新高考英语语法表格式详解讲义：代词
图片预览
文档简介
中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
代词
代词是代替前面已经提过或暗示过的名词或起名词作用的词、短语或句子的词。根据意义、特征以及在句子中的作用, 英语中的代词主要分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词共九种。
一、 代词的分类
类别 意义 示例
人称代词 代替人或物 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you he she it they
宾格 me us you you him her it them
物主代词 表所属关系 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his her its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs
反身代词 谓语动作返回到发出者本身 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
指示代词 起指示、指代作用 this, that, these, those
疑问代词 表疑问, 构成疑问句 what, who,which,whom, whose
关系代词 引导定语从句 who, whom, whose, that, which, as
不定代词 指代不明确某个（某些）人或物 one, all, both, every, each, either, neither, none, much, little, few, some, something, somebody,many, any, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody, other, another
相互代词 表相互关系 each other, one another
连接代词 引导名词从句（主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句和同位语从句） who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever,whoever, whomever, whichever
代词的用法
1. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词及疑问代词的用法
类别 用法 例 句
人称代词 句法功能 主语, 宾语、表语、同位语 You can not turn back the hand of the clock.(时钟难倒转,光阴不可留。)（主语）The girl's parents bought her a packet of candies.（宾语）If I were you, I would take the job.（表语）To read more books is the best policy for us young students.(同位语）Her mother was disappointed in her.(介词宾语）
指代用法 1.we, you, they 都可以泛指“人们”2.he指代男性, she指代女性, 有时he,she也可以来代替事物或动物。3. it用来指代上文提到的事物或事情、不知道性别的孩子或不明确的人, 还可以指代时间, 距离, 天气, 温度环境等。it 还可以用来代替形式主语或形式宾语 We all get into trouble sometimes.They say everyone can make mistakes.Go and find the dog and put him out.Could you please take care of my little parrot She needs good care.China will always do what she has promised to do.Do you remember our cat She had kittens last week.Look at the bird. It always comes to my window.You've helped me a lot. I shall never forget it.The baby is crying. It must be hungry.What day is it today It is Sunday.It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham.It's very noisy in the room.It's very cold today.It's wrong to cheat in exams.I think it better to tell the truth.
人称代词的排序 you+he/she+I;we+you+they;he+she (如果承担责任, 把I(me)或we(us)放在第一位。) You and I have done our best.She and I are good friends.You, he and I are of the same age.We and you are to spare no efforts over this work.We and they are longing to see you.We, you and they are all Chinese.He and she don't agree with me.
物主代词 名词性物主代词可以作主语、宾语、表语 It's not my computer. Mine is on the desk.(主语）The books on the shelf are hers.（表语）She is an old friend of mine. （介词宾语）
形容词性物主代词只能作定语,own 放在后面以加强语气 I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.（定语）This is my own car.语气比This is my car.强。
反身代词 句法功 能 可作宾语、表语、同位语及并列主语 1．We must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves．(介词宾语)2．I'm not quite myself （今天我很不舒服）．(表语)3．He went to see the teacher himself．(宾语同位语)4. The actor himself has to go there.（主语同位语）5. Tom and myself will go. (并列主语)
用法 (1)用来加强语气 (2)构成固定短语 (1)My mother herself did it. The thing itself is not so important.(2) for oneself 亲自，为自己 of oneself 自动地 in oneself 自行，本身 by oneself 独自 dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself 恢复知觉 feel oneself 感觉正常 speak to oneself 自言自语 teach oneself 自学 make yourself at home请随便, 不要拘束； enjoy oneself玩 得高兴； help oneself to…随便用；devote oneself to致力于, 献身于；make oneself understood让人理解；seat oneself=sit 坐下 concern oneself with 忙于，关心
相互代词 宾语、定语 each other 互相、彼此 (指2者)；one another互相、彼此(指3者以上)，但在现代英语中可通用 I hope we can get along well with each other．(宾语)People don't like to speak while eating to one another. (宾语)I should point out each other's/ one another's strengths and weaknesses (定语)
指示代词 主语、宾语、表语、定语 this/these 近指；承上启下that/ those远指；承上such 这样的so 这样子same 同样的that/those 可以代替前面提过的名词，以避免重复，this和these不可以这样用those 可以跟who 引导的定语从句，these不可以 1．This is a computer．That's a calculator．2．These are dictionaries．Those are magzines． What I want to say is this：I can't come tonight． He can't come．This / That is what I want to tell you．—It looks like rain. —Yes, I think so./ No, I don't think so.He is a gentleman and should be treated as such（such =a gentleman).Such was Albert Einstein.—He broke his promise. —He may do the same sometime. A: He has made such rapid progress in his writing． B: So it is the same with you．The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.The ears of a Rabbit are much longer than those of a cat.Heaven helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者。）
疑问代词 主语、宾语、表语 who(主格)whom(宾格)whose(所有格)what(什么)which(哪个, 哪些) 1. Who(主语)went with Lily to the concert 2. Whom(宾语)did he go with to the cinema 3．Whose(定语)pen is this 4．What(表语)is that in the box 5．Which(宾语)do you prefer, the red one or the green one
关系代词 在定语从中作主语或宾语 who, whom, as,whose, which, thatbut, than(先行词前有比较级时） She is the girl who(主语) was named Alice.She is the girl whose(定语) name was Alice.She is the girl (whom/that)(宾语) I met this morning.I saw a boy and his dog that (主语) were walking in the park.The music which we are listening to is beautiful.He is such a person as ( 宾语) we all should respect.Don't give children more money than is needed.She was from Beijing, as I knew from her accent.There is no mother but loves her own children.= There is no mother that does not love her own children.
连接 代词 在名词性从句中作主( 宾 , 定和表)语 who, whom, whose, which, what Who(主语) will do the job is what(主语) must be decided.I wondered which(定语) man had taken away my wallet.I don't know whose(定语) side I should stand for.China is no longer what(表语) she used to be.They arrived in what is now called Shenzhen.
