新旧→颜色→国籍、地区、出处→物质材料→用途、类别+名词. 可归纳为：限定、描绘、大长高，形状、年龄和新老，颜色、国籍、出(处)、材料，作用、类别往后靠。 a few big round new black French wooden talbesthe last few unforgettable sunny daysa very cheap round new red Chinese iron writing deska very small round mirrorher nice long purple Russian coatthe seven ugly steel writing desks these short young Japanese studentsmy first small black leather money walletmany huge ancient stone buildingsa quite beautiful large rose gardenan extraordinary new Canadian play
worth 和worthybe worth+ ①价、钱名词,表示值……； ②v-ing (表被动) 值得做……的 ③sb’s while to do sth/ doing sth. 值得做……be worthy +①to be done 值得……的②of being done 值得……的③of+(非金钱名词) 配得上……的④+名词作定语 配得上……的 1. The old picture is worth￡5000. 2. He is worthy of our trust and expectation. 3. He is a poet who is worthy of his name，we call him a worthy poet. 4. The attractive site is well worth a visit. 5. The city of Rome is worth visiting. =The city of Rome is worthy to be visited. =The city of Rome is worthy of being visited. = Visiting the city of Rome is worth while. = It is worth your while to to visit the city of Rome.= It is worth while for you to visit the city of Rome.= It is worth visiting the city of Rome. = It is worth while visiting the city of Rome. = It is worth your while visiting the city of Rome.
四、 副词的分类和句法功能
副词的分类：根据意义和句法功能 时间副词 then; ago; late; since; immediately; right then; late; tomorrow;just now
地点副词 here; there; in; out; up; down; far; over; back; outdoors; everywhere
方式副词 well; fast; hard; carefully; slowly; suddenly; kindly; together
程度副词 much; little; enough; hardly; extremely; entirely; rather;almost;so
频度副词 usually; often; sometimes; always;never; forever; constantly; frequently
评论副词 luckily; happily; generally; briefly; naturally; roughly; honestly;broadly
疑问副词 where; when; why; how; whenever; however
关系副词 where; when ; why
连接副词 therefore; moreover; besides; however; otherwise; then; though; when; where;why; whenever
其他副词 yes; no; certainly; surely; really; sure
句法功能 状语：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句 He should deal with the matter seriously.（修饰动词）She speaks English very beautifully. （修饰副词）Luckily, she had got another chance. （修饰整个句子）I am very busy. （修饰形容词）
表语：主要指主语的方向、方位和动作情况 When the meeting is over, give me a phone call.Sorry, I have to be off right now.Is anybody in
定语：主语是表示时间和地点的副词 Who is the person over there There people there are very kind to visitors.
补足语：主要说明主语或宾语所处的位置、状态等 Did you see anybody out The boy was seen upstairs.
五、 副词的用法
形容词+ly变副词的规则： 一般在词尾+ly especially, continuously, carefully, entirely, completely, unfortunately, softly，shortly
以y结尾变y为ily busily, easily, angrily, heavily, hungrily, luckily, happily
以le结尾去e加y comfortably, gently, horribly, possibly, probably, simply, terribly
特殊情况 true-truly, whole-wholly, shy-shyly/shily, dry-drily/dryly
以-ly结尾的副词和不以-ly的副词的区别： 不以-ly的副词多表具体1）多位于动词（+宾语）后2）介词前3）于过去分词构成符合词 The gold lies deep in the earth.（表具体）They dived deep into the ocean.（表具体）Einstein was a man with deep-set eyes.（表具体）The kite was flying high.（表具体）He opened his eyes wide.（表具体）
以-ly结尾的副词表表抽象：1）修饰形容词, 副词，过去分词2）修饰动词的位置不限 He thought highly of the new design .（表抽象）They were deeply interested in the plan.（表抽象）They were deeply impressed by the scenery in Jiuzaigou.（表抽象）They deeply moved by what they heard.（表抽象）They loved their children deeply.（表抽象）English is widely used in the world.（表抽象）
带不带-ly意思有差异的常见词语： clean (完全地）/ cleanly (干净地）; clear (清楚地，完全地 ) / clearly (清楚地)；near (近) / nearly (几乎)；most (最，大部分的) / mostly (主要地，大部分地）；loud (出声地) / loudly (吵闹地)；close (接近地 ) /closely (仔细)；late (迟) / lately (最近)；wide (广阔地) / widely (广泛地) ；sharp (正，指时刻) / sharply (锐利地)；hard (努力地) / hardly (几乎不)； free (免费) / freely (自由地)；high (表空间) / highly (表程度)；deep (表具体深度) / deeply (表程度)；direct (直接地) / directly (立刻，马上)
