图说英语：新概念英语第二册重点语法表（14种）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
图说英语：新概念英语语法表
一 、 Grammar Form 语法表格
( 一 ) 名词的数、格 数词
1. n+s 2. s,x,ch,sh,+es 3. 元+y+s 辅+y+ies 4. o + es 5. f (fe)+ ves
map computer house horse classes boxes benches brushes但:stomach key- toy- boy- destroy- spy- country- hero- tomato- potato- Negro- zero-但: radio- photo- piano- zoo--- wife- life- leaf- shelf- knife- wolf- handkerchief-但: roof serf belief chief gulf proof
6.组合词-变主干 7.全变 8. 不变 9.抽象名词(不+s,前不+a).但可用量词 10. 名词所有格
looker-on bus-driver book-shop bus-stop coffee cup paper tiger gold watchapple pie boy-student tooth-brush pencil-box grown-up go-between brother-in-law son-in-law但:man-doctor woman-doctorgentleman-farmer mouse— ox— foot— tooth— man— woman--- child--- phenomenon- Englishman— Dutchman--但: German-- sheep—sheep deer—deer fish—fish bellows—bellows means—means people—people Chinese—Chinese Japanese-- Japanese advice news information fun work weather homework wood hair progress sugar oil (用much )用 a piece of a suit of a cup of a pair of a bag of a set of a glass of a bowl of a pile of a bottle of 人后+’s; 物后不+’sboy—boy’s Mary and Tom’’s roomboys—boys’ Mary’s and Tom’’s roomsCharler’s book+ Charles’ bookAt the doctor’s/ at the tailor’s但:the door of the rooma friend of mine Tom’s uncle’s特殊名词:The police + (be)The people The public + are(is)The family The class +are(is) The teamThe clothesThe trousers + (be)The glassesA siut of clothes +(be)Two suits of +(be )A set of books + (be )
区别： glass-----glasses paper-----papers good-----goods look-----looks
数 词
1. 数词无复数 2.数词+s +of 3.连字符号+单名(无复数)
five hundred people ten thousand students two million citizens six dozen trees但: two dozen of the trees thousands of millions of dozens of scores of two-hundred peoplea five-thousand-word articlean eight-meter-wide walla five-year-old boy但:He is five years old. It is a wall five meters wide.= It is a five-meter-wide wall
5.a few few many a good many +可数名词 a great many many a+名词单数+动词单数 a great number of
4. 分数/百分数/点数/加减乘除 3 分子 基(大于1)4 分母 序(+ s ) 2 __1__3 4 2 1 5 20 percent of 60 percent of8.562+3=5 (plus) 3-1=2 (minus)3×5=15(times) 6÷3=2(divided by)
6. an hour or two on May 1=on the first of May=one and two hours =on May the first
7.每隔: every two hours every other day every second day 8. 年代/分钟 1999年3月5日 20世纪90年代8点10分/7点差5分020-7789715(电话)
much a little little +不可数名词 a great deal of a large amount of
9. n+基数词Class 2 Gate 4 Room203 Page 2World War Two Road 23 Street 3
a lot of plenty of +可(不可)名 a large quantity of
10.基数词+ n + edtwenty-storied buildingthree-legged table /five-colored glass
11. a+序数词= 又,再 a second
（二） 冠 词
a, an +the 不+the
1.辅音音标前+a 彼此知道:或第二次提到; open ______ doorWhere is _____ door 专有名词 I like X Science 不可数名词 X music 抽象名词 但 __music of Mozard
2.元音音标前+an 定修饰:_____ man in red in ___ winter of 1980 2.球类 play X basketball 棋类 X chess 三餐饭 have X lunch 但: have ___nice lunch What ____ good dinner!
第一次提到或表示一个(一支,一本): aeg:-----Have you seen ____ pen -----Is it ____black one 3.独一无二: ___sun, ___ earth ___sky, ___moon 但: in X space 3.星期 on x Sunday 季节 in x winter 月份 on x February 12 Day 节日 on x Teachers’ day 但: In __winter of 1998 / _____Spring Festival.
类别:A bird…. The bird… Birds…..____horses run faster than ___dogs____deer is bigger than a cat ____elephant is bigger than the dog 方位:方向. in ___south in __ north但: ___South China ___North America Lie x south of China 50 miles__ east of it 4.职位 We elect him x monitor 称呼 x Father, get up ! 官位 We made him x President Father and son Teacher and student
5.固定搭配have a cold have a drink have a rest have a class have an interest in in a hurry as a result once a year 5.乐器 play ____piano play ____violin play ____guitar 5.泛指 All persons are polite. 学科 I like x Chinese. Please help x others. 但: the Chinese language the Japanese language English is a knowledge.
