高中英语语法总结表学案（含答案）
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文档简介
目 录
上篇: 词法部分
第一部分：词的基本概念
第二部分：名词
第三部分：冠词
第四部分：代词
第五部分：数词
第六部分：形容词
第七部分：副词
第八部分：介词和介词短语
第九部分：连词
第十部分：感叹词
第十一部分：动词
动词概述
动词的时态
动词的语态
动词的语气
助动词
情态动词
非谓语动词
第十二部分：构词法知识
下篇：句法部分
第一部分：句子的成分与分类
第二部分：定语从句
第三部分：名词性从句
第四部分：状语从句
第五部分：特殊句式
一、直接引语和间接引语
二、倒装句
三、it 的用法和强调句
四、省略语和插入语
第六部分：主谓一致
上 篇
词法部分
第一部分：词的基本概念
一、词类
英语基本词类的划分
英语单词按照词义、句法作用和形式特征大致可以分为10类。
1.名词Nouns（n.） 表示人、事物、地点、现象等的名称 He is an athlete. 他是一个运动员。
2.动词Verbs（v.） 表示动作或状态的词 I know him well. 我很了解他。
3.冠词Articles（art.） 用在名词前，帮助说明名词的意义 This is a(n)/the vase we are looking for. 这就是我们寻找的花瓶。
4.形容词Adjectives（adj.） 修饰名词或代词，描述人或事物的特征，增加补充其含义 I saw a nice car and a lovely girl. 我看到一辆好车和一个可爱的女孩。
5.副词Adverbs（adv.） 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子，表示动作特征或性状特征 1. He visits her frequently. 他经常去看她。2. You are quite right. 你说的很对。
6.代词Pronouns（pron.） 代表名词及起名词作用的词 She and I get along well with each other. 她和我相处的很好。
7.数词Numerals（num.） 表示数目或顺序的词 1. I have written eight poems. 我已经写了八首诗了。2. This is the secondfilm that I’ve seen thisyear. 这是我今年看的第二场电影。
8.介词Prepositions（prep.） 用在名词、代词等前面，说明其与别的词之间的关系 1. I’m setting off for Beijing. 我要动身去北京了。2. We agree on theplan. 我们都同意这个计划。
9.连词Conjunctions（conj.） 用来连接词与词或句与句的词 I like him but hedislikes me. 我喜欢他但是他不喜欢我。
10.感叹词Interjections（interj.） 表示说话时的感情或语气 1. Wow, you are sosmart! 哇，你太聪明了！2. Ah, you bet! 啊，你猜！
以练助学：判断以下单词的词性
Supermarket_______ asleep_________ swim________ suddenly_______
wow_____________ fifty__________ the__________ their___________
below____________ yet___________ friendly_____ happiness_______
whom____________ one-third______ should________ oops___________
ignore____________ entirely_______ subway_______ upset___________
答案：
名词 形容词 动词 副词
感叹词 数词 冠词 代词
介词 副词 形容词 名词
代词 数词 情态动词 感叹词
动词 副词 名词 形容词
第二部分：名 词
表一：名词的分类
名词Nouns（n.） 专有名词Proper Noun 表示个人、地方、机构、组织、国家等专有的名词， Smith，Hong Kong，Asia， the Great Wall
普通名词Common Noun 可数名词 个体名词Individual Nouns 表明某类人或事物的个体的名称 desk, chair, student, boy
集合名词Collective Nouns 表示若干人或事物个体组成的集合体的名称 government, class, family, group
不可数名词 物质名词Material Nouns 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 oil, water, dust, rice
抽象名词Abstract Nouns 表示行为、状态、品质、感情、总称等专有的名词 love, happiness
表二：名词的数
不可数名词 一般只有单数形式，无复数形式 water, bread, chalk, iron, sand
特殊情况 物质名词表示种类和数量时，则可有复数形式 tea — teas（各种茶）steel — steels（各种钢）fruit — fruits（各种水果）
物质名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量 five pieces of chalk （五支粉笔）three cakes of soup （三块肥皂）two sets of furniture（两套家具）a box of matches（一盒火柴）four baskets of peaches（四篮桃子）six bags of letters（六袋信件）
有些抽象名词指具体事物时也可以用复数 great successes巨大的成功many hopes种种希望
有些抽象名词用复数时意思发生改变 time时间—times时代work工作—works著作
有些抽象名词本身并不可数，但可借助单位词表一定的数量 a piece of advice 一条建议a burst of applause 一阵鼓掌声a drink of water 一口水
有些和数词连用的名词，表示复数时仍用单数形式 eight dozen pencils八打铅笔nine hundred ducks九百只鸭（特例：在of短语中需加s，如hundreds of，dozens of）
可数名词 单数 tree, dog, book, thing
单数变复数 规则变化 一般情况在名词后直接加s desk—desks,
以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的名词，在词尾加-es bus—buses，watch—watches
以-o结尾的名词在词尾，加-es(特例：radios, photos, pianos, zoos) tomato-tomatoes, hero—heroes
以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y改为-i，再加-es（特例：以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，直接加-s，如boys） baby—babies，story—stories
以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般先把-f或-fe改为-v，再加-es（特例：roofs，chiefs，gulfshandkerchiefs） wolf—wolves，wife—wives
不规则变化 单复数形式相同 a fish— two fish one deer—three deera sheep—five sheep
其他不规则名词 foot-feet, child-children,man-men, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
表三：名词的所有格
-’s属格的构成 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词)加 -’s 1. Jimmy’s bike 吉米的自行车2. Children’s books 孩子们的书
以-s结尾的复数名词，只在该名词后加“ ’ ” 1. my parents’ books 我父母的书2. teachers’ offices 教师办公室
带词尾-s的人名，可加’s 或只加 “ ’ ” 1. Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说2. Charles’s job 查理的工作
用 and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s 1. Peter and Mike’s room彼得和麦克共同的房间2. Peter’s and Mike’s room 彼得和麦克各自的房间
表示时间、距离、机构、地名等在单数后面加 ’s, 在以-s或-es结尾的复数名词后面加-’ tomorrow’s newspaper 明天的报纸China’s industry 中国的工业twenty minutes’ walk 二十分钟的路程
-’s所有格后的名词若是不言而喻时，或者是某人的住所、店铺、诊所等时，通常省略。 1. We had a great evening at Paul’s. 我们在保罗家度过了很愉快的一晚。2. She bought a bottle of vitamin tablets at the chemist’s. 她在药店买了一瓶维他命药片。
Of属格的构成 无生命的东西的所有格一般用of表示 1. Let’s meet in the bar of the hotel. 咱们在旅馆的吧台那碰头吧。2. You’ll find the answers at the back of the book. 你会在书的后面找到答案。
有生命的人有时也可用of构成所有格 Might I ask for a photograph of the baby 我能要张小孩的照片吗？
–’s 和 of双重属格 名词所有格有时可以在前面加of构成双重所有格。双重所有格表示全体中的一部分 1. three students of his teacher’s 他老师的三个学生2. these toys of Tom’s 汤姆的三个玩偶3. a book of Mary’s 玛丽的一本书
表四：区分名词的性
使用不同的词表示阳性和阴性 阳性 阴性man 男人 woman 女人boy男孩 girl女孩father父亲 mother妈妈son 儿子 daughter女儿brother 兄弟 sister姐妹
改变词尾区别阳性和阴性 加-ess, 变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性author作家 authoress女作家 count 伯爵 countess 伯爵夫人 heir继承人 heiress 女继承人 host主人 hostess 女主人 lion公狮 lioness 母狮
阳性名词加-ine，变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性hero 英雄 heroine女英雄Joseph 约瑟夫 Josephine 约瑟芬
将阳性名词词尾略加改变后，再加-ess而变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性actor演员 actress女演员duke公爵 duchess公爵夫人emperor皇帝 empress皇后god神 goddess女神master主人 mistress女主人
加表示性别的词区分阳性和阴性 加在主要词的前面 阳性 阴性 man-servant 男仆 woman-servant 女仆 boy-student 男生 girl-student 女生 he-goat 公山羊 she-goat 母山羊
加在主要词的后面 阳性 阴性air-man 飞行家 air-woman 女飞行家landlord 房东 landlady 女房东washer-man男洗衣匠 washerwoman女洗衣匠beggar-man男乞丐 beggar-woman女乞丐orphan-boy 孤儿 orphan-girl 孤女
中性 中性表示无生命及抽象概念 paper 纸map 地图class 班级watch 手表people 人民family 家庭idea 主意youth 青春fun 玩笑kindness 善意
以练助学：用适当的词或所给词的正确形式填空
1. There are fifty-six __________________ (student) in this class.
2. We need much ______________ (room) for all the furniture.
3. This kind of dress was popular in the ___________________ (1980)
4. ______________ (girl) students and _________________ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.
5. There used to be a lot of milu ______________ (deer) in China.
6. These are art _______________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.
7. _____________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.
8. We can see many _________________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.
9. I had my hair cut short at the _____________ (barber) nearby yesterday.
10. On the whole, he was a ______________ (fail) in his life.
答案：
1. students 2. room 3. 1980s/1980’s 4. Girl, women 5. deer
6. works 7.Children’s 8. editors-in-chief 9. barber’s 10. failure
第三部分：冠 词
冠词的分类与用法
不定冠词a(n) 表示数量，意为“一” A friend came to see me yesterday. 昨天一个朋友来看我。
指人或事物的某一类 A student should study hard.一个学生应该认真学习。
指某人或某物，但不具体说明是谁或是什么 My father once worked in a factory. 我爸爸曾经在这家工厂工作。
表示单位，相当于“每”的意思 We have five Chinese classes in a week.我们这周有五节中文课。
用在专有名词前，表示说话人不确切知道的人或事 A Chen is waiting for you.一个姓陈的在等你。
用在表示职业、身份等的名词前 He wants to be a doctor.他想成为一名医生。
用在“such a…” “quite a …” “many a …”“rather a …”, “so+形容词＋a+单数可数名词”的结构中 She is such a good girl.她是如此好的一个女孩子。
第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago， there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久以前，由一个老国王，他有一个非常漂亮的女儿。
用于what引导的感叹句中，用在单数可数名词前 What a pretty girl she is! 她多漂亮啊！
与一些不可数的抽象名词连用，表示一件具体的事 It is a great pity that he can’t come to the evening party. 他不能来参加晚会真遗憾啊！
用在一些固定词组中 have a good time过得愉快, take a rest休息一下, in a word总之, wait a moment等一会, in a hurry匆忙
定冠词 the 用来表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 The old man over there is my grandfather. 那个老人是我的爷爷。
上文提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时用定冠词 We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white. 我们有一只猫和两条狗。那猫是黑色的，那狗是白色的。
指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 Please open the door. 请开门！
表示世界上独一无二的事物 He looked up at the stars in the sky. 他望着天上的星星。
用在序数词和形容词最高级之前 1. Of the four of us, I sang the worst. 我们四个当中我唱的最差。2. He was the first man to think of it. 他是第一个想到这个主意的。
用在表方向、地点、方位、具体时间的名词前 Italy is in the south of Europe. 意大利在欧洲南部。
用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物 The peach is a kind of fruit. 桃子是一种水果。
用在乐器名称前 1. Can you play the violin 你能拉小提琴吗？2. Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute. 除了小提琴，他还会弹钢琴、吹长笛。
用在某些形容词前表示一类人或事物 The old should be respected by us. 我们应该尊重老人。
在表示“越……越……”和“两者之中更……”的意思，即含有“the + 形容词比较级……，the + 形容词比较级……”和“of the two”时须用定冠词 1. The longer we get together, the happier we will be. 我们在一起的时间越长，就会越快乐。2. Tom is the younger of the two students. 汤姆是这两个学生中较小的那个。
与表示计量单位的名词连用，表示“每”的意思 The meat is sold by the kilogram. 这些肉按公斤卖。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国 , the United Nations联合国, the Great Wall长城
用在专有名词前 The Yellow River flows into the Yellow Sea. 黄河流入黄海。
用在姓氏的复数形式前，指一家人 The Smiths live in the apartment above ours. 史密斯一家住在我们楼上。
用于“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位” 结构中 He patted me on the back. 他拍了拍我的背。We caught him by the arm. 我们抓住他的手臂。
用在一些固定短语中 on the contrary 相反on the other hand 另一方面by the way 顺便说
零冠词 表泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前 Children get a better education today than at any time in the past. 孩子们现在受的教育比以往任何时候都好。
用于某些节日名称的前面（有些表示民族传统的节日名称前须用定冠词。例如：the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival） National Day 国庆节Christmas Day 圣诞节
名词前已有作定语用的物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词 Which cup do you like better 你更喜欢哪个杯子？
用于季节、日期、星期和学科的名称前 It’s very hot in summer here. 这里的夏天特别热。
独立主格结构中：在表示伴随或补充说明用用的独立主格结构 ( http: / / www. / )中，名词前不用冠词 1. The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走了进来，手里拿着书。2. He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里，嘴里叼着烟斗。
用于球类运动名称前 They usually play football in the afternoon. 他们经常在下午打球。
用于表示一日三餐的名词之前 Tom used to go to school without breakfast. 汤姆经常不吃早饭就去上学。
当形容词的最高级作表语且不强调比较意义时，用零冠词 1. Science and technology are mostimportant. 科学和技术都是最重要的。2. She feels happiest when she’s working forothers. 当为别人服务时她感到最快乐。
用在表示“公园”、 “广场”、“花园”、 “街”、 “巷”、 “火车站”等地名的名称前 1. Beihai Park 北海公园2. Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站
用于称呼语和表示头衔、职务的名词前 What’s the matter with you, Dad？怎么啦，爸爸？
用于表示交通方式的介词短语中 on foot步行, by bike 骑车
“(a) kind/sort of＋名词”结构的“名词”前：该结构中的“名词”不管是单数还是复数，其前都通常用零冠词 ( http: / / www. / ) 1. This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。2. He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他是我不喜欢的一类人。
两个相对或相同的名词并用时，用零冠词 sun and moon， mother and son，day and night，hand in hand
表抽象意义的单数名词前：当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时，通常用零冠词 ( http: / / www. / ) 1. I was fool enough to accept his offer. 我居然接受了他的提议，真是太傻了。2. Are you man enough for this dangerous job 你有足够的勇气去接受这项危险的工作吗？
用于某些固定短语中 be in trouble有麻烦, be at home在家, go to school去上学, put into prison进监狱, at work在上班, at last最后, at first起初, take place代替, for example例如, go to sleep去睡觉, make room for给……腾地方, take part in参加, one by one一个接一个, on duty值班
以练助学1：用适当的冠词填空，不需要的划“\”.
1.—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.
2. I know you don't like _______ music very much. But what do you think of _______ music in the film we saw yesterday
3. — I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over ______ keyboard.
—You shouldn't put drinks near ________ computer.
4. Of all _______ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father's advice was_______ most important one.
5. According to _________World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _________ spread of AIDS.
6. For him ____ stage is just ___ means of making a living.
7. I think it really _______ honor for me to speak here..
8. This lab used to be in _______ charge of Mr. Wang.
9. I know there is ______ Mr. Smith next door, who has gone on ________ business.
10. He devotes most of his time to _______ football. And I am sure he promises ________ excellent footballer.
以练助学2：在括号中填入适当的冠词
There once was a king who offered 1 prize to 2 artist who would paint 3 best picture of peace. Many artist tried. The king looked at all 4 pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them.
One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. All who saw this picture thought it was 5 perfect picture of peace.
The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugged and bare. Above was 6 angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played. Down 7 side of the mountain tumbled(翻腾) a foaming(水泡) waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all.
But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8 waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush 9 mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest-in perfect peace.
The king chose 10 second picture.