固定词组和谚语中的副词 think highly of (高度评价)；take it easy(别着急)aim high(力争上游)；far and wide(四面八方) be wide awake (清醒)；safe and sound(平安无恙)；still waters run deep静水流深(大智若愚)
fairly, quite, rather 和pretty: fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very的程度依次增大。试比较： James speaks Chinese very well.(程度最高)James speaks Chinese fairly well.(仅能对日常生活会话)James speaks Chinese quite well.(讲得不错，足以对付难度较大的讨论)James speaks Chinese rather well.(可达专门从事语言工作人员的水平) (正式用语)James speaks Chinese pretty well.(程度同rather)(非正式用语)
语气上：有贬褒 (语气弱)fairly（褒义）→ quite → rather / pretty(贬义）→ very(语气强) He is fairly friendly,while she is rather rudeYou draw fairly well and he draws rather badly.The case is fairly small.You can put it in your pocket.(赞许)The case is rather small. I can’t put my clothes in it.(厌恶)
quite：1) 表“完全”之意，常与perfect，impossible，dead 等连用2) 与不分等级的形容词连用 1）It’s quite impossible for them to finish it on time. Cheer up, it's not quite hopeless yet. This is a quite perfect solution.2）You are quite wrong.“I refused to do any more work until I'd been paid.”“Quite right. They can't expect you to work for nothing.”
rather:1) +too/like(介词)……稍微(太像)……2) +比较级 It was a nice house, but rather too small for a family of four.Wolves are rather like dogs.The task proved to be rather more difficult than I had expected.
quite或rather1) 修饰动词enjoy, like...2) 可位于不定冠词前、后。如前没有形容词，只能说成quite a...而不能说成a quite...3) rather修饰贬义词仅是一个大体倾向，决不能说rather永远不能修饰具有积极意义的形容词。 1) I quite like Chinese food.
I haven't seen such a film quite (rather) a long time.2) a quite(rather，fairly，pretty，very) long time. He is quite a pianist.√ 而不说He is a quite pianist.×3) I was rather pleased when I heard the news that I won the contest. It's rather a good plan. She is rather a nice girl.
表示“很；非常”的副词：very 和much very 修饰1. 形容词、副词、现在分词的原级;2. 形容词化的表心理状态的过去分词;3. (good，fine，nice ) and+形容词、副词 = very+形容词、副词 1. We look on him as a very promising university student. 2. The boy is very interested in English and he speaks English very well. The very surprised boy is much surprised by the very surprising scene. 3. It's nice and warm today.= It's very warm today. This orange is nice and juicy.=The orange is pleasantly juicy The car goes very(=nice and) fast.
much修饰1. 形容词、副词的比较级2. the+最高级3. 以a开始的表语形容词4. 动词和被动语态5. 介词短语 1. Though it is much colder today，he works much harder than before. 2. Mr Brown is much the best/the very best Brown here. 3. I'm very much aware of the lack of food supplies. 4. She didn't enjoy the film (very) much. His daughters are much struck at their mum's death. 5. Much to her surprise he came back next day.
almost 、 nearly、mostly 和 almost1. 修饰表“感情”“心理”的动词、形容词2. 修饰形容词、副词的比较级3. +no，none，nothing，never…几乎不，从未……4. +any(…)几乎任何……5. +too…简直太……6. +more than…远远大于[超过]……7. hardly+any=almost no…几乎没有……8. hardly+ever=almost never几乎从不、很……9. not nearly....原不及......，相差很远10. pretty/very nearly...几乎是......11. mostly主要地，多半，通常12. a most=a very...十分，很the most+形容词、副词最高级，最......13. at most最多，充其量不过 1. I almost thought(几乎认为)you were dead when I saw you. We were almost pleased that you would get the first place. 2. He is almost taller than she. 3. He has almost no(=hardly any) money left. I almost never(=hardly ever)see such a beautiful girl. 4. We can find the word in almost any dictionary. 5. He spoke almost too fast for me to follow. 6. This is almost more than we expected. 7. There's hardly any gas left.8. He hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.9. They are not nearly ready for the coming examination.10. The computer is new, or pretty nearly (几乎是) so. 11. The people to work here are mostly from China.12. The problem is a most difficult problem，but it is not the most difficult one.13.There were at most 50 people in the audience.
