2023届高考英语专题训练 全国名校 阅读理解 说明文汇编（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2023届高考英语专题训练 全国名校 阅读理解 说明文汇编（含解析） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2022-11-08 15:54:36 | ||
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2023届高考英语专题训练阅读理解 说明文
名校考题汇编 新题速递（含答案详解）
Passage 1 （广东省汕头市金山中学2023届高三第一学期第二次月考 D 篇）
You may be familiar with the statistic that 90% of the world's data were created in the last few years. The biggest setback with such a rate of information increase is that the present moment will always emerge far larger than the past. Shortsightedness is built into the structure，in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.
To understand why this matters，consider the findings from social science about ‘recency bias（倾向）’，which describes the tendency to assume that future events will closely resemble recent experience. People tend to base thinking disproportionately（不成比例地）on whatever comes most easily to mind.
It’s also worth remembering that novelty tends to be a dominant consideration when deciding what data to keep or delete. Out with the old and in with the new. That's the digital trend in a world where search algorithms（算法）are systematically biased towards freshness. They are designed in line with human preference. Such a bias towards the present is structurally rooted in the human weakness that we keep deserting things we once cherished simply because we grow tired of them.
What’s really needed is something thought of as “intelligent forgetting”：learning to let go of the immediate past in order to keep its larger continuities in view. It’s an act similar to organizing a photograph album - although with more maths. When are two million photographs less valuable than two thousand
Many data sets are irreducible and most precious when complete：gene sequences；demographic（人口的）data；the raw，hard knowledge of geography and physics. The softer the science，however，the more likely that scale is reversely connected with quality. In these cases，time itself is rather important as a touch stone to judge the value of data. Either we choose carefully what endures，matters and meaningfully captures our past - or its foot print is silently replaced by the present's growing noise. Mere gathering is no cure-all answer. In an era of bigger and bigger data，the leading warning for those who have to make decisions is that what you choose not to know matters just as much as what you do.
32．What is the major problem with the explosion of recent information
A．Trends are too quickly produced.
B．People have poor eyesight after viewing too much information.
C．Present information is given too much emphasis.
D．Prediction for future developments largely depends on the past information.
33．What causes widespread preference for newness
A．That algorithms require the latest information to make accurate prediction.
B．That humans are accustomed to losing interest in old things.
C．That short renewed period is the feature of modern data.
D．That search algorithms keep uncovering the value of the newness.
34．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．Recent experience is rarely used to provide reference for future events.
B．The quality of geographic knowledge depends on photo sorting rather than full data.
C．Intelligent forgetting refers to replacing the immediate past with far-back data.
D．Time helps us to evaluate data when the quality isn't in line with quantity.
35．What is the passage mainly about
A．The side effects of digital innovation.
B．The values of complete data in softer subjects.
C．The data discrimination caused by algorithms.
D．The faulty preference for fresh data and ways out.
Passage 2（ 2022 年湖北省荆荆宜三校上学期 10 月联考C篇）
Microplastic pollution is increasing dramatically around the globe, according to a study of airborne (空气传播的) plastic particles (粒子) .
People are already known to breathe, drink and eat microplastics, and research suggests that pollution levels will continue to rise rapidly. The researchers said that inhaling ( 吸入) these particles can irritate (刺激) lung tissue and lead to serious diseases.
Professor Natalie Mahowald, at Cornell University in the US and part of the research team, said: “But maybe we could solve this before it becomes a huge problem, if we manage our plastics better, before they accumulate (积聚) in the environment and swirl (打旋) around everywhere.”
The research, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, examined airborne microplastics, which have been far less studied than plastic in oceans and rivers.
The team gathered more than 300 samples of airborne microplastics from 11 sites across the western US. These were the basis for atmospheric modeling that estimated the contribution from different sources, and was the first such study to do so.
They found that roads were the dominant factor in the western US, linked to about 85 percent of the microplastics in the air. These are likely to include particles from tires and brake pads on vehicles, and plastics from litter that had been broken down.
The researchers extended their modeling work to a global level and this suggested that while roads are also likely to be the dominant driver of airborne plastics in Europe, South America and Australia, plastic particles blown up from fields may be a much bigger factor in Africa and Asia.
Professor Andreas Stohl of the University of Vienna’s Faculty of Earth Sciences, and not part of the study team, said: “The study confirms the global-scale nature of microplastic transport in the atmosphere and does a good job in highlighting highly relevant and concerning possibilities, but more measurement data is needed to get a better idea of the sources. “
28. What do we know about microplastic pollution from the text
A. It has become the most pressing environmental problem.
B. The particles can do great harm to our lungs.
C. Airborne microplastics have been widely studied.
D. There is more plastic in the air than in oceans.
29. What did the researchers find out about airborne plastic pollution
A. Its impact varies on different continents.
B. Public transportation is largely to blame for it.
C. Its dominant driver differs across continents.
D. Africa is suffering the most from the pollution.
30. According to Professor Andreas Stohl, the next step of the study is to __________.
A. predict the potential damages of microplastics.
B. understand the nature of airborne plastic pollution globally.
C. get more data to understand the sources of microplastics.
D. improve the method of collecting samples of microplastics.
31. What could be the best title for the text
A. Effects of microplastics on human health
B. Plastic pollution rising rapidly in the air
C. Possible solutions to plastic pollution
D. Plastic pollution on the global scale
Passage 3 （山东省“学情空间”区域教研共同体高二10月份联考C篇）
Even though water covers about 71 percent of the Earth’s surface, not all of it is safe to drink. In fact, less than three percent is fresh water, according to the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Most of the water is contained in the oceans and must be desalinated (脱盐)for use. Now researchers from MIT have developed a suitcase-sized desalination device that could be used to produce clean drinking water.
The new portable device produces water that actually goes beyond the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button, according to a press release from MIT. There are no filters required. The device powered by a small portable solar panel uses electricity to remove salt and other particles from the saltwater. This eliminates the need for repeatedly checking or repairing it.
Now most available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them heavier and less energy efficient. The filterless feature of the new device will allow it to be used in faraway places or places with limited resources like small islands and ships, and even for emergencies.
“This is really the highest point of a 10-year journey that I and my group have been on. We worked for years on the physics behind individual desalination processes, but pushing all those advances into a box, building a system, and testing it in the ocean were really meaningful experiences for me,” says Jongyoon Han, the senior author of the study.
After the researchers ran tests in the lab, the device was ready for field tests. At Boston’s Carson Beach, the device filled a plastic drinking cup with clear, drinkable water in just half an hour. Now the researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials so that it can be available to the general public, and a new model of the device could be ready by the end of 2022. This small but powerful desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
8. What does the underlined word “eliminates” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Proves. B. Creates. C. Satisfies. D. Removes.
9. What can we infer about the device from Paragraph 3
A. It allows high production of clean water. B. It makes a breakthrough in application
C. It may provide power for faraway places D. It can replace most desalination devices.
10. What do Jongyoon Han’s words suggest
A. The public thinks highly of the device
B. The testing system for the device has been out of date.
C. Developing the device is challenging but worthwhile.
D. Further studies are needed before marketing the device.
11. Which aspect of the device are the researchers trying to improve
A. Its affordability. B. The energy it needs.
C. Its performance in dry areas. D. The purity of the water it produces.
Passage 4（广东省六校第二次联考D篇）
Dreams, according to Carl Jung, reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy, the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives. While Jung’s mystical theories are debatable, he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lack of dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways.
This trend is causing damage to our immune and metabolic (新陈代谢的) systems, let alone the electronic products that keep us up late at night are ruining our sleep patterns, which has long-term consequences on our memory system. One study showed that not allowing mice to have adequate amounts of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the stage in which we dream, the mice couldn’t strengthen memories.
You might think this is just a sleep problem, but dreaming is inseparable from our nighttime rest. We sleep in cycles (周期), each lasting about 90 minutes; in a sleep cycle, we go through non-REM sleep before hitting REM. As the night progresses, REM sleep periods increase in length while deep sleep (one of the stages of non-REM sleep) decreases. The longer we sleep, the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the morning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM.
The combination of sleeping and dreaming acts as an emotional stabilizer. We recover from emotional hurt faster when we sleep and dream properly. However, we’re not getting enough sleep to cycle through the stages to take advantage of this natural circadian anti-depressant (抗抑郁剂)—dreams. Instead, we get depressed and turn to alcohol or medicines to get to sleep, which only makes things worse because even one drink leads to late REM while anti-depressants promote deep sleep at the expense of REM.
