中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
专题六 动词的时态和语态（解析版）
【解密高考】动词的时态和语态是高考英语中出现频率最高的语法项目，是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占1—2道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
【命题方向】2023年对动词时态语态的考查依然会在语法填空中呈现，重点考查根据语境判断时态、语态，根据主语判断主谓一致；尤其注意对进行时及完成时的考查。考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。
核心考点一动词时态
1.动词的一般时态
★一般现在时
（1）表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词（词组)always，every time，now and then，occasionally，regularly，often，seldom，sometimes，usually，every day/night，every Sunday等连用。
（2）按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于一些常用的位移性动词go，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，come等动词。
The train leaves at half past eleven. 火车将在上午十一点半出发。
The flight takes off at 2 : 30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每周三、周五2：30起飞。
（3）用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
I will write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the 1ights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus.如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into trouble. 遇到麻烦请告诉我。
Whatever you say , I will not change my mind.无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。
★一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作，常与everyday，often，sometimes等时间状语连用。
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟朱莉娅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。
I went to Gansu and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
我去了甘肃，在那里待了一年，作为一名志愿者教学。
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
★一般将来时
(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
He will get married. 他要结婚了。
I will come back in ten minutes.我会在10分钟后回来
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示①现在打算或计划将来要做的事情;②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。
We're going to meet outside the school gate. 我们打算在校门口见面。 .
Look! It's going to rain. 瞧！快下雨了。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示①预先安排好的计划或约定;②表示说话人的意志、意图、指麦、义务、命令等;③表示注定要发生的事情。
He is to visit Japan next year.明年他将访问日本。
(4)“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
They're about to leave. (=They're leaving.) 他们就要走了。
I was about to go out when it began to rain. 我正要外出，这时开始下雨了。
★动词的进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
They are playing basketball now. 现在，他们正在打篮球。
We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。
Mr Cheng is visiting our village this month. 这个月，程先生在我们村访问。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常限于go，come,leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear等表示移动、方向的动词。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五离开。
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗？
(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用)。
She is always interfering in my affairs. 她老是干预我的事。 （不满）
The students are making progress constantly. 学生们在不断进步。 （满意）
2.过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday , at ten o' clock yesterday等连用。
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
What was he researching all day last Sunday 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
She was phoning someone , so I nodded to her and went away.
她正在跟别人打电话，因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。
When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。
This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要从将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. I'll be having my classes then.
明天8点到10点之间请不要给我打电话，我那时正在上课。
After you take the medicine，you will be feeling much better.服药之后，你会感觉好得多。
When he comes to my house tomorrow，I will be writing the report.他明天来我家时，我正在写报告。
★动词的完成时态
1.现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作，常用的时间状语:already，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past)few years, up to now, so far等。
I have just cleaned my room. 我刚刚清理了我的房间。
I have been to this place before. 我之前去过了这个地方。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态，常与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
除非我亲眼看到，否则我不会相信你的。
(4)This/ltis the first/second...time +that从句，that从句中谓语要用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是第一次我们一家人去电影院看电影。
(5)It(This) is the best(worst，most interesting等)+名词+定语从句，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我自从到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
2.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语:by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time +句子等。
By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. 到上学期末，我们已经学了5000个新词。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划,
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。
(4)在 "hardly(scarcely)...when..." ,“no sooner...than...”句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一......就.
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下了。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
(5)在“It was the first(second,etc) time (that)句型中，用过去完成时
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
3.将来完成时
表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作，并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语为“by+将来某个时间”。
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years．
到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years．
到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满 20年了。
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们俩结婚就满20年了。
★动词的其他时态
1.过去将来时
表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用于宾语从句中。
Mary said that she was going to visit her grandma in the country the next Sunday.
玛丽说下星期天要去看望她乡下的祖母。
They said that they were going to Beijing if it didn’t rain the next Sunday.
他们说如果下星期天不下雨他们就去北京。
2.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在,并有可能继续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
三年以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。
比较：
I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。
3.过去完成进行时(had been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到过去某一时刻，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。
【考例1】（2022年全国乙卷英语真题）The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society ___3___ (address) the opening ceremony.
【答案】addressed
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。分析句意可知，本句是陈述过去事情，所以用一般过去时。故填addressed。
【考例2】（2022年全国甲卷英语真题）In the last five years. Cao ___7___ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
【答案】has walked
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：在过去的五年中，曹穿越了六大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语in the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。
【考例3】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___3___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】were
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
【考例4】（2022届山东师范大学附属中学高三考前打靶英语试题）Having online art class on Zoom meetings ____152____ (be)also popular. For teenagers, some have learned how to use a sewing machine and made a couple of projects;some are working on a social studies project which involves constructing a family tree including researching relatives alive in the 1800s.
【答案】were
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：Zoom会议上的在线艺术课程也很受欢迎。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。
核心考点二动词的语态
★动词的语态
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，有人称,数,时态的变化
1.被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态，除be外被动语态的构成形式还有:get/become +过去分词。
2.只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语:
last, cost, spread, happen(to), take place, belong to, break out, go out,run out, work out.
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
He will be operated on by the best surgeon. 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。
This matter has been carefully looked into. 此事已得到仔细调查。
These problems have been seriously thought over. 这些问题已得到认真考虑。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day. 每天晚上11点钟关灯。
4.表示"据说“或"相信"的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel,report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
It is said that... 据说
It is reported that...据报道
It is believed that... 大家相信
It is hoped that...大家希望
It is well known that...众所周知
It is thought that...大家认为
It is suggested that... 据建议
It is taken granted that... 被视为当然
It has been decided that... 大家决定
It must be remember that...务必记住的是
5.不用被动语态的情况
（1）不及物动词不能使用被动语态。例如：
The sun is rising. 太阳冉冉升起。
When did the thing occur 那件事情是什么时候发的？
（2）表状态特征的系动词。如： look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, become, fall, get, grow, keep等的主动形式表被动意义。例如：
It sounds very good. 听起来很好。
（3）表开始、结束、移动的动词不 使用被动语态。这类动词有begin, start, finish, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如：
Class begins at 8 o’clock.
（4）read, write, wash, sell, wear, lock等动词和well, easily,smoothly等连时， 主动形式表被动意义。例如：
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很流畅。
The coat washes easily. 这件外套容易洗。
（5）部分动词进时表被动意义。这类动词有： print,cook, fry, hang, build, make等。例如：
The novel is printing. 这本小说正在印刷中。
The supper is cooking. 晚饭正在做。
（6）need, want, require, deserve等动词以物做主语时， 后接动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
My watch needs/ wants/ requires repairing. 手表需要修理。
Who said the boy deserved punishing？ 谁说那男孩应受到惩罚？
（7）宾语是反代词、相互代词、同源宾语时， 不用被动语态。例如：
I taught myself English.
We help each other.
They live a happy life.
（8）部分及物动词不用被动语态。常见的有： fit, have,wish, cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit(受益), lack, own等。例如：
He entered the room and got his book.
I have a book.
（9）些短语动词不能用被动语态， 如： break out, take place, lose heart(丧失勇 ), come true, belong to, consist of (由---组成)， add up to, agree with, arrive at/ in, shake hands with, succeed in, walk into, suffer from， happen to，take part in等.例如：
The group, consisting of 5 people, has achieved its goals.这个由5人组成的小组已经实现了它的目标。
（10）不定式to blame (责备) , to seek, to let等主动形式表被动意义。例如：
The house is to let.此房出租。
Who is to blame for 那件事情谁应该受责备？
（11）不定式作定语与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时， 不定式用主动形式。例如：
I have lots of work to do every day.