答案：
以练助学1：1. a 2. / ; the 3. the; a 4. the; the 5. the; the 6. the; a 7. an 8. the 9. a; / 10. /; an
以练助学2：1. a 2. the 3. the 4. the 5. a 6. an 7. the 8. the 9. a
10. the
第四部分：代 词
代词的分类
人称代词 人称代词是用来代替人或事物的词。人称代词有数、格的变化，第三人称的人称代词还有性的变化。主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语 人称 主格 宾格
第一人称 单数 I me
复数 we us
第二人称 单数 you you
复数 you you
第三人称 单数 he/she/it him/her/it
复数 they them
物主代词 物主代词用来表示所有关系。物主代词有形容词性和名词性两种。有人称、性和数的变化。形容词性物主代词可作定语；名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语、表语 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
单数 复数 单数 复数
第一人称 my our mine ours
第二人称 your your yours yours
第三人称 his/her/its their his/hers/its theirs
反身代词 反身代词表示谓语动词和动作回到该动作执行者本身，可起强调或对比等作用。有人称、性和数的变化。在句子中可作宾语、表语、同位语 单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves
相互代词 相互代词用来表示相互之间的关系 each other两者之间，one another多者之间
指示代词 表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等概念的词 this, that, these, those, such, the same等
疑问代词 疑问代词用来表示疑问，一般放在动词前，构成特殊疑问句，并且有格的变化和指人或指物的区别 主格 宾格 所有格
指人 who whom whose
指物 what what what
指人或物 which which which
不定代词 不定代词用来代替或修饰不确定数量及不确定范围的人或事物 不定代词有all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no；还有some, no, any 和 every 构成的合成不定代词，如 somebody,等
连接代词 连接代词用来引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句的代词 who, which, what, whose
Whoever, whichever, whatever
关系代词 关系代词用于连接定语从句，且代替先行词(被定语从句修饰的那个词)在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 主格 宾格 所有格
指人 who whom whose
指物 which which
指人或物 that that
以练助学：用合适的代词填空
One day, as Zeng Zi’s wife was going out, her child began to cry, begging to go with 1 .
“Stay home,” the mother said to him. “When 2 return, we’ll kill a pig for 3 dinner!”
When she came back, 4 found Zeng Zi preparing to slaughter a pig for the child’s meal. She hurried over to stop 5 : What are you doing You’re not really going to kill a pig, are you I was just kidding him!”
“How can 6 lie to children ” Zeng Zi replied. “ 7 learn each and 8 movement from 9 parents. If 10 deceive your child with lies, you are teaching the child to lie. One cannot educate children this way.”
In the end, Zeng Zi killed the pig.
答案：1. her 2. I 3. your 4. she 5. him 6. we 7. They 8. every 9. their 10. you
第五部分：数 词
数词的分类及表达
基数词 表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词 two, thirteen, fourteen, twenty-one
序数词 表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词 first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd), fourth(4th), thirteenth(13th), twentieth(20th)
序数词前面要加the, 表示“第……”。但是，若序数词前面有名词所有格作形容词性物主代词时，不用the。另外，若序数词表示“再”、“又”，又不强调第几时，则用“a+序数词”。 1. He came to the Great Wall for the third time. 他第三次去长城。2. My first visit to Beijing was in the autumn of 1998. 我1998年秋第一次去北京。3. The fireman rushed in the house for a second time to save the baby. 消防队员第二次冲进房子里营救这个小孩。
用“the+序数词+形容词最高级+名词”表示“第几……”。the 可被形容词性物主代词或名词所有格所代替，但不能同时使用。此时序数词不包括first。 1.the second longest river第二长河2.China’s second biggest city 中国第二大城市
分数 分数由基数词和序数词两部分构成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数形式。基数词与序数词之间可用连字符连接（除a third, a half等） 1. 1/3 one(a) third2. 4/5 four-fifths3. 1/100 one (a) hundredth
小数 小数点读point, 零读做o/zero/naught, 小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。如果整数是零，往往不读出 1. 0.8 zero/ naught point eight(point eight)2. 0.06 o point o six3. 8.22 eight point two two
百分数 百分号读percent,后跟名词时，名词前须加of 1. 5% five percent (of students)2. 0.7% o point seven percent
日期 日期的现代表达法顺序为月、日、年。其中的“月”不能用阿拉伯数字，但可用缩写形式（缩写形式主要是前三个字母，May 无法省略，September写做Sep或Sept皆可） 1. Oct 8(th), 20002. October (the) eighth
具体指某一天用介词on,指年或月均用介词in 1. on June 3th,19832. in 20003. in March,1979
时刻 时刻一般先说分钟，后说钟点。在日常生活中为了简便，也会先说钟点，后说分钟 1. It’s five past seven. 七点五分2. It’s a quarter to six.六点四十五分3. It’s six thirty. 六点半
编号 编号既可以用序数词，也可以用基数词 the tenth lesson=Lesson Ten
有的编号习惯上常用基数词 1.Room 321（Room three two one）2.Tel.No.401-3586(Telephone number four o one three five eight six）
算式表达 4+8 = 12 Four plus eight is twelve.4加上8等于12。
11－7= 4 Eleven minus seven is four.11减去7等于 4.
6×5=30 Six times five is thirty.6乘以5等于30.
20÷5= 4 Twenty divided by five is four.20除以5等于4.
A＞B A is more than B.A大于B。
A＜B A is less than B. A小于B。
A≈B A is approximately equal to B. A约等于B。
A≠B A is not equal to B. A和B不相等。
以练助学：补全句子
1．—What time is it now
—It is_____________________________（5点20分）．
2. About ______________________ ( 三千人) took part in the demonstration against the war on Iraq.
3. There were fifteen presidents before Abraham Lincoln, so he was _____________ ( 第十六任)president.
4. ______________ （三分之二）of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.
5. My sisiter was born ______________________________ (1990年12月1日).
6. He lived in _________________________________(五楼506房 ).
答案：1. five twenty 2. three thousand people 3. the sixteenth 4. two thirds
5. on Decemeber 1st, 1990 6. Room 506 on the fifth floor
第六部分：形容词
表一：形容词的分类
根据构成形式 简单形容词 bright, narrow, unlucky, encouraging, bored, dangerous
复合形容词 duty-free, mouth-watering, easy-going, icy-cold, far-reaching, life-and-death
根据其与所修饰名词的关系 限制性形容词 a western style, a Chinese restaurant
描述性形容词 a grand Chinese restaurant, a elegant western style
根据语法功能 定语形容词 actual number, medical school, only reason
表语形容词 afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, awake
表二：形容词的用法
作定语 1. He is an honest student. 他是个诚实的学生。2. The young man is her boy friend. 那个年轻人是她的男朋友。
作表语 1. Everyone was amazed. 每个人都很惊讶。2. He is interested in watching TV. 他对看电视感兴趣。
作宾语补足语注: 这类句型若变为被动语态，形容词则为主语补足语：The problem was found very difficult. 1. He pushed the door open. 他推开了门。2. We found the problem very difficult. 我们发现这个问题很难。
作状语 1. He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家，又累又饿。2. I went there full of joy. 我高兴的去了那里。
用作独立成分 1. Strange to say, he married such a girl. 很奇怪他竟然娶了这么一个女孩。2. Sure enough, he got angry at the news. 很肯定他听到这个消息很生气。3. Worse still, we got lost in the dark. 更糟糕的是，我们在黑暗中迷路了。
表三：多个形容词的排序
主观描述在前，客观描述在后 1. He is a naughty little kid. 他是个淘气的小孩。2. Wang is wearing a beautiful red skirt. 王穿着一件漂亮的红色裙子。3. LuXun is a famous Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位有名的中国作家。
描绘形容词→大小(长短高低)形容词→形状形容词→年龄(新旧)形容词→颜色形容词→国籍形容词→材料形容词→用途(类别)形容词→名词 1. Tom is taking a small red plastic handbag.汤姆正拿着一个红色的小塑料手提袋。2. There are two small round wooden desks inTom’s room.在汤姆的房间里有两个木质的圆凳子。
形容词的比较级和最高级放在其他形容词之前 1. Have you heard of any better jokes than thisone 你听过比这更有意思的笑话吗？He is the most attractive American star I’veever known. 他是我知道的最有魅力的美国明星。
音节少的词在前，音节多的词在后 I received a nice colorful dress as a birthdaygift. 我收到了一件漂亮的色彩鲜艳的裙子作为生日礼物。
形容词应放在名词修饰语之前 1. I discovered a small wooden box in mygrandpa’s room. 我在爷爷的房间里发现了一个木质的小盒子。2. Lee gave me a nice birthday present. 李给了我一件非常好的生日礼物。
名词限定词或指示形容词→名词所有格→序数词→表示数量的词（如many, five等）→主观看法或意见的形容词→客观描写性形容词 1. These six young pretty ladies are shoppingassistants in that grocery store. 这六位年轻漂亮的女士是这家百货商店的店员。2. These yellow erasers are mine; the othertiny red ones are Lu’s. 这些黄色的橡皮是我的，其余那些红色小橡皮是鲁的。
表四：形容词的比较级和最高级
比较级和最高级的规则变化 一般单音节词末尾加-er，-est strong→stronger→strongestgreat→greater→greatest
单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-est wide→wider→widestnice→nicer→nicestbrave→braver→bravest
辅音字母加“y”结尾的词将y改为i再加-er,-est easy→easier→easiesthappy→happie→happiest busy→busier→busiest
闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母再加-er,-est big→bigger→biggestthin→thinner→thinnesthot→hotter→hottest
少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的多音节词末尾加-er,?-est clever→cleverer→cleverestnarrow→narrower→narrowest
其余双音节和多音节词在前面加more, most useful→more useful→most usefulimportant→more important→most important
不规则变化 good,well→better→bestbad, ill→worse→worstold→older/elder→oldest/eldestfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestmany, much→more→mostlittle→less→least
表五：形容词同级比较、比较级和最高级的用法
同级比较 表示两者在某一方面程度相等时，用句型“as …as”（用于肯定句）和“so …as”（用于否定句） 1. The exam is as difficult as the lastone. 这次考试和上次的一样难。2. This garden is not so beautiful asthat one. 这个花园不如那个漂亮。
表示某人或某物在某一方面不如另一人或另一物时，用句型“not so/as +形容词原级＋as”,前面可以加just, almost, nearly, half 等词修饰 1. I didn’t do homework so carefullyas you. 我做作业不如你认真。2. George is not so/as honest as Iexpected. 乔治不如我期待的诚实。
表示倍数时用“half/twice/three/four...times + as + 形容词原级＋as”结构 1. There are three times as manyapples in this box as in that one. 这盒子里的苹果是那个盒子苹果的三倍。2. This house is five times as big asthat one. 这个房子是那个房子的三倍大。
比较级 表示两者之间的比较时，用“形容词比较级＋than”的结构 1. Bob is more careful than you. 鲍伯比你细心。2. He is stronger than you. 他比你强壮。3. It is colder here than in Guangzhou. 这里的天气比广州冷。
如要表示“…不如…”用less+原级+than结构 The book is less difficult than that one. 这本书比那本书难。
表示一方随另一方程度变化时，用“the+比较级……＋the +比较级……”结构 1. The sooner, the better. 越快越好。2. The more he read it, the moreuseful he found the book is. 他越读就越觉得这本书有用。The harder you study, the greaterprogress you’ll make. 你越努力学习，取得的进步就会越大。
有两者供选择，要表达“谁/什么更……”时，常用“who/which is +形容词比较级, A or B ”的结构 1. Who is younger, John or Jimmy 强尼和吉米谁更年轻？2. Which is more interesting, thisbook or that one 这本书还是那本书更有意思？
不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变，用“比较级+and+比较级”结构，译作“越来越…” The weather is getting warmerand warmer. 天气越来越暖和。The famers in the village arebecoming richer and richer. 这个村庄的村民越来越富有。
最高级 三者或者三者以上之中的之最，要用形容词的最高级表示。形容词最高级前比较加the，最常用的结构为：A+be+the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + 表示范围的短语。 1. This is the best film that I have everseen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。2. Autumn is the best season inBeijing. 秋天是北京最好的季节。3. The Changjiang River is the biggestriver in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。
形容词最高级表示“最……之一”时，可用“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词”的结构表示 1. Maths is one of the most difficultsubjects. 数学是最难的学科之一。2. It was one of the cheapest hotelshere. 这里是最便宜的旅馆之一。Beijing is one of the biggest citiesin the world.北京是世界最大的诚实之一。
形容词最高级前可以被序数词和much, by far, nearly, almost等修饰，表示程度 1. He is by far the most activemember in this group. 他是这个组迄今为止最活跃的一个成员。2. Hainan Island is China’s secondlargest island. 海南岛是中国第二大岛。
第七部分：副 词
表一：副词的分类
按词汇意义 时间副词（表示动作和状态发生的时间），常见的有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, before, early, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, still, already, just等 1. She’s doing her homework now. 她现在正在做作业。2. An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个好主意。
地点副词（表示动作和状态发生的地点）。常见的有：here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, upstairs, downstairs等 1. What are you doing here 你在这干嘛？2. I looked for her everywhere lastnight.昨晚我到处找他。
方式副词（表示动作进行或状态存在的方式、方法）。如：quietly, heavily, warmly, carefully, happily, politely, angrily等 1. Look at the picture carefully. 仔细观察这张图片。2. They’re dancing together happily. 他们正高兴地一起跳舞。
频度副词（表示动作发生的次数和频率）。常见的有：always, usually, often, frequently, constantly, occasionally, sometimes, seldom, hardly, rarely, never等 1. I have never been to the Children’sPalace.我从没去过少年宫。2. We often go to school by bike. 我们经常骑车去学校。
程度副词（表示行为、状态、特征等的程度）。常见的有：fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, deeply, partly, perfectly, really等 1. The film was quite good. 这部电影非常好。2. That question is much easier thanthis one. 这个问题比那个更简单。
焦点副词（强调使之成为人们注意的焦点的副词）。常见的有：only, alone, also, even, just, merely, simply, mainly, especially, exactly, too, as well等。 1. Only Tom knows the answer. 只有汤姆知道答案。2. That is exactly what he did. 这正是他做的事。
按句法功能 疑问副词（引导一个特殊问句）。这类副词有：when, where, why和how 1. How long have you lived here 你在这住了多长时间了？2. Why didn’t you go to see the filmyesterday evening 你为什么昨晚不去看电影？
连接副词相当于并列连词的，如therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, furthermore, still, thus, meanwhile等，也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when, why, where, how等 1. I don’t want to go out now, andbesides, I must work. 我现在不想出去，另外，我必须工作。2. I don’t know when she’ll be back。我不知道她什么时候回来。
关系副词（放在被引导的定语从句句首）。这类副词有：where, when, why Tell me the time when we’ll haveexamination. 告诉我什么时候考试。
解释副词。这类副词有：as, namely等 John has a lot of friends, and Tom hasjust as many. 约翰有很多朋友，汤姆也差不多。
句子副词。就是修饰整个句子，表达说话人的观点态度的副词，常见的有frankly, honestly, clearly, obviously, evidently, generally, briefly, fortunately, luckily, unexpectedly, naturally, hopefully等 1. Frankly, I am not satisfied withyour work. 实话说，我对你的工作不满意。2. Obviously he is a liar. 很明显他是个骗子。
表二：副词的用法
作状语 修饰动词 The students are listening to the teacher carefully. 学生认真地听老师讲课。
修饰形容词 1. Maria is very fond of reading. 玛利亚很喜欢读书。2. This kind of flower is extremely beautiful. 这种话非常漂亮。
修饰另一个副词 1. You should read loudly enough for us to hear it. 你应该大声朗读让我们都听到。2. Don’t read too fast. 不要读的太快。
修饰介词短语 1. They came just on time. 他们来的正是时候。2. We are right on our way home. 我们正在回家的路上。
修饰从句 It’s just as I thought. 这正是我想的。
修饰整个句子 1. Fortunately, I found my book. 幸运的是我找到了书。2. Honestly, I don’t agree with you. 实话说我不同意你的观点。
作表语 1. The war is still on. 战争仍在继续。2. Summer is over，it’s autumn. 夏天结束了就是秋天。注：在通常情况下，用作表语时不用副词而用形容词，如可说The woman is beautiful. 而不说 The woman is beautifully；可说The cloth feels soft. 不能说 The cloth feels softly. 英语中用作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，而且只能用于连系动词be 后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，如可说He is here 或 He is abroad，但不能说He seems here 或 He seems abroad。
作定语 1. Write your name in the place below. 把你的名字写在下面。2. I had to get off and take the bus behind. 我需要下车去乘后面的公交车。注：在通常情况下，副词用作定语总是放在被修饰名词之后，若置于修饰名词之前，则通常被视为形容词，如the upstairs room和the room upstairs 都表示“楼上的房间”，但前者的upstairs 前置，为形容词；后者的upstairs后置，为副词；又如the above passage 和the passage above都可表示“上面的段落”，但前者的above 前置，为形容词；后者的above后置，为副词。
作宾语 1. It’s not far from here. 它离这不远。2. I’ll stay at home tonight. 今晚我呆在家里。注：副词用作宾语的用法十分有限，通常只用作介词宾语，并且只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如 here和 there 可与along, around, down, from, in, near, round, up 等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here, go to there 等(注：from here to there是例外)，而表地点的副词abroad 则只与介词from连用，不与其他介词连用
作宾语补足语 Who left the door open 谁把门开着？注：一般说来，能用作表语的副词都可用作宾语补足语。He went to see her but found that she was out. =He went to see her but found her out. 他去见她时却发现她出去了。
表三：副词在句中的位置
表示时间或地点的副词一般放在句尾，并且地点在前时间在后，在地点和时间的副词里，又按从小到大的顺序排列。强调时，它们也可放在句首 1. Will you be free tomorrow 你明天有空吗？2. He lives at 75 Xiangchun Road, Changsha. 他住在长沙向春路75号。
频率副词一般放在行为动词之前，助动词、情态动词或动词be之后 1. He sometimes goes there on business. 他经常出差去那里。2. He has never been late. 他从不迟到。注：若为了强调，有时可把频率副词放在句首，但值得注意的是，当never, seldom 等含有否定意义的副词放在句首时，句子须部分倒装。如：Never have I read such a book.