6.+a 或 an___one-legged man ___ “f” letter___university___useful tool ___umbrella___uncle___European boy___ “x ” letter . ___honest man __eight-year-old boy 6.序,形容词最高级 the ninth the ninetieth the most necessary 但: a second 又; 再 a third 6. .固定搭配:go to the cinema the meeting the theatre at table at the table in hospital in the hospital in prison in the prison take place take the place of in place of by mistake
7_____different kind of animals Give me ____coffee and __beer. ….same books of ____type. ….as much ___art as… …too hard _____job to…. …so difficult ____English book… What ____useful tool! What ____great surprise! 7.江河,海洋,山脉,湖泊,岛屿 及含普通名词的专有名词. the Pacific the Mountain the Yellow River the Great Wall the West Lake the Tai Wang Island 但: X Mount Tai in sight out of sight catch sight of go to bed go to college go to school after school after class by the hour by hand with hand in ink out of question in bed in public at sea in the sea by the sea with one’s hand
8.某一家人: The Turners are…. 某某家里: go to Turner’s at x international trade the English language
9.the + 形=某一类人(动复) The rich _____rich. The wounded _____there. The English ____polite. The blind _____blind. 1)___knowledge of English is_____ must at __international trade. 2)Kun Min is _____ place with____ warm winter and cool Summer
（三） 代 词
人称代词 主格 所有格 宾格 格物主代词 反身代词 1 you you he she they we it 两者each either neither both eg: On ____sides of the road are treesOn ____side of the road are treesYou can sit on ___side of the boatEach of you ___here. They each __（已来）Both of you ____hereEither of you ___hereNeither of you ____there
3. 三者以上: all none no one every eg: All ____present at the meeting All ____going on well ____of you ___kind ___has come Every thing ___ok Many students are on___side of the street (each, every)____can take the books out (Every, Each) 4. one……. the other some ……others(other+名词复数) other(泛指)，the other（特指） another(又，再 )不相同的另外一个（一组） eg: I have two pens, one is red, ___is black Some are singing, ___are painting Here are 60 boys, 20 boys are reading, what about _______ I don’t like this pencil, please show me ___ I have had one cup of tea, please give me __ I’ll read______(再读五本书) We should ready to help ______
5 it 1.指人 Who is ____ It’s me 2.指天气 _____is fine 3.形式宾语 主语+V+ it +形+(for sb.)to do 4.形式主语 It +is +----- + that 5. 强调 It is +that (who )eg: I found it easy_______(to do, to do it)I found it hard_______(背诵)It was not until 6 o’clock ______he came It ______English and maths that I enjoyed (was, were) 6.some (something, someone)肯或请求对方肯定回答any（anything, anyone）否或条件状语从句 肯定句中表示任何eg: Would you like ____tea Will you please give me ___advice What about ____coffee Have you ___ink I have not ___money in my pocket I don’t have ___idea of it If you have ___questions, please ask me You can come here at ___time
7.疑问词+ever-----无论（主语或宾语）=no matter +疑（状语）whichever = whatever =wherever = whenever =whoever = however +形= ______goes home first should wash bowls(Who, Whoever) ______you come here should tell me(When ,Whenever) I don’t believe _____you said (whatever, that) ______tired I am, I’ll come on (However, How) one ones this(these)that(those)what(who, which, whose) I like this kind of bike, I'll buy ______ The red pens are nicer than the black _____ The air in this city is cleaner than ___in Beijing ____pronunciation is the best in your grade
(四) 形、.副.及其比较级和.最高级
1连系动词+形 feel taste smell + good look terrible become sound get I don’t feel well(adj.)但: sell write + well cut washThe pen writes smoothlyThe fish sells wellThe knife cut sharply The cloth washes softly. 5.性+大+新+颜+本+nan fine old stone walla nice big new redGerman doga fine little boythe last two sunny daysa nice red wooden box(一个美丽的印度黄色大木船) 10. the + 比….the +比…. 越 …. 就越______(越努力) you study, ______(越多) progress you will make.______(越粗心) you are, ______(越少)marks you will get in the examination. 15. than + that(代)单 + those(代)复The climate here is better than __in DalianThe students here are older than _______in Class 2 19.变化规则单音节 +er (est)redderthinnerbiggerwiserstrongerhotter双音节narrowableclever +er (est)early happy heavyhungry但其余双音节 或ly副词friendlyquicklyslowly +more(most)clearly bravely happily modern active tired patient
16. less +形原+than= no +形比1) He is less friendly =He is no more friendly2) He is no taller than I=as short as I am.