We’re paying for this lack of dreaming in many ways. For example, a 2021 study stated that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM promoted the formation of associative networks and the integration (整合) of unassociated information. Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions.
Rowan Hooper, the managing editor at New Scientist, writes that dreams that include an “emotional core” appear to be a main function of REM sleep and that we should look at sleep patterns as seriously as we do diet and exercise habits.
32. What’s Carl Jung’s view about dreams
A. They cause chaos. B. They damage immunity.
C. They reveal secrets. D. They mirror reality.
33. Why is the sleep process explained in paragraph 3
A. To show a dream mainly occurs during REM sleep.
B. To prove the minimum sleep time should be seven hours.
C. To prove dream problems and sleep problems are attached.
D. To show people often dream when waking up in the morning.
34. What conclusion can be inferred from paragraph 5
A. Dreaming promotes creativity.
B. Dreaming helps fight depression.
C. The brain still receives new information during REM sleep.
D. The brain is paying the price for having more non-REM sleep.
35. What’s the main idea of the passage
A. The importance of sleep lies in dreams.
B. The absence of dreams is terrible for us.
C. Dreaming patterns are more important than we realize.
D. Dreaming has mystical power of strengthening memories.
Passage 5 (2022学年第一学期C8名校协作体试题高三英语试题C 篇）
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper,more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game,watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness". But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he's honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money:buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
28.Which of the following is true
A.Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.
B.Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.
C.Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.
D.Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.
29.To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to ____________.
A.write memoir after memoir about their happiness
B.teach people how to enjoy their lives
C.tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with fun
D.bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties
30.Having infant children,the couples can ____________.
A.gain happiness from their commitment
B.find fun in getting them into bed at night
C.find more time to play and joke with them
D.be lucky since they can have a whole night's sleep
31.If one gets the meaning of the true sense of happiness, he will _____________.
A.stop playing games and joking with others
B.keep himself with his family
C.give a free hand to money
D.make the best use of his time to increase happiness
Passage 6（湖北省重点高中智学联盟2022年秋季高三年级10月联考D篇）
When romantic partners argue over things like finances, jealousy, or other interpersonal issues, they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument. But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts, according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Alex Huynh, a doctoral candidate in psychology is the lead author of the study, which he published with Igor Grossmann from the University of Waterloo, and Daniel Yang from Yale University.
Previous research has shown that third-perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles. Huynh and his collaborators investigated whether similar benefit can be induced by simply thinking about the future. Study participants were instructed to reflect on a recent conflict with a romantic partner or a close friend. One group of participants were then asked to describe how they would feel about the conflict one year in the future, while another group was asked to describe how they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text-analysis program for their use of pronouns-such as I, me, she, he. These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of those involved in the conflict. Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively, both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The researchers found that envisioning（展望）future relationship affected both participants' focus on their feelings and their reasoning strategies. As a result, participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether, especially when study participants extended their thinking about the relationship a year into the future.
“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future-oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict-reflecting on how one might feel a year from now-may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well-being,” said Huynh.
32. What do romantic partners do in face of most disagreements
A. They concentrate on their present feelings. B. They look forward to a fierce conflict.
C. They lose faith in their future. D. They care more about financial problems.
33. What does the underlined word “induced” in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A. Explained. B. Reduced. C. Caused. D. Improved.
34. What can we learn from the study
A. The reasoning strategies in participants' written responses were well worthy of note.
B. Study participants described their recent relationship with their romance partners or friends.
C. A text-analysis program was employed to examine participants' use of negative words.
D. All the study participants described how they felt both in the present and in the future.
35. What can be the best title of the text
A.Your Current Feelings Are the Real Cause of Your Heated Arguments!
B. Beneficial Reasoning Is a positive Strategy for Reconciliation!
C. You Have a Year to Solve Your Interpersonal Problems!
D. Thinking About Future Is Essential for Relationship Maintenance!
Passage 7 （Z20名校联盟（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）2023届高三第一次联考D篇）
Tina Brigham, a 50-year-old store owner from a suburb of Washington, DC, wrestled with the puzzles while waiting for customers. “If it’s a 30-minute puzzle, I try to figure it out in 12,” she said. After several years, she found she could easily put together employee work schedules in her head. UA lot of stores use an electronic scheduling tool, but I have all the data in my mind,” she said. “I think my brain seems sharper and more focused because of the game.”
The games do seem to work. In one 2020 study, Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center, found that 1,091 women and men who frequently played cards, bingo, or did crossword puzzles had sharper thinking and memory skills — equivalent to an IQ up to 5.6 points higher — than those who rarely did. The study doesn’t prove that the puzzles directly led to the higher IQs, but it does show that even people who increased their game-playing in their 70s seemed to get brain benefits within a few years.
Exactly how games sharpen memory and cognitive function is still something of a mystery. But advances in neuroimaging (神经影像学）allow researchers to study how the brain reacts to all sorts of outside stimulation. Small later included 60 women and men completing Latin squares. As the puzzles grew more difficult with fewer clues, players slowed down and made more mistakes. That’s when he discovered something surprising: More regions of the brain got involved，especially in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质区)，an area involved with problem-solving，judgment, and memory.
Small suggests that if you find yourself debating whether to spend the next 20 minutes taking a walk or playing a brain game, you should choose the walk. Physical activity can help deliver oxygen and fuel to your brain cells. “If you do one thing to help your brain, I’d say it’s exercise，” he says. “Getting good sleep and keep a balanced diet are also important. Brain games work best as part of a whole package of brain-healthy strategies.And remember: A little fun never hurts.
32. How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1
A. By sharing a story. B. By comparing facts.
C. By report findings. D. By presenting figures.
33. What can we know from Gary Small's study
A. Puzzles directly leads to higher IQs.
B. People in their 70s benefit more from brain games.
C. How games sharpen minds has not been clearly understood.
D. Physical activities play an equally important role as brain games.
34. Why does the author mention good sleep and a healthy diet in the last paragraph
A. To advocate good sleep and a balanced diet.
B. To advise what we should do to keep healthy.
C. To stress the importance of good sleep and a healthy diet.
D. To explain that brain games function best as part of brain-healthy strategies.
35. What is the main idea of the text
A. Puzzles make brains sharp and focused.
B. Physical activities play an important role in sharp thinking.
C. Brain games are beneficial to memory skills and cognitive function.
D. Sharp memory and cognitive function depend largely on brain games.
Passage 8（2022·江西省乐平中学高三开学考试）
Noisy brothers or sisters Loud construction right outside your window A flexible new loudspeaker could help you rest easy. It could someday turn your walls into noise-canceling systems. And when you’re ready to liven things up, use the same wallpaper—or the surfaces of other ordinary objects in your room—to play music.
The new loudspeaker is super thin—about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces. And you can make it big, as in wall-sized, notes Jinchi Han. He’s an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状) microstructures cover the surface of the speaker. The researchers start with a thin, flat sheet of some material. Then they use pressure to pull that material through openings to create the dome shapes. When squeezed, the material they use creates an electric charge. But applying an electric field across the material will also cause the domes to expand and contract, Han explains. That can generate sound.
Han points to another benefit of this tech. Large expanses of the new material could make controlling noise a lot easier. Noise-canceling systems already exist. But whether it works for a listener depends on where that listener’s ears are in relation to the approaching sound waves.
Trying to cancel noise this way everywhere inside a room would be tricky, Han points out. It would take lots of microphones and speakers, which can be expensive.
Here, each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers also could cancel unwanted sound. When desired, you could turn any space into “a quiet zone where you could sleep or study without too much noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or anywhere unwanted noise is a problem.
1．What is the new feature of the loudspeaker
A．It is very big in size.
B．It is made of a kind of paper.
C．It can produce high quality sound.
D．It can stick to most objects easily.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．What the speaker looks like.
B．How the sound is produced.
C．How the domes are created.
D．What functions the domes have.
3．What decides the effect of the old noise-canceling systems
A．The number of domes in the loudspeakers.
B．The length of the approaching sound waves.
C．The distance between ears and sound waves.
D．The frequency of the newly produced waves.
4．Which word can be used to describe this technology
A．Popular. B．Promising. C．Complex. D．Expensive.
Passage 9 （苏州市2022-2023学年第一学期八校联考指标调研卷D篇）
As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the sun’s energy back into space — abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.
But. as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.
