高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
目录
Reading 1...........................................................................................................................................2
Reading 2...........................................................................................................................................9
Reading 3.........................................................................................................................................15
Reading 4.........................................................................................................................................21
Reading 5.........................................................................................................................................28
Reading 6.........................................................................................................................................35
Reading 7.........................................................................................................................................41
Reading 8.........................................................................................................................................47
Reading 9.........................................................................................................................................54
Reading 10.......................................................................................................................................61
Reading 11.......................................................................................................................................68
Reading 12.......................................................................................................................................75
Reading 13.......................................................................................................................................82
Reading 14.......................................................................................................................................89
Reading 15.......................................................................................................................................95
Reading 16.....................................................................................................................................101
Reading 17.....................................................................................................................................107
Reading 18.....................................................................................................................................114
Reading 19.....................................................................................................................................120
Reading 20.....................................................................................................................................127
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Reading 1
Mother wins right to seek new inquest into girl's death linked to air pollution
The mother of a schoolgirl who died of an asthma attack linked to air pollution has
won the right to seek a new inquest at the high court.
The attorney general moved on Friday to quash the inquest into the death of Ella
Kissi-Debrah at the age of nine, after new evidence linked it to air pollution spikes from
traffic near her home in south London.
After a long fight by her mother, Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, Sir Geoffrey Cox
granted her the right to go to the high court for a new inquest.
Kissi-Debrah said: “Words cannot express how happy I am that the attorney
general has taken this decision, and I would like to thank him for reaching his
conclusion.
“Nothing will bring my beautiful, bright, bubbly child back, but now at least I may
get answers about how she died and whether it was air pollution which snatched her
away from us.
“Now I hope a new inquest will make those in power realize that our children are
dying as a result of the air that they breathe. This cannot go on.
“Why is this not being taken more seriously by the government What do we need
to do to make them prioritize our children’s lives over convenience and the rights of
people to pollute ”
Ella lived 25 meters (82ft) from the heavily polluted South Circular Road in
Lewisham. She died in February 2013 after three years of seizures and 27 visits to
hospital for asthma attacks.
An expert last year linked her death to the dangerously high levels of pollution
from diesel traffic that breached legal limits.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Jocelyn Cockburn, a partner at the law firm Hodge Jones & Allen, who represents
Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, said the decision was a major step towards justice for the
family.
“An inquest will provide a better understanding of why she died and whether her
death was avoidable. It will force the government and other bodies to account for their
actions and, in many regards, their inaction on air pollution over this period,” she said.
“Air pollution is costing people’s lives and those most vulnerable are children. There
is a need for more urgency into how air pollution is dealt with in urban areas to bring it
within lawful limits as soon as possible.”
Kissi-Debrah believes the government’s failure to act to reduce air pollution from
diesel traffic was a breach of her daughter’s human rights.
The government has repeatedly failed to bring nitrogen dioxide pollution levels to
within legal limits.
Until the end of 2010, Ella had been extremely active and in good health.
But following a chest infection in October 2010, she had respiratory issues for the
remainder of her short life, and was treated in five London hospitals for severe unstable
asthma, with 27 separate hospital admissions over a three-year period.
An inquest into Ella’s death at Southwark coroner’s court in 2014 concluded her
death was caused by acute respiratory failure and severe asthma.
Prof Stephen Holgate, an expert on asthma and air pollution, was instructed to carry
out a report on her death and said there was a “striking association” between the times
she was admitted to hospital and recorded spikes in nitrogen dioxide and PM10s, the
most noxious pollutants, near her home.
His report said there was a “real prospect that without unlawful levels of air
pollution, Ella would not have died”.
Holgate also considered the death certificate should be amended to reflect the fact
that air pollution was a contributory factor in her death.
Kissi-Debrah has launched a fundraising campaign to help pay for representation
at the high court hearing.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
1. According to the passage, how did the attorney do at first
A. canceled the case.
B. granted the right to go to the high court for a new inquest.
C. let the girl back to the mother.
D. saved the all the problem.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. The mother can get the daughter back
B. The mother would be happy
C. The mother would appreciate the attorney
D. The mother would appreciate Sir Geoffrey Cox
3. Who is the object of thinking in the article
A. The attorney.
B. The mother.
C. The expert.
D. The government.
4. Which of the following options is not mentioned through this passage？
A. The girl’s mother may win the appeal.
B. Asthma is associated with air pollution.
C. The government should be responsible for the death of the girl.
D. Respiratory problems are related to air pollution.
5. It can be inferred from the last passage that _____.
A. The girl’s mother will win the inquest
B. Girl's mother lacks funds.
C. The girl's mother launched a movement
D. The girl’s mother calls on everyone to protect the environment.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
文章大意：本文主要讲了一位死于与空气污染有关的哮喘发作的女学生的母
亲赢得了在高等法院进行新调查的权利。斯蒂芬·霍尔盖特教授，一位研究哮喘
和空气污染的专家，被要求对她的死亡进行一份报告，并说在她入院的时间和记
录与在她家附近的二氧化氮和 PM10s（最有害的污染物）的峰值之间存在着“显
著相关”。借此希望政府对空气污染能有所作为。
（ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/11/ella-kissi-debrah-mother-
wins-right-seek-new-inquest-high-court-air-pollution）
词汇点拨：
inquest v., n.审讯，讯问;
quash v.平息；镇压；撤销，宣布无效;
bubbly adj.多泡的，起泡的；活泼的；爱说话的
prioritize v.给予...优先权，按优先顺序处理
breach v.破坏，违反；攻破
avoidable adj.能避免的；可作为无效的
attorney n.律师;代理人
certificate n.文凭；执照；证明，证书
contributory adj .贡献的,捐助的
短语精选
link to与……有关
asthma attack哮喘发作
as a result of由于（…的结果）
be caused by由……造成
be admitted to phr.加入，获准做某事
striking association显著相关
be amended to为了……被修改
launch a fundraising campaign发起一场筹款运动
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
参考答案及解析：
1.A【解析】细节题。由文中 The attorney general moved on Friday to quash the
inquest into the death of Ella Kissi-Debrah at the age of nine, after new evidence linked
it to air pollution spikes from traffic near her home in south London.在新证据表明埃
拉·基西·德布拉九岁时的死亡与她伦敦南部家附近的交通造成的空气污染激增
有关之后，司法部长周五决定撤销对她死亡的调查。可知选 A。
2.D【解析】细节题。After a long fight by her mother, Rosamund Kissi-Debrah,
Sir Geoffrey Cox granted her the right to go to the high court for a new inquest.在母
亲罗莎蒙德·基西·德布拉（Rosamund Kissi Debrah）的长期斗争之后，杰弗里·考
克斯爵士授予她去高等法院进行新的调查的权利。不要与后一段内容混淆。故选
D。
3.D【解析】由母亲的话可知，针对的对象是政府部门，文中也说 Kissi-Debrah
believes the government’s failure to act to reduce air pollution from diesel traffic was
a breach of her daughter’s human rights.基西·德布拉认为，政府未能采取行动减少
柴油交通造成的空气污染，是对女儿人权的侵犯。故选 D。
4. C【解析】由母亲的话可知，针对的对象是政府部门，文中也说 Kissi-Debrah
believes the government’s failure to act to reduce air pollution from diesel traffic was
a breach of her daughter’s human rights.基西·德布拉认为，政府未能采取行动减少
柴油交通造成的空气污染，是对女儿人权的侵犯。但这只是她的主观推断不能成
为最后的结果。故选 C。
5. B【解析】由最后一段可知，Kissi-Debrah has launched a fundraising campaign
to help pay for representation at the high court hearing. Kissi Debrah发起了一项筹款
活动，帮助支付高等法院听证会的代表费，故选 B。
译文：
母亲有权对女孩与空气污染的死亡联系进行新的调查
一位死于与空气污染有关的哮喘发作的女学生的母亲赢得了在高等法院进
行新的调查的权利。
在新证据表明埃拉·基西·德布拉九岁时的死亡与她伦敦南部家附近的交通造
成的空气污染激增有关之后，司法部长周五决定撤销对她死亡的调查。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
在母亲罗莎蒙德·基西·德布拉（Rosamund Kissi Debrah）的长期斗争之后，杰
弗里·考克斯爵士授予她去高等法院进行新的调查的权利。
基西·德布拉说：“不能用言语表达我对司法部长做出这一决定感到多么高兴，
我要感谢他得出的结论。
“没有什么能让我美丽、明亮、活泼的孩子回来，但现在至少我可以知道她是
怎么死的，是空气污染把她从我们身边夺走的。
“现在，我希望一个新的调查将使当权者意识到，我们的孩子正因为呼吸的空
气而死亡。不能这样继续下去。
“为什么政府没有更认真地对待这件事？我们需要做什么才能让他们把我们
孩子的生活优先于方便以及人们污染的权利？”
埃拉住在距离严重污染的路易西姆南环路 25米（82英尺）处。她三年间多
次哮喘发作并 27次被送往医院就诊最终于 2013年 2月癫痫发作去世。
去年，一位专家将她的死亡与柴油运输造成的危险的高污染联系起来，柴油
运输违反了法律限制。
代表罗莎蒙德·基西·德布拉（Rosamund Kissi Debrah）的霍奇·琼斯和艾伦律
师事务所合伙人乔斯林·科伯恩（Jocelyn Cockburn）表示，这一决定是迈向家庭
正义的重要一步。
“调查将更好地了解她为什么死亡以及她的死亡是否可以避免。她说：“这将
迫使政府和其他机构对他们的行为作出解释，从许多方面来说，他们在这一时期
对空气污染不作为。”
“空气污染正在夺去人们的生命，最脆弱的是儿童。我们需要更加紧迫地处理
城市的空气污染，使其尽快在合法范围内得到解决。”
基西·德布拉认为，政府未能采取行动减少柴油交通造成的空气污染，是对女
儿人权的侵犯。
政府一再未能将二氧化氮污染水平控制在法定范围内。
直到 2010年底，埃拉一直非常活跃，身体健康。
但在 2010年 10月胸部感染后，她在短暂的生命中出现了呼吸系统问题，并
在伦敦 5家医院接受了严重不稳定哮喘的治疗，在 3年的时间内于 27家独立医
院入院。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
2014年，南华克验尸官法院对埃拉的死因进行了调查，得出结论，埃拉的死
因是急性呼吸衰竭和严重哮喘。
斯蒂芬·霍尔盖特教授，一位研究哮喘和空气污染的专家，被要求对她的死亡
进行一份报告，并说在她入院的时间和记录与在她家附近的二氧化氮和 PM10s
（最有害的污染物）的峰值之间存在着“显著相关”。
他的报告说，“如果没有非法的空气污染水平，埃拉就不会死”。
霍尔盖特还认为，应修改死亡证明，反映空气污染是她死亡的一个因素。
基西·德布拉（KissiDebrah）发起了一场筹款运动，帮助支付在高等法院听证
会上的代表费。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Reading 2
Joshua Tree national park announces closure after trees destroyed amid shutdown
For 17 days, a host of volunteers and a skeleton staff kept the trash cans and toilets
from overflowing at Joshua Tree national park.
But on Tuesday, 18 days after the federal government shutdown furloughed the vast
majority of national park staff, officials announced that vandalism of the park’s
distinctive namesake plants and other maintenance and sanitation problems will require
closure starting Thursday.
“While the vast majority of those who visit Joshua Tree do so in a responsible
manner, there have been incidents of new roads being created by motorists and the
destruction of Joshua trees in recent days that have precipitated the closure,” spokesman
George Land said in a news release.
Land told the Los Angeles Times that, with only eight rangers currently overseeing
the nearly 800,000 acre park, the gates would likely remain closed until the shutdown
ends.
But a different spokesman for the National Parks Service, Mike Litterst,
subsequently told the Times that the park may not close after all if staff are able to
complete cleanup work before Thursday.
National Park Service officials did not immediately respond to requests for
clarification.
The potential closure of Joshua Tree was met with mixed emotions by those whose
livelihoods depend on the more than 2.8 million visitors the park attracts annually.
“I have 11 employees who are effectively going to be laid off as of Thursday,” said
Seth Zaharias, co-owner of a company that leads rock climbing trips in the park. “They
are not going to work for the remainder of the shutdown.”
Still, Zaharias said that reports of vandalism to the park made him support the
closure. “Economically, that’s disastrous for our community,” he said of the prospect
of serious environmental damage to the park. “It’s really bad.”
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
His company was beginning to send out cancellation notices for customers who
had booked trips after Thursday, he said.
David Lamfrom, director of the California desert and national wildlife programs
for the National Parks Conservation Association, warned that the damage to Joshua
Tree’s desert landscape could be catastrophic.
“It’s an incredibly fragile landscape that takes generations and generations to grow,
and generations and generations to heal,” Lamfrom said. “The amount of time it takes
to heal can be on the geological scale.”
Lamfrom expressed frustration that community members had been placed in the
position of trying to keep the park operating during the shutdown.
“For business owners and community members to have to take up the mantle and
the burden of running our national parks makes no sense,” he said. “We have
professionals who are dedicated to doing that work, and they’re sitting at home.”
Lamfrom also warned that because most of the park’s rangers are furloughed, the
extent of environmental damage is likely still unknown.
“The main story has been about poop, but I think there’s a much bigger story,” he
said. “The resource impacts could be really dangerous. We’re reeling, and we’re all just
kind of hoping that the worst hasn’t happened.”