2. 几组不定代词的的用法
不定代词 用法 示例
one 指代单数可数名词, 既可以指人也可以指物。既可以单独使用, 也可以放在单数可数名词前作定语。其复数形式为ones, 所有格形式为one's, 反身代词为oneself.1.单独使用, 泛指“人”, “一个人”, “人们”。2.表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物”3.代替与上文已经出现过的名词同类但非同一个的单数可数名词。当one前面有形容词修饰时, 前面须有冠词或代词。 1. One often fails to see one's / his own faults.2. He is not one who is easy to work with.3. I don't like the book. Show me a more interesting one.This is the best one I can give you.
otheranotherothersthe otherthe others 指代单数或修饰可数名词单数 another常与one 连用。指众多中的另一个,也可以接“few/数词+复数名词”表示累加或更换,表示“另外的几个”。 the other 两者中的另一个或除去别的之后, 仅剩的一个。the other +单数名词指两者中的另一个或多个当中除去别的之后, 仅剩的一个。 I have just had an apple, I want another.I will call you another day.(表示更改）I want another two helpers.（表示累加）Saying is one thing and doing is another.I have two brothers. One is a soldier and the other is a singer.Her first-born is a doctor. Her other children are all in the army.We have plenty of beautiful lilacs in the garden. Some are red, others purple, and still others white.Three of us remain here and all the others go the the next door.The old man's three daughters are all abroad. One is in the US, another is in England and the other seems to be in France.
指代复数或修饰复数名词 other不单独使用, 与the连用或修饰复数名词。others(指众多当中除了一些[some]之外, 剩余部分中的另一些（非全部）。the others 指众多当中除了部分外, 剩余的全部。the other+复数名词含义也指众多当中除了部分外, 剩余的全部。
与不定代词相关的几个句型 1. one...another(泛指）（二者） 一..., 又一...2.one...the other (特指)（二者）一个...另一个...3.one...the others (特指)/ the other+ (名词复数) 一个...其余的....4.one...another / the other / the second...a / the third...= one...another...the other 一个......另一个......第三个......5.some...some/others...一些......另一些......6.some...the others/the rest 一些......其余(全部）......( rest 可指代不可数名词） (1) To say is one thing; to do is another.(2) I have two brothers, one is a soldier and the other is a doctor.(3) I have three pencils; one is red, the others/the other two are blue.(4) There were three men. One was blind, another was deaf and the other was lame.(5) Some like swimming, others ( some) like jogging.(6) I only know some of the students, the others are strangers to me.
no onenone no one 只能指代表示人的单数可数名词；none既可以指代人也可以指代物, 且可数与不可数皆可。后面常根介词of。no one 常用来回答who的提问；none常用来回答how many/ much的提问。 No one in our class failed the maths exam.I have invited them all but none have/has arrived yet.—How many students failed in the exam — None.—Who told you the news —No one. I read the newspaper.
eitherneither either指两者之中的任何一个, 可以在句子中作主语, 宾语和定语。作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。neither与either正相反, 指两者当中任何一个都不, 其结构和用法与either 相同。 —Do you want tea or coffee —Oh, I don't mind. Either will do.You can have either of these books.You talked about Gina and John, but I know neither.Neither of my parents allows me to take up medicine.Neither statement you provide holds water.(你所陈述的两个观点没有一个讲得通。）
all both all指三个或三个以上的人或事物。both仅指两个人或事物。all of/both of 后根名词时, of可以省略, 但根宾格代词时, of 不能省略。all和both 与not 在一起使用时表示部分否定。全否定用none(三个及三个以上）, neither (用于两者） All (of) the students went to the concert last night.Both of them are non-smokers.Not both of his parents are teachers.= Both of his parents are not teachers.Neither answer is right.None of them has/have been there.
all 指事物的整体或抽象概念时, 看作单数, 指人时视为复数。 All is going perfectly.All are here. So let's get started.
all, both作同位语时应放在实意动词之前, 系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。 They both like English very much.You should all hand in your homework tomorrow.
eachevery each代替或修饰可数名词单数, 强调个体, 可用于两者之间, 也可以用于三者或三者以上。句子中作主语, 宾语, 定语和同位语等, 做主语时谓语动词用单数。 every只能修饰可数名词单数, 强调整体, 用于三者或三者以上的场合, 句中只能作定语。each 作同位语时, 位于实意动词之前, 系动词或系动词、第一助动词之后。 They both came on time, but each left ahead of time.Tokyo and London are two large cities. I really love each.We each hope to have free weekends.Every student needs to be careful with their studies.注意：Not everybody agrees to the plan. = Everybody doesn't agree to the plan.（部分否定）
littlea littlefewa few 代替或修饰可数名词 few (表否定意义） a few（表肯定意义） Few of the visitors were happy with this trip.It was too late, but I could still see a few people in the street.
代替或修饰不可数名词 little(表否定意义） a little（表肯定意义） There is little orange juice in the bottle.Please add a little sugar to the coffee.
muchmany many指代或修饰可数名词复数, 与few相对；much指代或修饰不可数名词, 与little相对。口语中many 和much主要用于否定句和疑问句。肯定句中常用a lot of , lots of , plenty of 等代之。若用作主语或修饰主语, 也可用在肯定句中。前可以有as,so,too,how 以及this,that修饰。 Did you see many friends at the party We don't have much time.Many hands make light work.(人多好办事。）Many of my friends live abroad.Much of the work has been done.There are too many mistakes in your composition.You should spend as much time as you can on English.
some any 都可以修饰或指代可数和不可数明词。some一般用于肯定句中, any一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。 Some people work to live, and some live to work.Are there any hamburgers in the box If there is any left, give me some.
some有时用于疑问句, 表示说话者希望得到肯定的回答。any有时用于肯定句中, 表示“任何一个”, “任何一些”。 Would you like some tea Any normal child can learn a language very quickly.
some/any of ...结构作主语时, 谓语动词的数要根据of后面的名词来确定。 Some of the food has gone bad.I don't think any of them are coming.
some还可以指某一个, 修饰单数可数名词。还可以做副词, 表示大约。 Some person parked his car here.There must be some job I could do.There are some 8 hundred students in our school.