程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词或副词之前，助动词、情态动词或系动词be之后 The film was quite good. 这电影很好。注：修饰动词的程度副词则通常放在动词(及其宾语)之后，有时也放在动词之前。如：I don’t like coffee very much. = I don’t very much like coffee. 另外，enough修饰形容词或副词时，永远置于其后。如：Will you be kind enough to shut the door
修饰动词的方式副词一般放在动词(及其宾语)之后，有时也放在动词之前 1. We must learn to speak English fluently and correctly. 我们必须学着流利正确的说英语。2. They warmly welcomed me at their offices. 他们在办公室热情的接待了我们。
由动词与副词一起所构成的短语动词带宾语时，若宾语是名词，则副词放在名词的前后都行；若宾语是代词，副词只能放在代词之后 I need a few days to think over your proposal. = I need a few days to think over your proposal. 我需要几天来考虑你的建议。
地点副词做定语时，须放在所修饰的名词或代词之后 The people there are very friendly. 那里的人很友好。
修饰句子的副词一般放在句首 1. Frankly, I am not satisfied with it. 实话说我对此不满意。2. Luckily it was not so hot. 幸运的是它不是很热。
疑问副词常放在句首构成疑问句 1. How did you enjoy your Christmas 你怎么过圣诞节的？2. Why haven’t you been to see me all this time 你为什么一直不来看我？
关系副词和连接副词一般放在从句的开头 1. I asked how he was getting on. 我问他过得怎么样。2. These are the reasons why we do it. 我们这样做是有原因的。
方式副词、地点副词、时间副词等用在一起时，通常是方式副词在前，地点副词在中间，时间副词在最后 1. The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 那个男孩一下午都在安静地读书。注：对于run, go, drive, move, walk, head, leave 等表示位置移动的动词，修饰它们的多个副词通常按“地点副词 + 方式副词 + 时间副词”的规律排列。如：He went there happily yesterday. 他昨天高兴地去了那里。
以练助学1：填入适当的形容词、副词或用所给词的正确形式填空
1. The number of the trees that the villagers planted last year reached as __________ as 6,000,000.
2. There was so _________ smoke that they couldn’t see across the hallway.
3. My little brother is not old ___________ to go to school.
4. In that case, there is nothing you can do __________ than wait.
5. The well is so __________ (deep).
6. They are __________ little insects that we can not easily see them with our eyes.
7. There was __________ little food left then that we had to turn to the local people for help.
8. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___________ she was getting.
9. I haven’t seen the movie and my brother hasn’t _____________.
10. He is always telling lies, so I will ________ believe him.
11. The boy jumped ______ in the air, and his little friend thought _______ of him.(high/highly)
12. Two passengers fell into the sea. ______________, neither of them could swim.
13. We talked ___________ into the night and I was ___________ moved by his words.(deep)
14. I found his talk very _____________ and I was really _____________ in it.(interest)
15. Who is the greatest poet ____________ (live)
以练助学2：用括号中所给词语的正确形式填空
A father sat at his desk looking at and carefully studying his 1 (month) bills when his young son rushed in and announced, “Dad, because this is your birthday and you’re 55 years old, I’m going to give you 55 kisses, one for each year!” But the father exclaimed, “Oh, Andrew, don’t do it now; I’m too busy!”
The youngster immediately fell 2 (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes. 3 (Apologetic) the father said, “You can finish later.”
The boy said nothing but 4 (quiet) walked away, 5 (disappoint). That evening the father said, “Come and finish the kisses now, Andrew!” But the boy didn’t respond.
6 (fortunate), the boy had an accident and was drowned. His heartbroken father wrote…
“If only I could tell him how much I regret my 7 (thought) words, and could be assured that he knows how much my heart is aching.”
Love is a two-way street. Any loving act must be 8 (warm) accepted or it will be taken as 9 (reject) and can leave a scar. Nothing is more 10 (importance) than responding with love to the cry for love from those who are near and precious to us. Because there may be no chance at all as in the case of the little boy.
答案：
以练助学1：1. many 2. much 3. enough 4. other 5. hardly 6. such 7. so 8. heavier 9. either 10. never 11. far 12. Unluckily/Unfortunately
13. deep, deeply 14. interesting, interested 15. alive
以练助学2：1. monthly 2. silent 3. Apologetically 4. quietly 5. disappointed 6. Unfortunately 7. thoughtless 8. warmly 9. rejection 10. important
第八部分：介词和介词短语
表一：介词的分类
结构分类 单一介词 in, at, from……on, between, like, after
复合介词 onto, within, nearby, as to, inside, throughout
介词短语 in front of, owing to, instead of, in spite of, in favor of, by means of, by way of, ahead of, according to
词义分类 “地点” above, across, along, among, near, into, through
“时间” after, on, in, for, between, until/till, within behind
“除去” besides, but, except
“比较” as, like, above, over
“反对” against, with
“原因、目的” for, with, from
“结果” to, with, without
“手段、方式” by, in, with
“所属” of, with
“条件” on, without, considering
“让步” despite, in spite of
“关于” about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to
“对于” to, for, over, at , with
“根据” on, according to
其他 without
表二：介词和其他词类的搭配
动词和介词 accord with和……一致 conform to符合belong to属于 turn to 求助look into 调查 depend on依靠give in 屈服 give up 放弃go on with继续 insist on坚持要look for寻找 laugh at嘲笑
形容词和介词（用时加动词be的各种形式） be absent for缺席 be active in在某方面活跃be afraid of害怕 be angry at sth. 因某事生气be angry with sb. 对某人生气 be anxious/eager for渴望be bad for对……有害 be busy with sth. 忙于某事be capable of 能 be content with满足于be delighted with因……感到高兴 be fit for适合be different from与……不同 be far from离……远be familiar with sth. 对……熟悉 be fond of喜爱be famous for因……著名 be filled with装满 be full of充满 be good at擅长于be good for对……有益
介词+名词/代词 as a matter of fact 其实，事实 as a rule通常as a result结果，因此 at any rate无论如何，至少at a time 每次，一次 at all events 无论如何at first sight 乍一看，初看起来 at first起初at hand 在手边，在附近 at heart 在内心；实质上at home 在家，在国内 at last终于at least至少 at length最后，详细地at no time 从不，决不 at present 目前，现在at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾 at once立刻at the moment 现在，此刻 by accidence/chance偶然by all means 无论如何，必定
表三：英语常用介词用法与辨析
表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如：Japan is/lies to the east of China. 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如：Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如：I sold my car at a high price. 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars. 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month.
表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如：This box is made of paper. 2. from成品已看不出原料。如：Wine is made from grapes. 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如：Please fill in the form in pencil first. 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。
表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。注意：表示搭乘交通工具时，用by时不用冠词，用in时要用冠词。请比较：I went there by bus/in a bus. 2. with表示“用某种工具”。如：He broke the window with a stone. 注意：with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。3. on表示“以……方式”，多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone.
表示关于的介词：of, about, on 1. of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如：He spoke of the film the other day. 2. about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如：Can you tell me something about yourself 3. on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如：It’s a textbook on the history of china.
表原因或理由的介词：for, at, from, of, with, by, because of，thanks to, owing to, out of 1. for表示原因，常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you. 2. at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而……”。如：He was surprised at the news. 3. from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the car accident. 4. of指“内在的原因”，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger. 5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如： He was shaking with anger. 6. by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：Her body was bent by age. (他因年老背弯了。)7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of illness。 8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如：Owing to the rain they could not come. 9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常译为“幸亏……，多亏……”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game. 10. out of表示动机的起因，常译为“出于……”。如：He asked the question out of curiosity.
表示好像或当作的介词：like, as 1. like表示“像……一样”。如：Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 2. as表示“作为，以……身份”，其实也是。如：He talked to me as a father. 注：as作连词时，可表示“好像……”。如：The work is not so difficult as you imagin
表示支持或反对的介词：against, for against反对，for支持，互为反义词。如：Are you for my idea or against it
表示除某人某物外的介词：besides, except 1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除……外，还”。如：Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides（=as well as）football. 除了足球，他还对网球感兴趣。2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。如：Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）注意：(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用；若与other连用，只能用besides。如：He had other people to take care of besides me.(B) except是排除同类；而except for是排除非同类，常在说明基本情况后，从细节上加上修正。如：The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外，这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的) 但except for也可代替except，特别是在句首时，因为except是不能用于句首的。如：Except George, you can all go. 除乔治外，你们都可以去。
表四：常用介词短语归纳
其他词+of ahead of 在…之前，比…强 cause of 因为inside of 在…以内，少于 instead of 代替，而不outside of 在…外面，除…外 regardless of 不顾，不管
其他词+to according to 根据 as to 至于，关于contrary to 违反 due to 由于，由于…的原因 near to 在…的附近 next to 紧挨着，紧次于owing to 因为，由于 thanks to 多亏，由于
in+其他词+of in advance of 在…前面 in aid of 帮助in behalf of 为了(…的利益) in case of 如果，万一in celebration of 庆祝 in charge of 负责，管理 in defence of 保卫 in explanation of 解释in face of 面对 in favour of 赞成，主张in front of 在…前面 in honor of 纪念，祝贺in memory of 纪念 in need of 需要in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有in praise of 称赞 in respect of就…而言in search of 寻找，搜找 in spite of 虽然，尽管 in support of 为了支持(拥护) in view of 鉴于，考虑到
in+其他词+for in exchange for 作为对…的交换 in preparation for 为…作准备in return for 作为…的报答 in reward for 作为…的报酬
in+其他词+to in addition to 加之，除…之外 in answer to 回答，响应in reply to 对…的回答(答复) in response to 回答，响应in [with] reference to 关于 in [with] regard to 关于
以练助学：用合适的介词填空
It was so nice an afternoon that I decided to go for a little walk 1 my new boots---the ones I’d seen advertised on TV 2 “the world’s best boots”. Well, 3 theory, yes, they were very comfortable boots but I soon found that in fact they gave me blisters. In general I do enjoy walking, but at that moment all I wanted was rest and refreshment, in other words, I needed to sit down, have a drink and go home 4 the bus. The last bus home was in half an hour and I was far 5 the bus stop so I would have to get there 6 a hurry. At last I got to the bus stop just in time 7 a drink at the pub before the bus came. I limped to the bus stop in the hope 8 getting on. But I was out of luck because the bus was full up---not even standing room! I knew I’d never make it home on foot and I was 9 the point of returning to the pub to drown my sorrows when another bus came round the corner, completely empty. I got on, sat by myself at the back and started to feel 10 peace with the world again as I took off my boots!
答案：1. in 2. as 3. in 4. on 5. from 6. in 7. for 8. of 9. on 10. at
第九部分：连 词
表一：连词的分类
简单连词 由单个词充当 and，but，so，or，after，if
短语连词 由一个短语充当 as if, as soon as, so that, as long as
关联连词 由两个或两个以上相互关联的词构成 both…and…, not only… but also…, either… or…, neither… nor…
分词连词 由动词的分词形式转换而来 assuming, provided, supposing, given
并列连词 用来连接彼此是并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的词 and, however, for, so, but, neither… nor…
从属连词 简单从属连词 after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, that, till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while
复合从属连词 由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词，如： as if, as far as , as soon as, according to , in case , no matter who(how,what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given( that), in order that, now (that), on condition that , (so) that, provided/providing(that), in as much as , in so far as 等。
关联从属连词 由两个关联构成的，如： as...as, no sooner...than, so...as , so...that, such...as , the...the, whether...or 等。
表二：并列连词的用法
表示并列关系 and（和），both...and（既……又……），not only...but also（不但……而且……），neither...nor（既不……也不……），not...nor（既不……也不……），as well as （也），when（就在那时） 1. Go and fetch something to eat. 去拿点吃的。2. They didn't catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night. 他们没有赶上车，所以只能在旅馆过夜了。3. Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports. 玛丽喜欢音乐而莉莉喜欢运动。
表示转折关系 此类连词主要有but（可是），while（而，然而），not...but...（不是……而是……），yet（可是），however（然而，但是）whereas（而），nevertheless（然而，不过） 1. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, butthey will save us money in the long run. 城市的这些改造会花很多钱，可是从长远来看还是省钱的。2. He was in deep trouble, yet he didn't lose heart.他陷入了大麻烦，但是他没有灰心。3. Rick was very successful. However, the last fewyears of his life were not happy ones. 瑞克很成功，但是他人生的最后几年过得不幸福。
表示选择关系 or（或），or else（否则），either... or（要么……要么……）， otherwise （要不然）， rather than（而不）（其中or， or else， otherwise 三者相比，or else 语气较or 强，而otherwise 语气则最强） 1. He never smokes or drinks. 他从不抽烟喝酒。2. He must pay the debt or else go to prison.他必须还款，要不就得坐牢。3. Let's begin; otherwise, we will fall behind.我们开始吧，否则我们就落后了。
表示因果关系 so(所以)，for(因为), therefore(因此)，hence(因而) 1. The shop was quite new, for it had opened onlythe week before. 这个店很新，因为它上周刚开张。2. He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他毫不畏惧，因为他非常勇敢。
表三：从属连词的用法
引导状语从句 时间状语 when（当……时），while（在……期间），after（在……之后），before（在……之前），as（一边……一边；当……时），as soon as （一……就），now（that）（既然），until （直到……才），till （直到……才），once（一旦……），since（自从……以来），no sooner... than （刚……就……），hardly/barely scarcely... when（刚……就……） 1. He jumped up when the phone rang. 当电话响起的时候他跳了起来。2. Turn the lights off before you leave. 走之前把灯关掉。3. He started the job soon after he left the university. 他离开大学不久就开始了这份工作。
原因状语 because（因为），as（由于），since（既然），now（that）（既然），seeing （that）等。（其中，because引导的从句表示产生某种结果的必然的因果关系，语气较重，可回答why问句；since语气较轻，常位于句首；as则语气最轻） 1. We couldn’t cross the river because thewater had risen. 因为水涨高了我们就不能过河。2. Since everyone is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都来了，我们就开始吧。3. I must stop writing now, as I have rathera lot of work to do. 我现在必须停笔了，因为我还有很多工作要做。
让步状语 although（虽然），though（虽然），as（虽然），even if（即使）， even though（即使），while，no matter（无论……）， however（无论……）, whatever（无论……）, whoever（无论……）, wherever（无论……） 1. Though my father is old，yet he wants to do something for our country. 虽然我父亲年纪很大了，他仍想为国家做些事。2. Even if there are difficulties we must do it well. 尽管有困难，我们还是得做好。3. Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets. 虽然我还小，我也知道家族的一些秘密。.
