（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题04.必修第2册　Unit 4 History and Traditions

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题04.必修第2册　Unit 4 History and Traditions
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词——我会认 1．mansion n．公馆；宅第 2．cemetery n．墓地；公墓 3．philosophy n．哲学 4．descendant n．后裔；后代；子孙 5．heel n．足跟；(脚、袜子、鞋等的)后跟 6．currency n．通货；货币 7．military adj.军事的；军用的 8．conquer vt.占领；征服；控制 9．gallery n．(艺术作品的)展览馆；画廊 10．landscape n．(陆上，尤指乡村的)风景 11．butter n．黄油；奶油 vt.涂黄油于 12．honey n．蜂蜜 13．ancestor n．祖宗；祖先 14．courtyard n．庭院；院子 15．scent n．气味；气息 16．stew n．炖菜(有肉和蔬菜) vt.& vi.炖；煨 17．sensory adj.感觉的；感官的 18．transition n．过渡；转变；变迁 19．Wales威尔士(英国) 20．Scotland苏格兰(英国) 21．Northern北爱尔兰(英国) 22．Viking n．维京人；北欧海盗 23．Norman adj.诺曼式的；诺曼人的 24．Roman adj.古罗马的；罗马的 n．古罗马人；罗马市民 25．Irish adj.爱尔兰的；爱尔兰人(或语)的 重点单词——我会写 1．Confucius n．孔子 2．individual adj.单独的；个别的n．个人 3．chief adj.最重要的；最高级别的n．(公司或机构的)首领；酋长 4．nearby adj.附近的；邻近的adv.在附近 5．legal adj.法律的；合法的 6．battle n．战役；搏斗vi.& vt.搏斗；奋斗 7．port n．港口(城市) 8．charge n．收费；指控；主管vt.收费；控告；充电 9．amount n．金额；数量 10．approach n．方法；途径；接近vt.接近；接洽；着手处理vi.靠近 11．ensure vt.保证；确保；担保 12．generous adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的 13．position n．位置；姿态；职位 14．snack n．点心；小吃 15．eager adj.热切的；渴望的 16．county n．(英国、爱尔兰的)郡；(美国的)县 17．feast n．盛宴；宴会；节日 18．roll vi.& vt.(使)翻滚；(使)滚动n．卷(轴)；翻滚 19．dot n．点；小(圆)点 vt.加点；遍布 20．cattle n．牛 21．roar vi.& n．吼叫；咆哮 22．ocean n．大海；海洋 23．greet vt.问候；迎接 24．pub n．酒吧；酒馆 25．wine n．葡萄酒；果酒 26．beer n．(一杯)啤酒 27．custom n．风俗；习俗；习惯
词汇拓展 1．puzzle n．谜；智力游戏；疑问 vt.迷惑；使困惑→puzzling adj.令人困惑的→puzzled adj.感到困惑的 2．defence n．防御；保卫→defend v．防御；保卫→defensive adj.防御的；保护的 3．legal adj.法律的；合法的→illegal adj.不合法的 4．surround vt.围绕；包围→surrounding adj.周围的→surroundings n．周围的环境 5．evidence n．证据；证明→evident adj.明显的 6．achievement n．成就；成绩；达到→achieve vt.达到；实现 7．location n．地方；地点；位置→locate vt.位于；找……的位置 8．fascinating adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的→fascinate v．使……入迷，迷住→fascinated adj.着迷的 9．announce vt.宣布；通知；声称→announcement n．宣布；通知→announcer n．广播员；解说员 10．poet n．诗人→poem n．诗歌→poetry n．诗歌(总称) 11．striking adj.引人注目的；显著的→strike vt.打击；攻击；打动 n．罢工 12．crowd n．人群；一群人；民众 vt.挤满；使……拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的
重点词组 1．join...to...把……和……连接或联结起来 2．break away (from sb./sth.) 脱离；背叛；逃脱 3．belong to属于 4．as well as同(一样也)；和；还 5．keep your eyes open (for)留心；留意
重点句型 1．They use the same flag，known as the Union Jack，as well as share the same currency and military defence. 像拥有同样的货币和国防一样，他们也使用同一面被称为联合杰克的国旗。 2．They had castles built all around England，and made changes to the legal system. 他们在英格兰四处修建城堡，并改革了法律制度。 3．Its beautiful countryside excites and inspires all，offering something for each of the senses. 它美丽的乡村给人以激情和灵感，满足各种感官享受。 4．The peaceful landscape of the “Emerald Isle” and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes，with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle. “绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。 5．With all this beauty，it is not surprising that Ireland has developed strong traditions that include music，dancing，and dining. 乡村景色如此优美，在爱尔兰形成这些浓郁的包括音乐、舞蹈以及餐饮方面的传统就一点也不让人觉得奇怪了。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
Qufu in Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius, founder of the Confucian school of philosophy. There are many cultural sites, among which the most famous are the Mansion, the Temple and the Cemetery of Confucius.
