（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题06.必修第1册 Unit 5 Languages Around the World
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一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题06.必修第1册 Unit 5 Languages Around the World
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词——我会认 1．bone n．骨头；骨(质) 2．shell n．壳；壳状物 3．symbol n．符号；象征 4．carve vt.& vi.雕刻 5．dynasty n．王朝；朝代 6．dialect n．地方话；方言 7．specific adj.特定的；明确的；具体的 8．tongue n．舌头；语言 9．semester n．学期 10．pants n．[pl.](BrE)内裤；短裤；(especially NAmE)裤子 重点单词——我会写 1．billion n．十亿 2．native adj.本地的 n．本地人 3．attitude n．态度；看法 4．system n．体系；制度；系统 5．despite prep.即使；尽管 6．factor n．因素；要素 7．means n．方式；方法；途径 8．classic adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n．经典作品；名著 9．regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待 10．character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 11．calligraphy n．书法；书法艺术 12．affair n．公共事务；事件；关系 13．struggle n．& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗 14．gas n．汽油；气体；燃气 15．petrol n．(NAmE gas)汽油 16．subway n．(BrE underground)地铁 17．apartment n．(especially NAmE)公寓套房 18．gap n．间隔；开口；差距 19．vocabulary n．词汇
词汇拓展 1．reference n．指称关系；参考→refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；叫……求助于 2．based adj.以(某事)为基础的→base vt.以……为基础 n．底部；根据→basis n．基础→basic adj.基础的 3．variety n．异体；多样化→vary v．变化；不同→various adj.各种各样的 4．major adj.主要的 n．主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修→majority n．大多数 5．global adj.全球的；全世界的→globe n．地球；地球仪 6．appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；领会→appreciation n．感激；欣赏→appreciative adj.感激的 7．beg vt.恳求；祈求→beggar n．乞丐 8．equal n．同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的→equally adv.平等地→equality n．平等 9．demand n．要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要→demanding adj.要求高的 10．description n．描写(文字)；形容→describe vt.描述 11．relate vt.联系；讲述→related adj.相关的→relation n．关系→relationship n．关系
重点词组 1．refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅 2．ups and downs浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 3．date back (to...)追溯到 4．no matter where，who，what，etc.不论……；不管…… 5．point of view观点；看法 6．relate to与……相关；涉及；谈到
重点句型 1．There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.这之所以成为可能有很多原因，其中一个主要因素就是中国书法体系。 2．Over the years，the system developed into different forms，as it was a time when people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.多年来，人们按地域划分，使得书法体系发展成了不同的形式，从而导致多种方言和汉字的形成。 3．Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。 4．I used to get high marks in English，but now I’m having a lot of trouble with my listening. 过去我英语成绩很好，但现在我在听力方面有很多困难。 5．I also repeat what I hear to help myself to experience the feeling of the language. 为了帮助自己体会语言的情感，我也重复自己听到的内容。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM: CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT
Despite many ups and downs, Chinese Ancient Civilization has continued into modern times, the major reason for which has been the Chinese writing system.
Dating back to several thousand years ago, the writing system was based on symbols carved on animal bones and shells. Over the years, it changed a lot from the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, during which it began to develop from varieties of dialects and characters into a unified one.
The Chinese writing system is significant in connecting the people with the culture, the past classic works with the present ones, and the characters with the art.
Nowadays, as China is playing an increasingly important role in the global affairs, more and more international students come to appreciate the China's culture, such as the calligraphy.
汉字书写体系：连接过去与现在
尽管经历起起伏伏，中国古代文明延续至今。其中的主要原因是中国书写系统。
追溯到数千年前，书写系统是基于在动物的骨头或壳上面刻画简单的符号。随后，其从商朝到秦朝变化很大，由不同方言和文字发展成一个统一的系统。
中国书写系统在人们与文化，过去经典作品与现代作品，还有文字与艺术这三个方面的连接起着重要作用。
如今，随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多国际学生开始欣赏中国的文化，如书法。
Passage 2
Learning English
Dear Liu Wen,
Despite all the difficulties, you are still struggling to learn English. From my point of view, there are many equally important factors that will influence your English learning.