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
1. According to the passage, who announced the closure of the park
A. The skeleton staff.
B. National park staff.
C. The federal government.
D. George Land.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. The park will definitely be closed
B. The park may be closed for now
C. The park is now deserted
D. The park is temporarily closed
3. Which of the following word can best illustrate “vandalism”
A. Protection.
B. Wealth.
C. Destruction.
D. Loss.
4. Lamfrom’s attitude towards professionals is ______.
A. negative
B. suspicious
C. positive
D. objective
5. What can be the best title of this passage
A. Joshua Tree national park close up.
B. Joshua Tree national park announces closure after trees destroyed amid shutdown.
C. Bad actions by tourists destroy Joshua Tree national park.
D. View about Joshua Tree national park.
文章大意：本文主要讲了树木在停运中遭到毁坏后，约书亚树国家公园宣布
关闭。政府部门以及相关人员对此的一些看法。由此呼吁人们保护自然环境资源。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
（
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/08/joshua-tree-park-
closed-shutdown-vandalism-latest）
词汇点拨：
skeleton staff骨干职员;
overflowing n.过剩，溢出;
vandalism n.故意破坏他人财产；故意毁坏公共设施；
motorists n.驾车旅行的人，开车的人
precipitate v.促成，（使）沉淀
annually adv.一年一次，每年
catastrophic adj.灾难性的，糟糕的
mantle n.责任，衣钵；覆盖物；斗篷
furlough v.准假,暂时解雇;
短语精选
a host of许多，大量的
keep from避免，抑制，戒掉
be able to能做
lay off罢工，开除
sent out分发，发送
fragile landscape脆弱的风景
makes no sense毫无意义
are dedicated to致力于，献身于
参考答案及解析：
1.C【解析】细节题。由文中 But on Tuesday, 18 days after the federal government
shutdown furloughed the vast majority of national park staff, officials announced that
vandalism of the park’s distinctive namesake plants and other maintenance and
sanitation problems will require closure starting Thursday.但周二，在联邦政府要求
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
停运并让绝大多数国家公园工作人员暂休 18天后，官员们宣布，由于公园独特
的同名植物遭到破坏以及其他维护和卫生问题将从周四开始关闭公园。可知选 C。
2.B【解析】排除法。A选项中表述错误，由另一个发言人的话语可知不一定
会完全关闭。C选项夸大了，并不是公园就此荒废了。D选项与原文意思不符，
原文中的确提到了公园的关闭，但没提到是否只是暂时的。 B由原文 the gates
would likely remain closed until the shutdown ends.以及 the park may not close after
all if staff are able to complete cleanup work before Thursday.可知公园是暂时关闭
还是长期关闭仍在考虑。故选 B。
3.C【解析】整体把握全文可知，there have been incidents of new roads being
created by motorists and the destruction of Joshua trees in recent days that have
precipitated the closure此处为对“vandalism”一词的解释。故选 C。
4.A【解析】细节题。由文中“We have professionals who are dedicated to doing
that work, and they’re sitting at home.”虽然我们有专门从事这项工作的专业人员，
但他们毫无作为。。可知选 A。
5.B【解析】排除法。A选项以偏概全，仅仅描述了公园关闭的事实。C选项
侧重指责游客行为，与主旨不符合。D选项侧重各界看法，缺乏概括性。可知选
B。
译文：
树木在停运中遭到毁坏后，约书亚树国家公园宣布关闭
17天来，在约书亚树国家公园，一群志愿者和一名骨干职员一直在防止垃圾
桶和厕所过剩。
但周二，在联邦政府要求停运并让绝大多数国家公园工作人员暂休 18天后，
官员们宣布，由于公园独特的同名植物遭到破坏以及其他维护和卫生问题将从周
四开始关闭公园。
发言人 George Land在新闻发布会上说：“尽管绝大多数探访约书亚树的人
都是以负责任的方式来探访的，但最近几天发生了一些由驾车者开辟新道路和毁
坏约书亚树的事件，导致了关闭。”
兰德告诉《洛杉矶时报》，目前只有 8名护林员在守护这座占地近 80万英
亩的公园，在停运结束之前，大门很可能一直关闭。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
但是国家公园管理局的另一位发言人 Mike Litterst随后告诉《泰晤士报》，
如果工作人员能够在周四之前完成清理工作，公园最终不会关闭。
国家公园管理局官员没有立即回复澄清此事。
Joshua Tree的潜在关闭让那些生计依赖于公园每年吸引的 280多万游客的人
喜忧参半。
“截至周四，我有 11名员工极可能被解雇，因为在关闭时间里他们无所事
事”一家在公园里负责攀岩旅行的公司的合伙人，塞思 扎哈拉斯（seth zaharias）
说。
不过，扎哈拉斯说，有报道称公园遭到破坏，这使他支持关闭公园。“在经
济上，这对我们的社区来说是灾难性的，”但他谈到公园可能会受到严重的环境
破坏时表示“这真的很糟糕。”
他说，他的公司已经开始向预订周四之后日期的客户发出取消通知。
美国国家公园保护协会加州沙漠和国家野生动物项目主管大卫 拉姆弗姆警
告说，对约书亚树沙漠景观的破坏可能是灾难性的。
拉姆弗姆说：“这是一个极其脆弱的景观，需要一代又一代的人来生长，一
代又一代的人来疗愈。”“疗愈所需的时间可能在地质尺度上。”
拉莫夫对社区成员在停运期间试图保持公园的运转表示失望。
他说：“对于企业主和社区成员来说，承担起管理国家公园的重任毫无意义。
虽然我们有专门从事这项工作的专业人员，但他们毫无作为。”
拉姆弗姆还警告说，由于公园的大部分护林员都在休假，环境受破坏的程度
可能仍然是未知的。
他说：“主要的问题是关于粪便的，但我认为有一个更大的问题。”“资源
影响可能非常危险。我们在矫正，我们都希望最坏的事情不会发生。”
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Reading 3
EU under fire after lifting threat to ban Thai seafood imports over illegal fishing
The EU has been accused of sending out the wrong message after removing
Thailand from a list of countries failing to tackle illegal fishing.
Campaigners claim that the European commission’s decision this week to lift
Thailand’s “yellow card”, in place since April 2015, gives consumers an “illusion that
violations of fishers’ rights are not still occurring”.
“It’s not clear what data the European commission is using to base its decision to
lift the yellow card,” said Johnny Hansen, chair of fisheries at the International
Transport Workers’ Federation.
“[But] reports we have from fishers on the ground in Thailand are telling us that
there’s still illegal fishing happening and, more importantly, there is still significant
labor abuse and debt bondage in the industry.”
The EU lifted the yellow card on Tuesday, after finding that Thailand had
“successfully addressed” significant shortcomings in its billion-dollar fisheries sector
through stricter regulation of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Improvements included remote monitoring of fishing at sea and “robust” inspections at
port.
Thailand, the world’s third largest seafood exporter, risked an EU-wide import ban
had it failed to take action to meet minimum requirements imposed by the European
commission.
But Hansen said the implementation and enforcement of Thailand’s new fisheries
regulations was so weak that human trafficking, debt bondage, document retention and
poor working conditions remained a significant component of its fishing industry,
preventing it from being truly ethical or sustainable.
“We’ve interviewed hundreds of fishers who’ve told us that the changes made to
the inspection frameworks aren’t sufficient to detect abuse and have basically been put
in place to create a picture that the reforms are working,” said Hansen.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
An Amnesty International report on Thailand’s seafood industry last year found
that nearly 40% of fishers interviewed had been trafficked into the industry, and that
labor inspections at ports were “largely a theatrical exercise for international
consumption”. The study’s findings called into question a 2015 Thai government report
on human trafficking in which inspections of nearly 475,000 fishery workers failed to
identify a single case of forced labor.
Thailand has become the first country in Asia to ratify the work in fishing
convention 188, which sets out binding requirements to ensure decent working
conditions. Steve Trent of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which has worked
with Thailand to address IUU fishing since 2015, said activists hoped the lifting of the
yellow card would not allow “complacency to set in”.
“We need to ensure that the positive changes in Thailand are durable, and durable
countrywide across political transition, with elections hopefully coming soon,” said
Trent.
“We recognize the critical role of the EU commission and the constructive
leadership it has shown on this issue, that has leveraged such changes. Now it’s up to
Thailand to deliver actions that meet the promise.”
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
1. According to the passage, what misleads consumers
A. the European commission’s decision.
B. the yellow card.
C. the Campaigners.
D. the EU.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. Thailand's fisheries are the number one in Asia
B. The fishing industry in Thailand has changed dramatically
C. The fishing industry in Thailand is continuing to develop
D. There are still some problems in the fishing industry in Thailand
3. In which of the following situations, fisheries in Thailand will be at risk
A. Bribery European Commission.
B. European Commission gives them a yellow card.
C. Failing to meet the minimum requirements of the International Transport Workers
Federation.
D. Failing to meet the minimum requirements of the EU.
4. The author’s attitude towards the Amnesty International report is______.
A. negative
B. suspicious
C. positive
D. objective
5. In the future, who will be responsible for the development of Thai fisheries
A. The EU.
B. Thailand.
C. The European commission.
D. The International Transport Workers’ Federation.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
文章大意：本文主要讲了欧盟在解除以非法捕鱼为由禁止进口泰国海鲜的威
胁后受到攻击，提到国际运输工人联合会（ International Transport
Workers'Federation）渔业主席约翰尼 汉森（Johnny Hansen）表示泰国渔业仍存
在大量问题有待改善。
（ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/10/eu-under-fire-after-lifting-
threat-to-ban-thai-seafood-imports-over-illegal-fishing）
词汇点拨：
tackle v.处理；与……交涉
illusion n.错觉，幻觉，假象
labor n., v.劳动，工作
debt n.债务
bondage n.奴役，束缚
unregulated adj.未调节的
implementation n.实现；履行
enforcement n.规章的；严格执行
durable adj.耐用的，耐久的
短语精选
be accused of被指控
remove from远离
in place适当地
lift the yellow card取消黄牌
at port在港口
take action to do something采取活动做某事
prevent from阻止；妨碍
called into question对……表示怀疑
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
参考答案及解析：
1.A【解析】细节题。由文中 the European commission’s decision this week to
lift Thailand’s“yellow card”, in place since April 2015, gives consumers an“illusion
that violations of fishers’ rights are not still occurring”.欧盟委员会本周决定取消
泰国的“黄牌”，自 2015年 4月起生效，这给了消费者一种“对渔民权利的侵
犯还没有发生”的错觉。可知选 A。
2.D【解析】排除法。A选项中表述错误，未注意到泰国渔业亚洲第一的前提，
以偏概全。B选项主观臆断，未出现这样的表达。C选项文中没有明显提到。D
由原文“[But] reports we have from fishers on the ground in Thailand are telling us
that there’ s still illegal fishing happening and, more importantly, there is still
significant labour abuse and debt bondage in the industry.”,可知泰国渔业仍存在一
些问题。故选 D。
3.D【解析】整体把握全文可知，泰国渔业受到欧盟委员会的制约，文中
Thailand, the world’s third largest seafood exporter, risked an EU-wide import ban
had it failed to take action to meet minimum requirements imposed by the European
commission.泰国是世界第三大海鲜出口国，如果它未能采取行动满足欧盟委员会
规定的最低要求，它就面临着在欧盟范围内禁止进口的风险。故选 D。
4.A【解析】态度题。由文中 The study’s findings called into question a 2015
Thai government report on human trafficking in which inspections of nearly 475,000
fishery workers failed to identify a single case of forced labour.
这项研究的结果引起了对泰国政府 2015年关于人口贩运的报告的质疑，在
这份报告中，对近 47.5万名渔业工人的检查未确定一例强迫劳动。可知选 A.
5.B【解析】细节题。由文中 Now it’s up to Thailand to deliver actions that meet
the promise.现在轮到泰国决定采取符合承诺的行动。可知选 B。
译文：
欧盟在解除以非法捕鱼为由禁止进口泰国海鲜的威胁后受到攻击
在将泰国从一个未能解决非法捕鱼问题的国家名单上除名后，欧盟被指控发
出错误的信息。
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活动人士声称，欧盟委员会本周决定取消泰国的“黄牌”，自 2015年 4月
起生效，这给了消费者一种“对渔民权利的侵犯还没有发生”的错觉。
国际运输工人联合会（International Transport Workers'Federation）渔业主席约
翰尼 汉森（ Johnny Hansen）表示：“目前还不清楚欧盟委员会（ European
Commission）用什么数据来作为取消黄牌决定的依据。”
“（但是）我们从泰国当地渔民那里得到的报告告诉我们，仍然存在非法捕
鱼，更重要的是，该行业仍然存在严重的劳动力滥用和债务束缚。”
欧盟周二取消了黄牌，此前发现泰国通过对非法、未报告和不受管制（IUU）
捕鱼的更严格管制“成功解决”了其数十亿美元渔业部门的重大缺陷。改进了包
括对海上捕鱼的远程监控和对港口的“稳健”检查。
泰国是世界第三大海鲜出口国，如果它未能采取行动满足欧盟委员会规定的
最低要求，它就面临着在欧盟范围内禁止进口的风险。
但汉森表示，泰国新的渔业法规的实施和执行非常薄弱，以至于人口贩运、
债务束缚、文件保留和恶劣的工作条件仍然是其渔业的重要组成部分，阻碍了其
真正的合法或可持续发展。
汉森说：“我们采访了数百名渔民，他们告诉我们，对检查框架所做的更改
不足以发现虐待行为，或者基本上安排就绪以创造出改革正在起作用的画面。”
去年一份关于泰国海鲜业的大赦国际报告发现，近 40%的受访渔民被贩运到
该行业，港口的劳工检查“在很大程度上是国际消费的戏剧化活动”。这项研究
的结果引起了对泰国政府 2015年关于人口贩运的报告的质疑，在这份报告中，
对近 47.5万名渔业工人的检查未确定一例强迫劳动。
泰国已成为亚洲第一个受渔业公约 188批准工作的国家，该公约规定了有约
束力的要求，以确保体面的工作条件。环境正义基金会的 Steve Trent自 2015以
来一直与泰国合作解决 IUU渔业问题，他说，活动人士希望解除黄牌不会导致
“自满”。
特伦特说：“我们需要确保泰国的积极变化在选举有望很快到来的整个政治
过渡时期持续发展，并在全国范围内也是持久存在。”
“我们认识到欧盟委员会在这一问题上发挥的关键作用和建设性领导作用，
正是这些作用推动了这些变化。现在轮到泰国决定采取符合承诺的行动。”
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Reading 4
Breanna Owens had no idea where to turn for help when the wolves arrived. The
northern California-based rancher used to take her cattle to graze each summer in
Oregon, but in 2014, OR-7, a solitary wolf dubbed Journey, found a mate and produced
a litter of pups in the vicinity of Owens’ herd. The Rogue pack was the first in the area
in generations.