我每天有大量的工作要做。
He is a pleasant person to get along with.他是一个很好相处的人。
（12）部分形容词后接不定式做状语时， 不定式用主动形式。常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, nice, kind, pleasant 等。例如：
He is easy to deal with. 他容易相处。
The ground is hard to dig. 这块地难挖。
【考例5】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___5___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
【答案】is designed
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填is designed。
【考例6】（2022年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语试题） Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane ____2____（view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
【答案】is viewed或has been viewed
【详解】考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
【考例7】（2022年6月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语试题）To understand a painting, we’re taught to look for color, composition, and light. But how can a painting ____61____ (appreciate)by someone who’s blind
【答案】be appreciated
【详解】考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：但是一个盲人怎么能欣赏一幅画呢？主语a painting与谓语appreciate为被动关系，且置于情态动词can 之后，所以本句为含有情态动词的被动语态。 故填be appreciated。
核心考点三 主谓一致
主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致。人称指的是主语作为第一、第二、第三等不同人称时，谓语动词的变化；数指的是谓语动词的单复数变化。
总的来说，主谓一致有以下 3 个指导原则：
（1）语法一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式。例如：
Both teachers have their own merits. 两位老师各有优点。
The boy has a cute sister. 这个男孩有一个可爱的妹妹。
（2）意义一致：主语和谓语的关系不取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单复数意义。例如：
The family are all fond of football.这家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会中最小的细胞。
（3）就近原则：这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。例如：
Not only he but also all his family are keen on music.不仅他而且他全家都喜欢音乐
Neither his family nor he knows anything about the news.他的家人和他都不知道这个消息
1.以 s 结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)以 s 结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称，这些名词通常当单数用；
Arthritis is a disease causing pain in the joints of the body.关节炎是一种引起身体关节疼痛的疾病
2)以 s 结尾的地理名称，国名用单数，群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等用复数；
The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world. 喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山峰。
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world. 尼亚加拉大瀑布可能是世界上最著名的瀑布。
3)以ics 结尾的学科名称，通常做单数用；
Physics is an important subject in middle school. 物理在中学是一门重要的学科。
Tactics is an important study for the soldiers. 战术是士兵们的一门重要学问。
4)其他以 s 结尾的名词；
a.由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以 s 结尾，如 scissors，trousers 等。这一类名词，通常做复数用；带一把、一条等则做单数用。
The scissors on your desk are very sharp. 你桌子上的剪刀很锋利
Wendy's new trousers are a little bit expensive. 温迪的新裤子有点贵。
b.以 s 结尾的名词如：contents、fireworks、goods、stairs 等通常做复数。
The contents of this book are fascinating. 这本书的内容很吸引人
c.由 ings 结尾的名词，如 earrings、diggings、surroundings 等，通常用做复数。
Maybe your surroundings are starting to affect you. 也许你周围的环境开始影响你了。
d.以 s 结尾的单复数同行的名词，如 headquarters、species、remains 等。随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用做单数还是复数；
A headquarters needs to be set up in China to direct the operation. 需要在中国设立一个总部来指导运营。
Their headquarters are in Beijing.他们的总部在北京。
A new species of mammal has been found in Hongkong. 在香港发现了一种新的哺乳动物。
There are 450 species of flatfish are known. 已知的比目鱼有450种
2.以集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)通常做复数的集体名词；如：police，cattle，people 等。
The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他
People live longer and longer. 人们的寿命越来越长。
2)通常做不可数名词的集体名词；如：machinery、equipment、merchandise 等。
The machinery is driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。
This equipment has saved the lives of a number of new born children. 这种设备挽救了许多新生儿的生命。
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词；如：class、family、 public等。
The family is rich. 这个家庭很富有。
My family all like playing football. 我的家人都喜欢踢足球。
4)“a committee of 等+复数名词”通常用做单数。
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
一个由五男三女组成的委员会将审议此事。
The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm.董事会负责公司的经营管理。
3.以并列结构作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)由 and/both…and 连接的并列主语，通常用做复数。
Wendy and Blair are going to HongKong tomorrow. 温迪和布莱尔明天要去香港。
注意：如果做主语的并列结果表示单数意义，则动词用单数，如：
Ham and egg is a good breakfast.火腿和鸡蛋是很好的早餐。
2)由 or/either…or/neither nor 等连接的并列主语，随后的动词形式按就近原则处理。
My two sisters or my brother is likely to be at home. 我的两个姐妹或我的兄弟可能在家
My brother or my two sisters are likely be at home. 我哥哥或两个姐姐可能在家
Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon. 不是她爸爸就是她妈妈每天下午来找她
Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟们要来
Neither the players nor the coach was overconfident. 球员和教练都不太自信
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 不仅开关换了，旧的电线也换了。
3)主语+as much as/rather than/more than 等引导从句时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.一些工人和经理一样对损失负有责任
His brother rather than his parents is to blame. 该受责备的是他的兄弟而不是他的父母
My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.
我妻子比家里的任何人都渴望再去那儿
4)主语+as well as/with/together with/except 等引导的词组时，随后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的单复数形式。
The father, as well as his sons, is going to Beijing tomorrow. 那位父亲和他的儿子们明天要去北京。
The manager with some workers was working during the summer holiday.
经理和一些工人在暑假期间工作。
Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident. 比尔和他的姐妹们在事故中受伤了。
No one except two girls was late for the dinner.除了两个女孩之外，没有人迟到。
4.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
a.数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数；被看做一个个的个体，则动词用复数；
Three years is too short a time, the senior high school headmaster warned.
这位高中校长警告说，三年时间太短了。
There are 3 dollars in each of the stockings. 每只袜子里有3美元。
b.主语由“分数/百分数+of +词组”构成，其动词的形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Two thirds of the water is polluted. 三分之二的水被污染了
Two thirds of the students are boys. 三分之二的学生是男孩
Over sixty percent of the the city was destroyed in the war.
这个城市的百分之六十以上在战争中被摧毁了。
Thirty-five percent of the doctors in Shekou Hospital are women. 蛇口医院35%的医生是女性。
c.主语由“one in/one out of+复数名词”构成，其后动词通常用单数；
One in(out of) ten students has failed the exam. 十分之一的学生考试不及格。
d.加减乘除运算一般用单数，加和乘页可用复数。
40 minus 15 is 25. 40减15等于25。
40 divided by 8 is 5.40除以8等于5。
7 plus 4 is/are 11. 7加4等于11。
5 times 8 is/are 40.5乘以8等于40。
2)以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语
a.主语由 most of…，some of…，all of…等构成，其后的动词形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Most of the money we used today is made of paper. 我们现在使用的大部分货币都是纸做的。
Most of the teachers are women in our company. 我们公司的大多数老师都是女性。
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion. 大楼的一半在爆炸中受损。
Half of the students were absent yesterday because of the flu. 昨天有一半的学生因为流感缺席了。
b.主语由 lots of, loads of, plenty of 等构成，其后的动词形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Lots of food is going to be wasted. 很多食物会被浪费掉。
Lots of people are waiting outside. 很多人在外面等着。
Plenty of sugar is imported from Cuba. 大量的糖从古巴进口。
Plenty of apples have been picked from the trees. 树上已经摘了许多苹果。
c.主语由 a portion of, a series of, a pile of 等构成，其后的动词通常用单数形式。
Only a portion of your previous working experience is related to teaching.
你以前的工作经验中只有一部分是与教学有关的
A series of accidents has been reported. 已经报道了一系列事故
There is a pile of books on the table. 桌子上有一堆书
d.主语由“many/more than one+名词”等构成，其意义虽属于多
数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。
I met him many a time in the bus. 我在公共汽车上见过他很多次。
More than one person has been concerned in this affair.不止一个人与这件事有关。
e.主语由“an average of/a majority of+名词复数”构成，其后的动词形式通常用复数。
An average of 10 students are absent each day. 平均每天有10个学生缺席。
A majority of Taiwanese believe in Buddhism and Taoism. 大多数台湾人信仰佛教和道教。
f.主语由限定词+kind/type/sort of+名词等构成，分为两种情况：
①在 a kind/type/sort of+名词，this kind/type/sort of+名词之后，动词用单数。
There is a kind of rose, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
有一种玫瑰，当五月来临的时候，空气中弥漫着芬芳。
This kind of man annoys me. 这种人使我讨厌。
This type of car is old-fashioned. 这种车是老式的。
②在 these kinds of+名词, many/several kinds of+名词之后，动词用复数。
There are many kinds of different snake in the mountains.山里有许多种不同的蛇。
These kinds of insects are harmful.这些昆虫是有害的。
These types of car are imported from Japan. 这些型号的汽车是从日本进口的。
5.其他方面的主谓一致问题
1)由 what，who，why 等引导的主语从句中，其后动词用单数；
What caused the accident is a mystery. 事故的起因是个谜。
Whether this will be successful or not is still difficult to 这是否会成功还很难说。
predict. 注意：两个由 and 连接的并列名词性从句作主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery.
事故的起因和肇事者仍然是个谜。
2)由不定式和 ing 分词做主语时，随后的动词通常用单数；
To eat well is all he asks.他只要求吃得好.
Playing tennis is a very good exercise. 打网球是一项很好的运动.
3)在“one of+复数名词+从句”结构中，其后的动词通常按语法一致原则用复数。
He is one of my friends who help me a lot. 他是我帮助我很多的朋友之一
Maria is one of those people who are always happy. 玛丽亚是那种总是快乐的人。
注意：这类结构之前有定冠词 the/the only 时，其后动词依 one 而定用单数。
Wendy is the only one of those girls who is still insist on running in the morning.
温蒂是那些女孩中唯一一个还坚持在早上跑步的。
【考例8】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___23___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】were
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
【考例9】（2021年全国甲卷英语真题）The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It ___71___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)。
【答案】was built
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致。句意：它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的，现在已经完全修复了。build和主语it之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，根据时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，应用一般过去时。故填was built。
【考例10】（2021年北京市英语高考真题）As it ____103____ (connect) things，your brain turns them into a story,and you get a dream．
【答案】connects
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致考查时态。句意：当它连接事物时，你的大脑将它们变成一个故事，然后你就得到了一个梦。由主句谓语动词turns可知，空处从句的谓语动词需用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数it，所以空处谓语动词需用单数。故填connects。
一、单项选择
1．（2022·天津市教育招生考试院高三期中）—I am sure he will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He for it for months.
