高考英语二轮专题复习：名词课件（46张ppt）
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮专题复习：名词课件（46张ppt） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-11-06 17:09:35 | ||
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(共46张PPT)
名词
可数名词与不可数名词
类别 可数名词 不可数名词
定义 可以用数目计算的名词 不可以用数目计算的名词
形式 有单数和复数两种形式 无单复数形式变化
量的表示 可以用不定冠词a/an或数词进行修饰 不可以用不定冠词a/an或数词进行修饰
主谓关系 单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 作主语时，谓语动词只能用第三人称单数形式
可数名词的变化
规则变化
①一般情况加s
job—jobs; effect—effects
②以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾加es
dish—dishes; bus—buses [特例: stomach—stomachs]
③以-y结尾：
辅音字母加-y结尾: 变-y为-i再加es
activity—activities; city—cities
元音字母加-y结尾: 直接加-s
day—days; boy—boys
④以o结尾:
无生命的加-s
piano—pianos; photo—photos
有生命的加-es
hero—heroes; tomato—tomatoes
⑤以-f或-fe结尾: 变-f或-fe为-v再加-es
leaf—leaves; life—lives
[特例: belief—beliefs; roof—roofs; chief—chiefs]
可数名词的变化
不规则变化
①改-a为-e
man—men; woman—women;
[特例: German—Germans]
②改-oo为-ee
tooth—teeth; foot--feet
③在词尾加-ren/-en
child—children; ox—oxen
④单复数同形
sheep—sheep; deer—deer
常见的不可数名词
advice 建议
baggage/luggage 行李
homework 作业
housework 家务
luck 运气
information 信息
knowledge 知识
news 新闻
progress 进步
weather 天气
既可数又不可数的名词
business [C]公司 [U]生意
chicken [C]小鸡 [U]鸡肉
experience [C]经历 [U]经验
failure [C]失败的事 [U]失败
life [C]生活 [U]生命
room [C]房间 [U]空间
time [C]次数 [U]时间
work [C]作品 [U]工作
①空前有修饰词
She has turned down several __________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
This trend has had some unintended side ________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease.
Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do.
All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.
invitations
effects
jobs
players
解题方法：
1.针对语法填空：
当设空处给出的提示词为可数名词单数时，可以通过空前的修饰词来判断填写复数名词。
2.针对短文改错：
当句中有修饰词修饰可数名词时，应将名词单数改为名词复数。
常考的修饰词有: all, different, some, several, most, dozens of等。
名词修饰词
few几乎没有
a few 几个
several 几个
many 很多
these 这些
those 那些
both 两个都
a number of 大量的
scores of 许多;大量
a couple of 两个;几个
dozens of 几十个;很多
1.只修饰可数名词
2.只修饰不可数名词
little 几乎没有
a little 一点儿
much 许多
a bit of 一点儿
a deal of 大量的
a large amount of 大量的
3.既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词
some 一些
any 一些
a lot of/lots of 很多
plenty of 充足的
half 半数
most 大多数
masses of 许多
enough 足够的
a quantity of/quantities of 许多
all 所有的
②语境/常识判断
The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________ (human) are.
_________ (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they’re of the same age and can understand each other.
My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families.
humans
Activities
friends
family
解题方法：
1.针对语法填空：
(1)若设空处括号内给出的词为可数名词单数, 且空前无单数修饰词，则空处填可数名词复数形式, 表泛指。
(2)可以根据上文提及的内容或人称的数来判断设空处是否填可数名词的复数形式。
2.针对短文改错：
(1)做题需要注意一些是可数名词但常用复数形式的词。
(2)可数名词单数表示整体概念时，需用单数形式，如：our family。
(3)可数名词前若无单数修饰词，则需结合语境填可数名词复数形式。
1.总以复数形式出现的名词
chopsticks 筷子
glasses 眼镜
gloves 手套
trousers 裤子
shoes 鞋子
2.复数形式表示特殊意义的名词
arm 胳膊—arms 武器
experience 经验—experiences 经历
good 好的—goods 商品
知识积累
paper 纸—papers 文件
spirit 精神—spirits 态度
time 时间—times 时代
wood 木材—woods 森林
work 工作—works 作品
3.以-s结尾但不表示复数概念的名词
(1) maths, politics, physics, news等名词虽以-s结尾,但不表示复数概念。
(2)以复数形式出现的书名、戏剧名、报纸、杂志名也视为单数。
③名词的固定搭配
I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.
Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.
dishes
vacation
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当设空处所填词涉及固定搭配时，则根据固定搭配填写单复数。
名词的固定搭配
一、动词+名词
bear/keep in mind 记住
carry/bring/put into effect 使生效,实行
catch one's eye 引起某人注意
catch one's breath 屏息
come/go into effect 生效,实施
do housework 做家务
do the dishes 洗盘子
do/try one's best 尽力,努力
have/gain access to 可以获得
keep an eye on 留神,照看,密切注意
keep one's head 保持镇静
keep pace(with) 与 齐步前进
keep track of 与 保持联系
lose heart 丧失勇气,失去信心
lose one's head 慌乱,仓皇失措
pay attention to 注意
play a part(in) 起作用,参与,扮演角色
put into practice 实施,实行
put sth. to use 使用
make a difference 有影响,起(重要)作用
make fun of 取笑,拿 开玩笑
make one's way 前往,行进
make progress 进步,进展
make sense 讲得通,有意义,言之有理
make up one's mind 下定决心,打定主意
make use of 利用
take a chance 冒险,投机
take advantage of 占 的便宜,利用
take care of 爱护,照料
take charge of 开始管理,接管
take effect 生效,起作用
take place 发生,进行,举行
take the place of 代替,取代
take…into account 考虑到,顾及,体谅
二、介词+名词
in class 在课堂上
for summer vacation 过暑假
in debt 负债
in detail 详细地
in trouble 陷入困境
on account of 因为
on purpose 故意地
out of date 过时
④可数名词与不可数名词
Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
information
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当句中出现名词复数时，应注意判别名词是否为不可数名词，如果是不可数名词，则需要把复数形式改为单数形式。
有生命名词的所有格
1. 普通单数名词，在词尾加’s
2. 以-s结尾的复数名词，在词尾只加’
3. 词尾不带-s的复数名词，在词尾加’s
4.表共同的所有关系（表示两者共有），在词尾加’s
Lily and Lucy's room. 莉莉和露西的房间。(共同拥有一个房间）
5. 表示分别所有关系，在两个名词词尾都加’s
Lily's and Lucy's room. 莉莉和露西的房间。(各有各自的房间）
无生命名词的所有格
1.无生命名词所有格一般用 “of+名词” 的结构表示
the gate of the school 学校的大门
the door of the classroom 教室的门
2.有些表示时间、距离以及国家等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加's或’
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
ten miles' distance 十英里的距离
China's future 中国的未来
双重所有格
1. 名词 + of + -‘s所有格
a friend of my father’s 我爸爸的一个朋友
2. 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
不用名词所有格
表示功能、类别等
a bus station 车站
a coffee cup 咖啡杯
2. 说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、类别等
a paper plane 纸飞机
Friday night 周五晚上
When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
Friday
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当句中出现名词所有格时，应注意区分名词所有格和名词的用法。
动词转换为名词
Chinese New Year is a ____________ (celebrate) making the ending of the winter season and the beginning of the spring.