“All of a sudden it’s, ‘Oh, he set up camp. And there’s a female. And there’s pups
– oh my gosh!’” she recalled.
Four years later, Owens again finds herself in wolf country. Another pack has
settled in the northern California mountains where she and other ranchers graze sheep
and cattle. It’s news that has environmentalists celebrating – wolves were extirpated
from the state in the 1920s – and ranchers wringing their hands amid a handful of
livestock killings.
But Owens is taking a remarkably contrarian tack: rather than calling for the
removal of wolves, she’s working to ensure safe coexistence with the canines.
Gray wolves were long seen as livestock-killing vermin and were driven nearly to
extinction by the early 1900s. They were listed as endangered in 1978, and in 1995 a
reintroduction effort began in Yellowstone. Packs have since established themselves
throughout the northern Rocky Mountains and in Washington and Oregon.
When the Rogue pack arrived, Owens had plenty of questions: did she need to be
concerned What actions could she take When would the wolves start exhibiting
hunting behavior
Owens turned to an unlikely ally: Karin Vardaman, then a director with the
California Wolf Center, a not-for-profit group dedicated to rebuilding the state’s long-
lost wolf population. Vardaman knew conflicts over wolves were imminent, and that a
working relationship with ranchers would both minimize cattle predation and the
chance of wolves being killed in retaliation. Accordingly, she began meeting with
livestock producers across the state’s northern reaches.
“People in urban areas get excited,” said Vardaman, now with the advocacy group
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
Defenders of Wildlife. “But they’re not impacted when wolves return.”
She formed the Working Circle Proactive Stewardship, and Owens eventually
signed on as its director. It suggests a suite of non-lethal wolf deterrents, including
fladry (small red flags) and flashing lights, which can startle predators, and guard dogs.
It teaches tactics such as bunching cattle together and rotating them around grazing
areas, which not only keeps wolves at bay, it also better allows grass to regenerate. And
it trains and funds range stewards, who spend time in the field with cattle, observing
how best to manage the herd and protect it from predators.
The question could not be more pressing: the new California pack, the Lassen pack,
now consists of at least two adults, two yearlings and five pups, and has killed at least
four calves since July.
Todd Swickard suffered one such depredation. On 19 September, one of his ranch
hands found a partially consumed calf, which state biologists confirmed was killed by
a wolf. Swickard was in the process of shipping his cattle out of their summer grazing
terrain, so there wasn’t much risk of further losses. But the specter of wolves’
continuing presence bothers him.
“They’re mostly nocturnal hunters, so it’s tough sleeping at night,” Swickard said.
“You wonder if they’re in the middle of your livestock, and we’re charged with the
husbandry and care of those animals.”
Area livestock producers feel their hands are tied if wolf numbers continue growing.
Federal and state laws prohibit lethal recourse against wolves. Plus California lacks
robust deer and elk populations such as those in Oregon and Idaho, so ranchers think
their herds will be the top option on the wolves’ menu. “The wolves have to eat,” the
rancher Daren Hagata said. “If they don’t have the wildlife populations … they’re going
to come after your livestock.”
“Once wolves get in and start harassing the cows, especially on a regular basis,
weight gains go away, conception rates go down,” said another rancher, Jack Hanson.
“That’s be my biggest worry, even more than the mortality issue.”
With lethal action off the table – at least legally – ranchers are slowly coming to
the realization they must try other methods. Owens spends a good deal of time meeting
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
with ranchers in the area to educate them about Working Circle services.
1.What's Braanna Owens'attitude towards the wolf
A. She called for the removal of wolves.
B. She called for the protection of wolves.
C. She worked to ensure safe coexistence with the canines.
D. She advocates the elimination of wolves.
2.What did Owens do for the work circle
A. Install small red flags and flashing lights.
B. Teaches tactics.
C. Trains and funds range stewards.
D. Install flags and flashing lights and teaches tactics and range stewards.
3.What’s the meaning of the underline word “removal”
A. Mobile.
B. moved back.
C. left.
D. clearance.
4.Which of the following is not true according to the passage
A. Grey wolves died out in 1978.
B. Karin Vardaman is a director with the California Wolf Center.
C. The Rogue pack was the first in the area.
D. Owens worked as a director of the Working Circle Proactive Stewardship.
5.What’s the main idea of the passage
A. We should wipe out the gray wolf.
B. Grey Wolf is a good friend of mankind.
C. Grey wolves can take care of livestock.
D. Through special measures, gray wolves and livestock can coexist in one area.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
文章大意：本文主要讲了加州北部牧场主与灰狼群的战斗。欧文斯在面对这
些灰狼时的举措。她采取了一种明显的反向策略，而且找了一个不太可能成为盟
友的人成为了盟友。她成立了工作圈，欧文斯最终签约担任其董事。其他牧场主
对此的一些看法。
词汇点拨
cattle n.（总称）牛，牲口；无价值的人
vicinity n.附近，邻近；附近地区大约的程度或者数量
contrarian n., adj.采取相反态度（或立场）者（的），背道而驰者（的）
coexistence n.共存，并立
minimize vt.把……减至最低数量[程度]；对（某事物）作最低估计，极力贬
低（某事物）的价值[重要性]
startle vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊；使惊跳，使惊吓
vi.惊吓；惊跳；受惊
n.惊跳；惊恐；惊愕
range n.范围；射程；类别；（山脉，房屋等的）排列
vi.搜索；变化
vt.排列；（按一定位置或顺序）排序
conception n.概念；怀孕；设想，构想
短语精选：
no idea不知道
used to过去时常，过去曾做;曾经
graze放牧;吃草;轻擦，擦破
in the vicinity of在邻近
All of a sudden突然地，猛然地;
set up建立；安排；引起
sales agent销售代理人，销售代理商
ranchers大农场主( rancher的名词复数)
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
graze sheep and cattle放牧牛羊
参考答案及解析：
1. C【解析】根据文中 But Owens is taking a remarkably contrarian tack: rather
than calling for the removal of wolves, she’s working to ensure safe coexistence with
the canines.但欧文斯采取了一种明显的反向策略：她没有呼吁清除狼，而是致力
于确保与犬类的安全共存。故选 C。
2. D【解析】根据文中 including fladry (small red flags) and flashing lights
It
teaches tactics such as bunching cattle together and rotating them around grazing areas。
it trains and funds range stewards,.故选 D。
3. D【解析】解析根据上下文 rather than calling for the removal of wolves, she’
s working to ensure safe coexistence with the canines她没有呼吁清除狼，而是致力
于确保与犬类的安全共存，故选 D。
4. A.【解析】根据文中 They were listed as endangered in 1978.他们在 1978
年被列为濒危物种。故选 A。
5. D【解析】总结全文可知 Through special measures, gray wolves and livestock
can coexist in one area.通过一些特殊的措施，灰狼和牲畜可以在一个地区共存，
故选 D
译文：
当狼群到来时，布雷安娜 欧文斯不知道去哪里寻求帮助。加州北部的牧场主
过去每年夏天都会带着她的牛去俄勒冈州放牧，但是在 2014年，或者 2017年，
一只被称为“旅程”的独狼找到了一个伴侣，在欧文斯的牛群附近产下了一窝幼
崽。这群流氓是这一地区几代人中的第一批。
“突然之间，‘哦，他安营扎寨了.还有一个女人。还有幼崽-哦，我的天啊！
“她回忆道。
四年后，欧文斯再次发现自己身处狼国。另一群人定居在加州北部的山区，
在那里，她和其他农场主正在放牧羊和牛。这是一个让环保主义者欢庆的新闻—
—20世纪 20年代，狼被逐出了这个州——牧场主们在少数牲畜屠杀中紧握双手。
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
但欧文斯采取了一种明显的反向策略：她没有呼吁清除狼，而是致力于确保
与犬类的安全共存。灰狼长期以来被视为杀牲畜的害兽，并在 20世纪初几乎灭
绝。它们在 1978年被列为濒危物种，1995年又在叶开始重新引进。从那时起，
他们在洛矶山脉北部、华盛顿和俄勒冈州建立了自己的团队。
当这群流氓到达时，欧文斯有很多问题：她需要担心吗？她能采取什么行动？
狼什么时候开始表现出狩猎行为？
欧文斯转向了一个不太可能成为盟友的人：卡林 瓦尔达曼，当时是加州狼中
心（CaliforniaWolf Center）的主管，这是一个非盈利组织，致力于重建该州长期
流失的狼群。瓦尔达曼知道关于狼的冲突迫在眉睫，而且与牧场主的合作关系将
最大限度地减少对牛的掠夺，同时也将减少狼在报复中被杀死的机会。因此，她
开始与该州北部地区的畜牧生产商会面。
城市地区的人们会感到兴奋，”瓦达曼说，他现在是野生动物保护组织的拥
护者。“但当狼回来时，它们不会受到影响。”
她成立了工作圈积极主动的管理，欧文斯最终签约担任其董事。她暗示了一
套非致命的狼威慑，包括弗拉迪(小红旗)和闪烁。灯光，可以惊吓食肉动物和警
犬。她教授的策略包括把牛聚在一起，把它们围绕着牧区旋转，这样不仅可以防
止狼的进入，而且还能更好地让草木再生。她还训练和资助牧场管理员，他们在
田里和牛呆在一起，观察如何最好地管理牛群，保护它们不受捕食者的侵害。
这个问题再紧迫不过了：新的加利福尼亚族群-拉森族-现在至少由两只成年
的、两只未成年的和五只幼崽组成，自七月以来已经杀死了至少四只小牛。
托德 斯威卡德遭受了一次这样的掠夺。9月 19日，他的一个牧场工人发现
了一头部分被吃掉的小牛，州生物学家证实它是被一只狼杀死的。斯威卡德正把
他的牛运出夏季的放牧地，因此没有太大的损失风险。但是狼的持续存在困扰着
他。
斯威卡德说：“他们大多是夜间猎手，所以晚上很难入睡。”“你想知道他
们是否在你的牲畜中间，我们负责饲养和照料这些动物。”
如果狼的数量继续增长，当地的畜牧生产者会感到束手无策。联邦和州法律
禁止对狼采取致命手段。此外，加州缺乏健壮的鹿和麋鹿种群。像俄勒冈州和爱
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
达荷州的国家统计局(ONS)，所以牧场主认为他们的牧群将是狼群菜单上的首选。
“狼必须吃东西，”牧场主说。“如果他
“狼必须吃，”农场主达伦黑加塔说。“如果他们没有野生动物的数量……
他们会追捕你的牲畜。”
另一位农场主杰克 汉森说：“一旦（狼）进入并开始骚扰奶牛，尤其是定期
骚扰，奶牛体重就会降低，受孕率也会下降。”“这将是我最大的担心，甚至超
过死亡问题。”
随着致命行动的取消——至少在法律上——牧场主慢慢意识到他们必须尝
试其他方法。欧文斯花了大量的时间与该地区的牧场主会面，教他们有关工作圈
服务的知识。
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Reading 5
Ditch cling film and switch to soap': 10 easy ways to reduce your plastics use in 2019
Plastic has become perhaps the most demonized material of the last 12 months, as
the scale of pollution in the oceans becomes increasingly apparent.
With dire predictions that if nothing is done there will be more plastic in the seas
by weight than fish by 2050, it has become evident that we cannot recycle our way out
of the plastic problem.
More than 8m tones of plastic end up in our oceans each year. Meanwhile virgin
plastic production continues apace and is set to leap by 40% over the next 10 years as
more products are made from virgin plastic than from recycled.
But consumer pressure can force change. The Guardian revealed this year that
supermarkets alone put 1m tones of plastic packaging on to the market.
But they are increasingly aware that if their customers lose faith they will lose
money. Almost a quarter of consumers surveyed earlier this year said they were
extremely concerned about plastic packaging. More than half said they were doing what
they could to reduce their use of plastic.
In Australia, public pressure led many supermarkets this year to announce they
were phasing out single-use plastic bags. These include Coles, Woolies and Harris Farm.
Just producing plastic uses huge resources – it takes around 12m barrels of oil to
make the 100bn plastic bags used annually in the United States alone.
This year Britain’s Iceland supermarket has led the way – and others are beginning
to follow suit. Iceland has pledged to eliminate plastic packaging on its own goods in
five years.
So what can you do to reduce your own plastic footprint and put pressure on
supermarkets and manufacturers to move towards reusable plastic items and hugely
increase the amount of recycled plastic in their products Here are 10 top tips:
1. Start at home. Do a plastic audit of your household. Shower bottles, deodorants,
washing up liquids, shampoo bottles. Aim to make reductions here by ditching shower
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gel for soap and the plastic cotton buds for recyclable ones; buy liquid detergent in
recycled plastic bottles and find a refill station to fill them up. Shampoo bars and toilet
paper in recycled packaging are also available.
2. In the US, 1bn plastic toothbrushes are thrown out each year, creating some 50m
pounds of waste. Try using bamboo toothbrushes instead which only take about six
months to biodegrade back into the soil when you have to replace your brush.
3. Carry reusable fabric shopping bags.
4. Try buying wholesale and putting dried products such as rice, pasta and
lentils into glass jars to avoid buying products wrapped in plastic.
5. Recycle old plastic children’s toys. Search for a toy library in your area to borrow
from or donate to. And consider charity shops when looking for gifts.
6. Carry a reusable coffee cup or flask; 7m plastic-lined coffee cups are thrown
away in the UK every day.
7. Say no to plastic cutlery. Carry a fork with you or use a compostable alternative.
8. Ditch cling film wrap for your food. It cannot be recycled in most UK collections.
Foil is recyclable, so use foil instead or reusable plastic boxes.
9. Use an electric razor instead of plastic disposable one.
10. Write to companies whose packaging is non-recyclable, asking them to
consider using less destructive materials. Maybe even think about starting a social
media campaign to raise awareness. Strength in numbers!