My suggestions are as follows. First of all, it is of great importance to try to use it as frequently as possible, especially the vocabularies related to the daily lives. Besides, no matter where we are, it is demanded that we should make good use of every chance to communicate with others in English, and it will be much better to do it with the English native speakers. In the end, reading some specific references that your teachers refer to will be greatly beneficial.
Hope you regard my advice helpful.
学习英语
尽管遇到很多问题， 但你依然在拼命地学英语。在我看来，有多种同样重要的因素影响着你的英语学习。
我的建议如下。首先，尽可能经常地使用英语很重要，特别是多使用与日常生活相关的词汇。此外，无论我们身在何处，都要求充分利用每一次机会用英语与他人交流，如能跟英语母语者交流会更好。最后，阅读一些老师提到的具体的参考资料会大有好处。
希望你认为我的建议是有帮助的。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
投诉信
必备词汇
1. 抱怨 complain about
2. 表达不满 convey/express one’s dissatisfaction
3. 对……满意 be content/satisfied with
4. 糟糕的服务 poor service
5. 采取措施 take measures
6. 解决问题 deal with/solve the problem
7. 调查此次事件 investigate/look into the matter/incident
8. 出乎意料 out of one’s expectation
11. 向……道歉 make an apology to…/apologize to…
12. 出乎意料 out of one’s expectation
13. 不用说 needless to say
14. 尽快 as soon as possible
15. 把某事牢记在心 bear sth. in mind
高分句式
首段模板句式
I am writing to you about... which I received/bought...
我写信给你是关于……我收到/买了…
I am going to complain about...
我要投诉……
I am sorry to have to send this letter.. which I received/bought...
很抱歉我不得不寄这封信我收到/买了…
篇中模板句式
When we checked.... we noticed..
当我们国土……我们注意到. .
When I took... out of the bag and examined... closely, I found...
当我把……从袋子里拿出来检查…密切,我发现…
When I unpacked… and tried to use it, it did not work.
当我打开. .我试着用它，但没有用。
我对……不满意有一些主要原因。首先，……更糟糕的是，……最后，……
There are some main reasons why I am not content with… At first, … What’s worse, … Eventually, …
结尾段模板句式
1. Please let me know what you intend to do in this matter.
请让我知道你打算对这件事做什么。
2. In view of the inconvenience this has caused, I feel you should...
鉴于给您带来的不便，我认为您应该……
3. I sincerely hope that/It is my sincere hope that you will look into/investigate the matter/incident seriously and proper measures should be taken to prevent such an incident happening again.
我真诚地希望你能认真调查这件事情，以及采取恰当的措施防止类似事件再次发生。
4. I would appreciate it very much if you could take measures to deal with/solve the problem as soon as possible.
你若能尽快采取措施处理这个问题，我将感激不尽。
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar 定语从句(Ⅱ)
当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中用作时间、地点、原因状语时，应使用关系副词when, where, why或“介词＋which”。
1．指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。
2．在从句中充当句子成分——状语，即在从句中起副词的作用。
3．起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来构成主从复合句。
1．when引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用when引导。
(2)when可以换成“介词＋which”。
I still remember the time when_(＝in_which) I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。
I have forgotten the exact date when_(＝on_which) this country became independent.
我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。
2．where引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等)或抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, point, situation等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。
(2)where可以换成“介词＋which”。
We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。
He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。
This is the hotel where_(＝in_which) they stayed.这就是他们待过的旅馆。
3．why引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导，且只能引导限制性定语从句。
(2)why可以用for which来代替。
This is the reason why_(＝for_which) he left in a hurry.
这是他匆匆离去的原因。
1．关系代词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。
This is the student for_whom I bought a book.这就是我给其买书的那个学生。
This is the ship by_which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。
They live in a house, of_which the windows are made of glass.他们住在一所窗户是玻璃做的房子里。
2．介词的选择
(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
Is this the car for_which you paid a high price 这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay ... for sth.)