复合不定代词的用法：由some-,any-,every-,no-与-one,-body,-thing 构成的不定代词 some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句, any-类不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。some-类复合不定代词用于疑问句时表示希望得到对方肯定的答复, any-类不定代词用于肯定句时, 表示“任何”。 Does someone here know Lily's telephone number I haven't seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help.
every one 常用于of短语之前,表示在一定范围内的每一个人,每一个物; everyone等于 everybody,只能指人,不指物,常单独使用,后不根of短语。 I checked everyone of the drawers, but none had the book.Everyone likes to be appreciated.
someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, no one 等词后不能根of 短语。some one, any one, none后可以根of 短语。 You may chose some one of these people.None of the suggestions are acceptable.
复合不定代词的所有格在后面加's, 而后面加else则表示“另外......的”。 There is somebody's backpack left in the classroom.There are already five people included in our group. Does anybody else prefer to join
复合不定代词有形容词修饰时, 应将形容词置于其后。 There is nothing important in today's newspaper.
somebody可指有一点地位或小有名气的人物；nobody指没有地位的人或默默无闻的人。something往往指了不起的东西；nothing 指无关紧要的东西。 He thinks himself somebody,but he's really nobody.I thought the project something, but it is nothing.
it one that it指代上文出现的同一事物, 相当于the(this/that/my/his...) + 单数名词，复数用they/them. I bought a radio yesterday, but it doesn't work well.—Do you want to see the film —Yes, I want to see it.
one代替于上文提到的事物属同一类, 但并不是同一个的单数可数名词, 即不特定的单数名词，既可是人, 也可是物, 表示泛指意义, 复数用ones. I don't like this radio. Will you please show me another one A bridge built of stone is stronger than one built of wood.—Do you have a knife —Yes, I have one.—Give me some apples. I want big ones.
that代替同类非同一个的可数名词单数或不可数名词, 表示特指意义(删）, 只能指物不能指人；其复数those, 只能代替可数名词复数, 可以指物也可以指人。多与of短语连用, 或有后置定语。 The book on the desk is better than that(= the one) under the desk.The population of China is much larger than that of America.The culture and customs of America are like those of Canada.
3.与不定代词相关的短语或句型：（本部分内容不多，没有删减，都很重要）！
不 定 代 词 短 语 either...or... 要么......要么neither...nor...既不.....也不......from one to another(泛指)from one to the other(特指)one after another相继, 依次, 挨个=one by one = one other anotherthe other day(几天前)某一天every other day每隔一天=every 2 days=every second daysome other day改天each and every每一个[人人]都every time／each time每次no…other than除……外没有other than与……不同, 不同于, 除了not…any more than正像……一样也不, 不比……更......every now and then时常, 间或none but仅, 只有, 除…外谁也anything but决不, 并不, 除…外,都不 both...and... ......和......两者都such ...as 像......这样的such as 诸如in every way在各方面every other 每隔, 所有其他的every few days每隔几天=a few other daysin other words换句话说every other boy所有其他孩子every four days = every fourth day每四天, 每隔三天a few other books其他几本书every l0 miles每10英里on the one hand一方面on the other hand另一方面for one thing...for another thing一则…, 再则…any other book(s)任何其他书no other book(s)没其他书不nothing but只是, 不外是, 无非是 as such 如此the same...as 和......一样（非同一个）the same...that...和......一样（同一个）some other…其他别的……none other than 恰恰是, 除……没别的nothing more than只不过是……而已many other…其他许多……no other than正是, 就是nothing other than不是别的, 而是no more than+数字 仅仅, 只是, 不多于something like有点像......；大约or something或是……之类all but几乎, 差点, 除…外全部都
三、 代词it的用法
用 法 例 示
1．[指无生命物、动物、植物, 在性别不计或不详时也指人或婴儿] 它 －Where did you get the car －I bought it in London． —Where is the monkey —It'ｓin the tree． There is a person wanting you on the phone．Who can it be What a beautiful baby—is it a girl
2．用以指代上文提到的事情, “这, 那” 1．—What's this in English —It's a piano．2．—What's that —It's a digital camera made in Korea．3. I tried my best to persuade him, but it didn't help.
3．指心目中或上文中的人或事物 1．We've been looking for a house for months and I think this is it.2．My little kitty is missing．I can't find it anywhere．3．Tom is in hospital．Have you heard of it 4．Keeping the balance of nature is very important and many people have realized it．5．Although we can't smell and see it, there is air all around us.
4．表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境、情况等 1．How long does it take from here to the park 2．—What will be the weather like tomorrow —It will be cloudy．3．It's two miles to the beach.4．It is much warmer today than yesterday．5．I can't work in here it's far too noisy.6．If it is convenient to you, I am going to visit you this Sunday．
5. 作形式主语, 代替由不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或动名词复合结构)或从句,表示的真正主语 1．It is important to keep the balance of the ecosystem．2．It is important for us to stop the river from being polluted．3．It is no use your trying to deny it.4. That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time.5．It is no wonder that the children love to visit the farm．6．It has not been decided whether I am going to America．
6． 作形式宾语, 代替有不定式、动名词或名词从句表示的真正宾语 1．He found it important to keep the balance of nature．2．I think it very unwise spending so much money on things you don't need．3．I consider it important to explain the procedure to the patient.4. I took it for granted that he knew me.
7． 表模糊概念, 无补语, 指代从句所叙述的内容 1. I would appreciate it if you could lend me some money.2．You may hate it very muc when I lie to you．3．You may depend on it that she will go with you.4. I hate it that I've made so many mistakes in this examination．
8．It's+adj.+ for sb to do sth 修饰物(当使用for时, 它所引出的名词或代词只是后边动词不定式的逻辑主语, 而不是前边形容词的逻辑主语) 1．It is easy for him to solve this problem.．2．It is difficult for me to stop smoking.3．Is it necessary for you to be so strict with his children 4．It is impossible for me to run as fast as you．5. It is not convenient for me to pay just now.