A．is preparing B．was preparing
C．had been preparing D．has been preparing
2．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）When walking down the street, I came across David, who I ________ for years.
A．didn’t see B．haven’t seen C．hadn’t seen D．wouldn’t see
3．（2022·天津市瑞景中学高三期中）Growing up with a British father and a Chinese mother, I _________ food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork and chopstickst.
A．enjoy B．enjoyed C．have enjoyed D．had enjoyed
4．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）________ to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time
A．When do you suppose women were allowed
B．When do you suppose women allowed
C．When do you suppose were women allowed
D．Do you suppose when women were allowed
5．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）—Why don’t you ride your bicycle today
—Oh, it broke down. It ________ now.
A．is being repaired B．is repaired
C．was repaired D．will be repaired
6．（2022·天津市新华中学高三阶段练习）— How much do you know about the mysterious virus
— We _______ for three months with no results.
A．are researching B．had researched
C．have been researching D．researched
7．（2022·天津·耀华中学高三阶段练习）His private museum together with his art collections________ to the country as a gift.
A．has offered B．have offered C．is offered D．are offered
8．（2022·天津·耀华中学高三阶段练习）—What’s the problem, Sir
—You________ at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour.
A．are driving B．had driven C．were driving D．have been driving
9．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）—Do you know Russian
—Yes, I ______ it for two years when I lived in Harbin.
A．has been learning B．have learned
C．was learning D．learned
10．（2022·天津·南开中学高三阶段练习）________ her disappointment, she ________ and managed a bright smile.
A．Regardless of; moved on B．In spite of; took off
C．Due to; settled down D．Despite; cheered up
11．（2022·天津市双菱中学高三阶段练习）—Long time no see. What ________
—Actually, I’ve changed various jobs since graduation. I’m working for a large enterprise.
A．have you done B．were you doing
C．did you do D．have you been doing
12．（2022·天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三阶段练习）The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ to perform at the opening ceremony.
A．were invited B．was invited C．have been invited D．has invited
13．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）—You should have fed the birds yesterday. —Sorry, I ________all about it.
A．was forgotten B．have forgotten C．forgot D．forget
14．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）To be frank, if it were not for the fact that you ________a reliable person, I would not take such pains to help you.
A．were B．are C．had been D．have been
15．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）Linda couldn’t have answered the question so easily if she ________ a few books on world history before hand.
A．hadn’t read B．hasn’t read C．wouldn’t have read D．didn’t read
16．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life________ to finance the Project with their deeper love for these children.
A．be encouraged B．are encouraged C．were encouraged D．should encourage
17．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）If only I ________ an umbrella last night! I was wet through.
A．took B．should take C．had taken D．take
18．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）It was demanded that the working conditions in that area ________ as soon as possible.
A．must improve B．improve C．was improved D．be improved
19．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）---The museum is only five minutes’ walk! We should have walked there.
---Yes, a taxi ________ necessary at all.
A．wasn’t B．isn’t C．hadn’t been D．won’t be
20．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）She might have been in time for the interview, but she ________up late.
A．got B．has got C．was to get D．had got
21．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）My washing machine ______ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A．will be repaired B．was repaired
C．is being repaired D．has been repaired
22．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）It was the first time that China’s lecture ______ from the orbiting Chinese Space Station.
A．was delivered B．had been delivered
C．has been delivered D．delivered
23．（2022·江西·高三开学考试）— Our school sports meet_____next week. Which sport will you take part in
—The long jump and the high jump. I’m good at jumping.
A．holds B．will be held C．is holding D．is held
24．（2022·广东·深圳中学高三开学考试）Unless otherwise ________ all the regulations apply to students in Senior Three.
A．to be stated B．stated C．stating D．is stated
25．（2022·黑龙江·鸡西实验中学高三阶段练习）Since May, more than one death from monkey pox infection ______ in this area, causing great concern of the local government.
A．has been reported B．have reported C．has reported D．have been reported
26．（2022·全国·高三）I feel it is you as well as your wife that ________ for your son's bad performance at school.
A．are to blame B．are going to be blamed
C．are to be blamed D．is to be blamed
27．（2022·全国·高三）Steam engines ________to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.
A．are used B．used C．have been used D．were used
28．（2022·天津市西青区杨柳青第一中学高三开学考试）Various efforts ________ in the years ahead to protect the environment.
A．are made B．have been made C．were made D．will be made
29．（2022·天津南开·三模）The mayor of Suzhou says that all construction work for the Asian Games________ by the end of this month.
A．has been completed B．has completed
C．will have completed D．will have been completed
30．（2022·全国·高三）It’s reported that many a shelter hospital ______ at present in Shanghai.
A．is being built B．was built C．are being built D．have been built
二、语篇语法填空
（一）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___1___ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. To celebrate ___2___ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society ___3___ (address) the opening ceremony. “As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the ___4___ (large) tea-producing country, China has a ___5___ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with a ___6___ (share) future for mankind,” he said.
The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation ___7___ cultural exchanges. A four-year tea promotion —Tea Road Cooperative Plan — was also issued in accordance with the initiative.
___8___ (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, ___9___ (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening _____10_____ (it)first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
（二）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.
A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ___11___ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___12___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ___13___ (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. ___14___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___15___ (protect). Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ___16___ (meaning). The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.
In the last five years. Cao ___17___ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s ___18___ (high) mountain.
Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___19___ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, ____20____ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
（三）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). ___21___ (cover)an area about three times ___22___ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___23___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___24___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___25___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___26___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___27___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___28___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve ___29___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _____30_____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
（四）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the ___31___ (fall) child.
Eric Brown, only three years old, knocked Henry down when he fell. The boy is in the hospital and doctors say he'll be OK.
___32___ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell ___33___ (sleep) while watching TV.
Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___34___ (see) them. When he looked down, he ___35___ (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ___36___ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
Henry ___37___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ___38___ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
He saved my ___39___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know ___40___ to thank him.”
"I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry.
（五）
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Helen was walking down the street late ____41____ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. Focused on balancing the bags, she didn’t notice her wallet falling out of her pocket. As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her. Fearful that he might have an intention ____42____ (harm) her, Helen started to run. Eventually, the man ____43____ (catch) up with her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Why do humans prefer some smells over others One theory, increasingly ____44____ (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. It’s easy to explain how we determine ____45____ smells are dangerous or not: we learn. This has been adopted to ensure easier detection of gas leaks. Gas naturally ____46____ (have) no recognisable smell. However, a strong smell is added so that we can raise the alarm when we detect the smell associated with danger.
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ____47____ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. More takeout and more food delivery equal more waste, especially plastic waste. That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____48____ are only good for one use. That’s a big problem and it is getting even ____49____ (bad). The use of those plastics ____50____ (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won’t survive if this situation continues.
（六）
（2022·浙江）阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___51___ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane ____52____（view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others ____53____ （be） now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and ____54____（change） their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, _____55_____（rough） 200 academics - many of them climate scientists ____56____ （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ___57___ she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ___58___ time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the ____59____ （invite）. That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans _______60_______（continue） the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, "a really positive change."
（七）
（2022·浙江）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
To understand a painting, we’re taught to look for color, composition, and light. But how can a painting ____61____ (appreciate)by someone who’s blind Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not ____62____ (do). John Olson, a former ____63____ (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
The tactile(可触知的)paintings work as a way to show art to ____64____ blind because we don’t see with just Our eyes: We see with our brains. Research in the field of neuroplasticity-the brain’s adaptability-shows that the visual cortex(大脑皮层)is made active by touch. Blind people recognize shapes with their ____65____ (exist) senses, in a way similar to that of ____66____ (sight )people, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
Luc Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ____67____ age seven. When he felt a 3D version of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” he ____68____ (notice)her smile right away. ”I can actually feel what you see when you look at it,” he said.
For Luc, this means ____69____ (independent). "The feeling of being able to see it _____70_____ to form my opinion is like breaking down another wall as a blind person.”
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
专题六 动词的时态和语态（解析版）
【解密高考】动词的时态和语态是高考英语中出现频率最高的语法项目，是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占1—2道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
【命题方向】2023年对动词时态语态的考查依然会在语法填空中呈现，重点考查根据语境判断时态、语态，根据主语判断主谓一致；尤其注意对进行时及完成时的考查。考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。
核心考点一动词时态
1.动词的一般时态
★一般现在时
（1）表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词（词组)always，every time，now and then，occasionally，regularly，often，seldom，sometimes，usually，every day/night，every Sunday等连用。
（2）按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于一些常用的位移性动词go，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，come等动词。
The train leaves at half past eleven. 火车将在上午十一点半出发。
The flight takes off at 2 : 30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每周三、周五2：30起飞。
（3）用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
I will write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the 1ights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus.如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into trouble. 遇到麻烦请告诉我。
Whatever you say , I will not change my mind.无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。
★一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作，常与everyday，often，sometimes等时间状语连用。
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟朱莉娅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。
I went to Gansu and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
我去了甘肃，在那里待了一年，作为一名志愿者教学。
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
★一般将来时
(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
He will get married. 他要结婚了。
I will come back in ten minutes.我会在10分钟后回来
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示①现在打算或计划将来要做的事情;②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。
We're going to meet outside the school gate. 我们打算在校门口见面。 .