副词+形句子+副词不定代词+形形，副+enough形+neg:wonderfully good terribly cold something good young enough terrible storm 6.so+adj+as to do 如此---以至=形+enough +to doWould you be so kind as to help me =Would you be kind ____ to help me 11.the+ 比+ of + the + two.He is___(clever) of the two.Of the two, he is____(active).He is __(modest)of the two.Which is___(large)country, China or Japan 17. most + 形 = 很 the most +形= 最a more +ing 形=更令人a + 比 + 名=更---的I’ve never heard a more worrying voice. I’ve never spent a better day. 3）多音节 +more the most interesting necessary different determined important impossible
so +形/副+that such +形+抽名+that such +a+形+单+that=so +形+a+单名+that但： manyso + much多/少+n+that few littleas +形+a+可名单+astoo +形+a+可名单+toso +形+a+可名单+as 7.形+n+ ed= adj 数a middle-aged mana cold-blooded snakean eight legged deska three- storeyed laba kind-hearted man但: a good-looking man 12.many more +可名+than much more +不可名+thanHe eats ______ rice than I.He made ___mistakes than I.She has _____difficulties than Tom. 18．This is the best film that I A. have never seenB. have ever seenC. had ever seenD. had never seen This was the best meat that I A. had never eatenB. had ever eatenC. have never eatenD. have ever eaten 4）不规则变化good better bestmany more mostmuch more mostill worse worstbad worse worstbadly worse worstold older oldestold elder eldestfar farther farthestfar further furthest
4.What +形 +抽名/复名! What +a+形+可名单!=How +形+a+可名单!How +形+主语+…..! +副+主语+…..! + 句子………! as +形原+as肯/否so +形/原+as否He doesn't sing ____ well as I.As far as I know, he is old. 据我所知He went as far as the station. 一直到---- 13.倍+as---as 倍+形比+than 倍+the size the length + of the height This tree is ____(比那棵高五倍)=__________=__________ 19.much any still +形比 a lot （更--） far evena great deal a little
eg: ____pretty girls they are!What ____fine weather!What____ good advice!What ____nice girl! = ___nice a girl! ____we love music!____nice it is!____fast he drives!!____fun it is! 9．比+比=越来越 colder and colderredder and redder____________difficult___________ modern 14.than +any other+名单（范内） than +any+名单 （范外）China is larger than______ country in Asia.China is larger than ______country in Africa.Jack is cleverer than _____(其他学生) in his class more +形原1) He is than I. A. much tall B. much taller C. more taller D. more tall2)It is than that one. A. much interesting B. much more interesting C. most interesting
（五）虚 拟 语 气
1.If从句 did would现：if + (were)…, 主句+should + do might could would过：if + had done…, 主句+should + have done might should did would将：if + were to do, 主句+should + do should do might could可省If用倒装句Were I you = If I were you, I would ____(学好英语)Had I known you = If I had known you, I would ____(帮你)Were I to go = If I were to go tomorrow, I would ___(打电话)Should he come = If he should come soon, I would__(告诉你) If you should go tomorrow, I would _______(来送你).(此项语法近几年大纲规定不考, 但要了解) 2. it is … + adj … …+ v….. that +….. …+ n….. It is necessary important that….. + (should) do strange order command suggest(suggestion) advise(advice) propose(proposal) that…. + (should) do demand require desire request insist（坚决要求） They suggested that he ______(send) to Britain. He ordered that she _______(operate)on at once.但: suggest, insist表暗示, 坚持认为: 不+虚拟语气 The dark cloud suggested that it ______( rain). He insisted that he _______(never see ) a tiger. He insisted that he _____( be )not ill.
3. wish 指现在----改为过去时 as if 指过去(或完成)----改为过去完成时 if only 指将来----改为过去将来时I wish I ______(know)English.I wish I ______(have) much moneyI wish I ______( be )born in the big city in 1989I wish he _____(know) each other for two years.He looks as if he _____(know)much English.He looks as if he _____(come)here last night.He looks as if he _____(leave)tomorrow.If only I _____(know)him!If only I _____(去过)to America! 4. It is (high) time that + did …… = It is time for sb. to do It is time that we _____( have )our lunch It is high time we _______( hold )the sports meet It is about time that we ________( finish ) our lessons. It is time he ______(clean)the blackboard.
5. 本能 could have done 本可以 might have done 本该 should have done = ought to have done 本不必要 needn't have done 本希望 had hoped 本想 had thought 本愿意 would like to have done但: can't have done 表“过去曾经一定没有”（推测） must have done 表“过去曾经一定”（推测）You are late, you ________(本该来) earlier.You're too lazy, you _______(本能回答) it.There're much time left, you _______(本不必要着急)I______(本该完成) my work last night, but I saw a film.You______(本可以帮助) him, even if you were busy.I_____(本希望) I would come, but I was too busy.He was here just now, he_______(一定没去) Beijing.(此项语法项目是近几年的高考热门题) 6.but 前虚拟，but后不虚拟。 but 后用真实的时态 I would have come yesterday, but I ____(be)busy. I would love to have come yesterday, but I___(be) busy. I would invite you, but I ___(have) a meeting. I would become fatter, but I ___(eat)too little. I would have helped you last Sunday, but I___(have) an unexpected guest.You should have passed this test, but you ___(be )too careless. 但：如表虽然…但是，不用虚拟语气 He agreed to come, but he didn't turn up.