This article was amended on 3 January 2019. An earlier version suggested that
12m oil barrels produced 100m plastic bags. That figure is more like 100bn bags. In
addition, the estimate of 1bn plastic toothbrushes being thrown out each year relates
just to the US, not globally. This has been corrected. It was further amended on 4
January 2019 to remove a reference to a branded product, and to refer to biodegradable
cotton buds rather than recyclable ones.
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1. According to this article, what impact plastic has had on the environment in the past
months
A. The scale of pollution in the oceans becomes increasingly apparent.
B. The species of fish have been reduced a lot.
C. Polluted the air.
D. Raising sea level.
2. What can supermarkets do to reduce plastic pollution？
A. Do not sell plastic products.
B. No plastic packaged goods.
C. Phasing out disposable plastic bags.
D. Non-reusable plastic products.
3. Which of the following is not true according to the passage
A. Plastics cannot be recycled.
B. Virgin plastics are increasingly low in our daily lives.
C. Consumers want to reduce the use of plastics.
D. It takes a lot of resources to produce plastics.
4. According to this article, which of the following methods can not reduce the use of
plastics？
A. Replace plastic toothbrush with bamboo toothbrush.
B. Packaging goods with glass cans instead of plastic packaging.
C. Do not use plastic tableware.
D. Massive use of preservative film.
5. Where can we see the passage
A. Novel.
B. Fashion magazine.
C. Environmental magazine.
D. Advertisement.
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文章大意：本文主要讲了，塑料污染的严峻现实，以及随着塑料污染越来越
严重，人们开始意识到要减少塑料的使用量。在各大超市缩小塑料包装袋的使用
和一次性购物袋的使用量，以及如何减少塑料使用的 10条建议。
(https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/03/plastics-consumption-
reduce-2019-10-easy-ways)
词汇点拨：
reduce vt.换算；使变弱
vi.减少；减轻体重
apparent adj.易看见的，可看见的；表面的
recycled回收利用( recycle的过去式和过去分词)；再利用;
force n.力；武力；（社会）势力
vt.强迫；强行
public adj.公共的；人人知道的
n.大众；社会；公共场所
descend vt.下来；向下倾斜；来自，来源于
vi. (from)起源（于）；是……的后裔； (on)袭击；(to)把身份降至
ordinary adj.普通的，正常的；平庸的
n.普通，平常的人（或事）
regular adj.有规律的；规则，整齐的
n.常客
adv.定期地;经常地;
短语精选：
cling film食品薄膜
switch to切换到，转变成；转入
by weight按重量计算
way out出路；摆脱困境的办法，太平门；活路
more than超过；不只是
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end up in<非正>以……结束；死
set to打起来；大吃起来
made from由……制造
The Guardian卫报
this year今年；本年度
参考答案及解析：
1. A【解析】根据文中 Plastic has become perhaps the most demonized material
of the last 12 months, as the scale of pollution in the oceans becomes increasingly
apparent在过去的 12个月中，随着海洋污染的规模越来越明显，塑料可能已经
成为最受妖魔化的材料。故选 A。
2. C【解析】根据文中 In Australia, public pressure led many supermarkets this
year to announce they were phasing out single-use plastic bags在澳大利亚，公众的
压力促使许多大卖场今年宣布，他们正在逐步淘汰一次性塑料袋。故选 C。
3. A【解析】根据文中以及生活常识，Plastics can be recycled。塑料是可以
循环使用的。故选 A。
4. D【解析】根据文中 Try using bamboo toothbrushes instead which only take
about six months to biodegrade back into the soil when you have to replace your brush.
试着用竹子牙刷代替，这种牙刷只需大约六个月的时间就能被生物降解成当你不
得不更换你的刷子。以及 Try buying wholesale and putting dried products such as
rice, pasta and lentils into glass jars to avoid buying products wrapped in plastic试着
批发购买，并将大米、意大利面和扁豆等干制品放入玻璃瓶，以避免购买用塑料
包装的产品。.以及 Say no to plastic cutlery.对塑料餐具说不。故选 D。
5. C【解析】根据文中 10 easy ways to reduce your plastics use in 20192019
年减少塑料使用量的 10个简单方法。可知这是一篇关于环保的文章故选 C。
译文：
丢弃保鲜膜，改用肥皂：2019年减少塑料使用的 10种简单方法
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在过去的 12个月中，随着海洋污染的规模越来越明显，塑料可能已经成为
最受妖魔化的材料。
随着可怕的预测，如果不采取任何措施，到 2050年，海洋中的塑料（按重量
计）将比鱼类多，很明显，我们用无法循环利用的方式来解决塑料问题。
每年超过 800万吨的塑料最终流入我们的海洋。与此同时，维珍塑料的生产
仍在快速增长，并且在未来 10年内将跃升 40%，因为更多的产品是由维珍塑料
制成的，而不是由回收材料制成的。
但是消费者的压力会迫使改变。《卫报》今年透露，仅超市就向市场投放了
100万吨塑料包装。
但他们越来越意识到，如果他们的客户失去信心，他们将赔钱。今年早些时
候接受调查的近四分之一的消费者表示，他们非常关注塑料包装。超过一半的人
说他们正在尽其所能减少塑料的使用。
在澳大利亚，公众压力导致许多超市今年宣布逐步淘汰一次性塑料袋。其中
包括科尔、伍利和哈里斯农场。
仅仅生产塑料就需要大量的资源——单单在美国，每年生产 1000亿个塑料
袋就需要大约 1200万桶的石油。
今年，英国的冰岛超市引领了这一潮流，其他超市也开始效仿。冰岛承诺在
五年内消除其商品上的塑料包装。
那么，你能做些什么来减少你自己的塑料足迹，给超市和制造商施加压力，
促使他们转向可重复使用的塑料产品，并大幅增加他们产品中回收塑料的数量呢？
以下是十大建议：
1.从家里开始。对你的家庭进行一次塑料审查。淋浴瓶，除臭剂，洗涤液，
洗发水。目的是通过在肥皂和塑料棉芽上喷洒可回收的胶水来减少，在回收塑料
瓶中购买液体洗涤剂，并找到一个填充剂站来填充它们。也能买到可回收包装的
洗发棒和厕纸。
2.在美国，每年有 10亿个塑料牙刷被扔掉，造成大约 5000万磅的浪费。试
着用竹制牙刷代替，当你需要更换牙刷时，只需要六个月的时间就可以生物降解
回土壤中。
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3.携带可重复使用的织物购物袋。
4.试着批发和放置干产品，如大米、意大利面和
把小扁豆装进玻璃罐，以避免购买用塑料包装的产品。
5.回收旧塑料儿童玩具。在您向其借款或捐赠的区域。在寻找礼物的时候考
虑慈善商店。
6.携带可重复使用的咖啡杯或烧瓶；每天在英国丢弃 7米塑料内衬咖啡杯。
7.拒绝塑料餐具。随身携带叉子或使用可堆肥的替代品。
8.用保鲜膜包住食物。在大多数英国收藏品中，它不能被回收利用。铝箔是
可回收的，所以使用铝箔代替或可重复使用的塑料盒。
9.用电动剃须刀代替一次性塑料剃须刀。
10.给包装不可回收的公司写信，要求他们考虑使用破坏性较小的材料。甚至
可以考虑发起一场社会媒体运动来提高知名度。数字力量！
本条款于 2019年 1月 3日修订。早期的版本建议 1200万桶石油生产 100
万个塑料袋。这个数字更像是 1000亿袋。此外，估计每年有 10亿只塑料牙刷被
扔掉，这只与美国有关，而与全球无关。这已经纠正了。它于 2019年 1月 4日
进一步修订，删除了对品牌产品的引用。
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Reading 6
'We're sounding the alarm': half of Canada's chinook salmon endangered
Half of Canada’s chinook salmon are endangered, with nearly all other populations
in precarious decline, according to a new report, confirming fears that prospects for the
species remain dire.
The report by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
concluded that eight of the country’s 16 populations are considered endangered, four
are threatened, one is of special concern and the health of two remain unknown.
Only one population, which spawns on the Thompson river in British Columbia, is
believed to be stable.
“For those of us who have been working on recovering chinook salmon runs in
British Columbia, we knew they were in terrible, terrible shape for quite a while now,”
said Aaron Hill of Watershed Watch, an organization that monitors ecosystem health.
“It was actually good to see it finally recognized by this federally mandated science
body, because this hopefully initiates more serious protection efforts from the
government.”
Watershed Watch has renewed calls for chinook to be listed under federal
legislation which would afford the ailing populations more robust government
protection. But similar calls were made last year, when the same committee of scientists
found that one-third of sockeye salmon are endangered, and the federal government has
yet to take action.
“There are some [rivers] where there are thought to be fewer than 200 fish still
remaining,” committee member and biologist John Neilson, told the Canadian Press.
“At that level, there would be concern about those stocks. That’s why we’re sounding
the alarm.”
Chinook salmon have long been a critical part of the ecosystem in British Columbia.
During spawning periods, millions of fish can travel up waterways, providing a critical
source of food for eagles, bears, seals and sea lions.
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No single culprit has been identified for the decline. Some blame a surge in
populations of seal and sea lion, which feast on salmon, while others fear ocean
temperatures are warming too much for the highly sensitive fish.
“The really big overarching stressor is climate change,” said Hill. “That’s creating
less favorable conditions for our fish in the ocean and the freshwater – and that’s
exacerbated by all these other stressors.”
Chinook salmon are also a critical source of food for the endangered south resident
killer whale, which the federal government has spent millions of dollars attempting to
protect.
“We need to look after the region in its entirety, from headwaters to the ocean,”
said Megan Leslie of the World Wildlife Fund Canada. “We need to act quickly to
reduce threats to wildlife, and prioritize actions that have the best chance of success.”
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1. According to the passage, where can we read this article
A. The magazine.
B. New papers.
C. Biology journal.
D. The government documents.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. Chinook salmon has become extinct
B. Chinook salmon is about to become extinct
C. Chinook salmon live very well
D. Chinook salmon mostly live in Canada
3. Which of the following word can best illustrate “ailing”
A. objective.
B. developing.
C. hard.
D. good.
4. The author’s attitude towards the future of the salmon is______.
A. negative.
B. suspicious.
C. positive.
D. objective.
5. What can be the best title of this passage
A. Called for the inclusion of Chinook salmon protection in federal legislation.
B. 'We're sounding the alarm': half of Canada's chinook salmon endangered.
C. We need to act quickly to reduce the threat to salmon.
D. Climate change leads to a decline in the number of salmon.
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高考英语外刊 20 篇（教师版）
文章大意：本文主要讲了根据一份新的报告，加拿大有一半的奇努克鲑鱼濒
临灭绝，几乎所有其他鲑鱼的数量都岌岌可危，这证实了人们对该物种前景依然
严峻的担忧。各方人员为保护工作发表了各自的看法。
词汇点拨
salmon n.鲑鱼
spawn v.产卵
precarious adj.不确定的，危险的
watershed n.分水岭，流域
ailing adj.处境困难的，生病的
stock n.库存，血统
ecosystem n.生态系统；
culprit n.罪魁祸首，罪犯
killer whale虎鲸，杀人鲸
短语精选
in precarious decline处于岌岌可危的状态
in terrible处于危急之中
for quite a while长期
be concern about关心，担心
sound the alarm发警报
a critical part重要组成成分
attempt to do something试图做某事
in one's entirety全方位地
参考答案及解析：
1.C【解析】整体把握全文可知，本文是一篇与奇努克鲑鱼濒临灭绝有关的生
物说明文。首段 Half of Canada’s chinook salmon are endangered, with nearly all
other populations in precarious decline, according to a new report, confirming fears that
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prospects for the species remain dire.表明阅读对象应该是普通大众。所以明显更可
能出现在生物期刊上可知选 C。
2.B【解析】细节题。由文中 The report by the Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada concluded that eight of the country’s 16 populations
are considered endangered, four are threatened, one is of special concern and the health
of two remain unknown.加拿大濒危野生动物委员会的报告中指出，该国 16个种
群中有 8个被视为濒危物种，4个受到威胁，1个受到特别关注，2个种群的健
康状况仍然未知。只有一个在不列颠哥伦比亚省汤普森河产卵的种群被认为是稳
定的。故选 B。
3.C【解析】整体把握全文可知，But similar calls were made last year, when the
same committee of scientists found that one-third of sockeye salmon are endangered,
此处为对“ailing”一词的解释。故选 C。
4.D【解析】整体把握全文可知，虽然文章提到了各方各界对于鲑鱼的未来的
种种看法和保护计划，但作者并没有明确表示对于哪一方的支持，所以这是客观
描述了这些内容。可知选 D。
5.B【解析】排除法。A选项以偏概全，仅仅描述了流域观察组织的看法。C
选项侧重最后一段的呼吁，与主旨不符合。D选项侧重流域观察组织的看法，缺
乏概括性。可知选 B。
译文：
“我们发出警报”：加拿大一半的奇努克鲑鱼濒临灭绝
根据一份新的报告，加拿大有一半的奇努克鲑鱼濒临灭绝，几乎所有其他鲑
鱼的数量都岌岌可危，这证实了人们对该物种前景依然严峻的担忧。
加拿大濒危野生动物委员会的报告中指出，该国 16个种群中有 8个被视为
濒危物种，4个受到威胁，1个受到特别关注，2个种群的健康状况仍然未知。
只有一个在不列颠哥伦比亚省汤普森河产卵的种群被认为是稳定的。
“对于那些在不列颠哥伦比亚省一直致力于恢复奇努克鲑鱼的人来说，我们
知道他们已经很长一段时间处于可怕的状态，”负责监测生态系统健康的流域观
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察组织的 Aaron Hill说。“事实上，很高兴看到它最终被这个联邦授权的科学机
构认可，因为这有望引发政府更为严肃的保护工作。”
流域观察组织再次呼吁将奇努克列入联邦立法，这将使境况不佳的人口得到
更强有力的政府保护。但去年也有类似的呼吁，当时同一个科学家委员会发现三
分之一的红鲑濒临灭绝，联邦政府并没有采取行动。
委员会成员兼生物学家约翰 尼尔森对加拿大媒体说：“有些（河流）被认为
只剩下不到 200条鱼。在这个水平上，人们会担心这些现有的生物。这就是我们
发出警报的原因。”
奇努克鲑鱼长期以来一直是不列颠哥伦比亚省生态系统的重要组成部分。在
产卵期，数以百万计的鱼可以沿着水路游动，为鹰、熊、海豹和海狮提供重要的
食物来源。
目前还没有确定这一下降的罪魁祸首。一些人指责海豹和海狮数量激增，它
们以鲑鱼为食，而另一些人则担心海洋温度对高度敏感的鱼类来说变暖太多。
Hill说：“真正主要的压力是气候变化。这为我们在海洋和淡水中的鱼类创
造了不太有利的条件，而所有这些其他压力源加剧了这种情况。”
奇努克鲑鱼也是濒临灭绝的南部居民--虎鲸的重要食物来源，联邦政府已经
花费数百万美元来保护它。
加拿大世界野生动物基金会的梅根 莱斯利说：“我们需要从源头到海洋，全
方位地照顾这个地区。我们需要迅速采取行动，减少对野生动物的威胁，并优先
考虑那些最有可能成功的行动。”
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Reading 7
Surge in marine refuges brings world close to protected areas goal
A record surge in the creation of marine protected areas has taken the international
community close to its goal of creating nature refuges on 17% of the world’s land and
10% of seas by 2020, according to a new UN report.