9．It's+adj.+of sb to do sth修饰人(当使用of时, 它所引出的名词或代词不但是后边不定式的逻辑主语, 而且也是前边形容词的逻辑主语, 所以, 这种句子中的形容词一般都是表示人的特性的形容词) 1．It is very kind of you to lend me the book．2．It was selfish of you to go there without me.3．It was unfair of her to praise only one of those children.4．It was silly of you to do such a thing．5．It was stupid of her to ask such a silly question.
10．[用于强调句型结构中]It is/was + 强调物 + that…It is/was + 强调人 + who/that…*可用强调结构来分别强调句中的主语、宾语、地点状语和时间状语, *强调句中应避免使用when, where, which等连词 *My brother hid the ball under the bed this morning.1．It was my brother that who hid the ball under the bed this morning．2．It was the ball that my brother hid under the bed this morning．3．It was under the bed that(不用where)my brother hid the ball this morning．4．It was this morning that(不用when)my brother hid the ball under the bed．5．Where was it that your brother hid the ball this morning 6．When was it that your brother hid the ball under the bed 7．What was it that your brother hid under the bed this morning
it构成的常用句型
it is a pity that可惜, 遗憾it is a wonder that奇怪的是it is announced that据称, 有人宣称it is no use that是无用(无益)的It is mentioned that上文提到it appears to…that在……看来似乎it doesn't matter if (whether)即使……也无妨it goes without saying that不言而喻it happened that碰巧, 偶然it has been proved that已经证明it has been shown that业已表明it is a fact that事实上It is no wonder that无怪乎；难怪It remains to be proved that尚待证明It remains to be seen that尚待分晓It seems as if仿佛像是It should be noted that应该注意；应该指出It is one's turn to do轮到……做……It is one's duty to do做……是……的职责it is said that据说；有人说；一般认为it is stated that据称；据说；有人说；一般认为it is suggested that有人提议；据建议it is supposed that据推测；假定；人们猜测it is thought that有人认为；有人以为it is unlikely that未必会；不见得it is usually considered that通常认为It is one's fault to do做……是……的过错It is proposed that有人提议, 一般认为it is regarded that人们认为it is reported that据报道；据称；据说it is well known that大家都知道；众所周知it is worth notice that值得注惹的是it looks as if看起来像, 似乎it makes no difference whether……都是一样, 无区别It is necessary that必然；有必要, ……是必要的It is no good that……是无用的It is no harm that……是无害的, 无妨的是It is up to sb to do该有……做……It is pointed out that有人指出 it is considered that人们认为, 据估计it is declared that据宣称, 有人宣布it is expected that人们希望, 预期it is generally accepted that人们通常认为it is believed that普遍认为it is hoped that人们希望it is not until…that直到……才……it is obvious that显然, 很明显it must be admitted that必须指出[承认]it must be realized that必须认识到it occurred to sb that某人想到[想起]it turned out that证明是；结果是it used to be said that常言道it was described that据介绍；有人介绍说it was not long before不久就it remains for sb to do有待某人做……it is certain that肯定, 必定, 无疑(不用sure)it is important that重要的是, ……是重要的it is impossible that……是不可能的it is likely that很可能；大概it is not just like sb to do…不会做……it is a waste of time to do做……是浪费时间it is a great joy to do高兴做……it is a shame to do做……不光彩it is a pleasure to do高兴做……it is good manners to do做……是有礼貌的★after what seemed+时间 在过了......多久以后if it is convenient to you如你方便时believe it or not[口语]信不信由你take it easy别着急, 慢慢来as it is但事实上；其实see (to it) that设法使；留心使；务必做到it all depends = that depends视情况而定what has become(will become; became]of sb(sth.)是......的结局；发生了......it was noted above that如上所述if it had not been for若[要]不是……= but forI think it would be a good idea to do……好主意it takes sb to do sth某人花费……做……
五、 容易与强调句型it is/was...that...混淆的固定句型
It will be+时间+before… 要过多久才......It was +时间+before… 过了......才.....It's+时间名词+when… 当......时, 时间已是It's+地点名词+where… .......是......的地方It's+地点状语+that… 是在地方It's+时间状语+that… 是在何时It is the first time (that) +主语+have done...It was the first time (that) +主语+had done…It is (high) time (that)+主语+did [should do…]It is (has been)...since+主语+did... 注意分析下列句子：It'll be another 3 years before we can get togeher．(时间状语从句)It was five hours before he came back.(时间状语从句)It was already 8 o'clock when he returned home．(时间状语从句) It is the village where Jim was born．(定语从句)It was in the village that I came to know him．(强调结构) It was 3 years ago that he went to Wenchuan．(强调结构)It is the first time (that) I have been to Beijing．(定语从句)It was the first time(that)I had visited the factory．(定语从句)It is (high) time(that) he did the work．(虚拟定语从句)It is a long time since we met last．(时间状语从句)
六、 常见的用there而不用it的句型
There is no point in doing ...作某事没意义There is no lack of有很多的, 不缺乏的There is no possibility that[of]没可能……There is no doing…做……是不可能的There is no hurry about无需慌忙There is no difficulty in… ……方面没困难There is no room for没有……的余地There is no sense in……是无意义的There is nothing wrong with……没毛病There is no doubt that(of)……无疑There is no need for[to do]不需要, 不必……There is no help for…没有办法……There is a slim hope of有……微小的希望 There is no hoding sb back. 不可能阻止某人There is some difficulty with...... ......似乎有困难There appears to be 似乎有…… There seems to be 似乎有, 好像有……There used to be(过去)常常有, 原来这里有There was a time when从前曾经有一个时候There is a chance that／of有可能......There is some difficulty in……方面有困难There is evidence that显然 There is no probability of／that很难有／会……There is no sign of…没有……的迹象There is no saying/telling that 难以断言, 很难说There is some trouble/difficulty in doing……方面有麻烦
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
代词
代词是代替前面已经提过或暗示过的名词或起名词作用的词、短语或句子的词。根据意义、特征以及在句子中的作用, 英语中的代词主要分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词共九种。
一、 代词的分类
类别 意义 示例
人称代词 代替人或物 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you he she it they
宾格 me us you you him her it them