(六)非 谓 动 词
作主语: 不定式(疑+to do)、动名词 (see) is believing. (say)is easier than to do._______(他来迟)made me angry._______(他丢了项链)made him sad._______(什么时候出发)is unimportant.eg.------ What made him angry ------_______Because he lost moneyBecause he had lost moneyLosing moneyLost money 4. 作宾语补语: 不定式 ask sb. to do/ allow sb. to do/ tell sb. to do/ permit sb. to do/ order sb. to do/ beg sb. to do/have sb. do/ have sb. doing /have sth done/ have sth. to do /have sth. doing / let sb. do= have sb.do= make sb. do be made to do 但: make oneself done get sb. to do get sth. done 分词(感官动词) see sb + doing I saw him___(离开) done I found him___(正哭) do I felt him___ (被杀) adj (-ed, -ing) I saw him__(感兴趣)in it I found him___(seat)there. He was seen___(在哭)
2. 作表语: 不定式 (一次性动作) 动名词 (经常性动作) 分 词 (主[人]或修饰人:ed, 主[物]或修饰物:ing ) His job is _______(study). My task is ______(teach) My idea is _____(go)to college. The news is _______(excite) This is an__(excite)film. But: an excited face We are very____(excite). a puzzled face They are____(satisfy)with it. a surprised face 5作定语: 不定式(表将来----to do 将要…的) doing ---主动 分 词 done----被动 (注:无完成式) being done---正进行被动The meeting ____(hold) tomorrow is fineThe boy ______(cry)there is my cousin.The bridge ____(build) in 1995 is very good.The building_____(build) here now is ours.
3作宾语: 不定式( 疑+ to do ) 1 can’t decide what___(被选) I failed to pass the exam 动名词( 或介词 ) 下列动词后跟动名词 + doing miss mind bear practise enjoy finish risk keep avoid advise excuse escape delay suggest imagine consider appreciate resist admit allow doing allow sb. to do permit doing permit sb. to do advise doing advise sb. to do (区别) forbid doing forbid sb. to do be worth doing = be worthy of being done be worth + price(money) be worthy of sth. forget to do forget doing remember to do remember doing try to do try doing regret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing (区别) look like + n feel like doing go on to do go on doing stop to do stop doing go shopping, go hunting go swimming go picnicing need be busy doingrequire + doing (= to be done).需要 be busy with sth.want object to doingIt's no use + doing no good +doing prevent sb. (from)doing look forward to doing stop sb.(from) doing can't help doing keep sb. from doing 6作状语: 不定式----To do…为了 Doing 一般式主动 表伴随 分 词 Done 一般式被动 Having done已完成 Having been done_____(learn) English well, he gets up early._____(hear)the news, I jumped Look out while__(cross)the street_____(heat), ice is turned into water. He went home,___(sing)_____(finish)the job, he went to bed. Once__(begin),it will work.It ____(be )sunny, I'm glad.It ___(be )sunny, so I'm glad. 注: 有连词—无分词He left angrily,____(add)that he won’t come.无连词—用分词He ___(break)the window, but I didn’t scold him.
7. With + n + doing (主动) done (被动) to do (已完成，将 ),; to be done adj, adv With him____(lead), we started at once. With the light _____(turn) off, he slept. With you _____(help)me, I got good marks
8．非谓语动词变化形式 I would like to _____(come), but I have no time. He is said________(study)abroad ,but I don’t know when. It remains_____(see)that the situation is very serious. The text is very easy to ________(study).
prefer doing to doing prefer to do rather than doprefer to doIt’s +adj+of sb. to do….It’s +adj+for sb. to do….
(七) 主 谓 一 致
1. 时间 金钱 +单数谓语 距离Five years ______not a long time.Six dollars ______not enough.Seven miles _____not far. 5. 分数百分数some ofall of +n.+ v(动随of后的名词而定）most ofrest of piles ofTwo thirds of water ____dirty.Two thirds of the boys ____fine.60 percent of surface _____rough60 percent of the trees ____young.Some of air _____polluted.Most of the water _____clean.Most of the girls _____delighted.All of the water ____ pure.All of the students _____clever.All _____ here. All ____going on well. 9. 从句不定式作主------单动动名词 （后名是复数则用复动）Going to bed early ____a good habit.To see ____to believe.Where and when he said so ___ useful.What we need ____ time.What we need _____(be)books.When he will come and where he will live ______(be)unknown.