One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere. where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.
“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. What’s still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes ” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production What does it do to the risk of forest fires ”
Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
12. Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth
A. To prevent natural disasters. B. To win more time to reduce gas emissions.
C. To imitate volcanic eruptions. D. To encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.
13. What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming
A. More volcanoes will throw out.
B. More solar energy will go into space.
C. More disasters will endanger the future of the world.
D. People will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.
14. What can be inferred from Douglas’ words in an interview
A. He thinks more research remains to be done.
B. He is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.
C. He is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.
D. He disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.
15. What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean
A. The rainfall pattern of a region.
B. The modest drop in temperature.
C. The number of extreme weather events.
D. The injection amount of aerosol.
Passage 10 （山东师范大学附属中学高三2022-2023学年10月学情诊断考试D篇）
In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.
Another group of migrators does not quite fit either model, and researchers have only recently started to figure out how they find their way. Take the Cory’s shearwater, an oceangoing sea bird that migrates over the Atlantic every year. The young do not migrate with their parents, so culture cannot explain their journeys. And the exact paths vary wildly from individual to individual, making genetics equally unlikely.
Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the “exploration-refinement”, and until now it has been hypothetical (假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances, for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. “We finally have evidence of the ‘exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds,” says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory’s shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults— but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. It describes animals’ habitats. B. It talks about migration models.
C. It compares different species. D. It introduces a tracking technology.
33. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. The opening for learning and practice.
B. The unique living habit of Cory’s shearwaters.
C. The way Cory’s shearwaters form their migration patterns.
D. The process scientists track Cory’s shearwaters’ movements.
34. What does Letizia’s study find about the younger Cory’s shearwaters
A. They travel as much as adult birds.
B. They move in a predictable manner.
C. They lower the speed for exploration.
D. They look for a course with their parents.
35. What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A. Man-made changes make migration easier.
B. Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’ adaptability.
D. A combination of strategies assures migration success.
Passage 1
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人们以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息，形成对新数据错误的偏好。
【32题】
细节理解题。根据第一段的"The biggest setback with such arate of information increase is that the present momenge far larger than the past. Short-sightedness is built into the structure,in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.（这样的信息增长速度带来的最大挫折是，现在的时刻总是比过去的时刻出现得更大。短视在这个结构中根深蒂固，表现为一种压倒性的倾向，即以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息。）"可知，最近信息爆炸的主要问题是现在的信息被过分强调了。故选C。
【33题】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“Such a bias towards the present is strulcturally rooted in the human weakness that we keep deserting things we once cherished simply because we grow tired of them.（这种对现在的偏见从结构上根植于人类的弱点，即我们不断抛弃我们曾经珍惜的东西，仅仅因为我们对它们感到厌倦。）"可知，导致人们对新事物的普遍偏好的是人类已经习惯了对旧事物失去兴趣。故选B。
【34题】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The softer the science，however，tle more that scale is likely to be reversely connected with quality.In these cases， time itself is rather important as a touch stone to judgethe value of data.（然而，科学越软，这个尺度就越有可能与质量反向联系。在这些情况下，时间本身就非常重要，可以作为判断数据价值的试 金石。）"可知，当数据质量与质量不符时，时间可以帮助我们评估数据，即Time helps us to evaluate data when the quality isn't in line with quality，故选D。
【35题】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Short-sightedness is builtinto the structure， in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.（短视在这个结构中根深蒂固，表现为一种压倒性的倾向，即以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息。”尤其是第二段的“To understand why this matters，consider the findings from social sciencency bias（倾向）'， which describes the tendency to assume that futureevents will closely resemble recent experience. People tend to base thinking disproportionately on whatever comes most easily to mind.（要理解为什么这很重要，考虑一下社会科学关于“近因偏见”的发现，它描述了一种倾向，即假设未来的事件与最近的经历非常相似。人们倾向于不成比例地根据最容易想到的东西来思考。）”可知，本文主要讲的是人们对新数据的错误偏好。故选D。
Passage 2
28. B 根据第二段最后一句”The researchers said that inhaling these particles can irritate lung tissue and lead to serious diseases”可知吸入这些微型塑料颗粒会伤害肺部组织，引发严重疾病，故选 B。
29. C 根据倒数第二段可知，尽管公路可能是造成欧洲、南美洲、澳大利亚空气塑料污染的主要原因，但在非洲和亚洲，田野中被风吹起的塑料颗粒则是罪魁祸首，所以在不同大陆上造成空气塑料污染的主要原因不同，故选 C。
30. C 根据最后一段最后一句”…but more measurement data is needed to get a better idea of the sources”可知, Andreas Stohl 教授认为需要更多的数据来更全面地了解空气塑料污染的来源，故选 C。
31. B 文章主要介绍了通过空气传播的微型塑料颗粒污染正在变得越来越严重， 故选 B。
Passage3
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲麻省理工学院的研究人员已经开发出一种手提箱大小的脱盐装置，可以用来生产清洁的饮用水。
【8题详解】
词句猜测题。由文章第二段“There are no filters required. The device powered by a small portable solar panel uses electricity to remove salt and other particles from the saltwater. (该装置由一个小型便携式太阳能电池板供电，利用电力去除盐水中的盐和其他微粒)”以及第三段“Now most available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them heavier and less energy efficient. (现在大多数便携式脱盐装置都使用需要高压泵推动水的过滤器，这使得它们更重，能效更低)”可知，与以前的设备对比，新设备更简单更轻更有效，能“消除”反复检查或维修这些问题。所以推测eliminate是“消除，排除”的意思。故选D项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第三段“The filterless feature of the new device will allow it to be used in faraway places or places with limited resources like small islands and ships, and even for emergencies.(新设备的无过滤器功能将允许它用于遥远的地方或资源有限的地方，如小岛屿和船只，甚至用于紧急情况)”可知，新设备在运用的场地方面有了突破。故选B项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第四段“‘This is really the highest point of a 10-year journey that I and my group have been on. We worked for years on the physics behind individual desalination processes, but pushing all those advances into a box, building a system, and testing it in the ocean were really meaningful experiences for me,’ says Jongyoon Han, the senior author of the study.(该研究的资深作者Jongyoon Han说：“这真的是我和我的团队十年旅程中的最高点。我们多年来一直致力于个体脱盐过程背后的物理研究，但把所有这些进展都推到一个盒子里，建立一个系统，并在海洋中进行测试，对我来说是非常有意义的经历。”)”可知，整个研发过程持续十年说明这项目很有挑战性，但Jongyoon Han也认为这很有意义，是值得的。故选C项。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。由文章最后一段“ Now the researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials so that it can be available to the general public, and a new model of the device could be ready by the end of 2022. (现在，研究人员仍在研究最终设计，该设计可以使用更便宜的材料，以便公众可以使用，2022年底，该设备的新型号可能会准备就绪)”可知，现在研究者正在考虑价格问题，准备使用更便宜材料以致于公众能够购买得起。故选A项。
Passage 4
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了做梦和睡眠之间的关系，以及不做梦给我们带来的损害，告诉我们要重视睡眠模式。
【32题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Dreams，according to Carl Jung， reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy， the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives."（根据卡尔·荣格的说法，梦揭示了在清醒意识中隐藏的一定数量的现实。在荣格哲学中，梦中经历的冲突和混乱最终给我们的生活带来了秩序可知，卡尔·荣格认为梦反映事实。故选D。
【33题】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句"You might think this isjust a slecp problem，but dreaming is inseparable from our nightime rest.”（你可能认为这只是睡眠问题，但做梦与夜间休息是分不开的以及“The longer we sleep， the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the Imorning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM."（我们睡得越久，在快速眼动阶段（做梦）的时间就越多，这就是为什么我们早上醒来时经常做梦。然而，如果我们的睡眠时间少于7小时，就很难达到这种程度的快速眼动）可知，我们是否做梦，与睡眠时长及睡眠过程中的快速眼动时间是有直接关系的，所以第三段解释睡眠过程，是为了证明做梦问题和睡眠问题是联系在一起的。故选C