The switch has decreased the _________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
celebration
pollution
解题方法：
当设空前的词为定冠词、不定冠词、形容词时，可以通过这些提示判断设空处填名词。
1. v. + ment → n.
advertise → advertisement
encourage → encouragement
agree → agreement
govern → government
appoint → appointment
improve → improvement
arrange → arrangement
require → requirement
develop → development
2. v. + ion/tion/ation/ition → n.
appreciate → appreciation
hesitate → hesitation
attract → attraction
introduce → introduction
compete → competition
invite → invitation
celebrate → celebration
organize → organization
connect → connection
pollute → pollution
produce → production
educate → education
3. v. + ance/ence → n.
accept → acceptance
depend → dependence
appear → appearance
differ → difference
guide → guidance
perform → performance
4. v. + ication → n.
apply → application
simplify → simplification
identify → identification
5. v. + ure → n.
fail → failure
please → pleasure
press → pressure
6. v. + ative → n.
represent → representative
7. 其他
act → actor/actress
marry → marriage
arrive → arrival
survive → survival
believe → belief
weigh → weight
The far side of the moon is of particular _________ (interesting) to scientists.
Filled with _________ (curious), the artist packed his bages and left.
形容词转换为名词
解题方法：
一般介词及物动词后跟名词作宾语
形容词冠词形容词性物主代词修饰名词
interest
curiosity
1. adj. + ness → n.
careless → carelessness
kind → kindness
sad → sadness
happy → happiness
lonely → loneliness
sick → sickness
2. adj. + ce → n.
absent → absence
different → difference
intelligent → intelligence
confident → confidence
independent → independence
patient → patience
3. adj. + y/ty/ity → n.
honest → honesty
popular → popularity
safe → safety
4. adj. + th → n.
true → truth
warm → warmth
wide → width
5. adj. + dom → n.
wise → wisdom
free → freedom
6. 其他
accurate → accuracy
angry → anger
brave → bravery
curious → curiosity
fluent → fluency
high → height
long → length
I am a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
普通名词转换为身份名词
scientist
解题方法：
通过上下文的语境以及句中出现的与人相关的动作或定语从句的关系代词等来推断
1. n. + ist → n.
journal → journalist
violin → violinist
art → artist
science → scientist
2. n. + ian → n.
history → historian
music → musician
Italy → Italian
physic → physician
3. n. + man/woman → n.
police → policeman/policewoman
post → postman
4.特殊形式
chemistry → chemist
philosophy → philosopher
geography → geographer
Thanks !
名词
可数名词与不可数名词
类别 可数名词 不可数名词
定义 可以用数目计算的名词 不可以用数目计算的名词
形式 有单数和复数两种形式 无单复数形式变化
量的表示 可以用不定冠词a/an或数词进行修饰 不可以用不定冠词a/an或数词进行修饰
主谓关系 单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 作主语时，谓语动词只能用第三人称单数形式
可数名词的变化
规则变化
①一般情况加s
job—jobs; effect—effects
②以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾加es
dish—dishes; bus—buses [特例: stomach—stomachs]
③以-y结尾：
辅音字母加-y结尾: 变-y为-i再加es
activity—activities; city—cities
元音字母加-y结尾: 直接加-s
day—days; boy—boys
④以o结尾:
无生命的加-s
piano—pianos; photo—photos
有生命的加-es
hero—heroes; tomato—tomatoes
⑤以-f或-fe结尾: 变-f或-fe为-v再加-es
leaf—leaves; life—lives
[特例: belief—beliefs; roof—roofs; chief—chiefs]
可数名词的变化
不规则变化
①改-a为-e
man—men; woman—women;
[特例: German—Germans]
②改-oo为-ee
tooth—teeth; foot--feet
③在词尾加-ren/-en
child—children; ox—oxen
④单复数同形
sheep—sheep; deer—deer
常见的不可数名词
advice 建议
baggage/luggage 行李
homework 作业
housework 家务
luck 运气
information 信息
knowledge 知识
news 新闻
progress 进步
weather 天气
既可数又不可数的名词
business [C]公司 [U]生意
chicken [C]小鸡 [U]鸡肉
experience [C]经历 [U]经验
failure [C]失败的事 [U]失败
life [C]生活 [U]生命
room [C]房间 [U]空间
time [C]次数 [U]时间
work [C]作品 [U]工作
①空前有修饰词
She has turned down several __________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
This trend has had some unintended side ________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease.
Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do.
All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.
invitations
effects
jobs
players
解题方法：
1.针对语法填空：
当设空处给出的提示词为可数名词单数时，可以通过空前的修饰词来判断填写复数名词。
2.针对短文改错：
当句中有修饰词修饰可数名词时，应将名词单数改为名词复数。
常考的修饰词有: all, different, some, several, most, dozens of等。
名词修饰词
few几乎没有
a few 几个
several 几个
many 很多
these 这些
those 那些
both 两个都
a number of 大量的
scores of 许多;大量
a couple of 两个;几个
dozens of 几十个;很多
1.只修饰可数名词
2.只修饰不可数名词
little 几乎没有
a little 一点儿
much 许多
a bit of 一点儿
a deal of 大量的
a large amount of 大量的
3.既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词
some 一些
any 一些
a lot of/lots of 很多
plenty of 充足的
half 半数
most 大多数
masses of 许多
enough 足够的
a quantity of/quantities of 许多
all 所有的
②语境/常识判断
The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________ (human) are.
_________ (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they’re of the same age and can understand each other.
My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families.
humans
Activities
friends
family
解题方法：
1.针对语法填空：
(1)若设空处括号内给出的词为可数名词单数, 且空前无单数修饰词，则空处填可数名词复数形式, 表泛指。
(2)可以根据上文提及的内容或人称的数来判断设空处是否填可数名词的复数形式。
2.针对短文改错：
(1)做题需要注意一些是可数名词但常用复数形式的词。
(2)可数名词单数表示整体概念时，需用单数形式，如：our family。
(3)可数名词前若无单数修饰词，则需结合语境填可数名词复数形式。
1.总以复数形式出现的名词
chopsticks 筷子
glasses 眼镜
gloves 手套
trousers 裤子
shoes 鞋子
2.复数形式表示特殊意义的名词
arm 胳膊—arms 武器
experience 经验—experiences 经历
good 好的—goods 商品
知识积累
paper 纸—papers 文件
spirit 精神—spirits 态度
time 时间—times 时代
wood 木材—woods 森林
work 工作—works 作品
3.以-s结尾但不表示复数概念的名词
(1) maths, politics, physics, news等名词虽以-s结尾,但不表示复数概念。
(2)以复数形式出现的书名、戏剧名、报纸、杂志名也视为单数。
③名词的固定搭配
I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.
Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.
dishes
vacation
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当设空处所填词涉及固定搭配时，则根据固定搭配填写单复数。
名词的固定搭配
一、动词+名词
bear/keep in mind 记住
carry/bring/put into effect 使生效,实行
catch one's eye 引起某人注意
catch one's breath 屏息
come/go into effect 生效,实施
do housework 做家务
do the dishes 洗盘子
do/try one's best 尽力,努力
have/gain access to 可以获得
keep an eye on 留神,照看,密切注意
keep one's head 保持镇静
keep pace(with) 与 齐步前进
keep track of 与 保持联系
lose heart 丧失勇气,失去信心
lose one's head 慌乱,仓皇失措
pay attention to 注意
play a part(in) 起作用,参与,扮演角色
put into practice 实施,实行
put sth. to use 使用
make a difference 有影响,起(重要)作用
make fun of 取笑,拿 开玩笑
make one's way 前往,行进
make progress 进步,进展
make sense 讲得通,有意义,言之有理
make up one's mind 下定决心,打定主意
make use of 利用
take a chance 冒险,投机
take advantage of 占 的便宜,利用
take care of 爱护,照料
take charge of 开始管理,接管
take effect 生效,起作用
take place 发生,进行,举行
take the place of 代替,取代
take…into account 考虑到,顾及,体谅
二、介词+名词
in class 在课堂上
for summer vacation 过暑假
in debt 负债
in detail 详细地
in trouble 陷入困境
on account of 因为
on purpose 故意地
out of date 过时
④可数名词与不可数名词
Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
information
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当句中出现名词复数时，应注意判别名词是否为不可数名词，如果是不可数名词，则需要把复数形式改为单数形式。
有生命名词的所有格
1. 普通单数名词，在词尾加’s
2. 以-s结尾的复数名词，在词尾只加’
3. 词尾不带-s的复数名词，在词尾加’s
4.表共同的所有关系（表示两者共有），在词尾加’s
Lily and Lucy's room. 莉莉和露西的房间。(共同拥有一个房间）
5. 表示分别所有关系，在两个名词词尾都加’s
Lily's and Lucy's room. 莉莉和露西的房间。(各有各自的房间）
无生命名词的所有格