2.辨别下列谓语的单复数 A number of boys _____excited.The number of boys _____small.One of the boys ____naughty.A pair of trousers _____not enoughTwo pairs of trousers ____ OK.The trousers ____very cheap.The clothes ____ very expensive.The glasses ____in good quality.My family ___largeMy family ___watching the matchThe team ____very smallThe team____ playing netball 6. 主语有with together with as well as like(像) but 其前的名 + 动 except besides including either…or neither … nor 其后的名+ 动 not only … but alsoThe teacher as well as the girls ___hereNothing but 20 chairs ___in the roomNot only he but also the boys __there 10. either neither of them + is clever each None of the water is clean. None of the students is (are)… Nobody is … No one is … Nothing is…. Something…. Anything is….
3. People The policeThe cattleThe Chinese + areThe English The richThe poor 7. Each … and each Every … and every No … and no … + 单动 整体Each boy and each girl ____excellent.Every minute and every second ___…No tree and no water ___ here.Teacher and student ___friendlyFather and son ___talkingBread and butter ____ tasty 11.请确定下列动词单复数The population of China ___large.80 percent of the population__ farmers.This is one of the boys who __crying This is the (only) one of the boys who ____laughing
4. 共用一个冠词或 's----单动 两个冠词或两个 's----复动A singer and dancer _____ leaving The writer and doctor ____ dying A singer and a dancer _____chatting Mary and Tom's mother ____smilingMary's mother and Tom's mother _____ laughing.
12. 不可数名词------单动
8.也用单数动词： More than one boy ___playingMany a student ____playing.
（八）倒 装
1， 肯副 + 动 + 名 肯副 + 代 + 动 介短 + 动 + 名Out___________(我妈妈出去了)In ____________（她进来了）There __________(铃响了)Here ___________(汽车来了)On the desk _______(躺着两本书)On the hill _________(有一面红旗)There _______(住着)a farmerIn front of the house ___(坐着) a boy. 4. as = though 虽然（不与but 连用） 形 副 as + 主 + 谓，（不+冠）名 动_____(虽然他年轻), he is smart.____(虽然他是个孩子), he knows a lot____(虽然他非常喜欢它), he didn't eat it.____(虽然他可能试过), he didn't succeed.eg: ______, he learns everything A. Child as he is B. A child as he is C. Child as is he D. As he is a child 8.虚拟语气省略if 的倒装Should it not rain, I would do…Had I known it, I would have doneWere it to rain, I would do …Were it be fine, I would do …Had I time, I would do…
2. 否副 + 部分倒装not until, seldom, little, never, hardly, nowhere, not a single word, neither…nor, Hardly(Scarcely/Rarely)…when…,=No sooner … than … 一…就….Seldom_____(他迟到)。.Hardly ______(我知道) EnglishNot a single word ______(他能说).Not until he came ____(我才睡)to bedHardly___(他完成了)it when he went No sooner ___（铃一响） than he left 5. So 系 (也一样） Neither + 助 + 主（也不一样） 情 系 So + 主 + 助 （确如此…) 情 So it is with + n ….也如此（前有 两个主，两个谓语）He is old, ______（我也一样）He can't sing, _______(我也不能)He studies hard, ______(他确实如此)He is not like father, ____(也不像妈妈)Tom can draw, Mary can sing, ____(我也一 样)Beijing is big, London is nice, _____(深圳也如此) 9. Often + 倒 Now and thenOften _____(我帮助)my motherNow and then _____(拜访) her
3. only +状语 + 部分倒装 Not only +倒, but also +不倒 Only in this way ____(我学习) mathsOnly yesterday ______(他才意识到)it 但:_______(仅仅他们对冒险感兴趣)Not only _____(我能唱歌), but also I _____(能跳舞)eg: Only when he was five_____to do some housework. A. he could help B. could he help C. was able to help he D. he could help 6. So + 形 + 倒 副 +that ( 如此…以至) Such +形+名 So kind _____(她是)that I envy herSo carelessly_____(他驾车) that he killed himselfSo hard _____(他学习)that I admired him.Such good work____(他做) that I praised him Such good advice______ (他给) that I was happy.eg: So hard ____that he will go to collegehe studiesdo he studydoes he studyhe does study
(九) 情 态 动 词
1. Can/ be able to 通过努力 May_____I come in Could you lend me a hand Yes, I ___Might I come here again Yes, you _____I will ___(能够)go to college.He _____(能) rush out from fire._____(祝)you luck!_____(祝) you go to college! 3.---- Must I go now ---- No, you _______ = you don't have to ----May I go now ----No, you ______ =you had better not. -----Need I go now ----.No, you ______Yes, you______ 5. 征求意见 Shall I (we)…… he (they)….. Will you …… ____he wait for you Yes, he ________they come here,too Yes, they______you go home at once Yes, I _______I help you cross the road shall 许诺, 命令If he gets good marks, he shall get a nice gift.You shall cook at once, or I will beat youwill 总是Fish ___(shall, will)die without waterMan ___(shall, will)die