【34题】推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions."（经历了更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更善于解决需要创造性解决方案的问题）可知，经历更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更有创造力。上题提到做梦发生在快速眼动时间，进而可以推断出做梦让人更具有创造力。故选A，
【35题】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While Jung's mystical theories are debatable， he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lackof dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways."（虽然荣格的神秘主义理论是有争议的，但他对做梦的重要性的认识并没有错。越来越多的报告显示，持续缺乏做梦正在从很多方面损害我们清醒的时间）可知，文章在第一段就指出了做梦很重要，缺乏做梦会给我们带来损害。第二段介绍了缺少做梦会对我们的免疫系统、新陈代谢和记忆造成损害，第四段说睡眠和做梦结合起来可以起到稳定情绪的作用，第五段说我们正以许多方式为缺乏做梦付出代价。所以，本文章主要讲了不做梦对于我们来说是可怕的。故选B。
Passage 5 BCAD
Passage 6 ACAD
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍一项研究结果，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，目光长远才是维持人际关系的好方法。
【小题32】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When romantic partners argue overthings like finances， jealousy， or other interpersonal issues， they tend to employ their curent feelings as fuelfor a heated argument（当恋人们就关于诸如财政、嫉妒、或其他人际问题进行争论时，他们倾向于以他们当前的情绪为基础从而加剧争论）"可知，在面对分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选A项。
【小题33】词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“Previous research has shownthat third-perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconcillation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.（先前的研究已经表明，从第三视角的推理是积极的人际斗争战略调节解方法）"可知，先前的研究已经表明理性思维是积极的人际斗争战略调解方法，结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果"Asaresult，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether（结果，参与者对他们的关系表现出了更积极的态度可推知，划线词所在句意为∶黄齐和他的合作者研究类似益处是否仅仅能够依靠简单地思考未来去达成。induced意为“导致，引起”。故选C项，
【小题34】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Written responses were also examinedfor forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively， both of which implied the participants'use of reasoning strategies.（通过书面回答，也检查了有益的推理策略——例如，宽恕和更积极地阐释冲突）”可知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。
【小题35】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts， according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.（但是根据滑铁卢大学的一项刚刚发表在《社会心理和人格科学》上的研究，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突）"和最后一段中的"Our study demonstrates that adopting a future-oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict——reflecting on how one might feel a year from now——may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationsship well-being（我们的研究表明，在关系冲突的背景下采用一种面向未来的视角————反思一年后感受会如何———对于一个人心理幸福感和良好的人际关系来说可能是一个有价值的处理方法”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究结果，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突。D项"考虑未来对维持关系至关重要"适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
Passage7
【解题导语】科学家们新发现玩智力游戏在一定程度上可以使人脑更加敏捷，但其中机制还有待研究。相比于完全依赖智力游戏，专家推荐需要将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏结合起来形成一整套锻炼大脑的策略。
32.A 考查事实细节。第一段作者分享了一家商店老板执着于智力游戏的故事，通过老板的自述“智力游戏使他的大脑更加敏捷、更加专注”引出全文主题，即玩智力游戏在一定程度上可以使人脑更加敏捷。故A项正确。
33.C 考查事实细节。根据第三段首句可得知，智力游戏如何提高记忆力和认知功能仍然是个谜，故选C。由第三段最后一句可知A，B均错误。由第四段可知，Gary Small更推荐体育运动，两者并不是同等重要。故C项正确。
34.D 考查推理判断。从 good sleep and healthy diet 所在的这一句和专家所述的下一句“Brain games work best as part of a whole package of brain-healthy strategies”可得知，光玩智力游戏并不是上上策，最好的策略是将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏整合起来。故D项正确。
35.C 考查主旨大意。文章第一段通过故事引入，第二段讲述了智力游戏有助于提升智商，第三段讲述智力游戏大概如何对智商提升有益，最后一段讲相比于完全依赖智力游戏，专家推荐需要将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏结合起来形成一整套锻炼大脑的策略。结合全文，文章主要内容是智力游戏对于记忆力和认知能力的作用。故C项正确。
Passage 8
1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型的超薄扬声器，这种扬声器未来也许可以把墙壁变成降噪系统。
【详解】1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“The new loudspeaker is super thin—about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces.(这个新的扬声器非常薄，大约和几张纸一样厚。它重量轻，也足够灵活，可以粘在大多数表面上)”可知，这种新的扬声器非常薄，可以粘贴在大多数物品的表面。故选D。
2.主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状) microstructures cover the surface of the speaker. The researchers start with a thin, flat sheet of some material. Then they use pressure to pull that material through openings to create the dome shapes. When squeezed, the material they use creates an electric charge. But applying an electric field across the material will also cause the domes to expand and contract, Han explains. That can generate sound.(许多圆顶状的微结构覆盖在扬声器的表面。研究人员从一种薄而平的材料开始。然后他们用压力通过开口拉扯材料形成圆顶形状。当被挤压时，它们使用的材料会产生电荷。但是在材料上施加电场也会导致圆顶的膨胀和收缩，Han解释道。那可以产生声音)”可知，本段介绍了这种新型扬声器是如何产生声音的，故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段末句“But whether it works for a listener depends on where that listener’s ears are in relation to the approaching sound waves.(但它是否对听者有效取决于听者的耳朵与接近的声波的关系)”可知，影响旧技术除噪效果的是听者的耳朵相对于声波的位置。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Here, each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers also could cancel unwanted sound. When desired, you could turn any space into “a quiet zone where you could sleep or study without too much noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or anywhere unwanted noise is a problem.(在这里，每个圆顶就像一个小扬声器。圆顶可以组合或单独产生声波。用这种材料给你的卧室贴上壁纸，就会在你周围创造出扬声器。这些扬声器还可以消除不必要的声音。只要你愿意，你可以把任何空间变成“一个安静的区域，在那里你可以睡觉或学习，没有太多的噪音，”韩说。他还看到了在汽车、飞机、公寓或任何不需要噪音的地方的应用)”可知，这种扬声器可以创造安静区域，没有太多噪音，可以应用到汽车，飞机，公寓和任何不需要噪音的地方。因此推断，这种扬声器未来前景很好。故选B。
Passage 9
【答案】12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.(随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放)”可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.(一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案)”可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段““What does it do to the strength of hurricanes ” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production What does it do to the risk of forest fires ”(他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”)”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。
【15题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“a sweet spot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。
Passage 10 32-35BCCC
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了研究人员最近发现一种不同于一般动物的迁徙模式，以科里的剪水缓为例，它是一种每年在大西洋上空迁徙的海鸟。研究发现，剪水鞭中，年轻的比年长的走得更远，时间更长，路径也更多样化。这证明了候鸟的“改进探索”的存在，在瞬息万变的世界里，“改进探索”可能对鸟类和其他生物有益。
【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中Wildlife such as ... culture to guide their migration.（像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物通过跟随它们的父母来学习迁徙路线。其他动物，包括小型鸣禽，在其遗传密码中获得它们迁徙的距离和方向。一些动物利用遗传和文化的结合来指导它们的迁徙。）可知第一段提到像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物及其他动物的迁徙模式，因此第一段主要描述了不同的迁徙模式，故选B项。
【33题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段中的Cory's shearwaters 'are long-lived，rarely producing 'young' successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the"exploration-refinement"（科里的剪水簸是长寿的，很少能在九岁之前成功地生产出幼崽。这为学习和实践提供时间，以开发他们的迁徙模式。研究人员称之为“改进探索”）可知划横线的上文提到剪水鞭的长寿的特点及不断开发迁徙模式。因此划横线的this指的是剪水戆形成迁徙模式的方式。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的YoungerCory'sshearwaters areabletoflyjustasfastastheadults—but theydo not； suggestingthat theyoung；do moreexploring（年轻的科里剪水蠖能够飞得和成年剪水鞭一样快，但它们不这样做，这表明年轻剪水鞭会做更多的探索）可知LetiziaCampioni所做的研究发现，年轻的科里剪水鞭为了进行探索而降低了飞行速度。故选C项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“exploration-refinement”·could·be·beneficial·to·birds·and·other-organisms·in-a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made-changes. It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long-ago but might no longer be-safe.（“探索改良”可能对迅速变化的世界中的鸟类和其他生物体有益。”“重复最近成功的行为，可能比依赖很久以前已经完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。”）可知“改进探索”有助于鸟类在瞬息万变的世界里更好得生存下去，因此可推出探索迁徙路线会有助于鸟类的适应性。故选C项。
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2023届高考英语专题训练阅读理解 说明文
名校考题汇编 新题速递（含答案详解）
Passage 1 （广东省汕头市金山中学2023届高三第一学期第二次月考 D 篇）
You may be familiar with the statistic that 90% of the world's data were created in the last few years. The biggest setback with such a rate of information increase is that the present moment will always emerge far larger than the past. Shortsightedness is built into the structure，in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.