物主代词 表所属关系 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his her its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs
反身代词 谓语动作返回到发出者本身 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
指示代词 起指示、指代作用 this, that, these, those
疑问代词 表疑问, 构成疑问句 what, who,which,whom, whose
关系代词 引导定语从句 who, whom, whose, that, which, as
不定代词 指代不明确某个（某些）人或物 one, all, both, every, each, either, neither, none, much, little, few, some, something, somebody,many, any, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody, other, another
相互代词 表相互关系 each other, one another
连接代词 引导名词从句（主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句和同位语从句） who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever,whoever, whomever, whichever
代词的用法
1. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词及疑问代词的用法
类别 用法 例 句
人称代词 句法功能 主语, 宾语、表语、同位语 You can not turn back the hand of the clock.(时钟难倒转,光阴不可留。)（主语）The girl's parents bought her a packet of candies.（宾语）If I were you, I would take the job.（表语）To read more books is the best policy for us young students.(同位语）Her mother was disappointed in her.(介词宾语）
指代用法 1.we, you, they 都可以泛指“人们”2.he指代男性, she指代女性, 有时he,she也可以来代替事物或动物。3. it用来指代上文提到的事物或事情、不知道性别的孩子或不明确的人, 还可以指代时间, 距离, 天气, 温度环境等。it 还可以用来代替形式主语或形式宾语 We all get into trouble sometimes.They say everyone can make mistakes.Go and find the dog and put him out.Could you please take care of my little parrot She needs good care.China will always do what she has promised to do.Do you remember our cat She had kittens last week.Look at the bird. It always comes to my window.You've helped me a lot. I shall never forget it.The baby is crying. It must be hungry.What day is it today It is Sunday.It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham.It's very noisy in the room.It's very cold today.It's wrong to cheat in exams.I think it better to tell the truth.
人称代词的排序 you+he/she+I;we+you+they;he+she (如果承担责任, 把I(me)或we(us)放在第一位。) You and I have done our best.She and I are good friends.You, he and I are of the same age.We and you are to spare no efforts over this work.We and they are longing to see you.We, you and they are all Chinese.He and she don't agree with me.
物主代词 名词性物主代词可以作主语、宾语、表语 It's not my computer. Mine is on the desk.(主语）The books on the shelf are hers.（表语）She is an old friend of mine. （介词宾语）
形容词性物主代词只能作定语,own 放在后面以加强语气 I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.（定语）This is my own car.语气比This is my car.强。
反身代词 句法功 能 可作宾语、表语、同位语及并列主语 1．We must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves．(介词宾语)2．I'm not quite myself （今天我很不舒服）．(表语)3．He went to see the teacher himself．(宾语同位语)4. The actor himself has to go there.（主语同位语）5. Tom and myself will go. (并列主语)
用法 (1)用来加强语气 (2)构成固定短语 (1)My mother herself did it. The thing itself is not so important.(2) for oneself 亲自，为自己 of oneself 自动地 in oneself 自行，本身 by oneself 独自 dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself 恢复知觉 feel oneself 感觉正常 speak to oneself 自言自语 teach oneself 自学 make yourself at home请随便, 不要拘束； enjoy oneself玩 得高兴； help oneself to…随便用；devote oneself to致力于, 献身于；make oneself understood让人理解；seat oneself=sit 坐下 concern oneself with 忙于，关心
相互代词 宾语、定语 each other 互相、彼此 (指2者)；one another互相、彼此(指3者以上)，但在现代英语中可通用 I hope we can get along well with each other．(宾语)People don't like to speak while eating to one another. (宾语)I should point out each other's/ one another's strengths and weaknesses (定语)
指示代词 主语、宾语、表语、定语 this/these 近指；承上启下that/ those远指；承上such 这样的so 这样子same 同样的that/those 可以代替前面提过的名词，以避免重复，this和these不可以这样用those 可以跟who 引导的定语从句，these不可以 1．This is a computer．That's a calculator．2．These are dictionaries．Those are magzines． What I want to say is this：I can't come tonight． He can't come．This / That is what I want to tell you．—It looks like rain. —Yes, I think so./ No, I don't think so.He is a gentleman and should be treated as such（such =a gentleman).Such was Albert Einstein.—He broke his promise. —He may do the same sometime. A: He has made such rapid progress in his writing． B: So it is the same with you．The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.The ears of a Rabbit are much longer than those of a cat.Heaven helps those who help themselves.（天助自助者。）
疑问代词 主语、宾语、表语 who(主格)whom(宾格)whose(所有格)what(什么)which(哪个, 哪些) 1. Who(主语)went with Lily to the concert 2. Whom(宾语)did he go with to the cinema 3．Whose(定语)pen is this 4．What(表语)is that in the box 5．Which(宾语)do you prefer, the red one or the green one
关系代词 在定语从中作主语或宾语 who, whom, as,whose, which, thatbut, than(先行词前有比较级时） She is the girl who(主语) was named Alice.She is the girl whose(定语) name was Alice.She is the girl (whom/that)(宾语) I met this morning.I saw a boy and his dog that (主语) were walking in the park.The music which we are listening to is beautiful.He is such a person as ( 宾语) we all should respect.Don't give children more money than is needed.She was from Beijing, as I knew from her accent.There is no mother but loves her own children.= There is no mother that does not love her own children.
连接 代词 在名词性从句中作主( 宾 , 定和表)语 who, whom, whose, which, what Who(主语) will do the job is what(主语) must be decided.I wondered which(定语) man had taken away my wallet.I don't know whose(定语) side I should stand for.China is no longer what(表语) she used to be.They arrived in what is now called Shenzhen.
