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专题九 定语从句
第1讲 定语从句考点
必备知识 整合提升
核心考法 重难突破
易混知识 易错清单
定语从句
强化模拟 限时训练
考点一 关系代词
考点二 关系副词
分考点1 不定冠词的基本用法
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解1:关系代词的用法
分考点1 不定冠词的基本用法
关系代词 用 法 例 句
that 既可指人又可指物,指人时通常可与who, whom互换,指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other. 这个古老的小镇有狭窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。(作主语)
Some people register a list of things (that) they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.有些人会在当地的一家或多家商店里为他们的新家登记他们想要或需要的东西的清单。[全国Ⅲ](作宾语)
whose 表示所属关系,既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which;指人时相当于 of whom。 Dr.Rowan,whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.罗恩博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他只能自己做所有的打字工作。[天津高考改编](作定语)
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解1:关系代词的用法
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分考点1 不定冠词的基本用法
关系代词 用 法 例 句
as 引导限制性定语从句,作关系代词,既可指人又可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用于下列结构:① such+名词+as…,意为“像……一样的;像……之类的”;②such(+代词+)as…,意为“像……一样的;像……之类的”;③ the same(+名词+)as…,意为“和……一样的”。 He is such a man as is always ready to help others. 他是一个时刻准备帮助别人的人。(作主语)
I have the same book as you (have).我有一本和你的一样的书。(作宾语)
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解1:关系代词的用法
分考点1 不定冠词的基本用法
关系代词 用 法 例 句
as 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分,意为“正如;像”。 As he often did, he stopped by the “after work auction” run by the Italian police where things found on the trains were sold to the highest bidder.像往常一样,他顺便去了由意大利警方经营的“下班后拍卖”,在火车上发现的东西会在这个拍卖会上卖给出价最高的竞标人。[全国Ⅱ改编](作宾语)
关系代词在从句中作宾语时一般可省略,但其前有介词时一般不可省略。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解1:关系代词的用法
1.限制性定语从句中,关系代词只用 that 不用 which 的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, none, something, everything, nothing, anything 等时。
All that we have to do now is to practice English.
现在我们不得不做的就是练习英语。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(2)先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, the right, all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等词修饰时。
It is the very book that I want to read.
它正是我想读的书。
Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.请把你所掌握的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
先行词被the same修饰时,如果表示同一事物,应用the same… that;但如果表示相同种类的事物,则用the same… as。
This is the same pen that I used yesterday.
这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that表示同一支钢笔)
This is the same pen as I used yesterday.
这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同类的钢笔)
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
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(3)先行词是序数词、形容词最高级,或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
The first letter that I get from him will be kept.
我收到的他的第一封来信将被保存起来。
This is the best (way) that is used to solve the problem.
这是用来解决这个问题的最好办法。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(4)先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.
她拍下了自己感兴趣的人和物的照片。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(5)先行词是主句的表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.
深圳不再是过去的那个样子了。
The school is quite different from the one that it used to be.
这所学校已经与从前截然不同了。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(6)当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the man that is giving us the class
给我们上课的那个人是谁?
Which of the books is the one that belongs to you?
这些书中哪一本是你的?
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(7)有两个定语从句时,如果一个从句用which引导,另一个从句则用that引导。
They built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
他们建了一家工厂,这家工厂生产的东西人们以前从未见过。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
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(8)主句是there be句型,且关系词在从句中作主语时,如果先行词指物,用that,不用which;如果先行词指人,常用who引导定语从句。
There is a room in the building that is still free.
在这个大厦中,还有一个房间空着。
There is a girl who wants to see you.
有一个女孩想见你。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
2. 当先行词指物时,定语从句中关系代词只用 which不用 that 的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,只用which,不用that。
A coin is put into the cake, which signifies success in the new year for the person who receives it.
往蛋糕里放一枚硬币,这表示收到这块有硬币的蛋糕的人在新的一年里会取得成功。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(2)关系代词指物,且其前有介词时,只用which,不用that。
Protecting the mountain forests in which giant pandas live has been good for many other animals.
保护大熊猫所生活的山地森林对许多其他动物是有益的。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
(3)先行词本身是that时,只用which。
What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup?
你刚才塞进塑料杯里的是什么东西?