表“也”的几个副词：also 位于助动词后，主要动词前，too 位于句中助动词之前或句尾so 位于句首，需倒装as well 多位于句尾as well as 不但.....而且...... 1. He will go to the theatre, too.= He will go to the theatre as well.= He , too, will go to the theatre.= He will also go to the theatre.2. He will go fishing, and I will go fishing ,too.= He will go fishing, so will I.= He as well as I will go fishing= Not only I but also he will go fishing.= Both I and he will go fishing there.
否定句中的“也” either位于句尾 neither/nor/no more位于句首需倒装。 He won't go shopping, and I won't go shopping, either.=He won't go shopping , and neither/nor will I.=He won't go shopping, and no more will I.=Neither he nor I will go shopping.
不再：no longer=not...any longer和no more=not...any more no longer (只作状语)不再，再也不……可用于实义动词之前，助动词或连系动词之后，或者位于句尾[首] He no longer works here. = He works here no longer [no more]. =He doesn’t work here any longer [any more]. = No longer [No more] does he work here. 2. He no longer bought lottery tickets(彩票). 3. They are no longer living with us. 4. I can no longer put up with you.
no more (作状语)不再，再也不，一般位于句尾或句首1.作名词“再没有了”,代替不可数名词2.作定语“再没有……”，修饰不可数名词3.作表语“死”= be dead4.+than，不过，仅仅5.=Neither [Nor]…既不……，也不……(用倒装结构)在否定句中用在动词后 1. I have no more to say about it. 2. We have no more time left. 3. The great leader is no more (死了). (表语)4. I have no more than (=only) five dollars to pay for the meal. 5. If he doesn’t leave, no more will I.= If he doesn’t leave , neither will I. = If he doesn’t leave , nor will I.= If he doesn’t leave , I won’t leave, either.
already①(肯定句)已经②(疑问句)表惊讶(多位于句尾)still ①(肯定、疑问句)仍然，还②(否定句)还(位于助动词前)yet ①(疑问句)已经②(否定句)还未(多位于句尾) 1. She has already done her home work.2. Have you read the the book already 3. They still do not know the truth.4. He hasn’t returned home yet. 5. Has he returned home yet 6. Hasn’t he returned home yet
so／too1. +many+可数名词复数+much+不可数名词+much在句中作主[宾、表、状]语2. so many+可数名词复数+that...so+ much+不可数名词 + that...如此……以致于……3. many more＋可数名词复数+ than…，much more＋不可数名词+than…，比……多得多4. much too(只作状语)修饰形容词或副词 1. They asked so many/too many questions. I have so much /too much work to do.2 .I have so much homework to do that I can't go out with you. He has so many books that he can lend some to you. 3. He has much more experience than I (have). There are many more ways to deal with the problem.4. You've drunk much too much to drive. It's much too cold in Sweden, it's much too hot in Rome
too的用法：1.too+形容词[副词]+to do…太......而不能……2.too+(ready，glad，willing等)+to do表示肯定3.too…not to do…太……不会不4.not(never) too…to do…永[决]不…能5.only too [but too]…to do十分，非常，极其 1. This problem is too difficult for you to solve. = This problem is so difficult that you can't solve it. The question is too difficult for a child (to answer. )2. He is too willing to help others. (他太乐于助人。)3. He is too thoughtful not to think about it. 4. One is never too old to learn. (活到老学到老。)5. I am only too glad( very glad) to accept your kind invitation.
can not...too...= can never…too...无论怎样都不过分，越……越好 1. We cannot be too careful in making friends when young. =We can never be too careful in making friend when young. 2. You cannot pay too much attention to your handwriting.
be more…than…与其说是……不如说是……=be less…than…=be not so [as] much…as=be…rather than. …=be rather…than… He is more an artist than a philosopher.与其说他是位哲学家，不如说他是位艺术家。=He is less a philosopher than an artist. =He is not so much a philosopher as an artist. =He is rather an artist than a philosopher. =He is an artist rather than a philosopher.