Look! It's going to rain. 瞧！快下雨了。
(3)“be to+动词原形”表示①预先安排好的计划或约定;②表示说话人的意志、意图、指麦、义务、命令等;③表示注定要发生的事情。
He is to visit Japan next year.明年他将访问日本。
(4)“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
They're about to leave. (=They're leaving.) 他们就要走了。
I was about to go out when it began to rain. 我正要外出，这时开始下雨了。
★动词的进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
They are playing basketball now. 现在，他们正在打篮球。
We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。
Mr Cheng is visiting our village this month. 这个月，程先生在我们村访问。
(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常限于go，come,leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear等表示移动、方向的动词。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五离开。
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗？
(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用)。
She is always interfering in my affairs. 她老是干预我的事。 （不满）
The students are making progress constantly. 学生们在不断进步。 （满意）
2.过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday , at ten o' clock yesterday等连用。
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
What was he researching all day last Sunday 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
She was phoning someone , so I nodded to her and went away.
她正在跟别人打电话，因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。
When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。
This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。
3.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要从将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. I'll be having my classes then.
明天8点到10点之间请不要给我打电话，我那时正在上课。
After you take the medicine，you will be feeling much better.服药之后，你会感觉好得多。
When he comes to my house tomorrow，I will be writing the report.他明天来我家时，我正在写报告。
★动词的完成时态
1.现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作，常用的时间状语:already，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past)few years, up to now, so far等。
I have just cleaned my room. 我刚刚清理了我的房间。
I have been to this place before. 我之前去过了这个地方。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态，常与for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
除非我亲眼看到，否则我不会相信你的。
(4)This/ltis the first/second...time +that从句，that从句中谓语要用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是第一次我们一家人去电影院看电影。
(5)It(This) is the best(worst，most interesting等)+名词+定语从句，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我自从到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
2.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语:by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time +句子等。
By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. 到上学期末，我们已经学了5000个新词。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划,
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。
(4)在 "hardly(scarcely)...when..." ,“no sooner...than...”句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一......就.
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下了。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
(5)在“It was the first(second,etc) time (that)句型中，用过去完成时
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
3.将来完成时
表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作，并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语为“by+将来某个时间”。
By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years．
到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。
By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years．
到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满 20年了。
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们俩结婚就满20年了。
★动词的其他时态
1.过去将来时
表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用于宾语从句中。
Mary said that she was going to visit her grandma in the country the next Sunday.
玛丽说下星期天要去看望她乡下的祖母。
They said that they were going to Beijing if it didn’t rain the next Sunday.
他们说如果下星期天不下雨他们就去北京。
2.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在,并有可能继续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
三年以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。
比较：
I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。
3.过去完成进行时(had been doing)
表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到过去某一时刻，这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。
【考例1】（2022年全国乙卷英语真题）The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society ___3___ (address) the opening ceremony.
【答案】addressed
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。分析句意可知，本句是陈述过去事情，所以用一般过去时。故填addressed。
【考例2】（2022年全国甲卷英语真题）In the last five years. Cao ___7___ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
【答案】has walked
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：在过去的五年中，曹穿越了六大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语in the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。
【考例3】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___3___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】were
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
【考例4】（2022届山东师范大学附属中学高三考前打靶英语试题）Having online art class on Zoom meetings ____152____ (be)also popular. For teenagers, some have learned how to use a sewing machine and made a couple of projects;some are working on a social studies project which involves constructing a family tree including researching relatives alive in the 1800s.
【答案】were
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：Zoom会议上的在线艺术课程也很受欢迎。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。故填is。
核心考点二动词的语态
★动词的语态
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，有人称,数,时态的变化
1.被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态，除be外被动语态的构成形式还有:get/become +过去分词。
2.只要及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语:
last, cost, spread, happen(to), take place, belong to, break out, go out,run out, work out.
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:
He will be operated on by the best surgeon. 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。
This matter has been carefully looked into. 此事已得到仔细调查。
These problems have been seriously thought over. 这些问题已得到认真考虑。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day. 每天晚上11点钟关灯。
4.表示"据说“或"相信"的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel,report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如:
It is said that... 据说
It is reported that...据报道
It is believed that... 大家相信
It is hoped that...大家希望
It is well known that...众所周知
It is thought that...大家认为
It is suggested that... 据建议
It is taken granted that... 被视为当然
It has been decided that... 大家决定
It must be remember that...务必记住的是
5.不用被动语态的情况
（1）不及物动词不能使用被动语态。例如：
The sun is rising. 太阳冉冉升起。
When did the thing occur 那件事情是什么时候发的？
（2）表状态特征的系动词。如： look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, become, fall, get, grow, keep等的主动形式表被动意义。例如：
It sounds very good. 听起来很好。
（3）表开始、结束、移动的动词不 使用被动语态。这类动词有begin, start, finish, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。例如：
Class begins at 8 o’clock.
（4）read, write, wash, sell, wear, lock等动词和well, easily,smoothly等连时， 主动形式表被动意义。例如：
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很流畅。
The coat washes easily. 这件外套容易洗。
（5）部分动词进时表被动意义。这类动词有： print,cook, fry, hang, build, make等。例如：
The novel is printing. 这本小说正在印刷中。
The supper is cooking. 晚饭正在做。
（6）need, want, require, deserve等动词以物做主语时， 后接动名词的主动形式表被动意义。
My watch needs/ wants/ requires repairing. 手表需要修理。
Who said the boy deserved punishing？ 谁说那男孩应受到惩罚？
（7）宾语是反代词、相互代词、同源宾语时， 不用被动语态。例如：
I taught myself English.
We help each other.
They live a happy life.
（8）部分及物动词不用被动语态。常见的有： fit, have,wish, cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit(受益), lack, own等。例如：
He entered the room and got his book.
I have a book.
（9）些短语动词不能用被动语态， 如： break out, take place, lose heart(丧失勇 ), come true, belong to, consist of (由---组成)， add up to, agree with, arrive at/ in, shake hands with, succeed in, walk into, suffer from， happen to，take part in等.例如：
The group, consisting of 5 people, has achieved its goals.这个由5人组成的小组已经实现了它的目标。
（10）不定式to blame (责备) , to seek, to let等主动形式表被动意义。例如：
The house is to let.此房出租。
Who is to blame for 那件事情谁应该受责备？
（11）不定式作定语与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时， 不定式用主动形式。例如：
I have lots of work to do every day.