条件状语 if（如果），unless（除非），as/so long as （只要），supposing（假如） 1. If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home. 如果有人来电话就告诉他我不在家。 2. You will fail unless you work hard.如果不努力你就会失败。3. As (So) long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下来。
目的状语 in order that（为了）, so that（为了）, in case（以防）, for fear（以免） 1. We used the computer in order that wemight save time. 为了节省时间我们用了电脑。2. Speak clearly so that they mayunderstand you. 说的清楚一些这样他们就可能理解你。
结果状语 that（以致），so...that（如此……以致），such...that（如此……以致）等 1. We’re all here now, so that the meetingcan begin at last. 我们现在都在这，所以会议终于可以开始了。2. It’s so difficult a question that none of uscan answer it. 这个难题我们都回答不了。
地点状语 Where,wherever, verywhere（那里） 1. There were lots of parks where I lived.我住的地方公园很多。2. Everywhere they went, they werewarmly welcomed. 他们无论去哪里，都会收到热情接待。
方式状语 as （正如），as if/though （好像），the way 1. He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现的好像什么事都没发生。2. They treat me as though I were astranger. 他们像对待陌生人一样对待我。
比较状语 than，as…as It’s easier than I thought. 这比我想象的要简单。
引导名词性从句 引导名词性从句的词多是连接代词和连接副词，而从属连词主要有that，whether，if 1. It is clear enough what he meant. 他的意思很明白。2. Your greatest fault is that you arecareless. 你最大的缺点就是粗心。
以练助学：
1. It worried her a hit _______ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
2. You will be late _________ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
3. _________ the days went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
4. We must get up early tomorrow, ______ we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
A. so B. or C. but D. however
5. I didn’t manage to do it _______ you had explained how.
A. until B. unless C. when D. before
6. ________he comes, we won’t be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even
7. I hurried _________ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
8. Although he is considered a great writer, ______.
A. his works are not widely read
B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
9. —What was the party like
—Wonderful. It’s years _______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
10. —I don’t like chicken _______fish.
— 1 don’t like chicken, _______ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
11. —Do you remember_______he came
— Yes, I do, he came by ear.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
12. Mother was worried because little Alice was iii, especially_______Father was away in France.
A. as B. that C. during D. if
13. Would you like a cup of coffee_________ shall we get down to business right away
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
14. _________I like the car, I don’t like the color of it.
A. Unless B. However C. While D. If
15. —I’m going to the post office.
— _______ you’re there, can you get me some stamps
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
16. _____________ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as
17. —__________Would you like to come to dinner tonight
—I’d like to, _________I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
18. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem ___________ they them selves couldn’t.
A. once B. then C. while D. if
19. My name is Robert, ____________most of my friends call me Bob for short.
A. then B. instead C. however D. but
20. Why do you want a new job ____________ you’ve got such a good one already
A. that B. where C. which D. when
答案：1-5 BBDBA 6-10 ABADD 11-15 AACCB 16-20 ADCDD
第十部分：感叹词
常见感叹词的用法
Oh(O) 表示惊奇、指责、恐惧、痛苦、懊恼、高兴等 1."Oh, who was that " Mr. Black asked. 2."Oh, how blind you are!" he cried. 3."Oh, oh!" he cried. "My stomach! My head! oh! oh!4. Oh, learned judge! Oh, wise young man.
Ah 表示惊奇、恐惧、高兴、痛苦、恳求、松一口气、讨厌、懊悔、藐视、威胁等 1. Ah, yes, Jeanne married a man with a lot of money. 2."Ah, what splendid clothes!" thought the Emperor. ” 3. Ah, how pitiful! 4. Ah, here is the thing I am after.
Come 表示鼓励、不耐烦、引起注意、安慰等 1. Oh, come, Mathilde. Surely you can tell an old friend. 2. Come, we must hurry. 3. Come, come, get him his change. Tod, get him his change. 4. Come, come! What were you really doing behind the bicycle sheds(车棚)
Dear 表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等 1. Dear me! What awful weather! 2. Oh, dear, dear! Where can Harry be 3. Dear, dear! Where have I put my keys 4. "Dear me," he said to himself, "Am I foolish or unfit for my office "
Hello 表示问候、惊奇等或用以打招呼 1. Hello, Jack, what’s wrong with you 2. Hello, Li Ming. How are you 3. Hello, Uncle Li. Haven’t seen you for ages. 4. Hello, Xiao Lin. Glad to see you again.
Well 表示快慰、让步、期望、讥讽、解释、责备、惊异、犹豫、松一口气等 1. Well, your father has found him in the garage. 2. Are you sure Wel, perhaps you, are right. 3. Well, you must come to lunch tomorrow. 4. I handed the note to him and said, "Oh, very well, I apologize." 5. Well, why don't you make a notice like theirs
Why 表示惊奇或不足为奇，常常有“你这都不知道吗？”“原来这样”这类意思 1. — “How should we answer this question ”—“Why, that’s simple enough.”2. Why you are ahead of time too! 3. Why, you’ll learn even faster that way.
Now 表示警告、命令、请求、说明、安慰筹 1. Now, now, you two; Don't fight again. 2. Now, now, my boy! It's all right! There's no need to cry! 3. Now, let's play basketball. 4. Now, lift me up, Doctor, lift me up. Where is he
There 表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意等 1. There! There! Never mind, you'll soon feel better. 2. Thefe, there, you said too much. 3.There, I've filled it up again.。 4.There, what's that？
Aha 表示喜悦、嘲笑、轻蔑、惊奇、胜利、赏识、十分得意等 1. Aha, I know.。2. Aha, this is just what I wanted. 3. The trousers are all right; now the waistcoat; aha, right again.
Hey 表示喜悦、惊骇、疑问、犹豫或引起注意等。可以译作：咳！嘿！咦！嗨！喂！等 1. Hey, come and look at this photo. It’s our teacher’s family photo.2. Hey, you two! Don’t read in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.3. Hey! I didn't expect to meet you here.
Man 表示兴奋、轻蔑、不耐烦、引起注意 1."Use you knife, man!" ordered the British officer nearby. 2. Hurry up, man. 3. We have won the match, man！
Boy 表示高兴、兴奋、惊奇等 1. Boy, oh, boy! Our team's going to win! How fantastic 2. Boy! This soup is good, Mama! 3. Oh, boy! I just had a wonderful dream!
第十一部分： 动 词
动词概述
表一： 动词的分类
单个动词和短语动词 单个动词 由一个单词构成。 write, hear, go, sleep…
动词短语 由两个或两个以上的单词构成。 动词+副词 get up, look out, put on, give up, bring up, make out, hand in…
动词+介词 come across, call on, refer to, laugh at, send for…
动词+名词 make sense, take pains, make an apology…
动词+副词+介词 come up with, get down to, make up for, run out of…
动词+名词+介词 have an effect on, pay attention to, take care of, have difficulty in…
终止性动词和延续性动词 终止性动词 表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, buy, borrow, fall ill，hear from, catch a cold, kill… 终止性动词的肯定句不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用，但是在否定句中，可以和表示一段时间的状语、连词连用，它的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了。终止性动词不可与how long连用。 1. 他死了三年了。He has died for three years. (×)He has been dead for three years. (√)He died three years ago. (√) 2. 从1986年以来他就没离开过这里。He hasn't left here since 1986. (√)3. 你来这多久了？How long have you come here (×)How long have you been here (√)When did you come here (√)
延续性动词 表示可以延续一段时间的动作或状态。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay… 延续性动词常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。 He has lived here for 6 years. （他已经在这住6年了。）You can keep the book for 5 days. （你可以保留这本书5天。）How long did you stay there last year （你去年在那呆了多久？）
系动词、行为动词、助动词、情态动词 系动词 本身有词义，但是不能单独作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 1. be; 2. feel, smell, look，taste, sound; 3. seem, appear; 4.turn, become， grow, get; 5. keep, stand, stay… 1. Tom is sad. （汤姆很难过。）2. Her voice sounds sweet. （她的声音听起来很甜美。）3. He appeared happy. （他表现得很开心。）4. Plants grow quickly in Spring.（植物在春天生长很快。）5. The town remained unchanged. （这个城镇保持原样不变。）
行为动词 及物动词 后面要直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。如：tell, praise, ask… 1. Could you tell me the way to Beijing Railway Station （你能告诉我去北京站怎么走吗？）2. He was praised for his neat and careful work. （他因为他整洁认真的工作受到表扬。）3. Can I ask you a question (我能问你一个问题吗？)
不及物动词 后面不可直接加宾语的动词，没有被动形式。如要接宾语需加介词。如：sit, listen… 1. Please sit down. (请坐。)2. She's listening to the radio. (她正在听收音机。)3. When will the basketball game take place (篮球比赛什么时候开始？)
助动词 本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，通常帮助连系动词和实义动词完成各种时态，语态，语气以及否定和疑问结构等。如：do, be, have, shall, will, would… Dose he live in London with his grandparents (他是和他的祖父母一起住在伦敦吗？)Have they finished building the new school (他们已经建完那所新学校了吗？)Will you come to my party (你会参加我的聚会吗？)Are they going to visit India (他们是要去印度旅行吗？)
情态动词 用来表明说话人的语气和情态，词义不完全，不能独立作谓语。也是助动词，因此前面不再跟助动词。如：can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need… May I speak to Mike (我能和麦克说话吗？)You mustn’t smoke here. (你禁止在这吸烟。)You needn’t come early. (你没必要来这么早。)Students should finish doing their homework. (学生们应该完成作业。)Would you please tell me the way to the station (你能告诉我怎么到车站吗？)
表二： 动词的基本形式
形式 构成 例词
动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给予的形式） be, have, do, come
过去式与过去分词（规则变化） 1．在动词原形后加-ed 2．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加-ed 3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed work→worked carry→carried stop→stopped
动词的-ing形式 1．在动词原形后加-ing 2．以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing 3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing 4．少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ing read→reading write→writing swim→swimming die→dying
第三人称单数形式 1．在动词原形后加-s 2．以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es 3．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-es 4．以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加-s run→runs teach→teaches wash→washes go→goes pass→passes try→tries stay→stays
表三：常见的动词短语
构成 举例
V. +about bring about引起,使发生 care about关心,对...有兴趣 come about发生 hear about听说 set about 着手,开始 speak/talk about谈论 think about思考 worry about为...担心
V. +away blow away吹走 break away摆脱 carry away拿走,使入迷 clear away清除掉,消散 die away逐渐消失 give away背弃,泄露 pass away 去世 put away收拾起来,存起来 send away让走开 take away拿走 throw away 扔掉 turn away把...打发走 wash away冲走 wear away磨掉,消耗
V. +at aim at向...瞄准 call at拜访地点 come at 向...袭击 glance at匆匆一瞥 glare at怒视 knock at敲门,窗等 laugh at嘲笑 look at看,注视 point at指向 run at冲向,向...攻击 shoot at向...射击 shout at冲某人嚷嚷 smile at冲某人笑 stare at凝视 strike at向...打击 tear at用力撕 wonder at惊讶 work at干...活动研究
V. +back call back回电话 give back归还 hold back控制住 keep back隐瞒,忍住 look back回顾 take back拿回,收回
V. +down break down坏了,垮了,分解 bring down使...降低,使倒下 burn down 烧毁 calm down平静下来 come down下落,传下cut down削减,砍倒 pass down 传下来 put down记下,写下,镇压 settle down 安家 slow down慢下来 take down记下,记录 tear down 拆毁,拆除 turn down调小,拒绝
V. +for apply for申请 ask for要求得到 beg for乞求 call for要求,需要 care for关心,喜欢 change for用...换 charge for收费,要价 come for来拿,来取 hope/wish for希望得到 hunt for寻找 long for渴望 look for寻找 run for竞选 search for查找 seek for寻找 stand for代表,表示 take for误以为...是 wait for等候
V. +from date from始于...时候 die from因...而死 differ from与...不同 hear from收到...来信 keep/stop/prevent from不让...做 learn from向...学习 result from由于 separate from把...分离开 suffer from受...苦
V. +of approve of赞成 become of发生...情况,怎么啦 complain of抱怨 consist of由...组成 die of死于 dream of梦到 hear of听说 speak of 读到 talk of谈到 think of想到
V. +off break off打断 carry off携走,带走 come off脱掉,褪色 cut off切断,断绝 fall off跌落,掉下 get off脱下衣服等 get off下车 give off散发出go off走开,消失,坏了 keep off避开,勿走近 knock off把...撞落 leave off''中断 pay off还清 put off延期,推迟 ring off挂断电话 see off送行 set off出发 show off炫耀 start off出发 take off脱下,起飞 turn/switch off关掉
V. +on bring on使...发展 call on拜访 carry on继续,进行 depend on依靠 feed on以...为生 have on穿着 insist on坚持 keep/go on继续 live on以...为生 look on 旁观 move on 继续移动,往前走 pass on传授,传递 put on穿上,戴上,上演 rely on依靠 spend on在...花钱 take on 雇佣,呈现 try on试穿 turn/switch on打开
V. +out break out爆发 bring out 阐明,使表现出 burst out迸发 carry out 执行 come out出版,出来 cross out划掉 figure out 算出 find out查出,弄明白 give out散发,分发,用完 go out 熄灭hand out 散发 help out救助 hold out坚持下去 keep out of使不进入,挡住 leave out省略,删掉 let out泄露,发出声音 look out当心,堤防 make out 理解,看清楚 pick out选出 point out指出 put out 扑灭 run out用完 send out发出,派遣 set out出发,着手 speak out大胆讲出 try out 试用,试验 turn out 结果是,生产 wear out穿破,使...疲劳 work out算出,想出办法等
V. +in break in强制进入,插话 bring in引进,使得到收入 call in召集,来访 cut in插入 drop in拜访 fill in填写 get in收获,进入 give in让步 hand in上交 join in参加 look in来访,参观 persist in坚持 result in导致 succeed in在...获得成功 take in接纳,吸收
V. +into burst into闯入,迸发 change into把...变成 divide into把...分成 look into研究,调查 put/translate into把...译成run into碰到 turn into变成
V. +over fall over跌倒,摔倒 get over克服 go over审阅,检查,研究 look over翻阅,检查 roll over翻滚 run over压死,看一遍 take over接管,接替 think over仔细考虑 turn over翻倒,细想 watch over看守,照看