To understand why this matters，consider the findings from social science about ‘recency bias（倾向）’，which describes the tendency to assume that future events will closely resemble recent experience. People tend to base thinking disproportionately（不成比例地）on whatever comes most easily to mind.
It’s also worth remembering that novelty tends to be a dominant consideration when deciding what data to keep or delete. Out with the old and in with the new. That's the digital trend in a world where search algorithms（算法）are systematically biased towards freshness. They are designed in line with human preference. Such a bias towards the present is structurally rooted in the human weakness that we keep deserting things we once cherished simply because we grow tired of them.
What’s really needed is something thought of as “intelligent forgetting”：learning to let go of the immediate past in order to keep its larger continuities in view. It’s an act similar to organizing a photograph album - although with more maths. When are two million photographs less valuable than two thousand
Many data sets are irreducible and most precious when complete：gene sequences；demographic（人口的）data；the raw，hard knowledge of geography and physics. The softer the science，however，the more likely that scale is reversely connected with quality. In these cases，time itself is rather important as a touch stone to judge the value of data. Either we choose carefully what endures，matters and meaningfully captures our past - or its foot print is silently replaced by the present's growing noise. Mere gathering is no cure-all answer. In an era of bigger and bigger data，the leading warning for those who have to make decisions is that what you choose not to know matters just as much as what you do.
32．What is the major problem with the explosion of recent information
A．Trends are too quickly produced.
B．People have poor eyesight after viewing too much information.
C．Present information is given too much emphasis.
D．Prediction for future developments largely depends on the past information.
33．What causes widespread preference for newness
A．That algorithms require the latest information to make accurate prediction.
B．That humans are accustomed to losing interest in old things.
C．That short renewed period is the feature of modern data.
D．That search algorithms keep uncovering the value of the newness.
34．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．Recent experience is rarely used to provide reference for future events.
B．The quality of geographic knowledge depends on photo sorting rather than full data.
C．Intelligent forgetting refers to replacing the immediate past with far-back data.
D．Time helps us to evaluate data when the quality isn't in line with quantity.
35．What is the passage mainly about
A．The side effects of digital innovation.
B．The values of complete data in softer subjects.
C．The data discrimination caused by algorithms.
D．The faulty preference for fresh data and ways out.
Passage 2（ 2022 年湖北省荆荆宜三校上学期 10 月联考C篇）
Microplastic pollution is increasing dramatically around the globe, according to a study of airborne (空气传播的) plastic particles (粒子) .
People are already known to breathe, drink and eat microplastics, and research suggests that pollution levels will continue to rise rapidly. The researchers said that inhaling ( 吸入) these particles can irritate (刺激) lung tissue and lead to serious diseases.
Professor Natalie Mahowald, at Cornell University in the US and part of the research team, said: “But maybe we could solve this before it becomes a huge problem, if we manage our plastics better, before they accumulate (积聚) in the environment and swirl (打旋) around everywhere.”
The research, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, examined airborne microplastics, which have been far less studied than plastic in oceans and rivers.
The team gathered more than 300 samples of airborne microplastics from 11 sites across the western US. These were the basis for atmospheric modeling that estimated the contribution from different sources, and was the first such study to do so.
They found that roads were the dominant factor in the western US, linked to about 85 percent of the microplastics in the air. These are likely to include particles from tires and brake pads on vehicles, and plastics from litter that had been broken down.
The researchers extended their modeling work to a global level and this suggested that while roads are also likely to be the dominant driver of airborne plastics in Europe, South America and Australia, plastic particles blown up from fields may be a much bigger factor in Africa and Asia.
Professor Andreas Stohl of the University of Vienna’s Faculty of Earth Sciences, and not part of the study team, said: “The study confirms the global-scale nature of microplastic transport in the atmosphere and does a good job in highlighting highly relevant and concerning possibilities, but more measurement data is needed to get a better idea of the sources. “
28. What do we know about microplastic pollution from the text
A. It has become the most pressing environmental problem.
B. The particles can do great harm to our lungs.
C. Airborne microplastics have been widely studied.
D. There is more plastic in the air than in oceans.
29. What did the researchers find out about airborne plastic pollution
A. Its impact varies on different continents.
B. Public transportation is largely to blame for it.
C. Its dominant driver differs across continents.
D. Africa is suffering the most from the pollution.
30. According to Professor Andreas Stohl, the next step of the study is to __________.
A. predict the potential damages of microplastics.
B. understand the nature of airborne plastic pollution globally.
C. get more data to understand the sources of microplastics.
D. improve the method of collecting samples of microplastics.
31. What could be the best title for the text
A. Effects of microplastics on human health
B. Plastic pollution rising rapidly in the air
C. Possible solutions to plastic pollution
D. Plastic pollution on the global scale
Passage 3 （山东省“学情空间”区域教研共同体高二10月份联考C篇）
Even though water covers about 71 percent of the Earth’s surface, not all of it is safe to drink. In fact, less than three percent is fresh water, according to the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Most of the water is contained in the oceans and must be desalinated (脱盐)for use. Now researchers from MIT have developed a suitcase-sized desalination device that could be used to produce clean drinking water.
The new portable device produces water that actually goes beyond the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button, according to a press release from MIT. There are no filters required. The device powered by a small portable solar panel uses electricity to remove salt and other particles from the saltwater. This eliminates the need for repeatedly checking or repairing it.
Now most available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them heavier and less energy efficient. The filterless feature of the new device will allow it to be used in faraway places or places with limited resources like small islands and ships, and even for emergencies.
“This is really the highest point of a 10-year journey that I and my group have been on. We worked for years on the physics behind individual desalination processes, but pushing all those advances into a box, building a system, and testing it in the ocean were really meaningful experiences for me,” says Jongyoon Han, the senior author of the study.
After the researchers ran tests in the lab, the device was ready for field tests. At Boston’s Carson Beach, the device filled a plastic drinking cup with clear, drinkable water in just half an hour. Now the researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials so that it can be available to the general public, and a new model of the device could be ready by the end of 2022. This small but powerful desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
8. What does the underlined word “eliminates” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Proves. B. Creates. C. Satisfies. D. Removes.
9. What can we infer about the device from Paragraph 3
A. It allows high production of clean water. B. It makes a breakthrough in application
C. It may provide power for faraway places D. It can replace most desalination devices.
10. What do Jongyoon Han’s words suggest
A. The public thinks highly of the device
B. The testing system for the device has been out of date.
C. Developing the device is challenging but worthwhile.
D. Further studies are needed before marketing the device.
11. Which aspect of the device are the researchers trying to improve
A. Its affordability. B. The energy it needs.
C. Its performance in dry areas. D. The purity of the water it produces.
Passage 4（广东省六校第二次联考D篇）
Dreams, according to Carl Jung, reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy, the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives. While Jung’s mystical theories are debatable, he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lack of dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways.
This trend is causing damage to our immune and metabolic (新陈代谢的) systems, let alone the electronic products that keep us up late at night are ruining our sleep patterns, which has long-term consequences on our memory system. One study showed that not allowing mice to have adequate amounts of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the stage in which we dream, the mice couldn’t strengthen memories.
You might think this is just a sleep problem, but dreaming is inseparable from our nighttime rest. We sleep in cycles (周期), each lasting about 90 minutes; in a sleep cycle, we go through non-REM sleep before hitting REM. As the night progresses, REM sleep periods increase in length while deep sleep (one of the stages of non-REM sleep) decreases. The longer we sleep, the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the morning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM.
The combination of sleeping and dreaming acts as an emotional stabilizer. We recover from emotional hurt faster when we sleep and dream properly. However, we’re not getting enough sleep to cycle through the stages to take advantage of this natural circadian anti-depressant (抗抑郁剂)—dreams. Instead, we get depressed and turn to alcohol or medicines to get to sleep, which only makes things worse because even one drink leads to late REM while anti-depressants promote deep sleep at the expense of REM.
We’re paying for this lack of dreaming in many ways. For example, a 2021 study stated that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM promoted the formation of associative networks and the integration (整合) of unassociated information. Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions.
Rowan Hooper, the managing editor at New Scientist, writes that dreams that include an “emotional core” appear to be a main function of REM sleep and that we should look at sleep patterns as seriously as we do diet and exercise habits.