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to_whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
He brought the result with_which the boss was satisfied.他带来了令老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)
(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。
Do you still remember the day on_which we met for the first time 你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day)
I can't remember the age at_which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)
(4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词。
This is the pilot with_whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This is the pilot by_whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用以下两种方式判断：
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；是不及物动词则用关系副词
根据先行词在从句中所作的成分 把先行词代入定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词
This is the factory where he used to work.这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)
This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词)
Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少宾语)
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held 这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少地点状语)
一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题06.必修第1册 Unit 5 Languages Around the World
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词——我会认 1．bone n．骨头；骨(质) 2．shell n．壳；壳状物 3．symbol n．符号；象征 4．carve vt.& vi.雕刻 5．dynasty n．王朝；朝代 6．dialect n．地方话；方言 7．specific adj.特定的；明确的；具体的 8．tongue n．舌头；语言 9．semester n．学期 10．pants n．[pl.](BrE)内裤；短裤；(especially NAmE)裤子 重点单词——我会写 1．billion n．十亿 2．native adj.本地的 n．本地人 3．attitude n．态度；看法 4．system n．体系；制度；系统 5．despite prep.即使；尽管 6．factor n．因素；要素 7．means n．方式；方法；途径 8．classic adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n．经典作品；名著 9．regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待 10．character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 11．calligraphy n．书法；书法艺术 12．affair n．公共事务；事件；关系 13．struggle n．& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗 14．gas n．汽油；气体；燃气 15．petrol n．(NAmE gas)汽油 16．subway n．(BrE underground)地铁 17．apartment n．(especially NAmE)公寓套房 18．gap n．间隔；开口；差距 19．vocabulary n．词汇
词汇拓展 1．reference n．指称关系；参考→refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；叫……求助于 2．based adj.以(某事)为基础的→base vt.以……为基础 n．底部；根据→basis n．基础→basic adj.基础的 3．variety n．异体；多样化→vary v．变化；不同→various adj.各种各样的 4．major adj.主要的 n．主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修→majority n．大多数 5．global adj.全球的；全世界的→globe n．地球；地球仪 6．appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；领会→appreciation n．感激；欣赏→appreciative adj.感激的 7．beg vt.恳求；祈求→beggar n．乞丐 8．equal n．同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的→equally adv.平等地→equality n．平等 9．demand n．要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要→demanding adj.要求高的 10．description n．描写(文字)；形容→describe vt.描述 11．relate vt.联系；讲述→related adj.相关的→relation n．关系→relationship n．关系
重点词组 1．refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅 2．ups and downs浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 3．date back (to...)追溯到 4．no matter where，who，what，etc.不论……；不管…… 5．point of view观点；看法 6．relate to与……相关；涉及；谈到
重点句型 1．There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.这之所以成为可能有很多原因，其中一个主要因素就是中国书法体系。 2．Over the years，the system developed into different forms，as it was a time when people were divided geographically，leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.多年来，人们按地域划分，使得书法体系发展成了不同的形式，从而导致多种方言和汉字的形成。 3．Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。 4．I used to get high marks in English，but now I’m having a lot of trouble with my listening. 过去我英语成绩很好，但现在我在听力方面有很多困难。 5．I also repeat what I hear to help myself to experience the feeling of the language. 为了帮助自己体会语言的情感，我也重复自己听到的内容。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM: CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT
Despite many ups and downs, Chinese Ancient Civilization has continued into modern times, the major reason for which has been the Chinese writing system.
Dating back to several thousand years ago, the writing system was based on symbols carved on animal bones and shells. Over the years, it changed a lot from the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, during which it began to develop from varieties of dialects and characters into a unified one.
The Chinese writing system is significant in connecting the people with the culture, the past classic works with the present ones, and the characters with the art.
Nowadays, as China is playing an increasingly important role in the global affairs, more and more international students come to appreciate the China's culture, such as the calligraphy.
汉字书写体系：连接过去与现在
尽管经历起起伏伏，中国古代文明延续至今。其中的主要原因是中国书写系统。
追溯到数千年前，书写系统是基于在动物的骨头或壳上面刻画简单的符号。随后，其从商朝到秦朝变化很大，由不同方言和文字发展成一个统一的系统。
中国书写系统在人们与文化，过去经典作品与现代作品，还有文字与艺术这三个方面的连接起着重要作用。
如今，随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多国际学生开始欣赏中国的文化，如书法。
Passage 2
Learning English
Dear Liu Wen,
Despite all the difficulties, you are still struggling to learn English. From my point of view, there are many equally important factors that will influence your English learning.