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解2:关系代词that和which的特殊用法
as与which均可引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容,可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。两者均不可省略。
As we know, Shakespeare is a famous writer.
正如我们所知,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。
1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可放在主句前,又可放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后。
After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, which turned out to be a wise decision.
大学毕业以后,我抽出了一些时间去旅行,后来证明这是个明智的决定。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解3:关系代词as和which的区别
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
正如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句时,as引导的从句表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如”;which意为“这一点”,引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列分句,补充说明事物的状态或结果。
One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.
负责监督动物在电影行业中是怎样被对待的一个非营利组织今年正在密切关注2,000多部作品的制作。[全国Ⅲ]
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解3:关系代词as和which的区别
He won first prize, as was expected.
正如预料的那样,他得了一等奖。
2. 当指代先行词的关系代词在定语从句中作主语且从句为被动语态时,常用as引导,常用结构有:
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解3:关系代词as和which的区别
as的习惯用语:
as is often the case ……是常有的事。
There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.
科学中没有简单的答案,这是常有的事。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解3:关系代词as和which的区别
She still remembers the day on which she won the prize.
她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。
The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.
和她一起走进大厅的那位男士是她的丈夫。
1.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,介词的宾语只能用 which 或 whom,且不能省略。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
(1)在限制性定语从句中,若介词不提前,位于定语从句的末尾时,引导词that/which/who/whom作介词的宾语时可以省略。
This is the boy (that/whom/who) his parents are proud of.
这就是他父母引以为豪的那个男孩。
This is the pen (that/which) I wrote my homework with.
这就是我写作业用的那支钢笔。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+关系代词”中的介词不能移到从句的后面。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
“介词+ which/whom”引导的定语从句中介词的确定:
(1)根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配来确定。
Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now 你认识刚才和老师谈话的那个女孩吗?(表示“与某人交谈”时,talk常与with或to搭配)
(2)根据语义表达的需要来确定。
Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.
他现在正在那间教室里学习,教室前面有两棵树。
2.“介词短语+关系代词which”结构在定语从句中作地点状语时,从句常用倒装语序。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.
妈妈在准备午餐,在此期间,孩子们在外面玩。
3.“介词+which+名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有:
He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.
他可能会赢得这场比赛,那样的话,他就有可能进入国家队。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
The newly -built café, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
新建成的咖啡馆,墙被刷成了浅绿色,对我们来说,真是一个安静的去处,特别是在辛苦工作后。
4.“the+名词+of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句,一般为非限制性定语从句。该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond our control.
植物的生长速度受很多因素的影响,其中大部分因素是我们无法控制的。
5.“表示全部或部分的词语 + of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有:不定代词(all, both, none, some, most, several等);数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数);the+形容词最高级/比较级。
John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,其中大部分是家庭成员。
考点一 关系代词
分考点讲解4:介词+关系代词的用法
当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。关系副词有时可以用“介词+关系代词”替换。
1.关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“表示时间的介词(in, at, on, during等)+which”。
He lived in the times when (=in which) the blind couldn't get much education.
他生活在盲人没受过多少教育的时代。
The days are gone when (=during which) physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
考点二 关系副词
分考点讲解
2.关系副词where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“表示地点的介词(in, at, on, under等)+which”。
I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where (=at which) we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
我和朋友一起登上了山顶,在那里我们欣赏到了壮丽的湖光美景。
Many of these bags end up in the ocean where(=in which) larger ones can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dolphins.
这些袋子中有很多最终会流入大海,在那里,大一些的袋子会困住海洋生物,如海龟和海豚。[北京高考]
考点二 关系副词
分考点讲解
若先行词为一些表示地点的抽象名词,如situation, point, stage, position等,且引导词在从句中作状语,则常用关系副词where或“介词+which”引导定语从句。如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,则用关系代词that/which引导。
I have come to the point where/at which I can't stand him.
我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。
He's got into the situation where/in which he is in debt.
他已经陷入负债累累的境地。
At last he got the position (that/which) he had been dreaming of.
他最终得到了自己梦寐以求的那个职位。
考点二 关系副词
分考点讲解
3.关系副词 why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于for which。
Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们的提议的理由吗?
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting
你知道他没参加会议的原因吗?
考点二 关系副词
分考点讲解