32. What’s Carl Jung’s view about dreams
A. They cause chaos. B. They damage immunity.
C. They reveal secrets. D. They mirror reality.
33. Why is the sleep process explained in paragraph 3
A. To show a dream mainly occurs during REM sleep.
B. To prove the minimum sleep time should be seven hours.
C. To prove dream problems and sleep problems are attached.
D. To show people often dream when waking up in the morning.
34. What conclusion can be inferred from paragraph 5
A. Dreaming promotes creativity.
B. Dreaming helps fight depression.
C. The brain still receives new information during REM sleep.
D. The brain is paying the price for having more non-REM sleep.
35. What’s the main idea of the passage
A. The importance of sleep lies in dreams.
B. The absence of dreams is terrible for us.
C. Dreaming patterns are more important than we realize.
D. Dreaming has mystical power of strengthening memories.
Passage 5 (2022学年第一学期C8名校协作体试题高三英语试题C 篇）
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper,more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game,watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness". But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he's honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money:buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
28.Which of the following is true
A.Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.
B.Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.
C.Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.
D.Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.
29.To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to ____________.
A.write memoir after memoir about their happiness
B.teach people how to enjoy their lives
C.tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with fun
D.bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties
30.Having infant children,the couples can ____________.
A.gain happiness from their commitment
B.find fun in getting them into bed at night
C.find more time to play and joke with them
D.be lucky since they can have a whole night's sleep
31.If one gets the meaning of the true sense of happiness, he will _____________.
A.stop playing games and joking with others
B.keep himself with his family
C.give a free hand to money
D.make the best use of his time to increase happiness
Passage 6（湖北省重点高中智学联盟2022年秋季高三年级10月联考D篇）
When romantic partners argue over things like finances, jealousy, or other interpersonal issues, they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument. But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts, according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Alex Huynh, a doctoral candidate in psychology is the lead author of the study, which he published with Igor Grossmann from the University of Waterloo, and Daniel Yang from Yale University.
Previous research has shown that third-perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles. Huynh and his collaborators investigated whether similar benefit can be induced by simply thinking about the future. Study participants were instructed to reflect on a recent conflict with a romantic partner or a close friend. One group of participants were then asked to describe how they would feel about the conflict one year in the future, while another group was asked to describe how they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text-analysis program for their use of pronouns-such as I, me, she, he. These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of those involved in the conflict. Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively, both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The researchers found that envisioning（展望）future relationship affected both participants' focus on their feelings and their reasoning strategies. As a result, participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether, especially when study participants extended their thinking about the relationship a year into the future.
“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future-oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict-reflecting on how one might feel a year from now-may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well-being,” said Huynh.
32. What do romantic partners do in face of most disagreements
A. They concentrate on their present feelings. B. They look forward to a fierce conflict.
C. They lose faith in their future. D. They care more about financial problems.
33. What does the underlined word “induced” in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A. Explained. B. Reduced. C. Caused. D. Improved.
34. What can we learn from the study
A. The reasoning strategies in participants' written responses were well worthy of note.
B. Study participants described their recent relationship with their romance partners or friends.
C. A text-analysis program was employed to examine participants' use of negative words.
D. All the study participants described how they felt both in the present and in the future.
35. What can be the best title of the text
A.Your Current Feelings Are the Real Cause of Your Heated Arguments!
B. Beneficial Reasoning Is a positive Strategy for Reconciliation!
C. You Have a Year to Solve Your Interpersonal Problems!
D. Thinking About Future Is Essential for Relationship Maintenance!
Passage 7 （Z20名校联盟（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）2023届高三第一次联考D篇）
Tina Brigham, a 50-year-old store owner from a suburb of Washington, DC, wrestled with the puzzles while waiting for customers. “If it’s a 30-minute puzzle, I try to figure it out in 12,” she said. After several years, she found she could easily put together employee work schedules in her head. UA lot of stores use an electronic scheduling tool, but I have all the data in my mind,” she said. “I think my brain seems sharper and more focused because of the game.”
The games do seem to work. In one 2020 study, Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center, found that 1,091 women and men who frequently played cards, bingo, or did crossword puzzles had sharper thinking and memory skills — equivalent to an IQ up to 5.6 points higher — than those who rarely did. The study doesn’t prove that the puzzles directly led to the higher IQs, but it does show that even people who increased their game-playing in their 70s seemed to get brain benefits within a few years.
Exactly how games sharpen memory and cognitive function is still something of a mystery. But advances in neuroimaging (神经影像学）allow researchers to study how the brain reacts to all sorts of outside stimulation. Small later included 60 women and men completing Latin squares. As the puzzles grew more difficult with fewer clues, players slowed down and made more mistakes. That’s when he discovered something surprising: More regions of the brain got involved，especially in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质区)，an area involved with problem-solving，judgment, and memory.
Small suggests that if you find yourself debating whether to spend the next 20 minutes taking a walk or playing a brain game, you should choose the walk. Physical activity can help deliver oxygen and fuel to your brain cells. “If you do one thing to help your brain, I’d say it’s exercise，” he says. “Getting good sleep and keep a balanced diet are also important. Brain games work best as part of a whole package of brain-healthy strategies.And remember: A little fun never hurts.
32. How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1
A. By sharing a story. B. By comparing facts.
C. By report findings. D. By presenting figures.
33. What can we know from Gary Small's study
A. Puzzles directly leads to higher IQs.
B. People in their 70s benefit more from brain games.
C. How games sharpen minds has not been clearly understood.
D. Physical activities play an equally important role as brain games.
34. Why does the author mention good sleep and a healthy diet in the last paragraph
A. To advocate good sleep and a balanced diet.
B. To advise what we should do to keep healthy.
C. To stress the importance of good sleep and a healthy diet.
D. To explain that brain games function best as part of brain-healthy strategies.
35. What is the main idea of the text
A. Puzzles make brains sharp and focused.
B. Physical activities play an important role in sharp thinking.
C. Brain games are beneficial to memory skills and cognitive function.
D. Sharp memory and cognitive function depend largely on brain games.
Passage 8（2022·江西省乐平中学高三开学考试）
Noisy brothers or sisters Loud construction right outside your window A flexible new loudspeaker could help you rest easy. It could someday turn your walls into noise-canceling systems. And when you’re ready to liven things up, use the same wallpaper—or the surfaces of other ordinary objects in your room—to play music.
The new loudspeaker is super thin—about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces. And you can make it big, as in wall-sized, notes Jinchi Han. He’s an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状) microstructures cover the surface of the speaker. The researchers start with a thin, flat sheet of some material. Then they use pressure to pull that material through openings to create the dome shapes. When squeezed, the material they use creates an electric charge. But applying an electric field across the material will also cause the domes to expand and contract, Han explains. That can generate sound.
Han points to another benefit of this tech. Large expanses of the new material could make controlling noise a lot easier. Noise-canceling systems already exist. But whether it works for a listener depends on where that listener’s ears are in relation to the approaching sound waves.
Trying to cancel noise this way everywhere inside a room would be tricky, Han points out. It would take lots of microphones and speakers, which can be expensive.
Here, each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers also could cancel unwanted sound. When desired, you could turn any space into “a quiet zone where you could sleep or study without too much noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or anywhere unwanted noise is a problem.
1．What is the new feature of the loudspeaker
A．It is very big in size.
B．It is made of a kind of paper.
C．It can produce high quality sound.
D．It can stick to most objects easily.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．What the speaker looks like.
B．How the sound is produced.
C．How the domes are created.
D．What functions the domes have.
3．What decides the effect of the old noise-canceling systems
A．The number of domes in the loudspeakers.
B．The length of the approaching sound waves.
C．The distance between ears and sound waves.
D．The frequency of the newly produced waves.
4．Which word can be used to describe this technology
A．Popular. B．Promising. C．Complex. D．Expensive.
Passage 9 （苏州市2022-2023学年第一学期八校联考指标调研卷D篇）
As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the sun’s energy back into space — abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.
But. as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.
One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere. where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.
“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. What’s still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes ” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production What does it do to the risk of forest fires ”
Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
12. Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth
A. To prevent natural disasters. B. To win more time to reduce gas emissions.
C. To imitate volcanic eruptions. D. To encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.
13. What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming
A. More volcanoes will throw out.
B. More solar energy will go into space.
C. More disasters will endanger the future of the world.
D. People will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.
14. What can be inferred from Douglas’ words in an interview
A. He thinks more research remains to be done.
B. He is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.
C. He is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.
D. He disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.
15. What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean
A. The rainfall pattern of a region.
B. The modest drop in temperature.
C. The number of extreme weather events.
D. The injection amount of aerosol.
Passage 10 （山东师范大学附属中学高三2022-2023学年10月学情诊断考试D篇）
In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.