2. 几组不定代词的的用法
不定代词 用法 示例
one 指代单数可数名词, 既可以指人也可以指物。既可以单独使用, 也可以放在单数可数名词前作定语。其复数形式为ones, 所有格形式为one's, 反身代词为oneself.1.单独使用, 泛指“人”, “一个人”, “人们”。2.表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物”3.代替与上文已经出现过的名词同类但非同一个的单数可数名词。当one前面有形容词修饰时, 前面须有冠词或代词。 1. One often fails to see one's / his own faults.2. He is not one who is easy to work with.3. I don't like the book. Show me a more interesting one.This is the best one I can give you.
otheranotherothersthe otherthe others 指代单数或修饰可数名词单数 another常与one 连用。指众多中的另一个,也可以接“few/数词+复数名词”表示累加或更换,表示“另外的几个”。 the other 两者中的另一个或除去别的之后, 仅剩的一个。the other +单数名词指两者中的另一个或多个当中除去别的之后, 仅剩的一个。 I have just had an apple, I want another.I will call you another day.(表示更改）I want another two helpers.（表示累加）Saying is one thing and doing is another.I have two brothers. One is a soldier and the other is a singer.Her first-born is a doctor. Her other children are all in the army.We have plenty of beautiful lilacs in the garden. Some are red, others purple, and still others white.Three of us remain here and all the others go the the next door.The old man's three daughters are all abroad. One is in the US, another is in England and the other seems to be in France.
指代复数或修饰复数名词 other不单独使用, 与the连用或修饰复数名词。others(指众多当中除了一些[some]之外, 剩余部分中的另一些（非全部）。the others 指众多当中除了部分外, 剩余的全部。the other+复数名词含义也指众多当中除了部分外, 剩余的全部。
与不定代词相关的几个句型 1. one...another(泛指）（二者） 一..., 又一...2.one...the other (特指)（二者）一个...另一个...3.one...the others (特指)/ the other+ (名词复数) 一个...其余的....4.one...another / the other / the second...a / the third...= one...another...the other 一个......另一个......第三个......5.some...some/others...一些......另一些......6.some...the others/the rest 一些......其余(全部）......( rest 可指代不可数名词） (1) To say is one thing; to do is another.(2) I have two brothers, one is a soldier and the other is a doctor.(3) I have three pencils; one is red, the others/the other two are blue.(4) There were three men. One was blind, another was deaf and the other was lame.(5) Some like swimming, others ( some) like jogging.(6) I only know some of the students, the others are strangers to me.
no onenone no one 只能指代表示人的单数可数名词；none既可以指代人也可以指代物, 且可数与不可数皆可。后面常根介词of。no one 常用来回答who的提问；none常用来回答how many/ much的提问。 No one in our class failed the maths exam.I have invited them all but none have/has arrived yet.—How many students failed in the exam — None.—Who told you the news —No one. I read the newspaper.
eitherneither either指两者之中的任何一个, 可以在句子中作主语, 宾语和定语。作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。neither与either正相反, 指两者当中任何一个都不, 其结构和用法与either 相同。 —Do you want tea or coffee —Oh, I don't mind. Either will do.You can have either of these books.You talked about Gina and John, but I know neither.Neither of my parents allows me to take up medicine.Neither statement you provide holds water.(你所陈述的两个观点没有一个讲得通。）
all both all指三个或三个以上的人或事物。both仅指两个人或事物。all of/both of 后根名词时, of可以省略, 但根宾格代词时, of 不能省略。all和both 与not 在一起使用时表示部分否定。全否定用none(三个及三个以上）, neither (用于两者） All (of) the students went to the concert last night.Both of them are non-smokers.Not both of his parents are teachers.= Both of his parents are not teachers.Neither answer is right.None of them has/have been there.
all 指事物的整体或抽象概念时, 看作单数, 指人时视为复数。 All is going perfectly.All are here. So let's get started.
all, both作同位语时应放在实意动词之前, 系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。 They both like English very much.You should all hand in your homework tomorrow.
eachevery each代替或修饰可数名词单数, 强调个体, 可用于两者之间, 也可以用于三者或三者以上。句子中作主语, 宾语, 定语和同位语等, 做主语时谓语动词用单数。 every只能修饰可数名词单数, 强调整体, 用于三者或三者以上的场合, 句中只能作定语。each 作同位语时, 位于实意动词之前, 系动词或系动词、第一助动词之后。 They both came on time, but each left ahead of time.Tokyo and London are two large cities. I really love each.We each hope to have free weekends.Every student needs to be careful with their studies.注意：Not everybody agrees to the plan. = Everybody doesn't agree to the plan.（部分否定）
littlea littlefewa few 代替或修饰可数名词 few (表否定意义） a few（表肯定意义） Few of the visitors were happy with this trip.It was too late, but I could still see a few people in the street.
代替或修饰不可数名词 little(表否定意义） a little（表肯定意义） There is little orange juice in the bottle.Please add a little sugar to the coffee.
muchmany many指代或修饰可数名词复数, 与few相对；much指代或修饰不可数名词, 与little相对。口语中many 和much主要用于否定句和疑问句。肯定句中常用a lot of , lots of , plenty of 等代之。若用作主语或修饰主语, 也可用在肯定句中。前可以有as,so,too,how 以及this,that修饰。 Did you see many friends at the party We don't have much time.Many hands make light work.(人多好办事。）Many of my friends live abroad.Much of the work has been done.There are too many mistakes in your composition.You should spend as much time as you can on English.
some any 都可以修饰或指代可数和不可数明词。some一般用于肯定句中, any一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。 Some people work to live, and some live to work.Are there any hamburgers in the box If there is any left, give me some.
some有时用于疑问句, 表示说话者希望得到肯定的回答。any有时用于肯定句中, 表示“任何一个”, “任何一些”。 Would you like some tea Any normal child can learn a language very quickly.
some/any of ...结构作主语时, 谓语动词的数要根据of后面的名词来确定。 Some of the food has gone bad.I don't think any of them are coming.
some还可以指某一个, 修饰单数可数名词。还可以做副词, 表示大约。 Some person parked his car here.There must be some job I could do.There are some 8 hundred students in our school.