A对于B犹如C对于D一样=A is to B (just) as C is to D=A is to B what C is to D= (just) as C is to D, so is A to B=What C is to D, that is A to B 书本对于学生就像枪对于战士一样(重要)。Books are to students (just) as guns are to soldiers. =Books are to students what guns are to soldiers. = (Just) as books are to students, so are guns to soldiers. = What books are to students, that are guns to soldiers.
形容词、副词比较级和最高级变化规则
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词 1. 一般在词尾+er，est slowtall slowertaller slowesttallest
2. 以e结尾+r，st wisebrave wiserbraver wisestbravest
3. 辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母，双写词尾+er，est wethotbig wetterhotterbigger wettesthottestbiggest
4. 元音字母+y结尾+ er，est greygay greyergayer greyestgayest
5. 辅音字母+y结尾变y为ier，iest dryshy driershyer/shier driestshyest/ shiest
双音节词 1. 少数以y结尾的双音节词可把y变为ier，iest happyprettylucky happierprettierluckier happiestprettiestluckiest
2. 以ble，ple结尾+r，st ablesimple ablersimpler ablestsimplest
3. 以er，ow结尾+er，est clevernarrow cleverernarrower cleverestnarrowest
多音节词 在词前+more，most expensiveinterestingwonderful more expensivemore interestingmore wonderful most expensivemost interesting most wonderful
降级比较单 双音 节 一般都可在词前+less ; least quietfoolishdeliciousdifficult less quietless foolishless deliciousless difficult least quietleast foolishleast deliciousleast difficult
不规则变化 不规则 goodwell better较好的 best最好的
bad(1y)ill worse较坏的 worst最坏的
many much more较多的 most最多的
1ittle less较少的 least最少的
far farther较远的 further进一步的 farthest最远的 furthest最远的
old older较老(旧)的elder较年长的 oldest最老的eldest最年长的
late later较远的(时间) latter后者(顺序) latest最迟(新)的1ast最后(的)
无比较级别 alive, asleep，aloud，awake，foreign,main，final, senior，junior，complete，double,square，correct,enough，fearless，alone，total，empty, right，wrong，impossible, favourite，excellent，last, perfect，whole，superior(优越)，inferior(较劣的), unique（唯一的）, wooden ( 木制的 ）senior， （高级的）
七、 与形容词副词比较等级相关句型的用法
as+adj. [adv.]原级+as像……一样 not as或so+adj. [adv.]原级+as…不如……那样 My handwriting is as beautiful as yours.The weather here is not as cozy as that in China. = The weather in China is cozier than here. Johnson studies as carefully as Jack. Johnson doesn't study so carefully as Jack. =Johnson doesn’t study as careful as Jack.
比较级+ than... ……比…… less+adj.[adv.]原级+than… ……不比…… 3. This book is more difficult than that one. 4. This book is less difficult than that one. Johnson works more careful than Jack. Johnson works less careful than Jack.
sb / sth ...the +最高级+ among... (同类) of all (同类) in+地点etc. (不同类)副词最高级前的“the”可省略。 5. This is the most interesting story among the stories. This is the most interesting story of all stories. This is the most interesting story in the story book. 6. Johnson studies (the) hardest among the boys. Johnson studies (the) hardest of all. Johnson studies (the ) hardest in his class.
1. almost，exactly，just，quite，nearly，half等词用来加强as…as结构的语气2. much，far，even，still，a lot，a little，a bit，little，by far，a great deal，many times，several times，slightly，all the，rather，any，yet，almost等用来加强than比较级结构的语气3. any与比较级连用加强语气，常用于否定句和疑问句 4. 最高级用by far，much，a great deal，a good deal，far and away，nearly，almost，not quite等词(组)来加强语气5. 把ever，on earth，in the world位于最高级后加强语气 1. This film is just as moving as that one. This tool is almost as easy to use as that one. Too much drinking is almost as harmful as smoking.2. I feel much better today. I came to school a little earlier than John. He is two years older than I. = He is older than I by two years. = He is older by two years than I. 3. He doesn't live here any longer. Are you feeling any better today 4. He is nearly [almost，much，by far] the cleverest man I know. This hat is by far[much，nearly，a great deal…]the biggest. Steel is by far the most popular material used in industry. 5. This is the best hotel I’ve ever stayed in. You are the oldest man in the world.