Confucius belonged to the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period, there were seven chief kingdoms left. Sometimes, they were joined to each other because the power of an individual kingdom was too small, and sometimes they broke away from each other. During this period, the kingdoms went through a number of battles, including military of fensive as well as military defence. Finally the State of Qin conquered the other six kingdoms and united China. After that, the Qin Dynasty established a new legal system and a unified currency. Evidence shows that the Qin Dynasty made great achievements in many aspects. Why the Qin Dynasty was strong is no longer a puzzle.
山东曲阜是孔子的故乡，孔子是儒家哲学的创始人。这里有许多文化遗址，其中最著名的有府邸、寺庙和孔林。
孔子在春秋时期属于鲁国。到战国的时候只剩下七个王国了。有时候，他们联合在一起，是因为一个王国的力量太小，有时候他们彼此分离。在这一时期，王国经历了许多战役，包括军事防御和军事攻击。最后秦国征服了其他六国，统一了中国。此后，秦朝建立了新的法律制度和统一的货币。证据表明，秦朝在许多方面都取得了巨大的成就。秦朝为什么强大已经不再是个谜了。
Passage 2
An exhibition of paintings will be held in a county in Wales. The man in charge of the gallery announces there will be generous landscape paintings on show, and that only a small amount of money will be charged for the exhibition to ensure its success. A painting about the customs of the countryside will be displayed. —There is a pub in the courtyard of a farmhouse. It offers avariety of drinks and snacks, such as wine, beer and hamburgers with butter and honey. A waiter is greeting guests with a smile. A poet is surrounded by a crowd, eager to listen to his speech. A herd of cattle are grazing nearby. It's a fascinating scene, isn't it The best approach to visiting is to keep your eyes open and see the painting from different positions without missing any details.
威尔士的一个县将举办一个绘画展。画廊负责人宣布，将有大量的风景画展出，为了保证展览的成功，只收取少量的费用。一幅关于乡村风俗的画将被展出。——在一个农舍的院子里有一个小酒馆。它提供各种饮料和小吃，如葡萄酒，啤酒和有黄油和蜂蜜的汉堡。服务员微笑着迎接客人。一个诗人被一群人围着，渴望听他的演讲。一群牛在附近吃草。这场景很迷人，不是吗？参观的最好方法是睁大眼睛，从不同的位置观察画作，同时不遗漏任何细节。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
求助信
必备词汇
1.have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth. 做某事有困难
2.do sb. a favor/give sb. a hand 给某人帮助
3.ask for help/seek for help 寻求帮助
4.encounter some problems 遇到一些问题
5.be busy/occupied/engaged in doing sth.忙于做某事
7.make preparations for.…为某事做准备
9.put...in use 学以致用
10.let sb. down 让某人失望
11.overcome the fear 克服恐惧
12.be anxious/eager to do sth./long to do sth.渴望做某事
13.take the trouble to do sth. 费心地去做某事
14.offer some constructive guidance提供一些有益的指导
15.be grateful/thankful/appreciative to sb.for sth.因某事感激某人
2. 高分句式
首段：请求帮助
1.Now I am writing to ask you to give me a hand/do me a favor/lend me a hand.
现在我写信请你帮我一个忙。
2.Iam writing in the hope that you will be kind enough to do me a favor.