2. 推测 肯（推测）may(might) be / being doing/have donemust be / be doing /have done 否，疑（推测）can't(could)be/ be doing/ have doneWhere _____（可能） he be He______(一定不是)Headmaster.It ________（一定没下雨） last night.He _______（一定没去广州）,for I saw him just now.He _____(一定正在看)the newspaperHe ___(一定去了)to Canada yesterdayHe ___(也许睡了), for it was too late He must have left, ____ He must have left last night, ____ He can’t have gone there, _____ 4. 情态动词 行为动词 needn't do = don't need to do daren't do = don't dare to do mustn't (不准，不允许)must--- needn't (不必要、不必)have to = 不得不should = ought to You __make a noise in the reading roomYou__ go there if you don’t want to You had to study hard, ___ Yes, I ____You ought not to smoke, __ Yes, you __You need go there, ____ Yes, you__He needs to go there, ____ Yes, he __He dared go there, ____ He dares to beat his father, ____ eg: He _____last month. A. dared not to come B. dares not come C. dared not come D. didn’t dare come 7. would like to should like to Would you like to … Yes, I________ Would (Will)you please … Yes, I would Would you come ….. Yes, I Will Would you mind … Yes, I _____ No, _______ =No,_________ =No, _________ = No, please/ Go ahead. would (过去与现在的习惯一样) = used to (过去与现在的习惯不一样)
would rather (not )do…..had better(not)do ….You would rather not dance, ___ He had better have more sports, ___ eg: They _____meat.wouldn’t rather eat B would rather not to eat C. would rather to not D. would rather not eat 8 过去… …（本）…… could have done should have done might have done needn't have done ought have done但: can’t have done 曾经一定没干过
（ 十 ） 动 词 的 时 态
一般现在时真理，经常性有标志：sometimes,often,always,now,etc2）时间 一般时或 条件从句 + 现在完成时 让步 （表将来） 有：as soon as _______ if _______ even though _________If you ____(来) tomorrow, I will …As soon as it ____( 下雨), he will……He will get good result as long as he ____(学习)hardHe will go to college on condition that he___（专心）Since it ___(不下雨)tomorrow, I will go …Even if he ____(不来), I will leave for London. 如果作宾语从句 + 将来时I don't know when he__(来).When he___(来)please call me.I wonder if he__(走). If he ___(走)，I will ring you up.I wonder if he____(考上) to college. 4. 现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时1）有： just, ever, never, already, before, these years, these days, since then, for a long time, recently, lately, for (in ) the past years, for the last years, for the recent years,但： 现完 + since + 过去时 It is + 时间 + since +过去时 It was + 时间 + since + 过去完成时We______ (learn)200 words for the past two years.We _______ (learn)English since 1991It (be )three years since I (come) here.He said it (be)three years since he (enjoy)the film.We (live) here since we moved here.2) 无时间状语-----用现在完成时 you (see)my pen Where you (put)my umbrella you (visit)the zoo I (read) many stories.3)用延续性动词 结束性动词 ………………延续性动词 have left have been away from have joined have been in (a) have fallen ill have been ill have bought have had have come have been have died for have been dead (区别) have married have been married to have shown have been on have gone have been in have got up have been uphave caught a cold have had a cold He_____(离开)his hometown for 15 years.He （感冒）for five days_ ___
2. 一般过去时具体的过去动作。有标志：ago just now yesterday then in 1992 last week at 7: o'clock2) 动作连续性或过去故事 He ___(去)to the shop,___(买) two pens and __(参观)his old friend. 但一个动作用伴随.. He went there, ____(买)two books 3）时间、条件、让步状语从句用一般过去表过去将来 eg: He ___(leave)for Beijing just now He ____(die)last week He ____(go)there five times last year 5. 过去完成时 / 过去完成进行时1） 有： by the end of last… by 9:00 o'clock Hardly… when… No sooner … than…. Hardly ____we ____ (come) when he ____(leave). We _______(finish) the work by the end of last week. He said he had been writing his article this week.2)主句在前----主句用过去完成时 从句在前---- 从句用过去完成时When we got to the station, the train _____ (go)He (paint) 20 paintings before I came.