V. +to add to增添 agree to同意 attend to处理 belong to属于 bring to使苏醒 come to 共计,苏醒 compare to与...相比,把...比作
上篇: 词法部分
第一部分：词的基本概念
第二部分：名词
第三部分：冠词
第四部分：代词
第五部分：数词
第六部分：形容词
第七部分：副词
第八部分：介词和介词短语
第九部分：连词
第十部分：感叹词
第十一部分：动词
动词概述
动词的时态
动词的语态
动词的语气
助动词
情态动词
非谓语动词
第十二部分：构词法知识
下篇：句法部分
第一部分：句子的成分与分类
第二部分：定语从句
第三部分：名词性从句
第四部分：状语从句
第五部分：特殊句式
一、直接引语和间接引语
二、倒装句
三、it 的用法和强调句
四、省略语和插入语
第六部分：主谓一致
上 篇
词法部分
第一部分：词的基本概念
一、词类
英语基本词类的划分
英语单词按照词义、句法作用和形式特征大致可以分为10类。
1.名词Nouns（n.） 表示人、事物、地点、现象等的名称 He is an athlete. 他是一个运动员。
2.动词Verbs（v.） 表示动作或状态的词 I know him well. 我很了解他。
3.冠词Articles（art.） 用在名词前，帮助说明名词的意义 This is a(n)/the vase we are looking for. 这就是我们寻找的花瓶。
4.形容词Adjectives（adj.） 修饰名词或代词，描述人或事物的特征，增加补充其含义 I saw a nice car and a lovely girl. 我看到一辆好车和一个可爱的女孩。
5.副词Adverbs（adv.） 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子，表示动作特征或性状特征 1. He visits her frequently. 他经常去看她。2. You are quite right. 你说的很对。
6.代词Pronouns（pron.） 代表名词及起名词作用的词 She and I get along well with each other. 她和我相处的很好。
7.数词Numerals（num.） 表示数目或顺序的词 1. I have written eight poems. 我已经写了八首诗了。2. This is the secondfilm that I’ve seen thisyear. 这是我今年看的第二场电影。
8.介词Prepositions（prep.） 用在名词、代词等前面，说明其与别的词之间的关系 1. I’m setting off for Beijing. 我要动身去北京了。2. We agree on theplan. 我们都同意这个计划。
9.连词Conjunctions（conj.） 用来连接词与词或句与句的词 I like him but hedislikes me. 我喜欢他但是他不喜欢我。
10.感叹词Interjections（interj.） 表示说话时的感情或语气 1. Wow, you are sosmart! 哇，你太聪明了！2. Ah, you bet! 啊，你猜！
以练助学：判断以下单词的词性
Supermarket_______ asleep_________ swim________ suddenly_______
wow_____________ fifty__________ the__________ their___________
below____________ yet___________ friendly_____ happiness_______
whom____________ one-third______ should________ oops___________
ignore____________ entirely_______ subway_______ upset___________
答案：
名词 形容词 动词 副词
感叹词 数词 冠词 代词
介词 副词 形容词 名词
代词 数词 情态动词 感叹词
动词 副词 名词 形容词
第二部分：名 词
表一：名词的分类
名词Nouns（n.） 专有名词Proper Noun 表示个人、地方、机构、组织、国家等专有的名词， Smith，Hong Kong，Asia， the Great Wall
普通名词Common Noun 可数名词 个体名词Individual Nouns 表明某类人或事物的个体的名称 desk, chair, student, boy
集合名词Collective Nouns 表示若干人或事物个体组成的集合体的名称 government, class, family, group
不可数名词 物质名词Material Nouns 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 oil, water, dust, rice
抽象名词Abstract Nouns 表示行为、状态、品质、感情、总称等专有的名词 love, happiness
表二：名词的数
不可数名词 一般只有单数形式，无复数形式 water, bread, chalk, iron, sand
特殊情况 物质名词表示种类和数量时，则可有复数形式 tea — teas（各种茶）steel — steels（各种钢）fruit — fruits（各种水果）
物质名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量 five pieces of chalk （五支粉笔）three cakes of soup （三块肥皂）two sets of furniture（两套家具）a box of matches（一盒火柴）four baskets of peaches（四篮桃子）six bags of letters（六袋信件）
有些抽象名词指具体事物时也可以用复数 great successes巨大的成功many hopes种种希望
有些抽象名词用复数时意思发生改变 time时间—times时代work工作—works著作
有些抽象名词本身并不可数，但可借助单位词表一定的数量 a piece of advice 一条建议a burst of applause 一阵鼓掌声a drink of water 一口水
有些和数词连用的名词，表示复数时仍用单数形式 eight dozen pencils八打铅笔nine hundred ducks九百只鸭（特例：在of短语中需加s，如hundreds of，dozens of）
可数名词 单数 tree, dog, book, thing
单数变复数 规则变化 一般情况在名词后直接加s desk—desks,
以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的名词，在词尾加-es bus—buses，watch—watches
以-o结尾的名词在词尾，加-es(特例：radios, photos, pianos, zoos) tomato-tomatoes, hero—heroes
以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y改为-i，再加-es（特例：以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，直接加-s，如boys） baby—babies，story—stories
以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般先把-f或-fe改为-v，再加-es（特例：roofs，chiefs，gulfshandkerchiefs） wolf—wolves，wife—wives
不规则变化 单复数形式相同 a fish— two fish one deer—three deera sheep—five sheep
其他不规则名词 foot-feet, child-children,man-men, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
表三：名词的所有格
-’s属格的构成 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词)加 -’s 1. Jimmy’s bike 吉米的自行车2. Children’s books 孩子们的书
以-s结尾的复数名词，只在该名词后加“ ’ ” 1. my parents’ books 我父母的书2. teachers’ offices 教师办公室
带词尾-s的人名，可加’s 或只加 “ ’ ” 1. Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说2. Charles’s job 查理的工作
用 and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s 1. Peter and Mike’s room彼得和麦克共同的房间2. Peter’s and Mike’s room 彼得和麦克各自的房间
表示时间、距离、机构、地名等在单数后面加 ’s, 在以-s或-es结尾的复数名词后面加-’ tomorrow’s newspaper 明天的报纸China’s industry 中国的工业twenty minutes’ walk 二十分钟的路程
-’s所有格后的名词若是不言而喻时，或者是某人的住所、店铺、诊所等时，通常省略。 1. We had a great evening at Paul’s. 我们在保罗家度过了很愉快的一晚。2. She bought a bottle of vitamin tablets at the chemist’s. 她在药店买了一瓶维他命药片。
Of属格的构成 无生命的东西的所有格一般用of表示 1. Let’s meet in the bar of the hotel. 咱们在旅馆的吧台那碰头吧。2. You’ll find the answers at the back of the book. 你会在书的后面找到答案。
有生命的人有时也可用of构成所有格 Might I ask for a photograph of the baby 我能要张小孩的照片吗？
–’s 和 of双重属格 名词所有格有时可以在前面加of构成双重所有格。双重所有格表示全体中的一部分 1. three students of his teacher’s 他老师的三个学生2. these toys of Tom’s 汤姆的三个玩偶3. a book of Mary’s 玛丽的一本书
表四：区分名词的性
使用不同的词表示阳性和阴性 阳性 阴性man 男人 woman 女人boy男孩 girl女孩father父亲 mother妈妈son 儿子 daughter女儿brother 兄弟 sister姐妹
改变词尾区别阳性和阴性 加-ess, 变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性author作家 authoress女作家 count 伯爵 countess 伯爵夫人 heir继承人 heiress 女继承人 host主人 hostess 女主人 lion公狮 lioness 母狮
阳性名词加-ine，变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性hero 英雄 heroine女英雄Joseph 约瑟夫 Josephine 约瑟芬
将阳性名词词尾略加改变后，再加-ess而变成阴性名词 阳性 阴性actor演员 actress女演员duke公爵 duchess公爵夫人emperor皇帝 empress皇后god神 goddess女神master主人 mistress女主人
加表示性别的词区分阳性和阴性 加在主要词的前面 阳性 阴性 man-servant 男仆 woman-servant 女仆 boy-student 男生 girl-student 女生 he-goat 公山羊 she-goat 母山羊
加在主要词的后面 阳性 阴性air-man 飞行家 air-woman 女飞行家landlord 房东 landlady 女房东washer-man男洗衣匠 washerwoman女洗衣匠beggar-man男乞丐 beggar-woman女乞丐orphan-boy 孤儿 orphan-girl 孤女
中性 中性表示无生命及抽象概念 paper 纸map 地图class 班级watch 手表people 人民family 家庭idea 主意youth 青春fun 玩笑kindness 善意
以练助学：用适当的词或所给词的正确形式填空
1. There are fifty-six __________________ (student) in this class.
2. We need much ______________ (room) for all the furniture.
3. This kind of dress was popular in the ___________________ (1980)
4. ______________ (girl) students and _________________ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.
5. There used to be a lot of milu ______________ (deer) in China.
6. These are art _______________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.
7. _____________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.
8. We can see many _________________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.
9. I had my hair cut short at the _____________ (barber) nearby yesterday.
10. On the whole, he was a ______________ (fail) in his life.
答案：
1. students 2. room 3. 1980s/1980’s 4. Girl, women 5. deer
6. works 7.Children’s 8. editors-in-chief 9. barber’s 10. failure
第三部分：冠 词
冠词的分类与用法
不定冠词a(n) 表示数量，意为“一” A friend came to see me yesterday. 昨天一个朋友来看我。
指人或事物的某一类 A student should study hard.一个学生应该认真学习。
指某人或某物，但不具体说明是谁或是什么 My father once worked in a factory. 我爸爸曾经在这家工厂工作。
表示单位，相当于“每”的意思 We have five Chinese classes in a week.我们这周有五节中文课。
用在专有名词前，表示说话人不确切知道的人或事 A Chen is waiting for you.一个姓陈的在等你。
用在表示职业、身份等的名词前 He wants to be a doctor.他想成为一名医生。
用在“such a…” “quite a …” “many a …”“rather a …”, “so+形容词＋a+单数可数名词”的结构中 She is such a good girl.她是如此好的一个女孩子。
第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago， there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久以前，由一个老国王，他有一个非常漂亮的女儿。
用于what引导的感叹句中，用在单数可数名词前 What a pretty girl she is! 她多漂亮啊！
与一些不可数的抽象名词连用，表示一件具体的事 It is a great pity that he can’t come to the evening party. 他不能来参加晚会真遗憾啊！
用在一些固定词组中 have a good time过得愉快, take a rest休息一下, in a word总之, wait a moment等一会, in a hurry匆忙
定冠词 the 用来表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 The old man over there is my grandfather. 那个老人是我的爷爷。
上文提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时用定冠词 We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white. 我们有一只猫和两条狗。那猫是黑色的，那狗是白色的。
指谈话双方都知道的人或事物 Please open the door. 请开门！
表示世界上独一无二的事物 He looked up at the stars in the sky. 他望着天上的星星。
用在序数词和形容词最高级之前 1. Of the four of us, I sang the worst. 我们四个当中我唱的最差。2. He was the first man to think of it. 他是第一个想到这个主意的。
用在表方向、地点、方位、具体时间的名词前 Italy is in the south of Europe. 意大利在欧洲南部。
用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物 The peach is a kind of fruit. 桃子是一种水果。
用在乐器名称前 1. Can you play the violin 你能拉小提琴吗？2. Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute. 除了小提琴，他还会弹钢琴、吹长笛。
用在某些形容词前表示一类人或事物 The old should be respected by us. 我们应该尊重老人。
在表示“越……越……”和“两者之中更……”的意思，即含有“the + 形容词比较级……，the + 形容词比较级……”和“of the two”时须用定冠词 1. The longer we get together, the happier we will be. 我们在一起的时间越长，就会越快乐。2. Tom is the younger of the two students. 汤姆是这两个学生中较小的那个。
与表示计量单位的名词连用，表示“每”的意思 The meat is sold by the kilogram. 这些肉按公斤卖。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国 , the United Nations联合国, the Great Wall长城
用在专有名词前 The Yellow River flows into the Yellow Sea. 黄河流入黄海。
用在姓氏的复数形式前，指一家人 The Smiths live in the apartment above ours. 史密斯一家住在我们楼上。
用于“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位” 结构中 He patted me on the back. 他拍了拍我的背。We caught him by the arm. 我们抓住他的手臂。
用在一些固定短语中 on the contrary 相反on the other hand 另一方面by the way 顺便说
零冠词 表泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前 Children get a better education today than at any time in the past. 孩子们现在受的教育比以往任何时候都好。
用于某些节日名称的前面（有些表示民族传统的节日名称前须用定冠词。例如：the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival） National Day 国庆节Christmas Day 圣诞节
名词前已有作定语用的物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词 Which cup do you like better 你更喜欢哪个杯子？
用于季节、日期、星期和学科的名称前 It’s very hot in summer here. 这里的夏天特别热。
独立主格结构中：在表示伴随或补充说明用用的独立主格结构 ( http: / / www. / )中，名词前不用冠词 1. The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走了进来，手里拿着书。2. He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里，嘴里叼着烟斗。
用于球类运动名称前 They usually play football in the afternoon. 他们经常在下午打球。
用于表示一日三餐的名词之前 Tom used to go to school without breakfast. 汤姆经常不吃早饭就去上学。
当形容词的最高级作表语且不强调比较意义时，用零冠词 1. Science and technology are mostimportant. 科学和技术都是最重要的。2. She feels happiest when she’s working forothers. 当为别人服务时她感到最快乐。
用在表示“公园”、 “广场”、“花园”、 “街”、 “巷”、 “火车站”等地名的名称前 1. Beihai Park 北海公园2. Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站
用于称呼语和表示头衔、职务的名词前 What’s the matter with you, Dad？怎么啦，爸爸？
用于表示交通方式的介词短语中 on foot步行, by bike 骑车
“(a) kind/sort of＋名词”结构的“名词”前：该结构中的“名词”不管是单数还是复数，其前都通常用零冠词 ( http: / / www. / ) 1. This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。2. He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他是我不喜欢的一类人。
两个相对或相同的名词并用时，用零冠词 sun and moon， mother and son，day and night，hand in hand
表抽象意义的单数名词前：当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时，通常用零冠词 ( http: / / www. / ) 1. I was fool enough to accept his offer. 我居然接受了他的提议，真是太傻了。2. Are you man enough for this dangerous job 你有足够的勇气去接受这项危险的工作吗？
用于某些固定短语中 be in trouble有麻烦, be at home在家, go to school去上学, put into prison进监狱, at work在上班, at last最后, at first起初, take place代替, for example例如, go to sleep去睡觉, make room for给……腾地方, take part in参加, one by one一个接一个, on duty值班
以练助学1：用适当的冠词填空，不需要的划“\”.
1.—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.
2. I know you don't like _______ music very much. But what do you think of _______ music in the film we saw yesterday
3. — I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over ______ keyboard.
—You shouldn't put drinks near ________ computer.
4. Of all _______ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father's advice was_______ most important one.
5. According to _________World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _________ spread of AIDS.
6. For him ____ stage is just ___ means of making a living.
7. I think it really _______ honor for me to speak here..
8. This lab used to be in _______ charge of Mr. Wang.
9. I know there is ______ Mr. Smith next door, who has gone on ________ business.
10. He devotes most of his time to _______ football. And I am sure he promises ________ excellent footballer.
以练助学2：在括号中填入适当的冠词
There once was a king who offered 1 prize to 2 artist who would paint 3 best picture of peace. Many artist tried. The king looked at all 4 pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them.
One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. All who saw this picture thought it was 5 perfect picture of peace.
The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugged and bare. Above was 6 angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played. Down 7 side of the mountain tumbled(翻腾) a foaming(水泡) waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all.
But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8 waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush 9 mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest-in perfect peace.
The king chose 10 second picture.