我每天有大量的工作要做。
He is a pleasant person to get along with.他是一个很好相处的人。
（12）部分形容词后接不定式做状语时， 不定式用主动形式。常见的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, nice, kind, pleasant 等。例如：
He is easy to deal with. 他容易相处。
The ground is hard to dig. 这块地难挖。
【考例5】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___5___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
【答案】is designed
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填is designed。
【考例6】（2022年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语试题） Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane ____2____（view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
【答案】is viewed或has been viewed
【详解】考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
【考例7】（2022年6月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语试题）To understand a painting, we’re taught to look for color, composition, and light. But how can a painting ____61____ (appreciate)by someone who’s blind
【答案】be appreciated
【详解】考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：但是一个盲人怎么能欣赏一幅画呢？主语a painting与谓语appreciate为被动关系，且置于情态动词can 之后，所以本句为含有情态动词的被动语态。 故填be appreciated。
核心考点三 主谓一致
主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致。人称指的是主语作为第一、第二、第三等不同人称时，谓语动词的变化；数指的是谓语动词的单复数变化。
总的来说，主谓一致有以下 3 个指导原则：
（1）语法一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式。例如：
Both teachers have their own merits. 两位老师各有优点。
The boy has a cute sister. 这个男孩有一个可爱的妹妹。
（2）意义一致：主语和谓语的关系不取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的单复数意义。例如：
The family are all fond of football.这家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会中最小的细胞。
（3）就近原则：这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。例如：
Not only he but also all his family are keen on music.不仅他而且他全家都喜欢音乐
Neither his family nor he knows anything about the news.他的家人和他都不知道这个消息
1.以 s 结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)以 s 结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称，这些名词通常当单数用；
Arthritis is a disease causing pain in the joints of the body.关节炎是一种引起身体关节疼痛的疾病
2)以 s 结尾的地理名称，国名用单数，群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等用复数；
The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world. 喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山峰。
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world. 尼亚加拉大瀑布可能是世界上最著名的瀑布。
3)以ics 结尾的学科名称，通常做单数用；
Physics is an important subject in middle school. 物理在中学是一门重要的学科。
Tactics is an important study for the soldiers. 战术是士兵们的一门重要学问。
4)其他以 s 结尾的名词；
a.由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以 s 结尾，如 scissors，trousers 等。这一类名词，通常做复数用；带一把、一条等则做单数用。
The scissors on your desk are very sharp. 你桌子上的剪刀很锋利
Wendy's new trousers are a little bit expensive. 温迪的新裤子有点贵。
b.以 s 结尾的名词如：contents、fireworks、goods、stairs 等通常做复数。
The contents of this book are fascinating. 这本书的内容很吸引人
c.由 ings 结尾的名词，如 earrings、diggings、surroundings 等，通常用做复数。
Maybe your surroundings are starting to affect you. 也许你周围的环境开始影响你了。
d.以 s 结尾的单复数同行的名词，如 headquarters、species、remains 等。随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用做单数还是复数；
A headquarters needs to be set up in China to direct the operation. 需要在中国设立一个总部来指导运营。
Their headquarters are in Beijing.他们的总部在北京。
A new species of mammal has been found in Hongkong. 在香港发现了一种新的哺乳动物。
There are 450 species of flatfish are known. 已知的比目鱼有450种
2.以集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)通常做复数的集体名词；如：police，cattle，people 等。
The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他
People live longer and longer. 人们的寿命越来越长。
2)通常做不可数名词的集体名词；如：machinery、equipment、merchandise 等。
The machinery is driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。
This equipment has saved the lives of a number of new born children. 这种设备挽救了许多新生儿的生命。
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词；如：class、family、 public等。
The family is rich. 这个家庭很富有。
My family all like playing football. 我的家人都喜欢踢足球。
4)“a committee of 等+复数名词”通常用做单数。
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
一个由五男三女组成的委员会将审议此事。
The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm.董事会负责公司的经营管理。
3.以并列结构作主语时的主谓一致问题
1)由 and/both…and 连接的并列主语，通常用做复数。
Wendy and Blair are going to HongKong tomorrow. 温迪和布莱尔明天要去香港。
注意：如果做主语的并列结果表示单数意义，则动词用单数，如：
Ham and egg is a good breakfast.火腿和鸡蛋是很好的早餐。
2)由 or/either…or/neither nor 等连接的并列主语，随后的动词形式按就近原则处理。
My two sisters or my brother is likely to be at home. 我的两个姐妹或我的兄弟可能在家
My brother or my two sisters are likely be at home. 我哥哥或两个姐姐可能在家
Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon. 不是她爸爸就是她妈妈每天下午来找她
Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟们要来
Neither the players nor the coach was overconfident. 球员和教练都不太自信
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 不仅开关换了，旧的电线也换了。
3)主语+as much as/rather than/more than 等引导从句时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.一些工人和经理一样对损失负有责任
His brother rather than his parents is to blame. 该受责备的是他的兄弟而不是他的父母
My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.
我妻子比家里的任何人都渴望再去那儿
4)主语+as well as/with/together with/except 等引导的词组时，随后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的单复数形式。
The father, as well as his sons, is going to Beijing tomorrow. 那位父亲和他的儿子们明天要去北京。
The manager with some workers was working during the summer holiday.
经理和一些工人在暑假期间工作。
Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident. 比尔和他的姐妹们在事故中受伤了。
No one except two girls was late for the dinner.除了两个女孩之外，没有人迟到。
4.以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
a.数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数；被看做一个个的个体，则动词用复数；
Three years is too short a time, the senior high school headmaster warned.
这位高中校长警告说，三年时间太短了。
There are 3 dollars in each of the stockings. 每只袜子里有3美元。
b.主语由“分数/百分数+of +词组”构成，其动词的形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Two thirds of the water is polluted. 三分之二的水被污染了
Two thirds of the students are boys. 三分之二的学生是男孩
Over sixty percent of the the city was destroyed in the war.
这个城市的百分之六十以上在战争中被摧毁了。
Thirty-five percent of the doctors in Shekou Hospital are women. 蛇口医院35%的医生是女性。
c.主语由“one in/one out of+复数名词”构成，其后动词通常用单数；
One in(out of) ten students has failed the exam. 十分之一的学生考试不及格。
d.加减乘除运算一般用单数，加和乘页可用复数。
40 minus 15 is 25. 40减15等于25。
40 divided by 8 is 5.40除以8等于5。
7 plus 4 is/are 11. 7加4等于11。
5 times 8 is/are 40.5乘以8等于40。
2)以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语
a.主语由 most of…，some of…，all of…等构成，其后的动词形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Most of the money we used today is made of paper. 我们现在使用的大部分货币都是纸做的。
Most of the teachers are women in our company. 我们公司的大多数老师都是女性。
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion. 大楼的一半在爆炸中受损。
Half of the students were absent yesterday because of the flu. 昨天有一半的学生因为流感缺席了。
b.主语由 lots of, loads of, plenty of 等构成，其后的动词形式依 of 后名词类别而定；
Lots of food is going to be wasted. 很多食物会被浪费掉。
Lots of people are waiting outside. 很多人在外面等着。
Plenty of sugar is imported from Cuba. 大量的糖从古巴进口。
Plenty of apples have been picked from the trees. 树上已经摘了许多苹果。
c.主语由 a portion of, a series of, a pile of 等构成，其后的动词通常用单数形式。
Only a portion of your previous working experience is related to teaching.
你以前的工作经验中只有一部分是与教学有关的
A series of accidents has been reported. 已经报道了一系列事故
There is a pile of books on the table. 桌子上有一堆书
d.主语由“many/more than one+名词”等构成，其意义虽属于多
数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。
I met him many a time in the bus. 我在公共汽车上见过他很多次。
More than one person has been concerned in this affair.不止一个人与这件事有关。
e.主语由“an average of/a majority of+名词复数”构成，其后的动词形式通常用复数。
An average of 10 students are absent each day. 平均每天有10个学生缺席。
A majority of Taiwanese believe in Buddhism and Taoism. 大多数台湾人信仰佛教和道教。
f.主语由限定词+kind/type/sort of+名词等构成，分为两种情况：
①在 a kind/type/sort of+名词，this kind/type/sort of+名词之后，动词用单数。
There is a kind of rose, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
有一种玫瑰，当五月来临的时候，空气中弥漫着芬芳。
This kind of man annoys me. 这种人使我讨厌。
This type of car is old-fashioned. 这种车是老式的。
②在 these kinds of+名词, many/several kinds of+名词之后，动词用复数。
There are many kinds of different snake in the mountains.山里有许多种不同的蛇。
These kinds of insects are harmful.这些昆虫是有害的。
These types of car are imported from Japan. 这些型号的汽车是从日本进口的。
5.其他方面的主谓一致问题
1)由 what，who，why 等引导的主语从句中，其后动词用单数；
What caused the accident is a mystery. 事故的起因是个谜。
Whether this will be successful or not is still difficult to 这是否会成功还很难说。
predict. 注意：两个由 and 连接的并列名词性从句作主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery.
事故的起因和肇事者仍然是个谜。
2)由不定式和 ing 分词做主语时，随后的动词通常用单数；
To eat well is all he asks.他只要求吃得好.
Playing tennis is a very good exercise. 打网球是一项很好的运动.
3)在“one of+复数名词+从句”结构中，其后的动词通常按语法一致原则用复数。
He is one of my friends who help me a lot. 他是我帮助我很多的朋友之一
Maria is one of those people who are always happy. 玛丽亚是那种总是快乐的人。
注意：这类结构之前有定冠词 the/the only 时，其后动词依 one 而定用单数。
Wendy is the only one of those girls who is still insist on running in the morning.
温蒂是那些女孩中唯一一个还坚持在早上跑步的。
【考例8】（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___23___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】were
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
【考例9】（2021年全国甲卷英语真题）The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It ___71___ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复)。
【答案】was built
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致。句意：它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的，现在已经完全修复了。build和主语it之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，根据时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，应用一般过去时。故填was built。
【考例10】（2021年北京市英语高考真题）As it ____103____ (connect) things，your brain turns them into a story,and you get a dream．
【答案】connects
【详解】考查动词语态与主谓一致考查时态。句意：当它连接事物时，你的大脑将它们变成一个故事，然后你就得到了一个梦。由主句谓语动词turns可知，空处从句的谓语动词需用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数it，所以空处谓语动词需用单数。故填connects。
一、单项选择
1．（2022·天津市教育招生考试院高三期中）—I am sure he will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He for it for months.
A．is preparing B．was preparing
C．had been preparing D．has been preparing
【答案】D
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：——我相信他会在决赛中获得第一名。——我想是的。他为此准备了好几个月。根据时间状语“for months”可知，此处表示prepare这个动作从过去开始持续到现在并将持续下去，使用现在完成进行时，其基本构成形式是have/has been doing。故选D。
2．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）When walking down the street, I came across David, who I ________ for years.