Protected regions now cover more than five times the territory of the US, but the
authors said this good news was often undermined by poor enforcement. Some reserves
are little more than “paper parks” with little value to nature conservation. At least one
has been turned into an industrial zone.
More than 27m square kilometers of seas (7% of the total) and 20m sq. km of land
(15% of the total) now have protected status, according to the Protected Planet report,
which was released on Sunday at the UN biodiversity conference in Sharm el-Sheikh,
Egypt.
Almost all of the growth has been in marine regions, most notably with the creation
last year of the world’s biggest protected area: the 2m sq. km Ross Sea reserve, one-
fifth of which is in the Antarctic. The no-fishing zone will be managed by New Zealand
and the US.
“We have seen an enormous expansion in the past two years. There is now more
marine protected area than terrestrial, which nobody would have predicted,” said Kathy
McKinnon of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. “I think we’ll
continue to see a substantial increase, I’d guess, to at least 10% in the near future.”
The UN convention on biological diversity says it has received national
commitments for an additional 4.5m sq. km of land and 16m sq. km of oceans to be
given protected status in the next two years. This would put it on course to achieve one
of the key aims of the 2010 Aichi biodiversity targets.
“This is the target with the most progress. In an ocean of bad news about
biodiversity loss and eco-destruction, it is important to highlight that progress, though
we still have a lot more to do to ensure not just the quantitive target but the effectiveness
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of the management,” said Cristiana Pa ca Palmer, the head of UN Biodiversity.
The creation of protected areas has not been enough to halt a collapse of species
and ecosystems that threatens civilization. Since 1970 humanity has wiped out 60% of
mammal, bird, fish and reptile populations, with a dangerous knock-on impact on food
production, fisheries and climate stability.
Protected areas are important refuges from this wave of extinctions but many are
underfunded and poorly policed. Only one in five have provided management
assessments to the UN, which has raised questions about the viability of the rest.
Naomi Kingston, of UN environment world conservation monitoring center, said:
“There is a race to deliver on Aichi target 11. It is fantastic that countries are coming
with more ambition, but not if it is just a number without substance.
“Some areas that have been reported to us as protected areas have been completely
built over. We need datasets to define which areas are paper parks and which are real.”
Developing nations have better reporting standards because many are obliged to
provide regular assessments in order to qualify for funds from the Global Environment
Fund. By contrast, many wealthier nations devote few resources to monitoring.
Discussions will focus on a new, more flexible category for community land that
is used by locals for both agricultural production and wildlife conservation. In Africa,
Asia and Latin America, this is a model that has often helped improve biodiversity
because residents – often from indigenous communities – live closely with nature and
have an interest in protecting it.
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1. What promotes the achievement of the goals of marine nature reserves
A. Poor management of marine protected areas.
B. Loss of biodiversity and ecological destruction.
C. Rapid growth in the number of marine protected areas.
D. Commitments in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. What impact does the establishment of “paper parks” have on protected areas
A. They have promoted the expansion of marine protected areas.
B. They have little value for nature conservation.
C. They all turn into industrial zones.
D. They will slow down the collapse of ecosystems.
3. According to the passage, What is Kathy McKinnon's point of view？
A. New Zealand and the United States regulate fishing-ban zones.
B. In the near future, the number of marine refuges will increase by at least 10%.
C. The quantity and management quality of marine refuges are equally important.
D. Many countries have ambitions to achieve Aichi 11.
4. Why developing countries are possible to achieve Aichi 11？
A. Because, by contrast, developing China has better reporting standards.
B. Because they have ambitions to achieve their goals.
C. Because they rarely invest resources in monitoring.
D. Because they are interested in protecting it.
5. What does this passage mainly talk about
A. A recorded surge in the creation of marine protected areas.
B. Developing countries may receive funding from the Global Environment Facility.
C. The Increase of marine refuges and the views of relevant personnel.
D. Achieving Aichi 11 Goal.
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文章大意：本文主要讲述了关于海洋保护区数量激增的现象对实现保护区目
标的影响，并且通过相关人员的观点说明其发展情况，以及将来爱知 11目标的
实现有可能在发展中国家进行。
词汇点拨
surge n.汹涌；大浪，波涛
v.汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来
territory n.领地；领土，版图；领域，范围；[商]势力范围
marine adj.海的；海产的；海军的
n.水兵；海军陆战队士兵；海事
substantial adj.大量的；结实的；重大的
n.本质；重要材料
convention n.会议；全体与会者；国际公约；惯例
effectiveness n.有效性；效益
refuges n.避难所；避难（所，处）( refuge的名词复数 )；慰藉
substance n.物质，材料；实质，内容
indigenous adj.土生土长的；固有的
短语精选
be undermined by被……破坏
by contrast相比之下
a collapse of坍塌
devote to把……专用于，完全用于（某事或做某事）；致力于…;
be obliged to有义务做某事
agricultural production农业生产
wildlife conservation野生动物保护
have an interest in对……有兴趣
参考答案及解析:
1.C【解析】根据第一段中“A record surge in the creation of marine protected
areas has taken the international community close to its goal of creating nature refuges
on 17% of the wo高考英语外刊 20 篇 （学生版）
目录
Reading 1........................................................................................................................................... 2
Reading 2........................................................................................................................................... 5
Reading 3........................................................................................................................................... 8
Reading 4......................................................................................................................................... 11
Reading 5......................................................................................................................................... 14
Reading 6......................................................................................................................................... 17
Reading 7......................................................................................................................................... 20
Reading 8......................................................................................................................................... 23
Reading 9......................................................................................................................................... 26
Reading 10....................................................................................................................................... 29
Reading 11....................................................................................................................................... 32
Reading 12....................................................................................................................................... 35
Reading 13....................................................................................................................................... 38
Reading 14....................................................................................................................................... 41
Reading 15....................................................................................................................................... 44
Reading 16....................................................................................................................................... 47
Reading 17....................................................................................................................................... 50
Reading 18....................................................................................................................................... 53
Reading 19....................................................................................................................................... 56
Reading 20....................................................................................................................................... 59
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Reading 1
Mother wins right to seek new inquest into girl's death linked to air pollution
The mother of a schoolgirl who died of an asthma attack linked to air pollution has
won the right to seek a new inquest at the high court.
The attorney general moved on Friday to quash the inquest into the death of Ella
Kissi-Debrah at the age of nine, after new evidence linked it to air pollution spikes from
traffic near her home in south London.
After a long fight by her mother, Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, Sir Geoffrey Cox
granted her the right to go to the high court for a new inquest.
Kissi-Debrah said: “Words cannot express how happy I am that the attorney
general has taken this decision, and I would like to thank him for reaching his
conclusion.
“Nothing will bring my beautiful, bright, bubbly child back, but now at least I may
get answers about how she died and whether it was air pollution which snatched her
away from us.
“Now I hope a new inquest will make those in power realize that our children are
dying as a result of the air that they breathe. This cannot go on.
“Why is this not being taken more seriously by the government What do we need
to do to make them prioritize our children’s lives over convenience and the rights of
people to pollute ”
Ella lived 25 meters (82ft) from the heavily polluted South Circular Road in
Lewisham. She died in February 2013 after three years of seizures and 27 visits to
hospital for asthma attacks.
An expert last year linked her death to the dangerously high levels of pollution
from diesel traffic that breached legal limits.
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Jocelyn Cockburn, a partner at the law firm Hodge Jones & Allen, who represents
Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, said the decision was a major step towards justice for the
family.
“An inquest will provide a better understanding of why she died and whether her
death was avoidable. It will force the government and other bodies to account for their
actions and, in many regards, their inaction on air pollution over this period,” she said.
“Air pollution is costing people’s lives and those most vulnerable are children. There
is a need for more urgency into how air pollution is dealt with in urban areas to bring it
within lawful limits as soon as possible.”
Kissi-Debrah believes the government’s failure to act to reduce air pollution from
diesel traffic was a breach of her daughter’s human rights.
The government has repeatedly failed to bring nitrogen dioxide pollution levels to
within legal limits.
Until the end of 2010, Ella had been extremely active and in good health.
But following a chest infection in October 2010, she had respiratory issues for the
remainder of her short life, and was treated in five London hospitals for severe unstable
asthma, with 27 separate hospital admissions over a three-year period.
An inquest into Ella’s death at Southwark coroner’s court in 2014 concluded her
death was caused by acute respiratory failure and severe asthma.
Prof Stephen Holgate, an expert on asthma and air pollution, was instructed to carry
out a report on her death and said there was a “striking association” between the times
she was admitted to hospital and recorded spikes in nitrogen dioxide and PM10s, the
most noxious pollutants, near her home.
His report said there was a “real prospect that without unlawful levels of air
pollution, Ella would not have died”.
Holgate also considered the death certificate should be amended to reflect the fact
that air pollution was a contributory factor in her death.
Kissi-Debrah has launched a fundraising campaign to help pay for representation
at the high court hearing.
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1. According to the passage, how did the attorney do at first
A. canceled the case.
B. granted the right to go to the high court for a new inquest.
C. let the girl back to the mother.
D. saved the all the problem.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. The mother can get the daughter back
B. The mother would be happy
C. The mother would appreciate the attorney
D. The mother would appreciate Sir Geoffrey Cox
3. Who is the object of thinking in the article
A. The attorney.
B. The mother.
C. The expert.
D. The government.
4. Which of the following options is not mentioned through this passage？
A. The girl’s mother may win the appeal.
B. Asthma is associated with air pollution.
C. The government should be responsible for the death of the girl.
D. Respiratory problems are related to air pollution.
5. It can be inferred from the last passage that _____.
A. The girl’s mother will win the inquest
B. Girl's mother lacks funds.
C. The girl's mother launched a movement
D. The girl’s mother calls on everyone to protect the environment.
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Reading 2
Joshua Tree national park announces closure after trees destroyed amid shutdown
For 17 days, a host of volunteers and a skeleton staff kept the trash cans and toilets
from overflowing at Joshua Tree national park.
But on Tuesday, 18 days after the federal government shutdown furloughed the vast
majority of national park staff, officials announced that vandalism of the park’s
distinctive namesake plants and other maintenance and sanitation problems will require
closure starting Thursday.
“While the vast majority of those who visit Joshua Tree do so in a responsible
manner, there have been incidents of new roads being created by motorists and the
destruction of Joshua trees in recent days that have precipitated the closure,” spokesman
George Land said in a news release.
Land told the Los Angeles Times that, with only eight rangers currently overseeing
the nearly 800,000 acre park, the gates would likely remain closed until the shutdown
ends.
But a different spokesman for the National Parks Service, Mike Litterst,
subsequently told the Times that the park may not close after all if staff are able to
complete cleanup work before Thursday.
National Park Service officials did not immediately respond to requests for
clarification.
The potential closure of Joshua Tree was met with mixed emotions by those whose
livelihoods depend on the more than 2.8 million visitors the park attracts annually.
“I have 11 employees who are effectively going to be laid off as of Thursday,” said
Seth Zaharias, co-owner of a company that leads rock climbing trips in the park. “They
are not going to work for the remainder of the shutdown.”
Still, Zaharias said that reports of vandalism to the park made him support the
closure. “Economically, that’s disastrous for our community,” he said of the prospect
of serious environmental damage to the park. “It’s really bad.”
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His company was beginning to send out cancellation notices for customers who
had booked trips after Thursday, he said.
David Lamfrom, director of the California desert and national wildlife programs
for the National Parks Conservation Association, warned that the damage to Joshua
Tree’s desert landscape could be catastrophic.
“It’s an incredibly fragile landscape that takes generations and generations to grow,
and generations and generations to heal,” Lamfrom said. “The amount of time it takes
to heal can be on the geological scale.”
Lamfrom expressed frustration that community members had been placed in the
position of trying to keep the park operating during the shutdown.
“For business owners and community members to have to take up the mantle and
the burden of running our national parks makes no sense,” he said. “We have
professionals who are dedicated to doing that work, and they’re sitting at home.”
Lamfrom also warned that because most of the park’s rangers are furloughed, the
extent of environmental damage is likely still unknown.
“The main story has been about poop, but I think there’s a much bigger story,” he
said. “The resource impacts could be really dangerous. We’re reeling, and we’re all just
kind of hoping that the worst hasn’t happened.”
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1. According to the passage, who announced the closure of the park
A. The skeleton staff.
B. National park staff.
C. The federal government.
D. George Land.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. The park will definitely be closed
B. The park may be closed for now
C. The park is now deserted
D. The park is temporarily closed
3. Which of the following word can best illustrate “vandalism”
A. Protection.
B. Wealth.
C. Destruction.
D. Loss.
4. Lamfrom’s attitude towards professionals is ______.
A. negative
B. suspicious
C. positive
D. objective
5. What can be the best title of this passage
A. Joshua Tree national park close up.
B. Joshua Tree national park announces closure after trees destroyed amid shutdown.
C. Bad actions by tourists destroy Joshua Tree national park.
D. View about Joshua Tree national park.
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Reading 3
EU under fire after lifting threat to ban Thai seafood imports over illegal fishing
The EU has been accused of sending out the wrong message after removing
Thailand from a list of countries failing to tackle illegal fishing.