答案：
以练助学1：1. a 2. / ; the 3. the; a 4. the; the 5. the; the 6. the; a 7. an 8. the 9. a; / 10. /; an
以练助学2：1. a 2. the 3. the 4. the 5. a 6. an 7. the 8. the 9. a
10. the
第四部分：代 词
代词的分类
人称代词 人称代词是用来代替人或事物的词。人称代词有数、格的变化，第三人称的人称代词还有性的变化。主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语 人称 主格 宾格
第一人称 单数 I me
复数 we us
第二人称 单数 you you
复数 you you
第三人称 单数 he/she/it him/her/it
复数 they them
物主代词 物主代词用来表示所有关系。物主代词有形容词性和名词性两种。有人称、性和数的变化。形容词性物主代词可作定语；名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语、表语 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
单数 复数 单数 复数
第一人称 my our mine ours
第二人称 your your yours yours
第三人称 his/her/its their his/hers/its theirs
反身代词 反身代词表示谓语动词和动作回到该动作执行者本身，可起强调或对比等作用。有人称、性和数的变化。在句子中可作宾语、表语、同位语 单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves
相互代词 相互代词用来表示相互之间的关系 each other两者之间，one another多者之间
指示代词 表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等概念的词 this, that, these, those, such, the same等
疑问代词 疑问代词用来表示疑问，一般放在动词前，构成特殊疑问句，并且有格的变化和指人或指物的区别 主格 宾格 所有格
指人 who whom whose
指物 what what what
指人或物 which which which
不定代词 不定代词用来代替或修饰不确定数量及不确定范围的人或事物 不定代词有all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no；还有some, no, any 和 every 构成的合成不定代词，如 somebody,等
连接代词 连接代词用来引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句的代词 who, which, what, whose
Whoever, whichever, whatever
关系代词 关系代词用于连接定语从句，且代替先行词(被定语从句修饰的那个词)在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 主格 宾格 所有格
指人 who whom whose
指物 which which
指人或物 that that
以练助学：用合适的代词填空
One day, as Zeng Zi’s wife was going out, her child began to cry, begging to go with 1 .
“Stay home,” the mother said to him. “When 2 return, we’ll kill a pig for 3 dinner!”
When she came back, 4 found Zeng Zi preparing to slaughter a pig for the child’s meal. She hurried over to stop 5 : What are you doing You’re not really going to kill a pig, are you I was just kidding him!”
“How can 6 lie to children ” Zeng Zi replied. “ 7 learn each and 8 movement from 9 parents. If 10 deceive your child with lies, you are teaching the child to lie. One cannot educate children this way.”
In the end, Zeng Zi killed the pig.
答案：1. her 2. I 3. your 4. she 5. him 6. we 7. They 8. every 9. their 10. you
第五部分：数 词
数词的分类及表达
基数词 表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词 two, thirteen, fourteen, twenty-one
序数词 表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词 first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd), fourth(4th), thirteenth(13th), twentieth(20th)
序数词前面要加the, 表示“第……”。但是，若序数词前面有名词所有格作形容词性物主代词时，不用the。另外，若序数词表示“再”、“又”，又不强调第几时，则用“a+序数词”。 1. He came to the Great Wall for the third time. 他第三次去长城。2. My first visit to Beijing was in the autumn of 1998. 我1998年秋第一次去北京。3. The fireman rushed in the house for a second time to save the baby. 消防队员第二次冲进房子里营救这个小孩。
用“the+序数词+形容词最高级+名词”表示“第几……”。the 可被形容词性物主代词或名词所有格所代替，但不能同时使用。此时序数词不包括first。 1.the second longest river第二长河2.China’s second biggest city 中国第二大城市
分数 分数由基数词和序数词两部分构成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数形式。基数词与序数词之间可用连字符连接（除a third, a half等） 1. 1/3 one(a) third2. 4/5 four-fifths3. 1/100 one (a) hundredth
小数 小数点读point, 零读做o/zero/naught, 小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。如果整数是零，往往不读出 1. 0.8 zero/ naught point eight(point eight)2. 0.06 o point o six3. 8.22 eight point two two
百分数 百分号读percent,后跟名词时，名词前须加of 1. 5% five percent (of students)2. 0.7% o point seven percent
日期 日期的现代表达法顺序为月、日、年。其中的“月”不能用阿拉伯数字，但可用缩写形式（缩写形式主要是前三个字母，May 无法省略，September写做Sep或Sept皆可） 1. Oct 8(th), 20002. October (the) eighth
具体指某一天用介词on,指年或月均用介词in 1. on June 3th,19832. in 20003. in March,1979
时刻 时刻一般先说分钟，后说钟点。在日常生活中为了简便，也会先说钟点，后说分钟 1. It’s five past seven. 七点五分2. It’s a quarter to six.六点四十五分3. It’s six thirty. 六点半
编号 编号既可以用序数词，也可以用基数词 the tenth lesson=Lesson Ten
有的编号习惯上常用基数词 1.Room 321（Room three two one）2.Tel.No.401-3586(Telephone number four o one three five eight six）
算式表达 4+8 = 12 Four plus eight is twelve.4加上8等于12。
11－7= 4 Eleven minus seven is four.11减去7等于 4.
6×5=30 Six times five is thirty.6乘以5等于30.
20÷5= 4 Twenty divided by five is four.20除以5等于4.
A＞B A is more than B.A大于B。
A＜B A is less than B. A小于B。
A≈B A is approximately equal to B. A约等于B。
A≠B A is not equal to B. A和B不相等。
以练助学：补全句子
1．—What time is it now
—It is_____________________________（5点20分）．
2. About ______________________ ( 三千人) took part in the demonstration against the war on Iraq.
3. There were fifteen presidents before Abraham Lincoln, so he was _____________ ( 第十六任)president.
4. ______________ （三分之二）of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.
5. My sisiter was born ______________________________ (1990年12月1日).
6. He lived in _________________________________(五楼506房 ).
答案：1. five twenty 2. three thousand people 3. the sixteenth 4. two thirds
5. on Decemeber 1st, 1990 6. Room 506 on the fifth floor
第六部分：形容词
表一：形容词的分类
根据构成形式 简单形容词 bright, narrow, unlucky, encouraging, bored, dangerous
复合形容词 duty-free, mouth-watering, easy-going, icy-cold, far-reaching, life-and-death
根据其与所修饰名词的关系 限制性形容词 a western style, a Chinese restaurant
描述性形容词 a grand Chinese restaurant, a elegant western style
根据语法功能 定语形容词 actual number, medical school, only reason
表语形容词 afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, awake
表二：形容词的用法
作定语 1. He is an honest student. 他是个诚实的学生。2. The young man is her boy friend. 那个年轻人是她的男朋友。
作表语 1. Everyone was amazed. 每个人都很惊讶。2. He is interested in watching TV. 他对看电视感兴趣。
作宾语补足语注: 这类句型若变为被动语态，形容词则为主语补足语：The problem was found very difficult. 1. He pushed the door open. 他推开了门。2. We found the problem very difficult. 我们发现这个问题很难。
作状语 1. He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家，又累又饿。2. I went there full of joy. 我高兴的去了那里。
用作独立成分 1. Strange to say, he married such a girl. 很奇怪他竟然娶了这么一个女孩。2. Sure enough, he got angry at the news. 很肯定他听到这个消息很生气。3. Worse still, we got lost in the dark. 更糟糕的是，我们在黑暗中迷路了。
表三：多个形容词的排序
主观描述在前，客观描述在后 1. He is a naughty little kid. 他是个淘气的小孩。2. Wang is wearing a beautiful red skirt. 王穿着一件漂亮的红色裙子。3. LuXun is a famous Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位有名的中国作家。
描绘形容词→大小(长短高低)形容词→形状形容词→年龄(新旧)形容词→颜色形容词→国籍形容词→材料形容词→用途(类别)形容词→名词 1. Tom is taking a small red plastic handbag.汤姆正拿着一个红色的小塑料手提袋。2. There are two small round wooden desks inTom’s room.在汤姆的房间里有两个木质的圆凳子。
形容词的比较级和最高级放在其他形容词之前 1. Have you heard of any better jokes than thisone 你听过比这更有意思的笑话吗？He is the most attractive American star I’veever known. 他是我知道的最有魅力的美国明星。
音节少的词在前，音节多的词在后 I received a nice colorful dress as a birthdaygift. 我收到了一件漂亮的色彩鲜艳的裙子作为生日礼物。
形容词应放在名词修饰语之前 1. I discovered a small wooden box in mygrandpa’s room. 我在爷爷的房间里发现了一个木质的小盒子。2. Lee gave me a nice birthday present. 李给了我一件非常好的生日礼物。
名词限定词或指示形容词→名词所有格→序数词→表示数量的词（如many, five等）→主观看法或意见的形容词→客观描写性形容词 1. These six young pretty ladies are shoppingassistants in that grocery store. 这六位年轻漂亮的女士是这家百货商店的店员。2. These yellow erasers are mine; the othertiny red ones are Lu’s. 这些黄色的橡皮是我的，其余那些红色小橡皮是鲁的。
表四：形容词的比较级和最高级
比较级和最高级的规则变化 一般单音节词末尾加-er，-est strong→stronger→strongestgreat→greater→greatest
单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-est wide→wider→widestnice→nicer→nicestbrave→braver→bravest
辅音字母加“y”结尾的词将y改为i再加-er,-est easy→easier→easiesthappy→happie→happiest busy→busier→busiest
闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母再加-er,-est big→bigger→biggestthin→thinner→thinnesthot→hotter→hottest
少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的多音节词末尾加-er,?-est clever→cleverer→cleverestnarrow→narrower→narrowest
其余双音节和多音节词在前面加more, most useful→more useful→most usefulimportant→more important→most important
不规则变化 good,well→better→bestbad, ill→worse→worstold→older/elder→oldest/eldestfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestmany, much→more→mostlittle→less→least
表五：形容词同级比较、比较级和最高级的用法
同级比较 表示两者在某一方面程度相等时，用句型“as …as”（用于肯定句）和“so …as”（用于否定句） 1. The exam is as difficult as the lastone. 这次考试和上次的一样难。2. This garden is not so beautiful asthat one. 这个花园不如那个漂亮。
表示某人或某物在某一方面不如另一人或另一物时，用句型“not so/as +形容词原级＋as”,前面可以加just, almost, nearly, half 等词修饰 1. I didn’t do homework so carefullyas you. 我做作业不如你认真。2. George is not so/as honest as Iexpected. 乔治不如我期待的诚实。
表示倍数时用“half/twice/three/four...times + as + 形容词原级＋as”结构 1. There are three times as manyapples in this box as in that one. 这盒子里的苹果是那个盒子苹果的三倍。2. This house is five times as big asthat one. 这个房子是那个房子的三倍大。
比较级 表示两者之间的比较时，用“形容词比较级＋than”的结构 1. Bob is more careful than you. 鲍伯比你细心。2. He is stronger than you. 他比你强壮。3. It is colder here than in Guangzhou. 这里的天气比广州冷。
如要表示“…不如…”用less+原级+than结构 The book is less difficult than that one. 这本书比那本书难。
表示一方随另一方程度变化时，用“the+比较级……＋the +比较级……”结构 1. The sooner, the better. 越快越好。2. The more he read it, the moreuseful he found the book is. 他越读就越觉得这本书有用。The harder you study, the greaterprogress you’ll make. 你越努力学习，取得的进步就会越大。
有两者供选择，要表达“谁/什么更……”时，常用“who/which is +形容词比较级, A or B ”的结构 1. Who is younger, John or Jimmy 强尼和吉米谁更年轻？2. Which is more interesting, thisbook or that one 这本书还是那本书更有意思？
不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变，用“比较级+and+比较级”结构，译作“越来越…” The weather is getting warmerand warmer. 天气越来越暖和。The famers in the village arebecoming richer and richer. 这个村庄的村民越来越富有。
最高级 三者或者三者以上之中的之最，要用形容词的最高级表示。形容词最高级前比较加the，最常用的结构为：A+be+the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + 表示范围的短语。 1. This is the best film that I have everseen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。2. Autumn is the best season inBeijing. 秋天是北京最好的季节。3. The Changjiang River is the biggestriver in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。
形容词最高级表示“最……之一”时，可用“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词”的结构表示 1. Maths is one of the most difficultsubjects. 数学是最难的学科之一。2. It was one of the cheapest hotelshere. 这里是最便宜的旅馆之一。Beijing is one of the biggest citiesin the world.北京是世界最大的诚实之一。
形容词最高级前可以被序数词和much, by far, nearly, almost等修饰，表示程度 1. He is by far the most activemember in this group. 他是这个组迄今为止最活跃的一个成员。2. Hainan Island is China’s secondlargest island. 海南岛是中国第二大岛。
第七部分：副 词
表一：副词的分类
按词汇意义 时间副词（表示动作和状态发生的时间），常见的有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, before, early, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, still, already, just等 1. She’s doing her homework now. 她现在正在做作业。2. An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个好主意。
地点副词（表示动作和状态发生的地点）。常见的有：here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, upstairs, downstairs等 1. What are you doing here 你在这干嘛？2. I looked for her everywhere lastnight.昨晚我到处找他。
方式副词（表示动作进行或状态存在的方式、方法）。如：quietly, heavily, warmly, carefully, happily, politely, angrily等 1. Look at the picture carefully. 仔细观察这张图片。2. They’re dancing together happily. 他们正高兴地一起跳舞。
频度副词（表示动作发生的次数和频率）。常见的有：always, usually, often, frequently, constantly, occasionally, sometimes, seldom, hardly, rarely, never等 1. I have never been to the Children’sPalace.我从没去过少年宫。2. We often go to school by bike. 我们经常骑车去学校。
程度副词（表示行为、状态、特征等的程度）。常见的有：fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, deeply, partly, perfectly, really等 1. The film was quite good. 这部电影非常好。2. That question is much easier thanthis one. 这个问题比那个更简单。
焦点副词（强调使之成为人们注意的焦点的副词）。常见的有：only, alone, also, even, just, merely, simply, mainly, especially, exactly, too, as well等。 1. Only Tom knows the answer. 只有汤姆知道答案。2. That is exactly what he did. 这正是他做的事。
按句法功能 疑问副词（引导一个特殊问句）。这类副词有：when, where, why和how 1. How long have you lived here 你在这住了多长时间了？2. Why didn’t you go to see the filmyesterday evening 你为什么昨晚不去看电影？
连接副词相当于并列连词的，如therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, furthermore, still, thus, meanwhile等，也有引导名词性从句或不定式的when, why, where, how等 1. I don’t want to go out now, andbesides, I must work. 我现在不想出去，另外，我必须工作。2. I don’t know when she’ll be back。我不知道她什么时候回来。
关系副词（放在被引导的定语从句句首）。这类副词有：where, when, why Tell me the time when we’ll haveexamination. 告诉我什么时候考试。
解释副词。这类副词有：as, namely等 John has a lot of friends, and Tom hasjust as many. 约翰有很多朋友，汤姆也差不多。
句子副词。就是修饰整个句子，表达说话人的观点态度的副词，常见的有frankly, honestly, clearly, obviously, evidently, generally, briefly, fortunately, luckily, unexpectedly, naturally, hopefully等 1. Frankly, I am not satisfied withyour work. 实话说，我对你的工作不满意。2. Obviously he is a liar. 很明显他是个骗子。
表二：副词的用法
作状语 修饰动词 The students are listening to the teacher carefully. 学生认真地听老师讲课。
修饰形容词 1. Maria is very fond of reading. 玛利亚很喜欢读书。2. This kind of flower is extremely beautiful. 这种话非常漂亮。
修饰另一个副词 1. You should read loudly enough for us to hear it. 你应该大声朗读让我们都听到。2. Don’t read too fast. 不要读的太快。
修饰介词短语 1. They came just on time. 他们来的正是时候。2. We are right on our way home. 我们正在回家的路上。
修饰从句 It’s just as I thought. 这正是我想的。
修饰整个句子 1. Fortunately, I found my book. 幸运的是我找到了书。2. Honestly, I don’t agree with you. 实话说我不同意你的观点。
作表语 1. The war is still on. 战争仍在继续。2. Summer is over，it’s autumn. 夏天结束了就是秋天。注：在通常情况下，用作表语时不用副词而用形容词，如可说The woman is beautiful. 而不说 The woman is beautifully；可说The cloth feels soft. 不能说 The cloth feels softly. 英语中用作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，而且只能用于连系动词be 后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，如可说He is here 或 He is abroad，但不能说He seems here 或 He seems abroad。
作定语 1. Write your name in the place below. 把你的名字写在下面。2. I had to get off and take the bus behind. 我需要下车去乘后面的公交车。注：在通常情况下，副词用作定语总是放在被修饰名词之后，若置于修饰名词之前，则通常被视为形容词，如the upstairs room和the room upstairs 都表示“楼上的房间”，但前者的upstairs 前置，为形容词；后者的upstairs后置，为副词；又如the above passage 和the passage above都可表示“上面的段落”，但前者的above 前置，为形容词；后者的above后置，为副词。
作宾语 1. It’s not far from here. 它离这不远。2. I’ll stay at home tonight. 今晚我呆在家里。注：副词用作宾语的用法十分有限，通常只用作介词宾语，并且只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如 here和 there 可与along, around, down, from, in, near, round, up 等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here, go to there 等(注：from here to there是例外)，而表地点的副词abroad 则只与介词from连用，不与其他介词连用
作宾语补足语 Who left the door open 谁把门开着？注：一般说来，能用作表语的副词都可用作宾语补足语。He went to see her but found that she was out. =He went to see her but found her out. 他去见她时却发现她出去了。
表三：副词在句中的位置
表示时间或地点的副词一般放在句尾，并且地点在前时间在后，在地点和时间的副词里，又按从小到大的顺序排列。强调时，它们也可放在句首 1. Will you be free tomorrow 你明天有空吗？2. He lives at 75 Xiangchun Road, Changsha. 他住在长沙向春路75号。
频率副词一般放在行为动词之前，助动词、情态动词或动词be之后 1. He sometimes goes there on business. 他经常出差去那里。2. He has never been late. 他从不迟到。注：若为了强调，有时可把频率副词放在句首，但值得注意的是，当never, seldom 等含有否定意义的副词放在句首时，句子须部分倒装。如：Never have I read such a book.