A．didn’t see B．haven’t seen C．hadn’t seen D．wouldn’t see
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的David。根据语境，“not see”这个动作发生在came across之前，是过去的过去发生的动作，用过去完成时。故选C。
3．（2022·天津市瑞景中学高三期中）Growing up with a British father and a Chinese mother, I _________ food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork and chopstickst.
A．enjoy B．enjoyed C．have enjoyed D．had enjoyed
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态。句意：与英国父亲和中国母亲一起长大． 自从我能够握住刀叉和筷子以来，我就一直享用着这两个国家的美食。根据句意可知，ever since 意为“自从……以来，”，需要接用现在完成式。本句是从过去到现在一直，故用现在完成式。故选C项。
4．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）________ to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time
A．When do you suppose women were allowed
B．When do you suppose women allowed
C．When do you suppose were women allowed
D．Do you suppose when women were allowed
【答案】A
【详解】考查插入语和被动语态。句意：你认为什么时候女性第一次被允许参加奥运会？分析句子结构，do you suppose为插入语，置于特殊疑问词之后，插入语后句子应使用陈述语气，且women和allow之间为动宾关系，要使用被动语态。综上，故答案为A。
5．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）—Why don’t you ride your bicycle today
—Oh, it broke down. It ________ now.
A．is being repaired B．is repaired
C．was repaired D．will be repaired
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：——你今天为什么不骑自行车？——哦，它坏了。现在正在修理。It指代bicycle，与repair之间存在着逻辑上的“动宾关系”，应用被动语态，且时间状语为now，所以使用现在进行时的被动语态。故选A项。
6．（2022·天津市新华中学高三阶段练习）— How much do you know about the mysterious virus
— We _______ for three months with no results.
A．are researching B．had researched
C．have been researching D．researched
【答案】C
【详解】考查现在完成进行时。句意：——你对神秘病毒了解多少？——我们研究了三个月，没有结果。这里用现在完成进行时，表达研究早已开始，一直持续到现在，没有结果，还会继续下去。故选C项。
7．（2022·天津·耀华中学高三阶段练习）His private museum together with his art collections________ to the country as a gift.
A．has offered B．have offered C．is offered D．are offered
【答案】C
【详解】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：他的私人博物馆和他的艺术收藏品作为礼物赠送给了这个国家。together with连接两个并列的主语时，遵循就远原则，谓语动词的形式和较远的主语保持一致，本句和private museum保持一致，且主语和offer之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态，故选C。
8．（2022·天津·耀华中学高三阶段练习）—What’s the problem, Sir
—You________ at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour.
A．are driving B．had driven C．were driving D．have been driving
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：——怎么了，先生？——你刚刚至少以每小时100英里的速度行驶。结合语境可知，此处描述过去某个时间点正在发生的动作，应用过去进行时。故选C。
9．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）—Do you know Russian
—Yes, I ______ it for two years when I lived in Harbin.
A．has been learning B．have learned
C．was learning D．learned
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：——你懂俄语吗？——是的，我在哈尔滨的时候学了两年了。根据when引导的时间状语从句可知，这是描述过去的事实，所以学习了两年俄语也是过去的事实，所以用一般过去时表示过去发生的动作。故选D。
10．（2022·天津·南开中学高三阶段练习）________ her disappointment, she ________ and managed a bright smile.
A．Regardless of; moved on B．In spite of; took off
C．Due to; settled down D．Despite; cheered up
【答案】D
【详解】考查介词短语和动词。句意：尽管她很失望，但她还是振作起来，露出了灿烂的笑容。A. regardless of不管，不顾，moved on继续；B. in spite of 尽管，took off起飞；C. due to因为，settled down定居；D. despite尽管，cheered up振作起来。分析句子，前后构成让步关系，表示“尽管”用despite或者in spite of，根据后文managed a bright smile，此处应并列cheered up。故选D。
11．（2022·天津市双菱中学高三阶段练习）—Long time no see. What ________
—Actually, I’ve changed various jobs since graduation. I’m working for a large enterprise.
A．have you done B．were you doing
C．did you do D．have you been doing
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态。句意：——好久不见了。你一直在做什么？——事实上，毕业后我换了很多工作。我现在一家大企业工作。对方问另一方“从过去到现在一直在做什么”强调动作的延续性，用现在完成进行时，故选D项。
12．（2022·天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三阶段练习）The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ to perform at the opening ceremony.
A．were invited B．was invited C．have been invited D．has invited
【答案】B
【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：这位著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在开幕式上表演。主语与谓语构成被动关系，描述过去发生的动作用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语后接介词短语as well as不影响主语的人称和数，谓语动词应根据主语的人称和数来确定，即应用单数。故选B。
13．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）—You should have fed the birds yesterday. —Sorry, I ________all about it.
A．was forgotten B．have forgotten C．forgot D．forget
【答案】C
【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：——你昨天就应该喂鸟。——对不起，我完全忘记了。结合语境“忘记喂鸟”这个动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时。故选C项。
14．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）To be frank, if it were not for the fact that you ________a reliable person, I would not take such pains to help you.
A．were B．are C．had been D．have been
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态。句意：坦率地说，如果不是因为你是一个可靠的人，我不会花这么大力气来帮助你。结合语境可知，虽然if it were not for the fact是虚拟语气，但是that从句“你是可靠的”是现在的客观事实，故用一般现在时。故选B项。
15．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）Linda couldn’t have answered the question so easily if she ________ a few books on world history before hand.
A．hadn’t read B．hasn’t read C．wouldn’t have read D．didn’t read
【答案】A
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果琳达没有预先读过几本关于世界历史的书，她就不能这么轻易地回答这个问题了。由句意和上文的couldn't have answered可知，此处是if引导的非真实条件句，表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。故选A。
16．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life________ to finance the Project with their deeper love for these children.
A．be encouraged B．are encouraged C．were encouraged D．should encourage
【答案】A
【详解】考查虚拟语态。句意：我的建议是，更多各行各业的人们被鼓励用他们对这些孩子更深的爱来资助这个项目。suggestion后的表语that从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省。且主语people与encourage是被动关系，故选A。
17．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）If only I ________ an umbrella last night! I was wet through.
A．took B．should take C．had taken D．take
【答案】C
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：要是我昨晚带把伞就好了!我全身都湿透了。If only表示“要是……就好了”，这里表示与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时，因此空格处是had taken，故选C。
18．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）It was demanded that the working conditions in that area ________ as soon as possible.
A．must improve B．improve C．was improved D．be improved
【答案】D
【详解】考查虚拟语气和被动语态。句意：有人要求尽快改善那个地区的工作条件。It was demanded that...里It是形式主语，that从句是主语从句，从句中应用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气，工作条件是被改善，因此空格处是被动语态should be improved，should可省略，故选D。
19．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）---The museum is only five minutes’ walk! We should have walked there.
---Yes, a taxi ________ necessary at all.
A．wasn’t B．isn’t C．hadn’t been D．won’t be
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：——博物馆只有五分钟的步行路程!我们本应该走着去的。——是的，根本不需要出租车。陈述过去事实，所以用一般过去时。故选A。
20．（2022·全国·高三专题练习）She might have been in time for the interview, but she ________up late.
A．got B．has got C．was to get D．had got
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态。句意：她本可以及时参加面试，但她起晚了。根据句意以及句中的might have been可知，“她本可以及时参加面试”是对过去情况的假设，but后的句子陈述的是过去的客观事实，故用一般过去时。故选A。
21．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）My washing machine ______ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A．will be repaired B．was repaired
C．is being repaired D．has been repaired
【答案】C
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：我的洗衣机这个星期正在修理，所以我得用手洗衣服。本处表达的是洗衣机这星期正在修理中，故用现在进行时；washing machine与repair之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；故选C项。
22．（2022·广东·执信中学高三阶段练习）It was the first time that China’s lecture ______ from the orbiting Chinese Space Station.
A．was delivered B．had been delivered
C．has been delivered D．delivered
【答案】B
【详解】考查时态语态。句意：这是中国第一次在轨道运行的中国空间站上发表演讲。此处为句型it was the first time that+过去完成时，且从句主语与谓语构成被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。故选B。
23．（2022·江西·贵溪市实验中学高三开学考试）— Our school sports meet_____next week. Which sport will you take part in
—The long jump and the high jump. I’m good at jumping.
A．holds B．will be held C．is holding D．is held
【答案】B
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：——我们学校下周将举行运动会。你想参加哪项运动？——跳远和跳高。我擅长跳跃运动。由时间状语next week可知，事情发生在将来，所以设空处对应时态应为一般将来时。因为sports meet和谓语动词hold之间是被动关系，所以此处hold应用被动语态。故选B项。
24．（2022·广东·深圳中学高三开学考试）Unless otherwise ________ all the regulations apply to students in Senior Three.