1.无生命名词所有格一般用 “of+名词” 的结构表示
the gate of the school 学校的大门
the door of the classroom 教室的门
2.有些表示时间、距离以及国家等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加's或’
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
ten miles' distance 十英里的距离
China's future 中国的未来
双重所有格
1. 名词 + of + -‘s所有格
a friend of my father’s 我爸爸的一个朋友
2. 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
不用名词所有格
表示功能、类别等
a bus station 车站
a coffee cup 咖啡杯
2. 说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、类别等
a paper plane 纸飞机
Friday night 周五晚上
When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
Friday
解题方法：
针对短文改错：
当句中出现名词所有格时，应注意区分名词所有格和名词的用法。
动词转换为名词
Chinese New Year is a ____________ (celebrate) making the ending of the winter season and the beginning of the spring.
The switch has decreased the _________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
celebration
pollution
解题方法：
当设空前的词为定冠词、不定冠词、形容词时，可以通过这些提示判断设空处填名词。
1. v. + ment → n.
advertise → advertisement
encourage → encouragement
agree → agreement
govern → government
appoint → appointment
improve → improvement
arrange → arrangement
require → requirement
develop → development
2. v. + ion/tion/ation/ition → n.
appreciate → appreciation
hesitate → hesitation
attract → attraction
introduce → introduction
compete → competition
invite → invitation
celebrate → celebration
organize → organization
connect → connection
pollute → pollution
produce → production
educate → education
3. v. + ance/ence → n.
accept → acceptance
depend → dependence
appear → appearance
differ → difference
guide → guidance
perform → performance
4. v. + ication → n.
apply → application
simplify → simplification
identify → identification
5. v. + ure → n.
fail → failure
please → pleasure
press → pressure
6. v. + ative → n.
represent → representative
7. 其他
act → actor/actress
marry → marriage
arrive → arrival
survive → survival
believe → belief
weigh → weight
The far side of the moon is of particular _________ (interesting) to scientists.
Filled with _________ (curious), the artist packed his bages and left.
形容词转换为名词
解题方法：
一般介词及物动词后跟名词作宾语
形容词冠词形容词性物主代词修饰名词
interest
curiosity
1. adj. + ness → n.
careless → carelessness
kind → kindness
sad → sadness
happy → happiness
lonely → loneliness
sick → sickness
2. adj. + ce → n.
absent → absence
different → difference
intelligent → intelligence
confident → confidence
independent → independence
patient → patience
3. adj. + y/ty/ity → n.
honest → honesty
popular → popularity
safe → safety
4. adj. + th → n.
true → truth
warm → warmth
wide → width
5. adj. + dom → n.
wise → wisdom
free → freedom
6. 其他
accurate → accuracy
angry → anger
brave → bravery
curious → curiosity
fluent → fluency
high → height
long → length
I am a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
普通名词转换为身份名词
scientist
解题方法：
通过上下文的语境以及句中出现的与人相关的动作或定语从句的关系代词等来推断
1. n. + ist → n.
journal → journalist
violin → violinist
art → artist
science → scientist
2. n. + ian → n.
history → historian
music → musician
Italy → Italian
physic → physician
3. n. + man/woman → n.
police → policeman/policewoman
post → postman
4.特殊形式
chemistry → chemist
philosophy → philosopher
geography → geographer
Thanks !