Another group of migrators does not quite fit either model, and researchers have only recently started to figure out how they find their way. Take the Cory’s shearwater, an oceangoing sea bird that migrates over the Atlantic every year. The young do not migrate with their parents, so culture cannot explain their journeys. And the exact paths vary wildly from individual to individual, making genetics equally unlikely.
Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the “exploration-refinement”, and until now it has been hypothetical (假设的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances, for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. “We finally have evidence of the ‘exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds,” says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory’s shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults— but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. It describes animals’ habitats. B. It talks about migration models.
C. It compares different species. D. It introduces a tracking technology.
33. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. The opening for learning and practice.
B. The unique living habit of Cory’s shearwaters.
C. The way Cory’s shearwaters form their migration patterns.
D. The process scientists track Cory’s shearwaters’ movements.
34. What does Letizia’s study find about the younger Cory’s shearwaters
A. They travel as much as adult birds.
B. They move in a predictable manner.
C. They lower the speed for exploration.
D. They look for a course with their parents.
35. What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A. Man-made changes make migration easier.
B. Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’ adaptability.
D. A combination of strategies assures migration success.
Passage 1
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人们以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息，形成对新数据错误的偏好。
【32题】
细节理解题。根据第一段的"The biggest setback with such arate of information increase is that the present momenge far larger than the past. Short-sightedness is built into the structure,in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.（这样的信息增长速度带来的最大挫折是，现在的时刻总是比过去的时刻出现得更大。短视在这个结构中根深蒂固，表现为一种压倒性的倾向，即以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息。）"可知，最近信息爆炸的主要问题是现在的信息被过分强调了。故选C。
【33题】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“Such a bias towards the present is strulcturally rooted in the human weakness that we keep deserting things we once cherished simply because we grow tired of them.（这种对现在的偏见从结构上根植于人类的弱点，即我们不断抛弃我们曾经珍惜的东西，仅仅因为我们对它们感到厌倦。）"可知，导致人们对新事物的普遍偏好的是人类已经习惯了对旧事物失去兴趣。故选B。
【34题】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The softer the science，however，tle more that scale is likely to be reversely connected with quality.In these cases， time itself is rather important as a touch stone to judgethe value of data.（然而，科学越软，这个尺度就越有可能与质量反向联系。在这些情况下，时间本身就非常重要，可以作为判断数据价值的试 金石。）"可知，当数据质量与质量不符时，时间可以帮助我们评估数据，即Time helps us to evaluate data when the quality isn't in line with quality，故选D。
【35题】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Short-sightedness is builtinto the structure， in the form of an overwhelming tendency to over-estimate near-term messages at the expense of history.（短视在这个结构中根深蒂固，表现为一种压倒性的倾向，即以牺牲历史为代价，过高估计近期信息。”尤其是第二段的“To understand why this matters，consider the findings from social sciencency bias（倾向）'， which describes the tendency to assume that futureevents will closely resemble recent experience. People tend to base thinking disproportionately on whatever comes most easily to mind.（要理解为什么这很重要，考虑一下社会科学关于“近因偏见”的发现，它描述了一种倾向，即假设未来的事件与最近的经历非常相似。人们倾向于不成比例地根据最容易想到的东西来思考。）”可知，本文主要讲的是人们对新数据的错误偏好。故选D。
Passage 2
28. B 根据第二段最后一句”The researchers said that inhaling these particles can irritate lung tissue and lead to serious diseases”可知吸入这些微型塑料颗粒会伤害肺部组织，引发严重疾病，故选 B。
29. C 根据倒数第二段可知，尽管公路可能是造成欧洲、南美洲、澳大利亚空气塑料污染的主要原因，但在非洲和亚洲，田野中被风吹起的塑料颗粒则是罪魁祸首，所以在不同大陆上造成空气塑料污染的主要原因不同，故选 C。
30. C 根据最后一段最后一句”…but more measurement data is needed to get a better idea of the sources”可知, Andreas Stohl 教授认为需要更多的数据来更全面地了解空气塑料污染的来源，故选 C。
31. B 文章主要介绍了通过空气传播的微型塑料颗粒污染正在变得越来越严重， 故选 B。
Passage3
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲麻省理工学院的研究人员已经开发出一种手提箱大小的脱盐装置，可以用来生产清洁的饮用水。
【8题详解】
词句猜测题。由文章第二段“There are no filters required. The device powered by a small portable solar panel uses electricity to remove salt and other particles from the saltwater. (该装置由一个小型便携式太阳能电池板供电，利用电力去除盐水中的盐和其他微粒)”以及第三段“Now most available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them heavier and less energy efficient. (现在大多数便携式脱盐装置都使用需要高压泵推动水的过滤器，这使得它们更重，能效更低)”可知，与以前的设备对比，新设备更简单更轻更有效，能“消除”反复检查或维修这些问题。所以推测eliminate是“消除，排除”的意思。故选D项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第三段“The filterless feature of the new device will allow it to be used in faraway places or places with limited resources like small islands and ships, and even for emergencies.(新设备的无过滤器功能将允许它用于遥远的地方或资源有限的地方，如小岛屿和船只，甚至用于紧急情况)”可知，新设备在运用的场地方面有了突破。故选B项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第四段“‘This is really the highest point of a 10-year journey that I and my group have been on. We worked for years on the physics behind individual desalination processes, but pushing all those advances into a box, building a system, and testing it in the ocean were really meaningful experiences for me,’ says Jongyoon Han, the senior author of the study.(该研究的资深作者Jongyoon Han说：“这真的是我和我的团队十年旅程中的最高点。我们多年来一直致力于个体脱盐过程背后的物理研究，但把所有这些进展都推到一个盒子里，建立一个系统，并在海洋中进行测试，对我来说是非常有意义的经历。”)”可知，整个研发过程持续十年说明这项目很有挑战性，但Jongyoon Han也认为这很有意义，是值得的。故选C项。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。由文章最后一段“ Now the researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials so that it can be available to the general public, and a new model of the device could be ready by the end of 2022. (现在，研究人员仍在研究最终设计，该设计可以使用更便宜的材料，以便公众可以使用，2022年底，该设备的新型号可能会准备就绪)”可知，现在研究者正在考虑价格问题，准备使用更便宜材料以致于公众能够购买得起。故选A项。
Passage 4
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了做梦和睡眠之间的关系，以及不做梦给我们带来的损害，告诉我们要重视睡眠模式。
【32题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Dreams，according to Carl Jung， reveal a certain amount of reality hidden during waking consciousness. In Jungian philosophy， the conflict and chaos experienced in dreams finally bring order to our lives."（根据卡尔·荣格的说法，梦揭示了在清醒意识中隐藏的一定数量的现实。在荣格哲学中，梦中经历的冲突和混乱最终给我们的生活带来了秩序可知，卡尔·荣格认为梦反映事实。故选D。
【33题】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句"You might think this isjust a slecp problem，but dreaming is inseparable from our nightime rest.”（你可能认为这只是睡眠问题，但做梦与夜间休息是分不开的以及“The longer we sleep， the more time we spend in REM, which is why we are often dreaming when waking up in the Imorning. If we sleep less than seven hours, however, it becomes harder to achieve this level of REM."（我们睡得越久，在快速眼动阶段（做梦）的时间就越多，这就是为什么我们早上醒来时经常做梦。然而，如果我们的睡眠时间少于7小时，就很难达到这种程度的快速眼动）可知，我们是否做梦，与睡眠时长及睡眠过程中的快速眼动时间是有直接关系的，所以第三段解释睡眠过程，是为了证明做梦问题和睡眠问题是联系在一起的。故选C
【34题】推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Volunteers that experienced more REM sleep were better equipped for solving problems requiring creative solutions."（经历了更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更善于解决需要创造性解决方案的问题）可知，经历更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更有创造力。上题提到做梦发生在快速眼动时间，进而可以推断出做梦让人更具有创造力。故选A，