复合不定代词的用法：由some-,any-,every-,no-与-one,-body,-thing 构成的不定代词 some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句, any-类不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。some-类复合不定代词用于疑问句时表示希望得到对方肯定的答复, any-类不定代词用于肯定句时, 表示“任何”。 Does someone here know Lily's telephone number I haven't seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help.
every one 常用于of短语之前,表示在一定范围内的每一个人,每一个物; everyone等于 everybody,只能指人,不指物,常单独使用,后不根of短语。 I checked everyone of the drawers, but none had the book.Everyone likes to be appreciated.
someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, no one 等词后不能根of 短语。some one, any one, none后可以根of 短语。 You may chose some one of these people.None of the suggestions are acceptable.
复合不定代词的所有格在后面加's, 而后面加else则表示“另外......的”。 There is somebody's backpack left in the classroom.There are already five people included in our group. Does anybody else prefer to join
复合不定代词有形容词修饰时, 应将形容词置于其后。 There is nothing important in today's newspaper.
somebody可指有一点地位或小有名气的人物；nobody指没有地位的人或默默无闻的人。something往往指了不起的东西；nothing 指无关紧要的东西。 He thinks himself somebody,but he's really nobody.I thought the project something, but it is nothing.
it one that it指代上文出现的同一事物, 相当于the(this/that/my/his...) + 单数名词，复数用they/them. I bought a radio yesterday, but it doesn't work well.—Do you want to see the film —Yes, I want to see it.
one代替于上文提到的事物属同一类, 但并不是同一个的单数可数名词, 即不特定的单数名词，既可是人, 也可是物, 表示泛指意义, 复数用ones. I don't like this radio. Will you please show me another one A bridge built of stone is stronger than one built of wood.—Do you have a knife —Yes, I have one.—Give me some apples. I want big ones.
that代替同类非同一个的可数名词单数或不可数名词, 表示特指意义(删）, 只能指物不能指人；其复数those, 只能代替可数名词复数, 可以指物也可以指人。多与of短语连用, 或有后置定语。 The book on the desk is better than that(= the one) under the desk.The population of China is much larger than that of America.The culture and customs of America are like those of Canada.
3.与不定代词相关的短语或句型：（本部分内容不多，没有删减，都很重要）！
不 定 代 词 短 语 either...or... 要么......要么neither...nor...既不.....也不......from one to another(泛指)from one to the other(特指)one after another相继, 依次, 挨个=one by one = one other anotherthe other day(几天前)某一天every other day每隔一天=every 2 days=every second daysome other day改天each and every每一个[人人]都every time／each time每次no…other than除……外没有other than与……不同, 不同于, 除了not…any more than正像……一样也不, 不比……更......every now and then时常, 间或none but仅, 只有, 除…外谁也anything but决不, 并不, 除…外,都不 both...and... ......和......两者都such ...as 像......这样的such as 诸如in every way在各方面every other 每隔, 所有其他的every few days每隔几天=a few other daysin other words换句话说every other boy所有其他孩子every four days = every fourth day每四天, 每隔三天a few other books其他几本书every l0 miles每10英里on the one hand一方面on the other hand另一方面for one thing...for another thing一则…, 再则…any other book(s)任何其他书no other book(s)没其他书不nothing but只是, 不外是, 无非是 as such 如此the same...as 和......一样（非同一个）the same...that...和......一样（同一个）some other…其他别的……none other than 恰恰是, 除……没别的nothing more than只不过是……而已many other…其他许多……no other than正是, 就是nothing other than不是别的, 而是no more than+数字 仅仅, 只是, 不多于something like有点像......；大约or something或是……之类all but几乎, 差点, 除…外全部都
三、 代词it的用法
用 法 例 示
1．[指无生命物、动物、植物, 在性别不计或不详时也指人或婴儿] 它 －Where did you get the car －I bought it in London． —Where is the monkey —It'ｓin the tree． There is a person wanting you on the phone．Who can it be What a beautiful baby—is it a girl
2．用以指代上文提到的事情, “这, 那” 1．—What's this in English —It's a piano．2．—What's that —It's a digital camera made in Korea．3. I tried my best to persuade him, but it didn't help.
3．指心目中或上文中的人或事物 1．We've been looking for a house for months and I think this is it.2．My little kitty is missing．I can't find it anywhere．3．Tom is in hospital．Have you heard of it 4．Keeping the balance of nature is very important and many people have realized it．5．Although we can't smell and see it, there is air all around us.
4．表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境、情况等 1．How long does it take from here to the park 2．—What will be the weather like tomorrow —It will be cloudy．3．It's two miles to the beach.4．It is much warmer today than yesterday．5．I can't work in here it's far too noisy.6．If it is convenient to you, I am going to visit you this Sunday．
5. 作形式主语, 代替由不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或动名词复合结构)或从句,表示的真正主语 1．It is important to keep the balance of the ecosystem．2．It is important for us to stop the river from being polluted．3．It is no use your trying to deny it.4. That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time.5．It is no wonder that the children love to visit the farm．6．It has not been decided whether I am going to America．
6． 作形式宾语, 代替有不定式、动名词或名词从句表示的真正宾语 1．He found it important to keep the balance of nature．2．I think it very unwise spending so much money on things you don't need．3．I consider it important to explain the procedure to the patient.4. I took it for granted that he knew me.
7． 表模糊概念, 无补语, 指代从句所叙述的内容 1. I would appreciate it if you could lend me some money.2．You may hate it very muc when I lie to you．3．You may depend on it that she will go with you.4. I hate it that I've made so many mistakes in this examination．
8．It's+adj.+ for sb to do sth 修饰物(当使用for时, 它所引出的名词或代词只是后边动词不定式的逻辑主语, 而不是前边形容词的逻辑主语) 1．It is easy for him to solve this problem.．2．It is difficult for me to stop smoking.3．Is it necessary for you to be so strict with his children 4．It is impossible for me to run as fast as you．5. It is not convenient for me to pay just now.