My suggestions are as follows. First of all, it is of great importance to try to use it as frequently as possible, especially the vocabularies related to the daily lives. Besides, no matter where we are, it is demanded that we should make good use of every chance to communicate with others in English, and it will be much better to do it with the English native speakers. In the end, reading some specific references that your teachers refer to will be greatly beneficial.
Hope you regard my advice helpful.
学习英语
尽管遇到很多问题， 但你依然在拼命地学英语。在我看来，有多种同样重要的因素影响着你的英语学习。
我的建议如下。首先，尽可能经常地使用英语很重要，特别是多使用与日常生活相关的词汇。此外，无论我们身在何处，都要求充分利用每一次机会用英语与他人交流，如能跟英语母语者交流会更好。最后，阅读一些老师提到的具体的参考资料会大有好处。
希望你认为我的建议是有帮助的。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
投诉信
必备词汇
1. 抱怨 complain about
2. 表达不满 convey/express one’s dissatisfaction
3. 对……满意 be content/satisfied with
4. 糟糕的服务 poor service
5. 采取措施 take measures
6. 解决问题 deal with/solve the problem
7. 调查此次事件 investigate/look into the matter/incident
8. 出乎意料 out of one’s expectation
11. 向……道歉 make an apology to…/apologize to…
12. 出乎意料 out of one’s expectation
13. 不用说 needless to say
14. 尽快 as soon as possible
15. 把某事牢记在心 bear sth. in mind
高分句式
首段模板句式
I am writing to you about... which I received/bought...
我写信给你是关于……我收到/买了…
I am going to complain about...
我要投诉……
I am sorry to have to send this letter.. which I received/bought...
很抱歉我不得不寄这封信我收到/买了…
篇中模板句式
When we checked.... we noticed..
当我们国土……我们注意到. .
When I took... out of the bag and examined... closely, I found...
当我把……从袋子里拿出来检查…密切,我发现…
When I unpacked… and tried to use it, it did not work.
当我打开. .我试着用它，但没有用。
我对……不满意有一些主要原因。首先，……更糟糕的是，……最后，……
There are some main reasons why I am not content with… At first, … What’s worse, … Eventually, …
结尾段模板句式
1. Please let me know what you intend to do in this matter.
请让我知道你打算对这件事做什么。
2. In view of the inconvenience this has caused, I feel you should...
鉴于给您带来的不便，我认为您应该……
3. I sincerely hope that/It is my sincere hope that you will look into/investigate the matter/incident seriously and proper measures should be taken to prevent such an incident happening again.
我真诚地希望你能认真调查这件事情，以及采取恰当的措施防止类似事件再次发生。
4. I would appreciate it very much if you could take measures to deal with/solve the problem as soon as possible.
你若能尽快采取措施处理这个问题，我将感激不尽。
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar 定语从句(Ⅱ)
当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中用作时间、地点、原因状语时，应使用关系副词when, where, why或“介词＋which”。
1．指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。
2．在从句中充当句子成分——状语，即在从句中起副词的作用。
3．起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来构成主从复合句。
1．when引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用when引导。
(2)when可以换成“介词＋which”。
I still remember the time when_(＝in_which) I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。
I have forgotten the exact date when_(＝on_which) this country became independent.
我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。
2．where引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等)或抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, point, situation等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。
(2)where可以换成“介词＋which”。
We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。
He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。
This is the hotel where_(＝in_which) they stayed.这就是他们待过的旅馆。
3．why引导定语从句的用法
(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导，且只能引导限制性定语从句。
(2)why可以用for which来代替。
This is the reason why_(＝for_which) he left in a hurry.
这是他匆匆离去的原因。
1．关系代词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。
This is the student for_whom I bought a book.这就是我给其买书的那个学生。
This is the ship by_which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。
They live in a house, of_which the windows are made of glass.他们住在一所窗户是玻璃做的房子里。
2．介词的选择
(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
Is this the car for_which you paid a high price 这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay ... for sth.)
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to_whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
He brought the result with_which the boss was satisfied.他带来了令老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)
(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。
Do you still remember the day on_which we met for the first time 你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day)
I can't remember the age at_which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)
(4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词。
This is the pilot with_whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This is the pilot by_whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用以下两种方式判断：
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；是不及物动词则用关系副词
根据先行词在从句中所作的成分 把先行词代入定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词
This is the factory where he used to work.这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)
This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词)
Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少宾语)
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held 这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少地点状语)