含有as…as结构的固定词组：1. as…as possible 尽可能地2. as early as 早在……3. as[so]far as 远到……，一直到……，就…而言4. as good as 与……几乎一样，实际上等于5. as long as 早在……就已经; 既然6. as[so]long as 只要，如果，长达……(之久)7. as many as 和……一样多的，像…那样多，多达……8. as much as 像……那么多，多达，9. as soon as 一……就……；和……一样快[早]10.as well as 除……之外(还)；和；与……一样(表程度)11. as much…as 和……一样是……▲ much as 尽管，即使 1. We need the repairs done as soon as possible.2. As early as the late 13 th century，he traveled to Europe. 3. As far as I know，they will come at ten o'clock this morning. They walked as far as the lake.
4. The noise of this machine is so low. It is as good as silent. 5. I wanted to be a footballer as long as I can remember. As long as we’ve driven this far，we might as well go on. 6. As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.7. As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.8. Please speak English as much as you can in class every day. 9. As soon as the reporters know what to write about，they get down to work. We didn't get there as soon as they had expected. 10. They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
He plays the piano as well as his brother.11. The soldier is as much a man as anybody. The building is as much as 300 meters high. At the job she could earn as much as 8 dollars a week. ▲ Much as I would like to help you, I'm afraid I'm simply too busy at the moment.
借自拉丁语的一些形容词，作比较时用介词tobe inferior to次于，劣于比……差be junior to少于，低于，次于，小于be prior to在……以前，较……重要be senior to比……年长be superior to胜过，优于，比……好 1. This wine is inferior to that in flavor.2. She is junior to me by three years.3. Constitution (宪法) is prior to all other laws.4. He is two months senior to me.= He is two months older than me. 5. Their computer is superior to ours. He is superior to me in ability. (他在能力方面，比我强。)
1. prefer…to… 喜欢……不喜欢……2. prefer doing... to doing... 喜欢做......而不喜欢做......3. prefer to do... rather than do... 宁愿做......而不愿做......4. would do…rather than do....... =would rather...than... 宁可做......不愿做......5. rather than 与其…倒不如，不是…而是6. no sooner ... than... 一......就...... 1. He preferred physics to chemistry. 2. Many people prefer living in the country to living in a city. 3. I preferred to go with them rather than stay at home. 4. He would die rather than give in. 5. He would rather die than give in. 6. I had no sooner left than she called. = No sooner had I left than she called.
the+比较级+of the two…the+最高级+of the three…the+very[序数词]+最高级+n.单数one of [among] the+最高级+n.复数a very+原级+n. 单数 Tom is the stronger of the two boys. Tom is the strongest of the three boys. Tom is one of (=among ) the strongest boys in his class. Canada is the second largest country in the world. Russia is the very largest country in the world. Canada is a very large country in the world.
同一范围内比较： than any other + n.单数than any+n. 单数 +elsethan any of (all) the other +n. 复数than any of (all) the + n. 复数than any of (all) the others Russia is larger than any other country in the world.Russia is larger than any country else in the world.Russia is larger than any of (=all ) the other countries in the worldRussia is larger than any of (=all )the others in the world.
不同范围：than any other + n. 复数than any + n. 单数than any of the +n. 复数 Jim is not in my class Jim is taller than any other boys in my class.jim is taller than any boy in my class.Jim is taller than any of the boys in my class.
which is + 比较级（两者）which is+the 比较级+ n. 单数（两者）which is the 最高级（三者） Which is larger, Canada or America Which is the larger country，Cadada or America Which is the largest，Russia, America or Canada
在下列两种表达方式中，most 表示非常：1. most+adj.(作表语） 2. a most +adj.+名词 most 前加the 表最高级the+adj.最高级+名词+定语从句...ever= never... a +adj.比较级+名词 1. Hangzhou is a most beautiful city in China. Hangzhou is most beautiful in China.2. This is the most beautiful city that I’ve ever visited. = I have never visited a more beautiful city than this.
表示“A是B的....X倍”的句型：A is (x) times as+原级+as B =A is (x)times the+名词+of B 表示“A比B...多x倍”的句型：A is (x ) times+比较级+than B★once，twice，three times，four times...形容词： large（big），wide，deep，high，tall，heavy，expensive对应名词： size，width，depth，height，weight, price The bridge is 3 times as long as that one.The bridge is 3 times longer than that one.The bridge is 3 times the length of that one.= The bridge is as long as that one by 3 times. = The length of the bridge is 3 times the length of that one.= The length of the bridge is 3 times that of that one.= The length of the road is 3 times what it was 3 years ago.