【35题】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While Jung's mystical theories are debatable， he was not mistaken about the importance of dreaming. A growing number of reports show that a continuous lackof dreaming is damaging our waking hours in many ways."（虽然荣格的神秘主义理论是有争议的，但他对做梦的重要性的认识并没有错。越来越多的报告显示，持续缺乏做梦正在从很多方面损害我们清醒的时间）可知，文章在第一段就指出了做梦很重要，缺乏做梦会给我们带来损害。第二段介绍了缺少做梦会对我们的免疫系统、新陈代谢和记忆造成损害，第四段说睡眠和做梦结合起来可以起到稳定情绪的作用，第五段说我们正以许多方式为缺乏做梦付出代价。所以，本文章主要讲了不做梦对于我们来说是可怕的。故选B。
Passage 5 BCAD
Passage 6 ACAD
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍一项研究结果，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，目光长远才是维持人际关系的好方法。
【小题32】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When romantic partners argue overthings like finances， jealousy， or other interpersonal issues， they tend to employ their curent feelings as fuelfor a heated argument（当恋人们就关于诸如财政、嫉妒、或其他人际问题进行争论时，他们倾向于以他们当前的情绪为基础从而加剧争论）"可知，在面对分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选A项。
【小题33】词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“Previous research has shownthat third-perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconcillation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.（先前的研究已经表明，从第三视角的推理是积极的人际斗争战略调节解方法）"可知，先前的研究已经表明理性思维是积极的人际斗争战略调解方法，结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果"Asaresult，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether（结果，参与者对他们的关系表现出了更积极的态度可推知，划线词所在句意为∶黄齐和他的合作者研究类似益处是否仅仅能够依靠简单地思考未来去达成。induced意为“导致，引起”。故选C项，
【小题34】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Written responses were also examinedfor forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively， both of which implied the participants'use of reasoning strategies.（通过书面回答，也检查了有益的推理策略——例如，宽恕和更积极地阐释冲突）”可知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。
【小题35】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts， according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.（但是根据滑铁卢大学的一项刚刚发表在《社会心理和人格科学》上的研究，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突）"和最后一段中的"Our study demonstrates that adopting a future-oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict——reflecting on how one might feel a year from now——may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationsship well-being（我们的研究表明，在关系冲突的背景下采用一种面向未来的视角————反思一年后感受会如何———对于一个人心理幸福感和良好的人际关系来说可能是一个有价值的处理方法”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究结果，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突。D项"考虑未来对维持关系至关重要"适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
Passage7
【解题导语】科学家们新发现玩智力游戏在一定程度上可以使人脑更加敏捷，但其中机制还有待研究。相比于完全依赖智力游戏，专家推荐需要将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏结合起来形成一整套锻炼大脑的策略。
32.A 考查事实细节。第一段作者分享了一家商店老板执着于智力游戏的故事，通过老板的自述“智力游戏使他的大脑更加敏捷、更加专注”引出全文主题，即玩智力游戏在一定程度上可以使人脑更加敏捷。故A项正确。
33.C 考查事实细节。根据第三段首句可得知，智力游戏如何提高记忆力和认知功能仍然是个谜，故选C。由第三段最后一句可知A，B均错误。由第四段可知，Gary Small更推荐体育运动，两者并不是同等重要。故C项正确。
34.D 考查推理判断。从 good sleep and healthy diet 所在的这一句和专家所述的下一句“Brain games work best as part of a whole package of brain-healthy strategies”可得知，光玩智力游戏并不是上上策，最好的策略是将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏整合起来。故D项正确。
35.C 考查主旨大意。文章第一段通过故事引入，第二段讲述了智力游戏有助于提升智商，第三段讲述智力游戏大概如何对智商提升有益，最后一段讲相比于完全依赖智力游戏，专家推荐需要将运动、睡眠、饮食、智力游戏结合起来形成一整套锻炼大脑的策略。结合全文，文章主要内容是智力游戏对于记忆力和认知能力的作用。故C项正确。
Passage 8
1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型的超薄扬声器，这种扬声器未来也许可以把墙壁变成降噪系统。
【详解】1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“The new loudspeaker is super thin—about as thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces.(这个新的扬声器非常薄，大约和几张纸一样厚。它重量轻，也足够灵活，可以粘在大多数表面上)”可知，这种新的扬声器非常薄，可以粘贴在大多数物品的表面。故选D。
2.主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Lots of dome-shaped (圆顶状) microstructures cover the surface of the speaker. The researchers start with a thin, flat sheet of some material. Then they use pressure to pull that material through openings to create the dome shapes. When squeezed, the material they use creates an electric charge. But applying an electric field across the material will also cause the domes to expand and contract, Han explains. That can generate sound.(许多圆顶状的微结构覆盖在扬声器的表面。研究人员从一种薄而平的材料开始。然后他们用压力通过开口拉扯材料形成圆顶形状。当被挤压时，它们使用的材料会产生电荷。但是在材料上施加电场也会导致圆顶的膨胀和收缩，Han解释道。那可以产生声音)”可知，本段介绍了这种新型扬声器是如何产生声音的，故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段末句“But whether it works for a listener depends on where that listener’s ears are in relation to the approaching sound waves.(但它是否对听者有效取决于听者的耳朵与接近的声波的关系)”可知，影响旧技术除噪效果的是听者的耳朵相对于声波的位置。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Here, each dome works as a tiny speaker. The domes can generate sound waves in groups or individually. Wallpapering your bedroom with this material would create speakers all around you. Those same speakers also could cancel unwanted sound. When desired, you could turn any space into “a quiet zone where you could sleep or study without too much noise,” Han says. He also sees applications in cars, airplanes, apartments or anywhere unwanted noise is a problem.(在这里，每个圆顶就像一个小扬声器。圆顶可以组合或单独产生声波。用这种材料给你的卧室贴上壁纸，就会在你周围创造出扬声器。这些扬声器还可以消除不必要的声音。只要你愿意，你可以把任何空间变成“一个安静的区域，在那里你可以睡觉或学习，没有太多的噪音，”韩说。他还看到了在汽车、飞机、公寓或任何不需要噪音的地方的应用)”可知，这种扬声器可以创造安静区域，没有太多噪音，可以应用到汽车，飞机，公寓和任何不需要噪音的地方。因此推断，这种扬声器未来前景很好。故选B。
Passage 9
【答案】12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.(随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放)”可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.(一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案)”可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段““What does it do to the strength of hurricanes ” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production What does it do to the risk of forest fires ”(他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”)”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。
【15题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“a sweet spot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。
Passage 10 32-35BCCC
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了研究人员最近发现一种不同于一般动物的迁徙模式，以科里的剪水缓为例，它是一种每年在大西洋上空迁徙的海鸟。研究发现，剪水鞭中，年轻的比年长的走得更远，时间更长，路径也更多样化。这证明了候鸟的“改进探索”的存在，在瞬息万变的世界里，“改进探索”可能对鸟类和其他生物有益。
【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中Wildlife such as ... culture to guide their migration.（像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物通过跟随它们的父母来学习迁徙路线。其他动物，包括小型鸣禽，在其遗传密码中获得它们迁徙的距离和方向。一些动物利用遗传和文化的结合来指导它们的迁徙。）可知第一段提到像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物及其他动物的迁徙模式，因此第一段主要描述了不同的迁徙模式，故选B项。
【33题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段中的Cory's shearwaters 'are long-lived，rarely producing 'young' successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the"exploration-refinement"（科里的剪水簸是长寿的，很少能在九岁之前成功地生产出幼崽。这为学习和实践提供时间，以开发他们的迁徙模式。研究人员称之为“改进探索”）可知划横线的上文提到剪水鞭的长寿的特点及不断开发迁徙模式。因此划横线的this指的是剪水戆形成迁徙模式的方式。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的YoungerCory'sshearwaters areabletoflyjustasfastastheadults—but theydo not； suggestingthat theyoung；do moreexploring（年轻的科里剪水蠖能够飞得和成年剪水鞭一样快，但它们不这样做，这表明年轻剪水鞭会做更多的探索）可知LetiziaCampioni所做的研究发现，年轻的科里剪水鞭为了进行探索而降低了飞行速度。故选C项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“exploration-refinement”·could·be·beneficial·to·birds·and·other-organisms·in-a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made-changes. It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long-ago but might no longer be-safe.（“探索改良”可能对迅速变化的世界中的鸟类和其他生物体有益。”“重复最近成功的行为，可能比依赖很久以前已经完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。”）可知“改进探索”有助于鸟类在瞬息万变的世界里更好得生存下去，因此可推出探索迁徙路线会有助于鸟类的适应性。故选C项。
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