Campaigners claim that the European commission’s decision this week to lift
Thailand’s “yellow card”, in place since April 2015, gives consumers an “illusion that
violations of fishers’ rights are not still occurring”.
“It’s not clear what data the European commission is using to base its decision to
lift the yellow card,” said Johnny Hansen, chair of fisheries at the International
Transport Workers’ Federation.
“[But] reports we have from fishers on the ground in Thailand are telling us that
there’s still illegal fishing happening and, more importantly, there is still significant
labor abuse and debt bondage in the industry.”
The EU lifted the yellow card on Tuesday, after finding that Thailand had
“successfully addressed” significant shortcomings in its billion-dollar fisheries sector
through stricter regulation of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Improvements included remote monitoring of fishing at sea and “robust” inspections at
port.
Thailand, the world’s third largest seafood exporter, risked an EU-wide import ban
had it failed to take action to meet minimum requirements imposed by the European
commission.
But Hansen said the implementation and enforcement of Thailand’s new fisheries
regulations was so weak that human trafficking, debt bondage, document retention and
poor working conditions remained a significant component of its fishing industry,
preventing it from being truly ethical or sustainable.
“We’ve interviewed hundreds of fishers who’ve told us that the changes made to
the inspection frameworks aren’t sufficient to detect abuse and have basically been put
in place to create a picture that the reforms are working,” said Hansen.
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An Amnesty International report on Thailand’s seafood industry last year found
that nearly 40% of fishers interviewed had been trafficked into the industry, and that
labor inspections at ports were “largely a theatrical exercise for international
consumption”. The study’s findings called into question a 2015 Thai government report
on human trafficking in which inspections of nearly 475,000 fishery workers failed to
identify a single case of forced labor.
Thailand has become the first country in Asia to ratify the work in fishing
convention 188, which sets out binding requirements to ensure decent working
conditions. Steve Trent of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which has worked
with Thailand to address IUU fishing since 2015, said activists hoped the lifting of the
yellow card would not allow “complacency to set in”.
“We need to ensure that the positive changes in Thailand are durable, and durable
countrywide across political transition, with elections hopefully coming soon,” said
Trent.
“We recognize the critical role of the EU commission and the constructive
leadership it has shown on this issue, that has leveraged such changes. Now it’s up to
Thailand to deliver actions that meet the promise.”
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1. According to the passage, what misleads consumers
A. the European commission’s decision.
B. the yellow card.
C. the Campaigners.
D. the EU.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. Thailand's fisheries are the number one in Asia
B. The fishing industry in Thailand has changed dramatically
C. The fishing industry in Thailand is continuing to develop
D. There are still some problems in the fishing industry in Thailand
3. In which of the following situations, fisheries in Thailand will be at risk
A. Bribery European Commission.
B. European Commission gives them a yellow card.
C. Failing to meet the minimum requirements of the International Transport Workers
Federation.
D. Failing to meet the minimum requirements of the EU.
4. The author’s attitude towards the Amnesty International report is______.
A. negative
B. suspicious
C. positive
D. objective
5. In the future, who will be responsible for the development of Thai fisheries
A. The EU.
B. Thailand.
C. The European commission.
D. The International Transport Workers’ Federation.
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Reading 4
Breanna Owens had no idea where to turn for help when the wolves arrived. The
northern California-based rancher used to take her cattle to graze each summer in
Oregon, but in 2014, OR-7, a solitary wolf dubbed Journey, found a mate and produced
a litter of pups in the vicinity of Owens’ herd. The Rogue pack was the first in the area
in generations.
“All of a sudden it’s, ‘Oh, he set up camp. And there’s a female. And there’s pups
– oh my gosh!’” she recalled.
Four years later, Owens again finds herself in wolf country. Another pack has
settled in the northern California mountains where she and other ranchers graze sheep
and cattle. It’s news that has environmentalists celebrating – wolves were extirpated
from the state in the 1920s – and ranchers wringing their hands amid a handful of
livestock killings.
But Owens is taking a remarkably contrarian tack: rather than calling for the
removal of wolves, she’s working to ensure safe coexistence with the canines.
Gray wolves were long seen as livestock-killing vermin and were driven nearly to
extinction by the early 1900s. They were listed as endangered in 1978, and in 1995 a
reintroduction effort began in Yellowstone. Packs have since established themselves
throughout the northern Rocky Mountains and in Washington and Oregon.
When the Rogue pack arrived, Owens had plenty of questions: did she need to be
concerned What actions could she take When would the wolves start exhibiting
hunting behavior
Owens turned to an unlikely ally: Karin Vardaman, then a director with the
California Wolf Center, a not-for-profit group dedicated to rebuilding the state’s long-
lost wolf population. Vardaman knew conflicts over wolves were imminent, and that a
working relationship with ranchers would both minimize cattle predation and the
chance of wolves being killed in retaliation. Accordingly, she began meeting with
livestock producers across the state’s northern reaches.
“People in urban areas get excited,” said Vardaman, now with the advocacy group
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Defenders of Wildlife. “But they’re not impacted when wolves return.”
She formed the Working Circle Proactive Stewardship, and Owens eventually
signed on as its director. It suggests a suite of non-lethal wolf deterrents, including
fladry (small red flags) and flashing lights, which can startle predators, and guard dogs.
It teaches tactics such as bunching cattle together and rotating them around grazing
areas, which not only keeps wolves at bay, it also better allows grass to regenerate. And
it trains and funds range stewards, who spend time in the field with cattle, observing
how best to manage the herd and protect it from predators.
The question could not be more pressing: the new California pack, the Lassen pack,
now consists of at least two adults, two yearlings and five pups, and has killed at least
four calves since July.
Todd Swickard suffered one such depredation. On 19 September, one of his ranch
hands found a partially consumed calf, which state biologists confirmed was killed by
a wolf. Swickard was in the process of shipping his cattle out of their summer grazing
terrain, so there wasn’t much risk of further losses. But the specter of wolves’
continuing presence bothers him.
“They’re mostly nocturnal hunters, so it’s tough sleeping at night,” Swickard said.
“You wonder if they’re in the middle of your livestock, and we’re charged with the
husbandry and care of those animals.”
Area livestock producers feel their hands are tied if wolf numbers continue growing.
Federal and state laws prohibit lethal recourse against wolves. Plus California lacks
robust deer and elk populations such as those in Oregon and Idaho, so ranchers think
their herds will be the top option on the wolves’ menu. “The wolves have to eat,” the
rancher Daren Hagata said. “If they don’t have the wildlife populations … they’re going
to come after your livestock.”
“Once wolves get in and start harassing the cows, especially on a regular basis,
weight gains go away, conception rates go down,” said another rancher, Jack Hanson.
“That’s be my biggest worry, even more than the mortality issue.”
With lethal action off the table – at least legally – ranchers are slowly coming to
the realization they must try other methods. Owens spends a good deal of time meeting
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with ranchers in the area to educate them about Working Circle services.
1.What's Braanna Owens'attitude towards the wolf
A. She called for the removal of wolves.
B. She called for the protection of wolves.
C. She worked to ensure safe coexistence with the canines.
D. She advocates the elimination of wolves.
2.What did Owens do for the work circle
A. Install small red flags and flashing lights.
B. Teaches tactics.
C. Trains and funds range stewards.
D. Install flags and flashing lights and teaches tactics and range stewards.
3.What’s the meaning of the underline word “removal”
A. Mobile.
B. moved back.
C. left.
D. clearance.
4.Which of the following is not true according to the passage
A. Grey wolves died out in 1978.
B. Karin Vardaman is a director with the California Wolf Center.
C. The Rogue pack was the first in the area.
D. Owens worked as a director of the Working Circle Proactive Stewardship.
5.What’s the main idea of the passage
A. We should wipe out the gray wolf.
B. Grey Wolf is a good friend of mankind.
C. Grey wolves can take care of livestock.
D. Through special measures, gray wolves and livestock can coexist in one area.
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Reading 5
Ditch cling film and switch to soap': 10 easy ways to reduce your plastics use in 2019
Plastic has become perhaps the most demonized material of the last 12 months, as
the scale of pollution in the oceans becomes increasingly apparent.
With dire predictions that if nothing is done there will be more plastic in the seas
by weight than fish by 2050, it has become evident that we cannot recycle our way out
of the plastic problem.
More than 8m tones of plastic end up in our oceans each year. Meanwhile virgin
plastic production continues apace and is set to leap by 40% over the next 10 years as
more products are made from virgin plastic than from recycled.
But consumer pressure can force change. The Guardian revealed this year that
supermarkets alone put 1m tones of plastic packaging on to the market.
But they are increasingly aware that if their customers lose faith they will lose
money. Almost a quarter of consumers surveyed earlier this year said they were
extremely concerned about plastic packaging. More than half said they were doing what
they could to reduce their use of plastic.
In Australia, public pressure led many supermarkets this year to announce they
were phasing out single-use plastic bags. These include Coles, Woolies and Harris Farm.
Just producing plastic uses huge resources – it takes around 12m barrels of oil to
make the 100bn plastic bags used annually in the United States alone.
This year Britain’s Iceland supermarket has led the way – and others are beginning
to follow suit. Iceland has pledged to eliminate plastic packaging on its own goods in
five years.
So what can you do to reduce your own plastic footprint and put pressure on
supermarkets and manufacturers to move towards reusable plastic items and hugely
increase the amount of recycled plastic in their products Here are 10 top tips:
1. Start at home. Do a plastic audit of your household. Shower bottles, deodorants,
washing up liquids, shampoo bottles. Aim to make reductions here by ditching shower
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高考英语外刊 20 篇 （学生版）
gel for soap and the plastic cotton buds for recyclable ones; buy liquid detergent in
recycled plastic bottles and find a refill station to fill them up. Shampoo bars and toilet
paper in recycled packaging are also available.
2. In the US, 1bn plastic toothbrushes are thrown out each year, creating some 50m
pounds of waste. Try using bamboo toothbrushes instead which only take about six
months to biodegrade back into the soil when you have to replace your brush.
3. Carry reusable fabric shopping bags.
4. Try buying wholesale and putting dried products such as rice, pasta and
lentils into glass jars to avoid buying products wrapped in plastic.
5. Recycle old plastic children’s toys. Search for a toy library in your area to borrow
from or donate to. And consider charity shops when looking for gifts.
6. Carry a reusable coffee cup or flask; 7m plastic-lined coffee cups are thrown
away in the UK every day.
7. Say no to plastic cutlery. Carry a fork with you or use a compostable alternative.
8. Ditch cling film wrap for your food. It cannot be recycled in most UK collections.
Foil is recyclable, so use foil instead or reusable plastic boxes.
9. Use an electric razor instead of plastic disposable one.
10. Write to companies whose packaging is non-recyclable, asking them to
consider using less destructive materials. Maybe even think about starting a social
media campaign to raise awareness. Strength in numbers!
· This article was amended on 3 January 2019. An earlier version suggested that
12m oil barrels produced 100m plastic bags. That figure is more like 100bn bags. In
addition, the estimate of 1bn plastic toothbrushes being thrown out each year relates
just to the US, not globally. This has been corrected. It was further amended on 4
January 2019 to remove a reference to a branded product, and to refer to biodegradable
cotton buds rather than recyclable ones.
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1. According to this article, what impact plastic has had on the environment in the past
months
A. The scale of pollution in the oceans becomes increasingly apparent.
B. The species of fish have been reduced a lot.
C. Polluted the air.
D. Raising sea level.
2. What can supermarkets do to reduce plastic pollution？
A. Do not sell plastic products.
B. No plastic packaged goods.
C. Phasing out disposable plastic bags.
D. Non-reusable plastic products.
3. Which of the following is not true according to the passage
A. Plastics cannot be recycled.
B. Virgin plastics are increasingly low in our daily lives.
C. Consumers want to reduce the use of plastics.
D. It takes a lot of resources to produce plastics.
4. According to this article, which of the following methods can not reduce the use of
plastics？
A. Replace plastic toothbrush with bamboo toothbrush.
B. Packaging goods with glass cans instead of plastic packaging.
C. Do not use plastic tableware.
D. Massive use of preservative film.
5. Where can we see the passage
A. Novel.
B. Fashion magazine.
C. Environmental magazine.
D. Advertisement.
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Reading 6
'We're sounding the alarm': half of Canada's chinook salmon endangered
Half of Canada’s chinook salmon are endangered, with nearly all other populations
in precarious decline, according to a new report, confirming fears that prospects for the
species remain dire.
The report by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
concluded that eight of the country’s 16 populations are considered endangered, four
are threatened, one is of special concern and the health of two remain unknown.
Only one population, which spawns on the Thompson river in British Columbia, is
believed to be stable.
“For those of us who have been working on recovering chinook salmon runs in
British Columbia, we knew they were in terrible, terrible shape for quite a while now,”
said Aaron Hill of Watershed Watch, an organization that monitors ecosystem health.
“It was actually good to see it finally recognized by this federally mandated science
body, because this hopefully initiates more serious protection efforts from the
government.”
Watershed Watch has renewed calls for chinook to be listed under federal
legislation which would afford the ailing populations more robust government
protection. But similar calls were made last year, when the same committee of scientists
found that one-third of sockeye salmon are endangered, and the federal government has
yet to take action.
“There are some [rivers] where there are thought to be fewer than 200 fish still
remaining,” committee member and biologist John Neilson, told the Canadian Press.
“At that level, there would be concern about those stocks. That’s why we’re sounding
the alarm.”
Chinook salmon have long been a critical part of the ecosystem in British Columbia.
During spawning periods, millions of fish can travel up waterways, providing a critical
source of food for eagles, bears, seals and sea lions.
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No single culprit has been identified for the decline. Some blame a surge in
populations of seal and sea lion, which feast on salmon, while others fear ocean
temperatures are warming too much for the highly sensitive fish.