表示“A并不比B……” 的句型：A is no+比较级+than B .= A is as+该词反义词+as B.表示“A不及B”的句型：A is not+原级+ than B.= A is not as /so +原级+as B=A is less +比较级+ than B I am no richer than you.(两人都穷）= I am as poor as you.Jack is not taller than Johnson. (两者都高，但前者不及后者）= Jack is not as tall as Johnson.= Jack is less taller than Johnson.
表示"越......就越....." 的句型：（1）the+比较级（单音节）......，the + 比较级（单音节）......（2）the more + (多音节形容词）......，the more + (多音节形容词） 表示“越不......就越不......”的句型： the less...， the less... 1. The more we get together，the happier we will be. 2. The more difficult he problem is,the more careful we should be. 3. The more books you read，the more you will know. 4. The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.5. The less she worried，the better she worked. 6. The less I know him，the less I like him.
表示“越来越”1. 比较级+比较级 2. more and more +adj.原级(多音节） more and more + n. 表示越来越多的......3. more or less 大约...... 1. China is becoming stronger and stronger. 2. Tom became more and more excited when he read the novel. Our city is becoming more and more beautiful. More and more students are more and more interested in computers. 3. Eighty people more or less attended the meeting.
“像……一样”：…as+adj. (原级)+as …the same+名词+as “与……不同 ”：…different from 1. The picture is as beautiful as that one. 2. Our garden is the same size as theirs. 3. The TV set is not the same as that one. 4. American English is a little different from British English.
表示“......和......是如此一样的...."as /so+adj. + a(n) + 名词+ as= a(n) + 名词 + as + adj. + as=such a(n)+adj. + 名词+as 1. I have heard of such a clever boy. = I have heard of so clever a boy. 2. I have never heard of as/so clever a boy as he. =I have never heard of a boy as clever as he. =I have never heard of such a clever boy as he.
非常，大大，最，比......得多:far+比较级;比较级+by far;by far+最高级;最高级+by far Your handwriting is far better than that mine.Your handwriting is better by far than that mine.Your handwriting is (by) far the better of the two.Your handwriting is the better by far of the two.Your handwriting is by far the best of the three.Your handwriting is the best by far of the three.
形容词原级、比较级和最高级句型间的互换：the+最高级+名词 = no…as [so]+原级+as...+比较范围= no…比较级+ than+比较范围=比较级+than any other+名词+比较范围 She is the most charming girl in the school. =No girl is as[so] charming as she in the school. =No girl is more charming than she in the school. =She is more charming than any other girl in the school.
与more和 less 相关的习语：no more than只，仅仅= onlynot more than最多不过= at mostno less than多达= as many[much]not less than至少=at leastmore than 1）多于=over 2）不仅仅，不止less than 少于，不到no less…than…同……一样不，不亚于 1. There was no more than(=only) thirty dollars in the drawer. 2. It is not more than (=at most ) ten minutes' walk from the station.3. No less than(=As many as ) ten students flunked the exam. 4. The audience was not less than(=at least) five thousand.5. Such work requires more than indomitable(坚韧不拔的）will.6. There are more than two thousand students in our schoo1. 7.The whole house went up in smoke in less than an hour.8. She is no less diligent than (=as diligent as) her elder sister.
非最高级形式的表最高级的其他表达法：1. as…as any…最……2. as…as ever…最……3. no [not]…+比较级…than… 没有……比……更……4. nothing...more...than... 没有……比……更……5. never…more…than 从来没有……比……更……6. more... than any+定语 比任何……更……7. more... than any+else 比任何……都……8. more.... than all other… 比其他……都9. 比较级+than+most of 比……都……10. 否定词+like 没有什么比得上11. 否定词+so…as 没有什么比……更12. 否定词+so…as to动词原形 没有什么 比……更 1. She is as famous a singer as any I've seen. 2. It was as splendid a job as I have ever done. 3. I have not seen a more beautiful girl than Lily before. 4. Nothing is more important than knowledge. 5. Never have I read a more interesting book than this. 6. He is a man more kind and just (公正) than any I have ever met. 7. I like it better than anything else in the world. 8. He looked after her mother more patient than all other sons. 9. He is more thoughtful than most of his workmates(同事). 10. There is nothing like reading. (读书其乐无穷)11. Nothing is so valuable as health. 12. Nobody is so easy as to get along with him.
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