3.进行时（过去， 现在）1) now ,at this time, at that time, this time last year ,that time last year,,the whole afternoon, on Sunday, at eight last yeargo leave come start begin 用进行时表将来， 不用be going to go (begin/ start …), 但可用 will go3) while + 进行时4）过去进行时 + when + 过去时或 过去时+ when + 过去进行时 She ____(sew) this time last week I _______(read)at eight last night He ______(swim) the whole morning on Sunday. He ______(leave)for America tomorrow They _____(come)tonight Don't speak while you ____(eat) It______(rain ) when I ____(arrive) I ____(break)my leg when I _____(play)basketball He ____(slip)into the room when nobody___(look) 6。将来时 / 将来完成时有：soon before long in tomorrow next week in the future at the end of How soon will he finish school (In a month) He _____(finish) school in two weeks.2) 有： hope promise We hope that you ___(go ) to college We hope you _____(have)a wonderful time.3) 有: by the end of next + will have done by the end of last + had done at the end of + did or will do We ______(finish)it by the end of next week. We _____(finish)it at the end of this week We _____(finish) it at the end of last weekend. We _____(finish)it by the end of last year
（十一）定语从句及引导词
1, that 1) 指人 / 物 作宾、主（作宾可省）2) 不用非限定性从句3) 不作介宾4) 同位于从句不用which 只用 that 有：all very only just 形最高级，序数词the last time the first time everything nothing anything 几个先行词用that但something 可用that , which All _____he knows is a little The things and persons _____ he talked of ….. This is the last time _____I have been late. Everything _____he did is very excellent This is the first time___ I have been to Beijing The very thing _____I can do is to train the tiger. I got the news ___he passed away yesterday.This is one of the books that ______ (be )well worth reading.This is the only one of the books that ___(be )worth reading 4. as 限制/ 非限制性定语从句 句首、句中、句末均可 ____ is true, he is very bright ____is said, they were very hardworking ____is known, she is very honest But: ____is known that he is very clever2) … the same … as … … such … as… I have the same book _____you bought yesterday. He made such mistakes _____I did.3) as sb. know see call say imagine observeThe sun is red, ___ you seeHe is strict with us, ___ is known to usThey ,____we can observe, are excellent experts.He is like his mother,_____ we know.
2. which1) 指物 （作主，宾）作宾可省2) 介宾3) 非限制定语从句 He lives in Beijing, ____is very large This is the thing about_____ I talked This is the house, in front of ____ sat a man These are the books, most of _____ are novelsBut: This is the book and ______ was popular. They are the magazines and most of ____are popular 5. where = in which地名 在后作宾 that (which) 在后不作宾 where when = on which时名 在后作宾 that (which) 在后不作宾 when why = for which the reason why + sentence… the reason for + n the reason is that … … The reason_ _he was late is __he got up late 但: The reason___he gave me is not clearI remember the park _____ we play _____we visited _____we have been toI remember the year ____ I joined the league _____he came to China ____ _we spend in Beijing in 1999This is Shanghai, _____ I have many friends _____ I have been to Is this museum the one ___we visited last year Is this museum the one _____ we worked last year Is this the museum ____ we visited last year
3. who 作主、宾，但不作介宾 whom 只作宾或介宾 whose 指人，也指物，作定语This is the man about_____ we are talkingThis is the girl with _____we went thereThis is the boy _____father is cruelThis is the room _____ window is broken Those are the boys, most of ____are 17There are five students and most of _____are from the north.
（十二）状语从句及引导词
1、时间状语从句连词 when 当…时候 as 当…时候 while 在…过程中 before 在…..之前 after 在…..之后 since 自从…..以来 till/until 直到 every time/each time 每当 whenever 无论如何 as soon as 一….就 the moment 一….就 the minute 一….就 hardly(scarcely)…when …一….就.. no sooner ….than… 一….就… 2、条件状语从句 if 假如…. unless 除非 as(so)long as 只要 on condition that 如果，在…条件下 providing (provided) that 假若 suppose(supposing)that 假若 in case 万一 in that case 在…那种情况下 in case of 假设 in any case 无论如何 as(so)far as 就…而言 as far as I know 据我所知
3、目的状语从句 so that 以便，为了 in order that 以便，为了 for fear that 惟恐 in case 以免 4、结果状语从句 so that 结果… so ….that 如此….以致于 such…that 如此….以致于
5、原因状语从句 because 因为 as 由于，既然 since 由于…既然 now that 既然 seeing that 由于，鉴于 considering that 考虑到 6、让步状语从句although/ though 虽然even if/even though 即使whatever(=no matter what)无论什么whoever(=no matter who) 无论谁whichever(=no matter which)无论哪一个however(=no matter how) 无论怎样whenever(=no matter when)无论何时wherever(=no matter where)无论何地
7、比较状语从句 as…..as 同…一样 not as(so)….as 不及，不比…. than …..比…… 8、方式状语从句 as 如，像 as if/ as though 似乎，好像
9、地点状语从句 where 在….地方 wherever 无论何地
（ 十三）名词性从句及引导词
1. that 无实际意义（但不可省略） what 什么….的东西或事情 (作主语, 表语, 宾语) which 哪一个 (主语, 表语，宾语)1) ___he is late made me angry2).___he came back made me happy3).This is ___I did4).___I saw is true 5).This is __I’m proud of 6). ____he said was reasonable7)That is _____he said8)That is _____he got9)___we often get is less that ____we give10)_____he got the first prize was known to all11) I don't know ____book I should choose12) ___one will go there is unknown13) ___student is the best in your class Do you know ____country is the largest where 哪里 (主语、表语、宾语、状语) why 为什么,什么…的原因 (主语、表语、状语、宾语)when 什么时候(主语、表语、宾语)、状语what time 几点钟(主语、表语、宾语、状语)how 怎样(主语、表语、宾语、状语)This is ____I am wrongMake a mark ___you have a mistakeGo back ___you sitThat is ___I was late ____he will come is not knownI remember the place ___it was a theatre---____ did you come here --.By taxi8) ___he didn't pass the test is that he was too lazy9)I don't know ___he has finished so much work10)Do you know ___I shall meet her at the school gate.