“The really big overarching stressor is climate change,” said Hill. “That’s creating
less favorable conditions for our fish in the ocean and the freshwater – and that’s
exacerbated by all these other stressors.”
Chinook salmon are also a critical source of food for the endangered south resident
killer whale, which the federal government has spent millions of dollars attempting to
protect.
“We need to look after the region in its entirety, from headwaters to the ocean,”
said Megan Leslie of the World Wildlife Fund Canada. “We need to act quickly to
reduce threats to wildlife, and prioritize actions that have the best chance of success.”
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1. According to the passage, where can we read this article
A. The magazine.
B. New papers.
C. Biology journal.
D. The government documents.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. Chinook salmon has become extinct
B. Chinook salmon is about to become extinct
C. Chinook salmon live very well
D. Chinook salmon mostly live in Canada
3. Which of the following word can best illustrate “ailing”
A. objective.
B. developing.
C. hard.
D. good.
4. The author’s attitude towards the future of the salmon is______.
A. negative.
B. suspicious.
C. positive.
D. objective.
5. What can be the best title of this passage
A. Called for the inclusion of Chinook salmon protection in federal legislation.
B. 'We're sounding the alarm': half of Canada's chinook salmon endangered.
C. We need to act quickly to reduce the threat to salmon.
D. Climate change leads to a decline in the number of salmon.
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Reading 7
Surge in marine refuges brings world close to protected areas goal
A record surge in the creation of marine protected areas has taken the international
community close to its goal of creating nature refuges on 17% of the world’s land and
10% of seas by 2020, according to a new UN report.
Protected regions now cover more than five times the territory of the US, but the
authors said this good news was often undermined by poor enforcement. Some reserves
are little more than “paper parks” with little value to nature conservation. At least one
has been turned into an industrial zone.
More than 27m square kilometers of seas (7% of the total) and 20m sq. km of land
(15% of the total) now have protected status, according to the Protected Planet report,
which was released on Sunday at the UN biodiversity conference in Sharm el-Sheikh,
Egypt.
Almost all of the growth has been in marine regions, most notably with the creation
last year of the world’s biggest protected area: the 2m sq. km Ross Sea reserve, one-
fifth of which is in the Antarctic. The no-fishing zone will be managed by New Zealand
and the US.
“We have seen an enormous expansion in the past two years. There is now more
marine protected area than terrestrial, which nobody would have predicted,” said Kathy
McKinnon of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. “I think we’ll
continue to see a substantial increase, I’d guess, to at least 10% in the near future.”
The UN convention on biological diversity says it has received national
commitments for an additional 4.5m sq. km of land and 16m sq. km of oceans to be
given protected status in the next two years. This would put it on course to achieve one
of the key aims of the 2010 Aichi biodiversity targets.
“This is the target with the most progress. In an ocean of bad news about
biodiversity loss and eco-destruction, it is important to highlight that progress, though
we still have a lot more to do to ensure not just the quantitive target but the effectiveness
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of the management,” said Cristiana Pa ca Palmer, the head of UN Biodiversity.
The creation of protected areas has not been enough to halt a collapse of species
and ecosystems that threatens civilization. Since 1970 humanity has wiped out 60% of
mammal, bird, fish and reptile populations, with a dangerous knock-on impact on food
production, fisheries and climate stability.
Protected areas are important refuges from this wave of extinctions but many are
underfunded and poorly policed. Only one in five have provided management
assessments to the UN, which has raised questions about the viability of the rest.
Naomi Kingston, of UN environment world conservation monitoring center, said:
“There is a race to deliver on Aichi target 11. It is fantastic that countries are coming
with more ambition, but not if it is just a number without substance.
“Some areas that have been reported to us as protected areas have been completely
built over. We need datasets to define which areas are paper parks and which are real.”
Developing nations have better reporting standards because many are obliged to
provide regular assessments in order to qualify for funds from the Global Environment
Fund. By contrast, many wealthier nations devote few resources to monitoring.
Discussions will focus on a new, more flexible category for community land that
is used by locals for both agricultural production and wildlife conservation. In Africa,
Asia and Latin America, this is a model that has often helped improve biodiversity
because residents – often from indigenous communities – live closely with nature and
have an interest in protecting it.
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1. What promotes the achievement of the goals of marine nature reserves
A. Poor management of marine protected areas.
B. Loss of biodiversity and ecological destruction.
C. Rapid growth in the number of marine protected areas.
D. Commitments in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. What impact does the establishment of “paper parks” have on protected areas
A. They have promoted the expansion of marine protected areas.
B. They have little value for nature conservation.
C. They all turn into industrial zones.
D. They will slow down the collapse of ecosystems.
3. According to the passage, What is Kathy McKinnon's point of view？
A. New Zealand and the United States regulate fishing-ban zones.
B. In the near future, the number of marine refuges will increase by at least 10%.
C. The quantity and management quality of marine refuges are equally important.
D. Many countries have ambitions to achieve Aichi 11.
4. Why developing countries are possible to achieve Aichi 11？
A. Because, by contrast, developing China has better reporting standards.
B. Because they have ambitions to achieve their goals.
C. Because they rarely invest resources in monitoring.
D. Because they are interested in protecting it.
5. What does this passage mainly talk about
A. A recorded surge in the creation of marine protected areas.
B. Developing countries may receive funding from the Global Environment Facility.
C. The Increase of marine refuges and the views of relevant personnel.
D. Achieving Aichi 11 Goal.
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Reading 8
Next generation ‘may never see the glory of coral reefs’
Children born today may be the last generation to see coral reefs in all their glory,
according to a marine biologist who is coordinating efforts to monitor the decline of the
world’s most colorful ecosystem.
Global heating and ocean acidification have already severely bleached 16 to 33%
of all warm-water reefs, but the remainder are vulnerable to even a fraction of a degree
more warming, said David Obura, chair of the CoralSpecialist Group in the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
“It will be like lots of lights blinking off,” he told the Observer. “It won’t happen
immediately but it will be death by 1,000 blows. Between now and 2 degrees Celsius,
we will see more reefs dropping off the map.”
Obura added: “Children born today may be the last generation to see coral reefs in
all their glory. Today’s reefs have a history going back 25 million to 50 million years
and have survived tectonic collisions, such as that of Africa into Europe, and India into
Asia. Yet in five decades we have undermined the global climate so fundamentally that
in the next generation we will lose the globally connected reef system that has survived
tens of millions of years.”
The warning follows a landmark UN climate report that upgraded risk assessments
for corals following faster-than-expected global bleaching. Scientists on the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that if warming reached
2C, currently very likely in the next 50 years, there would be a more than 99% chance
that tropical corals would be eradicated.
“Most available evidence suggests that coral dominated ecosystems will be non-
existent at this temperature or higher,” said the IPCC study, which was approved by all
195 nations in the UN last month.
As well as losing one of the most beautiful and biodiverse habitats on earth, the
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UN report warned of severe knock-on impacts to fisheries and millions of people living
in coastal communities, who will lose vital sources of income and be less protected
from storms.
Corals are often described as undersea forests, but they are declining far more
quickly than the Amazon. Along with the Arctic and high-mountain landscapes, the
reefs – which have evolved over hundreds of millions of years – are likely to be among
the first ecosystems to be wiped out by the climate crisis. A temperature rise of just 1
to 2C can trigger an evacuation of the algae upon which corals depend, draining them
of color and making the structure more brittle. These bleaching events can be temporary
if waters cool, but the more frequent they are and the longer they last, the greater the
risk of irreparable damage.
But that is exactly what is happening. Bleaching was first observed in 1983. It was
seen on a global level in 1998, then 2010, then for three consecutive years from 2015
to 2017.
“Coral bleaching events are growing so severe and so frequent around the planet
that reef systems are fragmenting into isolated pockets,” said Obura. “Some of these
will undoubtedly survive this century, but the highest scientific evidence tells us that,
unless we do everything to limit warming to 1.5C, we will lose 99% of the world’s coral
reefs in coming decades.”
Eleven of the 29 World Heritage reefs have already suffered bleaching. On current
trends, UNESCO predicts this will rise to 25 by 2040.
More widely, at highest risk are reefs off of Saudi Arabia, Madagascar, Hawaii and
Papua New Guinea, which are likely to suffer bleaching long before the global average
2043. Those with a greater – though still slim – prospect of survival may be off of Egypt,
Australia (including the Great Barrier Reef), Cuba, Indonesia and the Philippines.
“We are trying to do more than record the decline by making activist statements.
We need to get the message out that we must stop this happening to other eco-systems.
That’s what motivates me. If we don’t take this lesson to restrict warming, then we’ll
face much more of an impact.”
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1.Why are the children born today the last generation to see coral reefs
A. Global warming and ocean acidification bleach coral reefs.
B. High temperatures lead to the disappearance of coral reefs.
C. All the coral reefs have been whitened.
D. Coral reefs exist for too long.
2. According to the context, which of the following words can be substituted for
“vulnerable”
A. Impressionable.
B. Sensitive.
C. Susceptible.
D. Frail.
3. According to this passage, what are Oprah's Specific strategies for coral bleaching
A. Raise the temperature of sea water.
B. Make every effort to limit climate warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
C. Splitting the coral reef system into isolated caves.
D. By stopping the destruction of the climate.
4. When was the first coral reef bleaching event discovered
A. 25 million to 50 million years ago.
B. In 1983.
C. By 2040.
D. For three consecutive years from 2015 to 2017.
5.What does the passage mainly talk about
A. The impact of coral reef disappearance.
B. Limiting global warming.
C. Coral bleaching event.
D. The process of coral reef disappearance.
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Reading 9
Stop biodiversity loss or we could face our own extinction, warns UN
The world must thrash out a new deal for nature in the next two years or humanity
could be the first species to document our own extinction, warns the United Nation’s
biodiversity chief.
Ahead of a key international conference to discuss the collapse of ecosystems,
Cristiana Pa ca Palmer said people in all countries need to put pressure on their
governments to draw up ambitious global targets by 2020 to protect the insects, birds,
plants and mammals that are vital for global food production, clean water and carbon
sequestration.
“The loss of biodiversity is a silent killer,” she told the Guardian. “It’s different
from climate change, where people feel the impact in everyday life. With biodiversity,
it is not so clear but by the time you feel what is happening, it may be too late.”
Pa ca Palmer is executive secretary of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity
– the world body responsible for maintaining the natural life support systems on which
humanity depends.
Its members – 195 states and the EU – will meet in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, this
month to start discussions on a new framework for managing the world’s ecosystems
and wildlife. This will kick off two years of frenetic negotiations, which Pa ca Palmer
hopes will culminate in an ambitious new global deal at the next conference in Beijing
in 2020.
Conservationists are desperate for a biodiversity accord that will carry the same
weight as the Paris climate agreement. But so far, this subject has received miserably
little attention even though many scientists say it poses at least an equal threat to
humanity.
The last two major biodiversity agreements – in 2002 and 2010 – have failed to
stem the worst loss of life on Earth since the demise of the dinosaurs.
Eight years ago, under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, nations promised to at least
halve the loss of natural habitats, ensure sustainable fishing in all waters, and expand
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nature reserves from 10% to 17% of the world’s land by 2020. But many nations have
fallen behind, and those that have created more protected areas have done little to police
them. “Paper reserves” can now be found from Brazil to China.
The issue is also low on the political pared to climate summits, few
heads of state attend biodiversity talks. Even before Donald Trump, the US refused to
ratify the treaty and only sends an observer. Along with the Vatican, it is the only UN
state not to participate.
Pa ca Palmer says there are glimmers of hope. Several species in Africa and Asia
have recovered (though most are in decline) and forest cover in Asia has increased by
2.5% (though it has decreased elsewhere at a faster rate). Marine protected areas have
also widened.
But overall, she says, the picture is worrying. The already high rates of biodiversity
loss from habitat destruction, chemical pollution and invasive species will accelerate in
the coming 30 years as a result of climate change and growing human populations. By
2050, Africa is expected to lose 50% of its birds and mammals, and Asian fisheries to
completely collapse. The loss of plants and sea life will reduce the Earth’s ability to
absorb carbon, creating a vicious cycle.
“The numbers are staggering,” says the former Romanian environment minister. “I
hope we aren’t the first species to document our own extinction.”
Despite the weak government response to such an existential threat, she said her
optimism about what she called “the infrastructure of life” was undimmed.
One cause for hope was a convergence of scientific concerns and growing interest
from the business community. Last month, the UN’s top climate and biodiversity
institutions and scientists held their first joint meeting. They found that nature-based
solutions – such as forest protection, tree planting, land restoration and soil
management – could provide up to a third of the carbon absorption needed to keep
global warming within the Paris agreement parameters. In future the two UN arms of
climate and biodiversity should issue joint assessments. She also noted that although
politics in some countries were moving in the wrong direction, there were also positive
developments such as French president, Emmanuel Macron, recently being the first
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world leader to note that the climate issue cannot be solved without a halt in biodiversity
loss. This will be on the agenda of the next G7 summit in France.
“Things are moving. There is a lot of goodwill,” she said. “We should be aware of
the dangers but not paralyzed by inaction. It’s still in our hands but the window for
action is narrowing. We need higher levels of political and citizen will to support nature.”
1.Why make a new agreement for nature in the next two years
A. Because of the warning from the head of biodiversity at the UN.
B. Because humans will prove their own extinction.
C. Because of the loss of biodiversity.
D. Because the people put pressure on the government.
2.According to this passage, what do we know about Palmer
A. She is the executive secretary of the UN convention on biological diversity.
B. She did not support people's pressure on the government.
C. She disagreed with the signing of a biodiversity agreement.
D. She is pessimistic about the construction of living infrastructure.
3.According to this passage，which of the following statements is true
A. Biodiversity is the same as climate change.
B. The topic of biodiversity has attracted much attention.
C. Conservationists are eager to reach a biodiversity agreement.
D. The last two major biodiversity agreements have addressed related issues.
4.How about the conservation of biodiversity in Asia？
A. Asia is expected to lose 50% of its birds and mammals.
B. By 2050, Asian fisheries will collapse completely
C. Forest cover in Asia has decreased by 2.5%.
D. Biodiversity in Asia is a vicious circle.
5.According to this passage, what is the purpose of the author's writing
A. Call for attention to the loss of biodiversity.
B. Protecting the living environment of mankind.
C. Establishment of more nature reserves.
D. Signing up the Biodiversity Agreement
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Reading 10
Air pollution 'as bad as smoking in increasing risk of miscarriage'
Air pollution is as bad for pregnant women as smoking in raising the risk of
miscarriage, according to a scientific study. They said the finding was upsetting and
that toxic air must be cut to protect the health of the next generation. It is already known
to harm fetuses by increasing the risk of premature birth and low birth weight. Recent
research has also found pollution particles in placentas. The effect of long-term
exposure to dirty air on the risk of miscarriage has been analyzed previously. Studies
from Brazil to Italy to Mongolia found a link, but others failed to do so.