A．to be stated B．stated C．stating D．is stated
【答案】B
【详解】考查非谓语动词以及状语从句中的省略。句意：所有的规定都适用于高三学生，除非另有说明。从句意和句子结构可知unless 引导的条件状语从句的主语与主句主语“regulations”一致，“regulations”与“state”（解释，说明）之间是被动关系且从句为一般现时，即“unless they are otherwise stated”。当从句主语与主句主语一致，且谓语动词为be动词时，主语和be动词可以省略。故选B。
25．（2022·黑龙江·鸡西实验中学高三阶段练习）Since May, more than one death from monkey pox infection ______ in this area, causing great concern of the local government.
A．has been reported B．have reported C．has reported D．have been reported
【答案】A
【详解】考查时态及语态。句意：自5月以来，该地区报告了一例以上的猴痘感染死亡，引起了当地政府的极大关注。根据时间状语Since May及句子结构可知，时态应用现在完成时，表示过去发生的事情对现在的影响。more than one death与report是动宾关系，故用被动语态，且主语more than one death是单数，助动词用has，故选A。
26．（2022·全国·高三）I feel it is you as well as your wife that ________ for your son's bad performance at school.
A．are to blame B．are going to be blamed
C．are to be blamed D．is to be blamed
【答案】A
【详解】考查强调句中的主谓一致和主表被用法。句意：你儿子在学校成绩不好，我觉得你和你妻子都应该受到责备。as well as连接两个并列主语，谓语动词要和前一主语保持一致，因此be动词用are；动词blame不用被动语态，常用be to blame主动式表被动意义。故选A项。
27．（2022·全国·高三）Steam engines ________to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.
A．are used B．used C．have been used D．were used
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态、语态。句意：蒸汽机是用来拉车厢的，有烟雾和噪音，对乘客来说一定是相当不舒服的。陈述过去的动作用一般过去时态；设空处为谓语动词，主语Steam engines 为复数，与动词use之间为动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，且助动词为were。故选D项。
28．（2022·天津市西青区杨柳青第一中学高三开学考试）Various efforts ________ in the years ahead to protect the environment.
A．are made B．have been made C．were made D．will be made
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：今后几年将作出各种努力来保护环境。句中时间状语in the years ahead表示“在今后几年”，表示动作发生在将来，句子应用一般将来时，make与主语efforts之间是被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态，即will be made。故选D项。
29．（2022·天津南开·三模）The mayor of Suzhou says that all construction work for the Asian Games________ by the end of this month.
A．has been completed B．has completed
C．will have completed D．will have been completed
【答案】D
【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：苏州市市长说，亚运会的所有建设工作将在本月底前完成。选项词“complete”（完成）与句子主语“all construction work”之间是被动关系；根据该句时间状语“ by the end of this month”（到本月底），可知该句要用将来完成时。所以该处要填将来完成时的被动语态。故选D项。
30．（2022·全国·高三）It’s reported that many a shelter hospital ______ at present in Shanghai.
A．is being built B．was built C．are being built D．have been built
【答案】A
【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：据报道，目前许多方舱医院在上海正被盖起来。many a +名词的单数形式作主语，谓语动词使用单数，故排除A、B项，又从时间状语 at present可得知与现在有关，表示现在正在进行的动作，用现在进行时，且主语shelter hospital与谓语build是被动关系，用被动语态，故选A。
二、语篇语法填空
（一）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___1___ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. To celebrate ___2___ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society ___3___ (address) the opening ceremony. “As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the ___4___ (large) tea-producing country, China has a ___5___ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. It can help to build a community with a ___6___ (share) future for mankind,” he said.
The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation ___7___ cultural exchanges. A four-year tea promotion —Tea Road Cooperative Plan — was also issued in accordance with the initiative.
___8___ (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, ___9___ (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening _____10_____ (it)first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
【答案】1．by 2．the 3．addressed 4．largest 5．responsibility 6．shared 7．and
8．To strengthen 9．inviting 10．its
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了庆祝第一个国际茶日，中国商会博物馆所举办的一系列活动。
1．考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在5月21日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be+过去分词+by”。故填by。
2．考查冠词。句意：为了庆祝这一节日，周四在北京的中国商人博物馆举行了一系列活动。分析句意可知，特指International Tea Day这一节日，所以用定冠词the表特指。故填the。
3．考查动词的时态。句意：中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。分析句意可知，本句是陈述过去事情，所以用一般过去时。故填addressed。
4．考查形容词最高级。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。根据定冠词the和常识可知，中国是最大产茶国，所以用形容词的最高级形式。故填largest。
5．考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：这有助于构建人类命运共同体。此处为非谓语动词做定语来修饰名词future。因为语动词share和名词future之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填shared。
7．考查连词。句意：仪式上发布的“首个国际茶日万里茶道合作倡议”呼吁茶业人士团结起来，促进国际合作和文化交流。分析句式结构可知,名词international cooperation和cultural exchanges为并列成分，作动词promote的宾语。故填and。
8．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了加强与年轻人的联系，活动包括在社交媒体上的一系列公共宣传活动，邀请了来自世界各地的29名茶叶专业人士进行36小时不间断的直播。根据句意可知，此处表达“为了加强与年轻人的联系”，需要用不定式作目的状语。故填To strengthen。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句式结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语the event与invite之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语,表主动关系。故填inviting。
10．考查代词。句意：在开幕式上，中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌，开启了它的第一个展览：大道遗真——普洱茶专题展。分析句式结构可知,名词exhibition前应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰。故填its。
（二）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.
A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ___11___ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___12___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ___13___ (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. ___14___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___15___ (protect). Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ___16___ (meaning). The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.
In the last five years. Cao ___17___ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s ___18___ (high) mountain.
Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___19___ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, ____20____ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
【答案】
11．to journey 12．who 13．held 14．A 15．protection 16．meaningful 17．has walked 18．highest 19．from 20．planning
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是一个有视力障碍的北京男子曹盛康徒步旅行一带一路的事情。
11．考查非谓语动词。句意：近日，一名来自北京的盲人徒步40天来到西安，作为“一带一路”徒步旅行的第一步。step前面有序数词first，应用不定式，作后置定语。故填to journey。
12．考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为the man，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
13．考查非谓语动词。句意：受到在北京举行的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的启发，曹决定徒步穿越这条路线，以向古代丝绸之路致敬。动词hold意为“举行”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语“the Belt and Road Forum”之间构成被动关系，且动作已完成，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填held。
14．考查冠词。句意：他的一位朋友吴凡在旅行中自愿成为他的同伴。此处名词friend第一次出现，所以应用不定冠词表示泛指，且friend是以辅音音素开头的词，应用不定冠词a。故填A。
15．考查名词。句意：曹和吴还沿路收集垃圾，以促进环境保护。根据句意和空前的形容词environmental可知，此处应用名词protection，作宾语，protection表示“保护”时，是不可数名词。故填protection。
16．考查形容词。句意：曹认为这将使这次徒步旅行更加有意义。此处是make复合结构，应用形容词meaningful表示“有意义的”，作宾语补足语。故填meaningful。
17．考查动词时态。句意：在过去的五年中，曹穿越了六大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语in the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。
18．考查形容词最高级。句意：在过去的五年中，曹穿越了六大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。根据空前Africa’s可知，此处是指三者或三者以上的比较，应用形容词最高级。故填highest。
19．考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi’an to Kashgar可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from…to…表示“从……到……”。故填from。
20．考查非谓语动词。句意：9月20日，他从4700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。动词plan意为“计划”，和谓语之间没有连词，和主语构成主动关系，应用现在分词，作状语。故填planning。
（三）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). ___21___ (cover)an area about three times ___22___ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___23___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___24___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___25___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___26___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___27___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___28___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve ___29___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _____30_____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【答案】21．Covering 22．the 23．were 24．to increase 25．is designed
26．and 27．populations 28．eventually 29．as 30．that
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国政府决定建立的大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划。
21．考查非谓语动词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。分析句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作状语，空处和逻辑主语the GPNP为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，首字母大写。故填Covering。
22．考查冠词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。分析句子可知，此处考查倍数表达法，即为：倍数+ the size of +比较成份，因此此处应填定冠词the。故填the。
23．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
24．考查非谓语动词。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作目的状语，故空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。
25．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填is designed。
26．考查连词。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处前后为并列关系，应用并列连词and。故填and。
27．考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。分析句子可知，空处和and后的复数名词homes并列，且在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population ，意为“种群”，且应用复数形式。故填populations。
28．考查副词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。分析句子可知，空处后为动词achieve，空处应用副词作状语修饰动词achieve，结合语意可知，此处意为“最终”，应用副词eventually。故填eventually。
29．考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。分析句子可知，此处考查固定短语serve as，意为“充当”，故空处应填介词as。故填as。
30．考查定语从句。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。分析句子可知，空处考查引导限制性定语从句的关系词，指代先行词species，指物，在从句中作主语，且先行词前有all修饰，故只能用关系代词that。故填that。
（四）
（2022·全国）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the ___31___ (fall) child.