3. whether（or not） 是否…（用于宾从、主从、表从、介宾后接不定式） if 是否 (仅用于宾语从句) _____he’ll come is unknown 2) I don’t know __he’ll come 3)I don't know ___he 'll leave for New York or not 4) It depends on _____he will agree with you.5) What he means is _____you will attend the meeting. 6) ___we will hold the sports meet depends on the weather. 7)Whether to go or not hasn’t been decided yet. 5. whoever 无论谁 whatever 无论什么 wherever 无论哪里 whenever 无论什么时候 however 无论怎样+形+主+谓 1) ____goes home first should cook 2) ___late it is, I will wait for him 3) I will agree with ____you said 4) ___you will go should tell me 5) Please give this book to ____likes it. 6) ____tired I am, I will not have a rest 7) ___difficult it is, you should smooth away from it
4. how long 多长一段时间 how often 多久一次 how soon 多久以后 as if 好像1) ------.___can it be finished ------ In two weeks2) ----______do you go home ----Once a week3)----_____have you stayed in London ---- For five weeks4) ---____ does it take you to go from you home to school ---Tem minutes5) Look at the sky. It seems _____it is going to rain
（十四）反 意 问 句
前肯------后否前否------后肯 He learns English well, ________ He used to get up early, ________ There is some tea here, _________ You have to go at once, _________ He had to leave ahead of time, _____ He must do that, _______ They may come, _______ You needn’t go at once, ______ They oughtn’t to do so, ____ He couldn’t go with you, ____ Somebody is here, ______he Anybody is strict in this job, _____they Everybody is willing to go to Tibet, ___they 但：I wish you to go there, ______ ( may I ) I am a worker, ______ (aren’t I) 2． 前有（否形，否副，否名）------后肯有：little, few, hardly, never , seldom, nowhere, not a single, no one, nobody, nothing He has never told a lie, ______ There is little water here, _____ Few people know him, ______ He seldom comes here, ______ He hardly fell down, ______ Nobody is here, _______ No one is here , ________ Nothing is in the room, ______ He can see his sister nowhere, _____ He has never been there, ______ He found his pen nowhere, ______ -------You're not a new student, are you ------______, I studied here only yesterday. A. Yes, I am B. No, I'm not C. Yes, I'm not D. No, I'm not
3.祈使句 ------will you -------won’t you 但： Let us----will you Let’s -----shall we Do it again, ______ Don’t be silent, ____ Be quiet, _______ Have a cup of tea, ______ Don’t turn on the light, _____ Let’s go, ______ Let us come, ______ Let me go, ______ Be careful, ______ Mary, you put down the curtain, ____ 4.特殊动词-----反意宾从一般动词----反意主句（特动think, suppose, imagine, believe, guess ） I think he is right, _______ I suppose he can do it, ______ I don’t believe he will go , ______ I didn’t think you said so, ______ It is said that he will come, ______ It was true that he was right, ______ 但：You think that he is right, _____ He supposed that you were not bright, ______ 注:(特动: 前主第一人称---反后？前主第二人称---反前)
5.表推测---------只用must 后面的动词反意，有时间状语看时间状语。He must be a good boy, ______ You must have been here for a long time, ______ You must have come here, _______ He must have come here yesterday, ______ He must have gone shopping after his arrival, __ He might have read this book, ______ He might have read this novel last night, ______ They can’t have seen such a film before, _______ They can’t have seen such a film last week, ___ It can’t be Headmaster, ______ He can’t be sleeping, _______ 6.前句有ha, so 表惊讶------后肯Ha, you are right, _______ So you are worried, ____
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