However, the latest study is the first to assess the impact of short-term exposure to
air pollution. It found that raised levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution that are
commonplace around the world increased the risk of losing a pregnancy by 16%. “It’s
pretty profound,” said Dr Matthew Fuller, at the University of Utah’s department of
emergency medicine and one of the research team. “If you compare that increase in risk
to other studies on environmental effects on the fetus, it’s akin to tobacco smoke in first
trimester pregnancy loss.” NO2 is produced by fuel burning, particularly in diesel
vehicles.
The research was conducted in Salt Lake City in the US, and surrounding urban
areas. But Fuller said the results were applicable elsewhere: “There are many places in
the world that suffer from pollution that is far greater, so this is not a problem unique
to Utah. This is a problem we are all facing.” NO2 levels in Salt Lake City are similar
to those in cities such as London and Paris. Fuller was initially alerted to the issue when
a family member lost a miscarried during a particularly poor period of air quality in
2016. He said: “That triggered the question in my mind and then I started noticing
anecdotally that I was seeing spikes in miscarriage numbers in the emergency
department during and after [pollution spikes].” Fuller teamed up with the population
health scientist Claire Leiser and others to see if the effect was real. They analyzed the
records of more than 1,300 women who attended the emergency department after
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miscarriages from 2007 and 2015.
A woman’s exposure to air pollution at the time of the miscarriage was compared
with similar times when she did not miscarry, meaning that age, weight, income and
other personal factors were accounted for. The strongest link with a lost pregnancy was
the level of NO2 in the seven days before the miscarriage. The average seven-day NO2
level across the whole period was 34 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3), but peaked
at 145μg/m3. The researchers found an increase in NO2 pollution of 20μg/m3 was
associated with a 16% rise in the risk of miscarriage. “Many of us think there is an
effect [of air pollution] on our health, but to find out there are actual effects on unborn
children is very upsetting,” said Fuller. Higher levels of particle pollution were also
linked to a greater risk of miscarriage, as found in a previous study, but the association
in the new work was not statistically significant. However, other recent studies on long-
term exposure to particle pollution in Iran, Italy, Mongolia and the US found significant
links. Other air pollutants, including ozone and sulphur dioxide have also been
implicated in these analyses. The mechanism by which air pollution could harm a fetus
has not yet been established but a likely hypothesis is that the pollutants cause oxidative
stress and inflammation.
Dr Sarah Stock, at the University of Edinburgh and not part of the research team,
said: “Air pollution is clearly detrimental to the health of millions of mothers, babies
and children worldwide. Measures to reduce the impact of air pollution are crucial to
ensure the health of future generations.” But she noted that the risk of miscarriage
varied substantially with the number of weeks of pregnancy and that the study had not
been able to record this information, potentially introducing a bias into the result. Leiser
said: “If we were able to get the gestation stage that would be a real benefit, to get a
sense of when the woman is most at risk. There really needs to be more studies done on
this specific issue. But we know enough about air pollution and birth outcomes to say,
if you are pregnant, talk to your doctor.” The best action is to cut overall levels of
pollution in urban areas, said Fuller.
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1.What’s the main purpose of the article
A. Raising people’s awareness toward air pollution in the society.
B. Introducing a social problem and researches done to investigate the problem.
C. Describing the negative effects of air pollutions in many aspects.
D. Evaluating the result of a certain research about air pollution.
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not the possible result of air
pollution to infants
A. More possibility of abortion.
B. Fetal premature birth.
C. Increasing risk of miscarriage.
D. Infants are underweight.
3. According to paragraph 3, why did Fuller claim that “this is not a problem unique to
Utah”
A. Because people in other areas also report their problems to him.
B. Because his friend’s unfortunate experiences abroad.
C. Because the mechanism that pollutants could harm fetus has established.
D. Because lots of other countries have even worse air conditions.
4. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is not considered in the research
A. Ozone.
B. Sulfuric acid.
C. Sulphur dioxide.
D. Nitrogen dioxide.
5. According to paragraph 5, what can be inferred from Leiser’s speech
A. The results of current researches can fully answer questions in the field.
B. We cannot trust the doctor yet because the researches haven't developed enough.
C. Although there are still some mysteries, ask doctor for help while pregnancy is
a good idea.
D. Because some of the factors are not considered yet, current result might be
misleading.
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Reading 11
World's first no-kill eggs go on sale in Berlin
The world’s first ever no-kill eggs are now on sale in Berlin after German scientists
found an easy way to determine a chick’s sex before it hatches, in a breakthrough that
could put an end to the annual live shredding of billions of male chicks worldwide.
The patented “Seleggt” process can determine the sex of a chick just nine days after
an egg has been fertilised. Male eggs are processed into animal feed, leaving only
female chicks to hatch at the end of a 21-day incubation period.
“If you can determine the sex of a hatching egg you can entirely dispense with the
culling of live male chicks,” said Seleggt managing director Dr Ludger Breloh, who
spearheaded the four-year programme by German supermarket Rewe Group to make
its own-brand eggs more sustainable.
“It’s not about winning or losing,” he added of the worldwide race to find a
marketable solution. “We all have the same goal, which is to end the culling of chicks
in the supply chain. Of course, there’s competition, but it’s positive in that it keeps us
all focused on that goal.”
An estimated 4-6 billion male chicks are slaughtered globally every year because
they serve no economic purpose. Some are suffocated, others are fed alive into grinding
or shredding machines to be processed into reptile food.
The culling is a messy solution to a thorny problem of modern poultry farming.
Humans have bred chickens for one of two purposes: to produce eggs, or meat. Yet half
of all the animals bred for this purpose are considered useless. Male chicks lay no eggs
and don’t grow fast enough to justify the cost of feeding them up for meat. So, they are
simply destroyed.
Chick culling has become increasingly controversial. In 2015, a video went viral
of an Israeli animal rights activist shutting down a chick shredding machine and
challenging a police officer to turn it back on. Consumer kickback has prompted a
global race to develop a more humane solution.
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Breloh said his first breakthrough came when he approached scientists at the
University of Leipzig where Prof Almuth Einspanier had developed a chemical marker
– similar to a pregnancy test – that could detect a hormone present in high quantities in
female eggs. Mixed with fluid from fertilised eggs at nine days, the marker changes
blue for a male and white for a female, with a 98.5% accuracy rate.
Next Breloh had to find a way of making the test easy for everyday use in hatcheries.
He approached Dutch technology company HatchTech and asked them to make an
automated machine to conduct Einspanier’s test from beginning to end.
It had to be easy to use, scalable, flexible, precise, hygienic and above all, fast –
the eggs couldn’t be out of the incubator for more than two hours. The biggest problem
was how to extract test fluid quickly from the egg without damaging it. A needle would
work, but it was invasive and also brought additional hygienic problems.
Instead, a laser beam burns a 0.3mm-wide hole in the shell. Then, air pressure is
applied to the shell exterior, pushing a drop of fluid out of the hole. The process takes
one second per egg and enables fluid to be collected from eggs without touching them.
“It worked absolutely faultlessly,” said Breloh of the test phase. “Today, female
hens are laying eggs in farms in Germany that have been bred without killing any male
chicks.”
Earlier this year Seleggt hatched the first brood of hens bred using the method.
Their eggs – the first to be sold from hens reared without killing male chicks - hit
supermarket shelves in Berlin in November, bearing the seal “respeggt”.
Rewe Group plan to roll out the eggs across German stores next year, while Seleggt
plans to install the technology in independent hatcheries from 2020. Seleggt will require
supermarkets to pay a few extra cents on every box of eggs sold with their “respeggt”
seal. Eventually, the group hopes to expand the model across Europe.
“With the market readiness of [this] process, Germany is a pioneer,” said German
minister of food and agriculture, Julia Kl ckner, whose ministry funded the project.
“Once the process is made available to all and the hatcheries have implemented [it],
there will be no reason and no justification for chick culling.”
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1.What does “no-kill” egg means
A. An easy way to determine a chick’s sex before it hatches.
B. The eggs go on sale in market.
C. We can kill more chicks.
D. We can entirely dispense with the culling of live male chicks.
2. According to the passage, what’s the marketable solution
A. It is to end the culling of chicks in the supply chain.
B. More male chicks are fed alive into grinding or shredding machines.
C. Make more male chicks serve economic purpose.
D. More male chicks are slaughtered.
3. Why male chicks are simply destroyed
A. Chick culling has become increasingly controversial.
B. Male chicks lay no eggs and don’t grow fast enough.
C. A needle was invasive and also brought additional hygienic problems.
D. a laser beam burns a 0.3mm-wide hole in the eggshell.
4. When the chemical marker changes white，the sex of the chicks is ______.
A. male
B. Mix
C. Not mentioned in the passage
D. female
5. Which of the following options is not mention through this passage？
A. The problem of machine was how to extract test fluid quickly from the egg
without damaging it.
B. The patented “Seleggt” process can determine the sex of a chick
C. A chemical marker could detect a hormone present in high quantities in female
eggs.
D. Dr. Ludger Breloh work at the University of Leipzig.
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Reading 12
Experience: I made $1m on bitcoin – and lost it again
Until 2016, I ran an advertising agency in London. At our peak, we were highly
successful; I had a team of 35 people, a 3m turnover and a Covent Garden office.
When the agency folded, I decided to invest in bitcoin.
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a type of electronic cash that allows people to spend or
trade via a peer-to-peer network without the involvement of banks or other
intermediaries. It is a cheap, efficient way of transferring funds or holding value, which
can be converted back into sterling at any time. I had used it before to buy treatment
online for my mother after she was diagnosed with cancer. I had also dabbled with
investing in it in 2013, and made and lost some money: bitcoin is prone to sudden
fluctuations in value. But the market seemed to have moved on, and I decided it could
be a good way to make some profit on my savings.
At first I deposited 5,000; at the time, January 2017, bitcoins were about $600, so
I bought seven or eight and spent the rest on other cryptocurrencies. But over the next
few weeks I became hooked and ploughed in a large chunk of money – 23,000 in all.
I remember telling people, “I really think the value of bitcoin could rise to $2,000 this
year.” I could never have predicted it would peak at 10 times that. By the middle of
spring 2017, my investment had risen to about $300,000, and by the summer it was at
half a million. Media interest in bitcoin was growing and friends kept asking how they
could get into it, so I started a Facebook group, then a website and finally a podcast
devoted to the subject. As excitement built, more and more people got involved,
forming the conditions for a bubble; but many of us were too caught up in the hype to
exercise caution.
At the end of 2017, bitcoin had reached almost $20,000 and my portfolio had
ballooned to about $1.2m. That is when I got a little out of control. I have always been
an entrepreneur, and since I was a kid I had dreamed of buying my local football club,
Bedford Town, becoming chairman and getting them into the league. I thought the
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project might cost 5m, so that was the figure I decided to aim for. I estimated I could
get there within six months.
By this time, I was travelling the world doing interviews for my podcast, taking
friends out to expensive restaurants and buying extravagant gifts for my family. I am
not the kind of person who puts everything away for the future, and though I donated
6,000 to my local hospital, much of my spending was quite frivolous. It might have
been more sensible to buy a couple of houses, but I became overambitious. This felt
like my one shot at achieving that childhood dream.
At the end of January 2018, the bubble burst and bitcoin’s value suddenly fell.
There had been a few drops during 2017 but it had bounced back, so I was not too
worried. But over the rest of the year, I watched it sink lower and lower, along with the
other cryptocurrencies I had invested in, all the time thinking, “Well, there’s no point
selling now…” That was my attitude throughout last year, as bitcoin’s value continued
to fall. Pretty much everything I had built up was wiped out.
There are many who invested a lot more than I did and ended up with far greater
losses. I wish I had taken everything out before the bubble burst, but I do not waste too
much time on regret. I have earned money in the past through hard work and enjoyed
it more. At the moment, I am enjoying making my podcast, which provides more than
enough money to live on. I have sold most of my bitcoin, which is currently worth about
$4,000 apiece, to give me a cushion in case the business has a bad month. But if I had
to choose between the $1.2m and the podcast, I would let the money go again – I love
what I do now.
I still believe that bitcoin is a force for good. I recently interviewed Alex Gladstein
of the Human Rights Foundation, who was explaining how it helps people living in
authoritarian regimes to prosper – for example, women in Afghanistan who are not
allowed to open bank accounts can still work and get paid in bitcoin. It is a step in the
right direction. My main focus now is exploring how bitcoin could help stabilise an
increasingly volatile world.
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1.Which of the following descriptions of bitcoin is not true
A. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency.
B. Bitcoin is issued through Banks
C. Bitcoin is prone to sudden fluctuations in value.
D. Bitcoin can be converted back into sterling at any time.
2. What was the author's childhood dream
A. Bought his local football club, became chairman and got them into the league.
B. Became a member of local football club.
C. Got into the league.
D. Became chairman of the league.
3.What did the author do when his portfolio had ballooned to about $1.2m
A. He bought a couple of houses
B. He was travelling the world doing interviews for his podcast.
C. He donated 20,000 to his local hospital.
D. He took his family out to expensive restaurants.
4. Which of the following statements is true
A. The author decided to invest in bitcoin while running an advertising agency.
B. By the middle of spring 2017, the author invested all his money in bitcoin.
C. The author didn't belie