程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词或副词之前，助动词、情态动词或系动词be之后 The film was quite good. 这电影很好。注：修饰动词的程度副词则通常放在动词(及其宾语)之后，有时也放在动词之前。如：I don’t like coffee very much. = I don’t very much like coffee. 另外，enough修饰形容词或副词时，永远置于其后。如：Will you be kind enough to shut the door
修饰动词的方式副词一般放在动词(及其宾语)之后，有时也放在动词之前 1. We must learn to speak English fluently and correctly. 我们必须学着流利正确的说英语。2. They warmly welcomed me at their offices. 他们在办公室热情的接待了我们。
由动词与副词一起所构成的短语动词带宾语时，若宾语是名词，则副词放在名词的前后都行；若宾语是代词，副词只能放在代词之后 I need a few days to think over your proposal. = I need a few days to think over your proposal. 我需要几天来考虑你的建议。
地点副词做定语时，须放在所修饰的名词或代词之后 The people there are very friendly. 那里的人很友好。
修饰句子的副词一般放在句首 1. Frankly, I am not satisfied with it. 实话说我对此不满意。2. Luckily it was not so hot. 幸运的是它不是很热。
疑问副词常放在句首构成疑问句 1. How did you enjoy your Christmas 你怎么过圣诞节的？2. Why haven’t you been to see me all this time 你为什么一直不来看我？
关系副词和连接副词一般放在从句的开头 1. I asked how he was getting on. 我问他过得怎么样。2. These are the reasons why we do it. 我们这样做是有原因的。
方式副词、地点副词、时间副词等用在一起时，通常是方式副词在前，地点副词在中间，时间副词在最后 1. The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 那个男孩一下午都在安静地读书。注：对于run, go, drive, move, walk, head, leave 等表示位置移动的动词，修饰它们的多个副词通常按“地点副词 + 方式副词 + 时间副词”的规律排列。如：He went there happily yesterday. 他昨天高兴地去了那里。
以练助学1：填入适当的形容词、副词或用所给词的正确形式填空
1. The number of the trees that the villagers planted last year reached as __________ as 6,000,000.
2. There was so _________ smoke that they couldn’t see across the hallway.
3. My little brother is not old ___________ to go to school.
4. In that case, there is nothing you can do __________ than wait.
5. The well is so __________ (deep).
6. They are __________ little insects that we can not easily see them with our eyes.
7. There was __________ little food left then that we had to turn to the local people for help.
8. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much ___________ she was getting.
9. I haven’t seen the movie and my brother hasn’t _____________.
10. He is always telling lies, so I will ________ believe him.
11. The boy jumped ______ in the air, and his little friend thought _______ of him.(high/highly)
12. Two passengers fell into the sea. ______________, neither of them could swim.
13. We talked ___________ into the night and I was ___________ moved by his words.(deep)
14. I found his talk very _____________ and I was really _____________ in it.(interest)
15. Who is the greatest poet ____________ (live)
以练助学2：用括号中所给词语的正确形式填空
A father sat at his desk looking at and carefully studying his 1 (month) bills when his young son rushed in and announced, “Dad, because this is your birthday and you’re 55 years old, I’m going to give you 55 kisses, one for each year!” But the father exclaimed, “Oh, Andrew, don’t do it now; I’m too busy!”
The youngster immediately fell 2 (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes. 3 (Apologetic) the father said, “You can finish later.”
The boy said nothing but 4 (quiet) walked away, 5 (disappoint). That evening the father said, “Come and finish the kisses now, Andrew!” But the boy didn’t respond.
6 (fortunate), the boy had an accident and was drowned. His heartbroken father wrote…
“If only I could tell him how much I regret my 7 (thought) words, and could be assured that he knows how much my heart is aching.”
Love is a two-way street. Any loving act must be 8 (warm) accepted or it will be taken as 9 (reject) and can leave a scar. Nothing is more 10 (importance) than responding with love to the cry for love from those who are near and precious to us. Because there may be no chance at all as in the case of the little boy.
答案：
以练助学1：1. many 2. much 3. enough 4. other 5. hardly 6. such 7. so 8. heavier 9. either 10. never 11. far 12. Unluckily/Unfortunately
13. deep, deeply 14. interesting, interested 15. alive
以练助学2：1. monthly 2. silent 3. Apologetically 4. quietly 5. disappointed 6. Unfortunately 7. thoughtless 8. warmly 9. rejection 10. important
第八部分：介词和介词短语
表一：介词的分类
结构分类 单一介词 in, at, from……on, between, like, after
复合介词 onto, within, nearby, as to, inside, throughout
介词短语 in front of, owing to, instead of, in spite of, in favor of, by means of, by way of, ahead of, according to
词义分类 “地点” above, across, along, among, near, into, through
“时间” after, on, in, for, between, until/till, within behind
“除去” besides, but, except
“比较” as, like, above, over
“反对” against, with
“原因、目的” for, with, from
“结果” to, with, without
“手段、方式” by, in, with
“所属” of, with
“条件” on, without, considering
“让步” despite, in spite of
“关于” about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to
“对于” to, for, over, at , with
“根据” on, according to
其他 without
表二：介词和其他词类的搭配
动词和介词 accord with和……一致 conform to符合belong to属于 turn to 求助look into 调查 depend on依靠give in 屈服 give up 放弃go on with继续 insist on坚持要look for寻找 laugh at嘲笑
形容词和介词（用时加动词be的各种形式） be absent for缺席 be active in在某方面活跃be afraid of害怕 be angry at sth. 因某事生气be angry with sb. 对某人生气 be anxious/eager for渴望be bad for对……有害 be busy with sth. 忙于某事be capable of 能 be content with满足于be delighted with因……感到高兴 be fit for适合be different from与……不同 be far from离……远be familiar with sth. 对……熟悉 be fond of喜爱be famous for因……著名 be filled with装满 be full of充满 be good at擅长于be good for对……有益
介词+名词/代词 as a matter of fact 其实，事实 as a rule通常as a result结果，因此 at any rate无论如何，至少at a time 每次，一次 at all events 无论如何at first sight 乍一看，初看起来 at first起初at hand 在手边，在附近 at heart 在内心；实质上at home 在家，在国内 at last终于at least至少 at length最后，详细地at no time 从不，决不 at present 目前，现在at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾 at once立刻at the moment 现在，此刻 by accidence/chance偶然by all means 无论如何，必定
表三：英语常用介词用法与辨析
表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如：Japan is/lies to the east of China. 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如：Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如：I sold my car at a high price. 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars. 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month.
表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如：This box is made of paper. 2. from成品已看不出原料。如：Wine is made from grapes. 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如：Please fill in the form in pencil first. 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。
表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。注意：表示搭乘交通工具时，用by时不用冠词，用in时要用冠词。请比较：I went there by bus/in a bus. 2. with表示“用某种工具”。如：He broke the window with a stone. 注意：with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。3. on表示“以……方式”，多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone.
表示关于的介词：of, about, on 1. of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如：He spoke of the film the other day. 2. about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如：Can you tell me something about yourself 3. on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如：It’s a textbook on the history of china.
表原因或理由的介词：for, at, from, of, with, by, because of，thanks to, owing to, out of 1. for表示原因，常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you. 2. at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而……”。如：He was surprised at the news. 3. from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the car accident. 4. of指“内在的原因”，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger. 5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如： He was shaking with anger. 6. by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如：Her body was bent by age. (他因年老背弯了。)7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of illness。 8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如：Owing to the rain they could not come. 9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常译为“幸亏……，多亏……”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game. 10. out of表示动机的起因，常译为“出于……”。如：He asked the question out of curiosity.
表示好像或当作的介词：like, as 1. like表示“像……一样”。如：Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 2. as表示“作为，以……身份”，其实也是。如：He talked to me as a father. 注：as作连词时，可表示“好像……”。如：The work is not so difficult as you imagin
表示支持或反对的介词：against, for against反对，for支持，互为反义词。如：Are you for my idea or against it
表示除某人某物外的介词：besides, except 1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除……外，还”。如：Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides（=as well as）football. 除了足球，他还对网球感兴趣。2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。如：Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）注意：(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用；若与other连用，只能用besides。如：He had other people to take care of besides me.(B) except是排除同类；而except for是排除非同类，常在说明基本情况后，从细节上加上修正。如：The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外，这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的) 但except for也可代替except，特别是在句首时，因为except是不能用于句首的。如：Except George, you can all go. 除乔治外，你们都可以去。
表四：常用介词短语归纳
其他词+of ahead of 在…之前，比…强 cause of 因为inside of 在…以内，少于 instead of 代替，而不outside of 在…外面，除…外 regardless of 不顾，不管
其他词+to according to 根据 as to 至于，关于contrary to 违反 due to 由于，由于…的原因 near to 在…的附近 next to 紧挨着，紧次于owing to 因为，由于 thanks to 多亏，由于
in+其他词+of in advance of 在…前面 in aid of 帮助in behalf of 为了(…的利益) in case of 如果，万一in celebration of 庆祝 in charge of 负责，管理 in defence of 保卫 in explanation of 解释in face of 面对 in favour of 赞成，主张in front of 在…前面 in honor of 纪念，祝贺in memory of 纪念 in need of 需要in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有in praise of 称赞 in respect of就…而言in search of 寻找，搜找 in spite of 虽然，尽管 in support of 为了支持(拥护) in view of 鉴于，考虑到
in+其他词+for in exchange for 作为对…的交换 in preparation for 为…作准备in return for 作为…的报答 in reward for 作为…的报酬
in+其他词+to in addition to 加之，除…之外 in answer to 回答，响应in reply to 对…的回答(答复) in response to 回答，响应in [with] reference to 关于 in [with] regard to 关于
以练助学：用合适的介词填空
It was so nice an afternoon that I decided to go for a little walk 1 my new boots---the ones I’d seen advertised on TV 2 “the world’s best boots”. Well, 3 theory, yes, they were very comfortable boots but I soon found that in fact they gave me blisters. In general I do enjoy walking, but at that moment all I wanted was rest and refreshment, in other words, I needed to sit down, have a drink and go home 4 the bus. The last bus home was in half an hour and I was far 5 the bus stop so I would have to get there 6 a hurry. At last I got to the bus stop just in time 7 a drink at the pub before the bus came. I limped to the bus stop in the hope 8 getting on. But I was out of luck because the bus was full up---not even standing room! I knew I’d never make it home on foot and I was 9 the point of returning to the pub to drown my sorrows when another bus came round the corner, completely empty. I got on, sat by myself at the back and started to feel 10 peace with the world again as I took off my boots!
答案：1. in 2. as 3. in 4. on 5. from 6. in 7. for 8. of 9. on 10. at
第九部分：连 词
表一：连词的分类
简单连词 由单个词充当 and，but，so，or，after，if
短语连词 由一个短语充当 as if, as soon as, so that, as long as
关联连词 由两个或两个以上相互关联的词构成 both…and…, not only… but also…, either… or…, neither… nor…
分词连词 由动词的分词形式转换而来 assuming, provided, supposing, given
并列连词 用来连接彼此是并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的词 and, however, for, so, but, neither… nor…
从属连词 简单从属连词 after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, that, till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while
复合从属连词 由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词，如： as if, as far as , as soon as, according to , in case , no matter who(how,what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given( that), in order that, now (that), on condition that , (so) that, provided/providing(that), in as much as , in so far as 等。
关联从属连词 由两个关联构成的，如： as...as, no sooner...than, so...as , so...that, such...as , the...the, whether...or 等。
表二：并列连词的用法
表示并列关系 and（和），both...and（既……又……），not only...but also（不但……而且……），neither...nor（既不……也不……），not...nor（既不……也不……），as well as （也），when（就在那时） 1. Go and fetch something to eat. 去拿点吃的。2. They didn't catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night. 他们没有赶上车，所以只能在旅馆过夜了。3. Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports. 玛丽喜欢音乐而莉莉喜欢运动。
表示转折关系 此类连词主要有but（可是），while（而，然而），not...but...（不是……而是……），yet（可是），however（然而，但是）whereas（而），nevertheless（然而，不过） 1. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, butthey will save us money in the long run. 城市的这些改造会花很多钱，可是从长远来看还是省钱的。2. He was in deep trouble, yet he didn't lose heart.他陷入了大麻烦，但是他没有灰心。3. Rick was very successful. However, the last fewyears of his life were not happy ones. 瑞克很成功，但是他人生的最后几年过得不幸福。
表示选择关系 or（或），or else（否则），either... or（要么……要么……）， otherwise （要不然）， rather than（而不）（其中or， or else， otherwise 三者相比，or else 语气较or 强，而otherwise 语气则最强） 1. He never smokes or drinks. 他从不抽烟喝酒。2. He must pay the debt or else go to prison.他必须还款，要不就得坐牢。3. Let's begin; otherwise, we will fall behind.我们开始吧，否则我们就落后了。
表示因果关系 so(所以)，for(因为), therefore(因此)，hence(因而) 1. The shop was quite new, for it had opened onlythe week before. 这个店很新，因为它上周刚开张。2. He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他毫不畏惧，因为他非常勇敢。
表三：从属连词的用法
引导状语从句 时间状语 when（当……时），while（在……期间），after（在……之后），before（在……之前），as（一边……一边；当……时），as soon as （一……就），now（that）（既然），until （直到……才），till （直到……才），once（一旦……），since（自从……以来），no sooner... than （刚……就……），hardly/barely scarcely... when（刚……就……） 1. He jumped up when the phone rang. 当电话响起的时候他跳了起来。2. Turn the lights off before you leave. 走之前把灯关掉。3. He started the job soon after he left the university. 他离开大学不久就开始了这份工作。
原因状语 because（因为），as（由于），since（既然），now（that）（既然），seeing （that）等。（其中，because引导的从句表示产生某种结果的必然的因果关系，语气较重，可回答why问句；since语气较轻，常位于句首；as则语气最轻） 1. We couldn’t cross the river because thewater had risen. 因为水涨高了我们就不能过河。2. Since everyone is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都来了，我们就开始吧。3. I must stop writing now, as I have rathera lot of work to do. 我现在必须停笔了，因为我还有很多工作要做。
让步状语 although（虽然），though（虽然），as（虽然），even if（即使）， even though（即使），while，no matter（无论……）， however（无论……）, whatever（无论……）, whoever（无论……）, wherever（无论……） 1. Though my father is old，yet he wants to do something for our country. 虽然我父亲年纪很大了，他仍想为国家做些事。2. Even if there are difficulties we must do it well. 尽管有困难，我们还是得做好。3. Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets. 虽然我还小，我也知道家族的一些秘密。.