Eric Brown, only three years old, knocked Henry down when he fell. The boy is in the hospital and doctors say he'll be OK.
___32___ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell ___33___ (sleep) while watching TV.
Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___34___ (see) them. When he looked down, he ___35___ (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ___36___ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
Henry ___37___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ___38___ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
He saved my ___39___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know ___40___ to thank him.”
"I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry.
【答案】31．falling 32．The 33．asleep 34．to see 35．accidentally 36．and
37．was fixing 38．threw 39．son's 40．how
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述的是正在修车的Henry拯救了挂在六楼公寓的阳台上，即将要掉下来的小孩Eric的故事。
31．考查非谓语动词。句意：当亨利看到一个小男孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时，他跑了100米，跳过了1.2米高的栅栏，伸出双臂去接要掉下来的孩子。句中的hold out为谓语动词，设空处应该使用非谓语动词。根据句意，fall为动词，意为“掉落”， child和fall之间是主动关系，同时表示正在进行的含义。故应该使用现在分词作定语。故填falling。
32．考查冠词。句意：布朗一家住在多伦多郊外的一栋公寓楼里。根据句子结构，设空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the+姓氏，意为“某某一家人”，the符合句意。同时该单词置于句首，首字母应该大写。故填The。
33．考查形容词。句意：他们俩看电视的时候都睡着了。根据句子结构可知，设空处应该填写形容词作表语。sleep为动词，意为“睡觉”，其形容词为asleep。fall asleep为固定搭配，意为“熟睡的”，asleep符合句意。故填asleep。
34．考查非谓语动词。句意：过了一会儿，艾瑞克听到孩子们在外面玩耍的声音，醒了过来。他把一把椅子推到阳台上，爬上去看他们。句中的climb up为谓语动词，设空处应该使用谓语动词。根据句意，他要爬到阳台去看他们（外面玩闹的孩子们。），故应该使用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to see。
35．考查副词。句意：当他往下看时，不小心滑了一跤，从悬崖边上掉了下去。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写副词修饰动词slipped。accidental为形容词，意为“意外的，失误的”，其副词为accidentally，意为“意外地，失误地”，符合句意。故填accidentally。
36．考查连词。句意：他坚持了几分钟，尖叫喊着他的父亲，但他的父亲没有听到他。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写连词，连接hung和screamed两个动作。根据句意，此处表示并列关系。故填and。
37．考查动词。句意：听到尖叫声时，亨利正在修车。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写谓语动词。根据空后的when he heard the screams，可知，设空处的动作是正在发生的，同时该句描述的是过去的事实。故使用过去进行时。fix为动词，意为“修理”，其过去进行时为was fixing。故填was fixing。
38．考查过去式。句意：他迅速把工具扔到一边，伸出胳膊跑了起来。根据句子结构，设空处与空后的and started构成并列结构。故应该使用一般过去时。throw为动词，意为“扔”，过去时为threw。故填threw。
39．考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填son’s。
40．考查特殊疑问词。句意：我不知道如何去感谢他。根据句子结构，设空处填写的是特殊疑问词+to do不定式结构作宾语。根据句意，how意为“如何”，符合句意。故填how。
（五）
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Helen was walking down the street late ____41____ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. Focused on balancing the bags, she didn’t notice her wallet falling out of her pocket. As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her. Fearful that he might have an intention ____42____ (harm) her, Helen started to run. Eventually, the man ____43____ (catch) up with her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
【答案】41．in 42．to harm 43．caught
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述的是海伦在夜间独行时的一段经历。
41．考查介词。句意：深夜，海伦抱着购物袋走在街上。in the evening意为“在晚上”，固定搭配。故in。
42．考查非谓语动词。句意：海伦担心他可能有意伤害她，便开始快跑。分析句子结构，可知空处应填非谓语动词的形式，have an intention to do sth.意为“有意向做某事”，固定搭配，不定式作后置定语。故填to harm。
43．考查动词时态。句意：最终，那个男人追上了她，他只是想把她的钱包还给她！结合句意空处应填谓语动词的形式，动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时。故填caught。
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Why do humans prefer some smells over others One theory, increasingly ____44____ (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. It’s easy to explain how we determine ____45____ smells are dangerous or not: we learn. This has been adopted to ensure easier detection of gas leaks. Gas naturally ____46____ (have) no recognisable smell. However, a strong smell is added so that we can raise the alarm when we detect the smell associated with danger.
【答案】44．supported 45．whether 46．has
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍的是人们更喜欢一些味道而不是其它的味道的一个原因，是因为人们对气味的偏好是习得的，这个理论也是越来越多地被专家支持的。
44．考查非谓语动词。句意：被专家越来越多地支持的一个理论表明气味的偏好是习得的。分析句子结构可知，空格处的动词做非谓语，结合空格后的by experts可判断出该处意为“被专家们支持”，所以空格处应用过去分词表被动。故填supported。
45．考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：解释我们怎样确定气味是不是危险的是容易的：我们学习到的。分析句子结构可知，空格前的determine为及物动词，空格后是主+系+表的句子结构，所以空格处的词用来引导宾语从句。再结合句意及空格后句子中的or not可知，此处考查whether…or not的搭配。故填whether。
46．考查主谓一致。句意：气体本来没有可识别的味道。分析句子结构可知空格处的动词作谓语，本句话是在陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时态，且主语gas在本文中指的是气体的统称，为不可数名词，所以谓语动词要用单三形式。故填has。
（2022·北京）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ____47____ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. More takeout and more food delivery equal more waste, especially plastic waste. That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____48____ are only good for one use. That’s a big problem and it is getting even ____49____ (bad). The use of those plastics ____50____ (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won’t survive if this situation continues.
【答案】47．themselves 48．which 49．worse 50．has increased
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了人们在点外卖的同时，也增加了塑料产品的使用，造成了环境污染。
【详解】1.考查反身代词。句意：因为人们不能总是在外面吃饭或者为他们自己做饭，所以他们叫外卖或者预定配送服务。空处在句中作介词for的宾语，当主语和宾语为同一物时，宾语要用反身代词。所以此处要用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
2.考查定语从句。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只能使用一次。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。
3.考查比较级。句意：这是个大问题，而且越来越严重。even“甚至”常置于比较级前，所以此处用worse，故填worse。
4.考查现在完成时。句意：自从2019年，那些塑料的使用已经增加了300%。根据句中since 2019，可知此处用现在完成时。主语The use of those plastics为单数含义，助动词用has。故填has increased。
（六）
（2022·浙江）阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___51___ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane ____52____（view） as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others ____53____ （be） now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and ____54____（change） their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, _____55_____（rough） 200 academics - many of them climate scientists ____56____ （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ___57___ she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ___58___ time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the ____59____ （invite）. That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans _______60_______（continue） the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, "a really positive change."
【答案】51．who##that 52．is viewed##has been viewed 53．are 54．changing 55．roughly 56．have promised 57．whether##if 58．the 59．invitation 60．to continue
【详解】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个由学者团体发行的实践，目的是为了减少学术飞行以应对气候变化危机。
51．考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
52．考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
53．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。根据句意可知，此处也应使用现在进行时，主语为复数，故填are。
54．考查时态。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。分析句子结构可知，此处and连接并列的动词questioning和change，故填changing。
55．考查副词。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。此处修饰数字用副词roughly“粗略地大约”，故填roughly。
56．考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成时，故填have promised。
57．考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。显然ask后面出现了一个宾语从句，宾语从句句意不完整，whether/if“是否”符合语境，故填whether或if。
58．考查冠词。句意：大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内，故填the。
59．考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。
60．考查动词不定式。句意：他打算继续这个实践。动词plan后面跟动词不定式，plan to do sth“计划做”，故填to continue。
（七）
（2022·浙江）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
To understand a painting, we’re taught to look for color, composition, and light. But how can a painting ____61____ (appreciate)by someone who’s blind Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not ____62____ (do). John Olson, a former ____63____ (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
The tactile(可触知的)paintings work as a way to show art to ____64____ blind because we don’t see with just Our eyes: We see with our brains. Research in the field of neuroplasticity-the brain’s adaptability-shows that the visual cortex(大脑皮层)is made active by touch. Blind people recognize shapes with their ____65____ (exist) senses, in a way similar to that of ____66____ (sight )people, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
Luc Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ____67____ age seven. When he felt a 3D version of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” he ____68____ (notice)her smile right away. ”I can actually feel what you see when you look at it,” he said.
For Luc, this means ____69____ (independent). "The feeling of being able to see it _____70_____ to form my opinion is like breaking down another wall as a blind person.”
【答案】61．be appreciated 62．to do 63．photographer 64．the 65．existing
66．sighted 67．at 68．noticed 69．independence 70．and
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了触觉画是向盲人展示艺术的一种方式。
【详解】61．考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：但是一个盲人怎么能欣赏一幅画呢？主语a painting与谓语appreciate为被动关系，且置于情态动词can 之后，所以本句为含有情态动词的被动语态。 故填be appreci