9．It's+adj.+of sb to do sth修饰人(当使用of时, 它所引出的名词或代词不但是后边不定式的逻辑主语, 而且也是前边形容词的逻辑主语, 所以, 这种句子中的形容词一般都是表示人的特性的形容词) 1．It is very kind of you to lend me the book．2．It was selfish of you to go there without me.3．It was unfair of her to praise only one of those children.4．It was silly of you to do such a thing．5．It was stupid of her to ask such a silly question.
10．[用于强调句型结构中]It is/was + 强调物 + that…It is/was + 强调人 + who/that…*可用强调结构来分别强调句中的主语、宾语、地点状语和时间状语, *强调句中应避免使用when, where, which等连词 *My brother hid the ball under the bed this morning.1．It was my brother that who hid the ball under the bed this morning．2．It was the ball that my brother hid under the bed this morning．3．It was under the bed that(不用where)my brother hid the ball this morning．4．It was this morning that(不用when)my brother hid the ball under the bed．5．Where was it that your brother hid the ball this morning 6．When was it that your brother hid the ball under the bed 7．What was it that your brother hid under the bed this morning
it构成的常用句型
it is a pity that可惜, 遗憾it is a wonder that奇怪的是it is announced that据称, 有人宣称it is no use that是无用(无益)的It is mentioned that上文提到it appears to…that在……看来似乎it doesn't matter if (whether)即使……也无妨it goes without saying that不言而喻it happened that碰巧, 偶然it has been proved that已经证明it has been shown that业已表明it is a fact that事实上It is no wonder that无怪乎；难怪It remains to be proved that尚待证明It remains to be seen that尚待分晓It seems as if仿佛像是It should be noted that应该注意；应该指出It is one's turn to do轮到……做……It is one's duty to do做……是……的职责it is said that据说；有人说；一般认为it is stated that据称；据说；有人说；一般认为it is suggested that有人提议；据建议it is supposed that据推测；假定；人们猜测it is thought that有人认为；有人以为it is unlikely that未必会；不见得it is usually considered that通常认为It is one's fault to do做……是……的过错It is proposed that有人提议, 一般认为it is regarded that人们认为it is reported that据报道；据称；据说it is well known that大家都知道；众所周知it is worth notice that值得注惹的是it looks as if看起来像, 似乎it makes no difference whether……都是一样, 无区别It is necessary that必然；有必要, ……是必要的It is no good that……是无用的It is no harm that……是无害的, 无妨的是It is up to sb to do该有……做……It is pointed out that有人指出 it is considered that人们认为, 据估计it is declared that据宣称, 有人宣布it is expected that人们希望, 预期it is generally accepted that人们通常认为it is believed that普遍认为it is hoped that人们希望it is not until…that直到……才……it is obvious that显然, 很明显it must be admitted that必须指出[承认]it must be realized that必须认识到it occurred to sb that某人想到[想起]it turned out that证明是；结果是it used to be said that常言道it was described that据介绍；有人介绍说it was not long before不久就it remains for sb to do有待某人做……it is certain that肯定, 必定, 无疑(不用sure)it is important that重要的是, ……是重要的it is impossible that……是不可能的it is likely that很可能；大概it is not just like sb to do…不会做……it is a waste of time to do做……是浪费时间it is a great joy to do高兴做……it is a shame to do做……不光彩it is a pleasure to do高兴做……it is good manners to do做……是有礼貌的★after what seemed+时间 在过了......多久以后if it is convenient to you如你方便时believe it or not[口语]信不信由你take it easy别着急, 慢慢来as it is但事实上；其实see (to it) that设法使；留心使；务必做到it all depends = that depends视情况而定what has become(will become; became]of sb(sth.)是......的结局；发生了......it was noted above that如上所述if it had not been for若[要]不是……= but forI think it would be a good idea to do……好主意it takes sb to do sth某人花费……做……
五、 容易与强调句型it is/was...that...混淆的固定句型
It will be+时间+before… 要过多久才......It was +时间+before… 过了......才.....It's+时间名词+when… 当......时, 时间已是It's+地点名词+where… .......是......的地方It's+地点状语+that… 是在地方It's+时间状语+that… 是在何时It is the first time (that) +主语+have done...It was the first time (that) +主语+had done…It is (high) time (that)+主语+did [should do…]It is (has been)...since+主语+did... 注意分析下列句子：It'll be another 3 years before we can get togeher．(时间状语从句)It was five hours before he came back.(时间状语从句)It was already 8 o'clock when he returned home．(时间状语从句) It is the village where Jim was born．(定语从句)It was in the village that I came to know him．(强调结构) It was 3 years ago that he went to Wenchuan．(强调结构)It is the first time (that) I have been to Beijing．(定语从句)It was the first time(that)I had visited the factory．(定语从句)It is (high) time(that) he did the work．(虚拟定语从句)It is a long time since we met last．(时间状语从句)
六、 常见的用there而不用it的句型
There is no point in doing ...作某事没意义There is no lack of有很多的, 不缺乏的There is no possibility that[of]没可能……There is no doing…做……是不可能的There is no hurry about无需慌忙There is no difficulty in… ……方面没困难There is no room for没有……的余地There is no sense in……是无意义的There is nothing wrong with……没毛病There is no doubt that(of)……无疑There is no need for[to do]不需要, 不必……There is no help for…没有办法……There is a slim hope of有……微小的希望 There is no hoding sb back. 不可能阻止某人There is some difficulty with...... ......似乎有困难There appears to be 似乎有…… There seems to be 似乎有, 好像有……There used to be(过去)常常有, 原来这里有There was a time when从前曾经有一个时候There is a chance that／of有可能......There is some difficulty in……方面有困难There is evidence that显然 There is no probability of／that很难有／会……There is no sign of…没有……的迹象There is no saying/telling that 难以断言, 很难说There is some trouble/difficulty in doing……方面有麻烦
HYPERLINK "http://21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
" 21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)