条件状语 if（如果），unless（除非），as/so long as （只要），supposing（假如） 1. If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home. 如果有人来电话就告诉他我不在家。 2. You will fail unless you work hard.如果不努力你就会失败。3. As (So) long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下来。
目的状语 in order that（为了）, so that（为了）, in case（以防）, for fear（以免） 1. We used the computer in order that wemight save time. 为了节省时间我们用了电脑。2. Speak clearly so that they mayunderstand you. 说的清楚一些这样他们就可能理解你。
结果状语 that（以致），so...that（如此……以致），such...that（如此……以致）等 1. We’re all here now, so that the meetingcan begin at last. 我们现在都在这，所以会议终于可以开始了。2. It’s so difficult a question that none of uscan answer it. 这个难题我们都回答不了。
地点状语 Where,wherever, verywhere（那里） 1. There were lots of parks where I lived.我住的地方公园很多。2. Everywhere they went, they werewarmly welcomed. 他们无论去哪里，都会收到热情接待。
方式状语 as （正如），as if/though （好像），the way 1. He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现的好像什么事都没发生。2. They treat me as though I were astranger. 他们像对待陌生人一样对待我。
比较状语 than，as…as It’s easier than I thought. 这比我想象的要简单。
引导名词性从句 引导名词性从句的词多是连接代词和连接副词，而从属连词主要有that，whether，if 1. It is clear enough what he meant. 他的意思很明白。2. Your greatest fault is that you arecareless. 你最大的缺点就是粗心。
以练助学：
1. It worried her a hit _______ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
2. You will be late _________ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
3. _________ the days went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
4. We must get up early tomorrow, ______ we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
A. so B. or C. but D. however
5. I didn’t manage to do it _______ you had explained how.
A. until B. unless C. when D. before
6. ________he comes, we won’t be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even
7. I hurried _________ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
8. Although he is considered a great writer, ______.
A. his works are not widely read
B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
9. —What was the party like
—Wonderful. It’s years _______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
10. —I don’t like chicken _______fish.
— 1 don’t like chicken, _______ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
11. —Do you remember_______he came
— Yes, I do, he came by ear.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
12. Mother was worried because little Alice was iii, especially_______Father was away in France.
A. as B. that C. during D. if
13. Would you like a cup of coffee_________ shall we get down to business right away
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
14. _________I like the car, I don’t like the color of it.
A. Unless B. However C. While D. If
15. —I’m going to the post office.
— _______ you’re there, can you get me some stamps
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
16. _____________ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as
17. —__________Would you like to come to dinner tonight
—I’d like to, _________I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
18. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem ___________ they them selves couldn’t.
A. once B. then C. while D. if
19. My name is Robert, ____________most of my friends call me Bob for short.
A. then B. instead C. however D. but
20. Why do you want a new job ____________ you’ve got such a good one already
A. that B. where C. which D. when
答案：1-5 BBDBA 6-10 ABADD 11-15 AACCB 16-20 ADCDD
第十部分：感叹词
常见感叹词的用法
Oh(O) 表示惊奇、指责、恐惧、痛苦、懊恼、高兴等 1."Oh, who was that " Mr. Black asked. 2."Oh, how blind you are!" he cried. 3."Oh, oh!" he cried. "My stomach! My head! oh! oh!4. Oh, learned judge! Oh, wise young man.
Ah 表示惊奇、恐惧、高兴、痛苦、恳求、松一口气、讨厌、懊悔、藐视、威胁等 1. Ah, yes, Jeanne married a man with a lot of money. 2."Ah, what splendid clothes!" thought the Emperor. ” 3. Ah, how pitiful! 4. Ah, here is the thing I am after.
Come 表示鼓励、不耐烦、引起注意、安慰等 1. Oh, come, Mathilde. Surely you can tell an old friend. 2. Come, we must hurry. 3. Come, come, get him his change. Tod, get him his change. 4. Come, come! What were you really doing behind the bicycle sheds(车棚)
Dear 表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等 1. Dear me! What awful weather! 2. Oh, dear, dear! Where can Harry be 3. Dear, dear! Where have I put my keys 4. "Dear me," he said to himself, "Am I foolish or unfit for my office "
Hello 表示问候、惊奇等或用以打招呼 1. Hello, Jack, what’s wrong with you 2. Hello, Li Ming. How are you 3. Hello, Uncle Li. Haven’t seen you for ages. 4. Hello, Xiao Lin. Glad to see you again.
Well 表示快慰、让步、期望、讥讽、解释、责备、惊异、犹豫、松一口气等 1. Well, your father has found him in the garage. 2. Are you sure Wel, perhaps you, are right. 3. Well, you must come to lunch tomorrow. 4. I handed the note to him and said, "Oh, very well, I apologize." 5. Well, why don't you make a notice like theirs
Why 表示惊奇或不足为奇，常常有“你这都不知道吗？”“原来这样”这类意思 1. — “How should we answer this question ”—“Why, that’s simple enough.”2. Why you are ahead of time too! 3. Why, you’ll learn even faster that way.
Now 表示警告、命令、请求、说明、安慰筹 1. Now, now, you two; Don't fight again. 2. Now, now, my boy! It's all right! There's no need to cry! 3. Now, let's play basketball. 4. Now, lift me up, Doctor, lift me up. Where is he
There 表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意等 1. There! There! Never mind, you'll soon feel better. 2. Thefe, there, you said too much. 3.There, I've filled it up again.。 4.There, what's that？
Aha 表示喜悦、嘲笑、轻蔑、惊奇、胜利、赏识、十分得意等 1. Aha, I know.。2. Aha, this is just what I wanted. 3. The trousers are all right; now the waistcoat; aha, right again.
Hey 表示喜悦、惊骇、疑问、犹豫或引起注意等。可以译作：咳！嘿！咦！嗨！喂！等 1. Hey, come and look at this photo. It’s our teacher’s family photo.2. Hey, you two! Don’t read in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.3. Hey! I didn't expect to meet you here.
Man 表示兴奋、轻蔑、不耐烦、引起注意 1."Use you knife, man!" ordered the British officer nearby. 2. Hurry up, man. 3. We have won the match, man！
Boy 表示高兴、兴奋、惊奇等 1. Boy, oh, boy! Our team's going to win! How fantastic 2. Boy! This soup is good, Mama! 3. Oh, boy! I just had a wonderful dream!
第十一部分： 动 词
动词概述
表一： 动词的分类
单个动词和短语动词 单个动词 由一个单词构成。 write, hear, go, sleep…
动词短语 由两个或两个以上的单词构成。 动词+副词 get up, look out, put on, give up, bring up, make out, hand in…
动词+介词 come across, call on, refer to, laugh at, send for…
动词+名词 make sense, take pains, make an apology…
动词+副词+介词 come up with, get down to, make up for, run out of…
动词+名词+介词 have an effect on, pay attention to, take care of, have difficulty in…
终止性动词和延续性动词 终止性动词 表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, buy, borrow, fall ill，hear from, catch a cold, kill… 终止性动词的肯定句不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用，但是在否定句中，可以和表示一段时间的状语、连词连用，它的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了。终止性动词不可与how long连用。 1. 他死了三年了。He has died for three years. (×)He has been dead for three years. (√)He died three years ago. (√) 2. 从1986年以来他就没离开过这里。He hasn't left here since 1986. (√)3. 你来这多久了？How long have you come here (×)How long have you been here (√)When did you come here (√)
延续性动词 表示可以延续一段时间的动作或状态。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay… 延续性动词常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。 He has lived here for 6 years. （他已经在这住6年了。）You can keep the book for 5 days. （你可以保留这本书5天。）How long did you stay there last year （你去年在那呆了多久？）
系动词、行为动词、助动词、情态动词 系动词 本身有词义，但是不能单独作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 1. be; 2. feel, smell, look，taste, sound; 3. seem, appear; 4.turn, become， grow, get; 5. keep, stand, stay… 1. Tom is sad. （汤姆很难过。）2. Her voice sounds sweet. （她的声音听起来很甜美。）3. He appeared happy. （他表现得很开心。）4. Plants grow quickly in Spring.（植物在春天生长很快。）5. The town remained unchanged. （这个城镇保持原样不变。）
行为动词 及物动词 后面要直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。如：tell, praise, ask… 1. Could you tell me the way to Beijing Railway Station （你能告诉我去北京站怎么走吗？）2. He was praised for his neat and careful work. （他因为他整洁认真的工作受到表扬。）3. Can I ask you a question (我能问你一个问题吗？)
不及物动词 后面不可直接加宾语的动词，没有被动形式。如要接宾语需加介词。如：sit, listen… 1. Please sit down. (请坐。)2. She's listening to the radio. (她正在听收音机。)3. When will the basketball game take place (篮球比赛什么时候开始？)
助动词 本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，通常帮助连系动词和实义动词完成各种时态，语态，语气以及否定和疑问结构等。如：do, be, have, shall, will, would… Dose he live in London with his grandparents (他是和他的祖父母一起住在伦敦吗？)Have they finished building the new school (他们已经建完那所新学校了吗？)Will you come to my party (你会参加我的聚会吗？)Are they going to visit India (他们是要去印度旅行吗？)
情态动词 用来表明说话人的语气和情态，词义不完全，不能独立作谓语。也是助动词，因此前面不再跟助动词。如：can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need… May I speak to Mike (我能和麦克说话吗？)You mustn’t smoke here. (你禁止在这吸烟。)You needn’t come early. (你没必要来这么早。)Students should finish doing their homework. (学生们应该完成作业。)Would you please tell me the way to the station (你能告诉我怎么到车站吗？)
表二： 动词的基本形式
形式 构成 例词
动词原形 不带to的动词不定式形式（也就是词典中一般给予的形式） be, have, do, come
过去式与过去分词（规则变化） 1．在动词原形后加-ed 2．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加-ed 3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed work→worked carry→carried stop→stopped
动词的-ing形式 1．在动词原形后加-ing 2．以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing 3．以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing 4．少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ing read→reading write→writing swim→swimming die→dying
第三人称单数形式 1．在动词原形后加-s 2．以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es 3．以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-es 4．以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加-s run→runs teach→teaches wash→washes go→goes pass→passes try→tries stay→stays
表三：常见的动词短语
构成 举例
V. +about bring about引起,使发生 care about关心,对...有兴趣 come about发生 hear about听说 set about 着手,开始 speak/talk about谈论 think about思考 worry about为...担心
V. +away blow away吹走 break away摆脱 carry away拿走,使入迷 clear away清除掉,消散 die away逐渐消失 give away背弃,泄露 pass away 去世 put away收拾起来,存起来 send away让走开 take away拿走 throw away 扔掉 turn away把...打发走 wash away冲走 wear away磨掉,消耗
V. +at aim at向...瞄准 call at拜访地点 come at 向...袭击 glance at匆匆一瞥 glare at怒视 knock at敲门,窗等 laugh at嘲笑 look at看,注视 point at指向 run at冲向,向...攻击 shoot at向...射击 shout at冲某人嚷嚷 smile at冲某人笑 stare at凝视 strike at向...打击 tear at用力撕 wonder at惊讶 work at干...活动研究
V. +back call back回电话 give back归还 hold back控制住 keep back隐瞒,忍住 look back回顾 take back拿回,收回
V. +down break down坏了,垮了,分解 bring down使...降低,使倒下 burn down 烧毁 calm down平静下来 come down下落,传下cut down削减,砍倒 pass down 传下来 put down记下,写下,镇压 settle down 安家 slow down慢下来 take down记下,记录 tear down 拆毁,拆除 turn down调小,拒绝
V. +for apply for申请 ask for要求得到 beg for乞求 call for要求,需要 care for关心,喜欢 change for用...换 charge for收费,要价 come for来拿,来取 hope/wish for希望得到 hunt for寻找 long for渴望 look for寻找 run for竞选 search for查找 seek for寻找 stand for代表,表示 take for误以为...是 wait for等候
V. +from date from始于...时候 die from因...而死 differ from与...不同 hear from收到...来信 keep/stop/prevent from不让...做 learn from向...学习 result from由于 separate from把...分离开 suffer from受...苦
V. +of approve of赞成 become of发生...情况,怎么啦 complain of抱怨 consist of由...组成 die of死于 dream of梦到 hear of听说 speak of 读到 talk of谈到 think of想到
V. +off break off打断 carry off携走,带走 come off脱掉,褪色 cut off切断,断绝 fall off跌落,掉下 get off脱下衣服等 get off下车 give off散发出go off走开,消失,坏了 keep off避开,勿走近 knock off把...撞落 leave off''中断 pay off还清 put off延期,推迟 ring off挂断电话 see off送行 set off出发 show off炫耀 start off出发 take off脱下,起飞 turn/switch off关掉
V. +on bring on使...发展 call on拜访 carry on继续,进行 depend on依靠 feed on以...为生 have on穿着 insist on坚持 keep/go on继续 live on以...为生 look on 旁观 move on 继续移动,往前走 pass on传授,传递 put on穿上,戴上,上演 rely on依靠 spend on在...花钱 take on 雇佣,呈现 try on试穿 turn/switch on打开
V. +out break out爆发 bring out 阐明,使表现出 burst out迸发 carry out 执行 come out出版,出来 cross out划掉 figure out 算出 find out查出,弄明白 give out散发,分发,用完 go out 熄灭hand out 散发 help out救助 hold out坚持下去 keep out of使不进入,挡住 leave out省略,删掉 let out泄露,发出声音 look out当心,堤防 make out 理解,看清楚 pick out选出 point out指出 put out 扑灭 run out用完 send out发出,派遣 set out出发,着手 speak out大胆讲出 try out 试用,试验 turn out 结果是,生产 wear out穿破,使...疲劳 work out算出,想出办法等
V. +in break in强制进入,插话 bring in引进,使得到收入 call in召集,来访 cut in插入 drop in拜访 fill in填写 get in收获,进入 give in让步 hand in上交 join in参加 look in来访,参观 persist in坚持 result in导致 succeed in在...获得成功 take in接纳,吸收
V. +into burst into闯入,迸发 change into把...变成 divide into把...分成 look into研究,调查 put/translate into把...译成run into碰到 turn into变成
V. +over fall over跌倒,摔倒 get over克服 go over审阅,检查,研究 look over翻阅,检查 roll over翻滚 run over压死,看一遍 take over接管,接替 think over仔细考虑 turn over翻倒,细想 watch over看守,照看
V. +to add to增添 agree to同意 attend to处理 belong to属于 bring to使苏醒 come to 共计,苏醒 compare to与...相比,把...比作