我希望你能帮我一个忙。
3.I wonder if you could do me a fvour, this is the first time that my uncle visits us.
我想知道你是否能帮我一个忙，这是我叔叔第一次来访，所以我希望你能到机场接他。
4.Iwonder if you some Chinese knots for me. I made them myself with red silk threads, cloth and otherbmaterials.
我想知道你是否能帮我出售一些中国结，这是我自己用 红丝线、布等材料做的
5.Would you like to do me a favor to have my draft polished
你愿意帮我润色草稿吗？
中间段：描述具体困难
1.1am encountering three problems which trouble me a lot. To begin with,… What’s more, … What troubles me most is …
我遇到的三个间题很困扰我，首先 ……另外……最困扰我的是……
2.Unfortunately,I find/feel it quite/extremely difficult/hard to do with(使用形式宾语)
不幸的是，我觉得做某事十分/非常难。
3.lt is difficult/challenging for me to do sth.
做某事是困难的/有挑战性的。
4.Thave trouble/difficulty/problems (in)doing sth.
我做某事有困难。
5.Domg sth.is another terrible headache for me.(使用动名词做主语）
做某事是另一件让我很头痛的事。
6.I find myself struggling with sth.(使用find复合结构）
我发现自己做某事有困难。
7.Faced with the above problems,I am anxious to get your help. Would you please offer me some advice on...
面对上述问题，我渴望得到你的帮助。请你给我一些建议。
结尾段：希望得到帮助：
1.Iwonder if can help me with these difficulties. I really appreciate it if you could help me
我想知道你能不能帮我解决这些困难。如果你能帮助我，我真的很感激。
2.I would appreciate it very much if you can offer me some necessary/timely help(give/lend me some practical/valuable advice)
如果你能给我一些必要的帮助/及时的帮助（给我一些实用的/有价值的建议）。我会很感激。
常见困难：
【生活方面】
与人相处
get along well with my classmates/ the new teacher / my parents.
和我的同学/新老师/父母相处
把握时间
arrange and make good use of my everyday time for valuable things.
安排和利用每天的时间去做有意义的事情
明确目标
know the purpose of my life and the destination of my future in order to passionately live a purpose-driven life everyday.
知道我生命的目的和未来的目标，以便每天充满激情地过着“目标驱动”的生活
【学习方面】
不懂语法
have trouble in mastering the advanced grammar rules and put them into use in my speaking and writing.
进步太慢
find myself making progress not as fast as before, which has been annoying me for a long time.
精力有限
can’t be passionate and energetic all day long so as to make every moment meaningful and splendid.
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar　过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加 ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表(见教材P114－P115)。
[观察例句]
1．Before the show，hundreds of excited visitors waited in their seats eagerly.
2．Come and read the poem written by an eight year old boy!
3．I felt myself often confused at first.
4．She had her painting boxed so it was delivered safely.
[归纳用法]
一、过去分词作定语
1．意义
及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。
(1)表示被动和完成
a polluted river一条被污染的河流
the watered flowers浇过水的花
(2)只表示完成，不表示被动
fallen leaves落叶
the risen sun升起的太阳
2．位置
单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
A watched pot never boils.
[谚语]心急锅不开。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。
3．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语表主动或进行；而过去分词作定语时，表被动或完成。
形式 语态 时态
过去分词 被动 完成
现在分词 主动 进行
The car belonging to my uncle was stolen last week.
我叔叔的那辆车上周被盗了。
The bridge built in 2013 was designed by a local company.
2013年建造的这座大桥是由一家当地公司设计的。
4．难点突破
三种非谓语形式作定语所表示的内涵：
done 被动的动作已经完成
being done 被动的动作正在发生
to be done 被动的动作将要发生
The meeting held yesterday is very important.昨天开的会很重要。
All the members of the team have attended the meeting being held.所有的队员都出席了正在举行的会议。
It is said that there is a meeting to be held in the hall tomorrow.据说明天这个大厅有个会议要举行。
单句语法填空
①Some of the people (invite)to the party can't come.
②The room is empty except for a bookshelf (stand)in one corner.
③The trees (blow)down in the storm have been moved off the road.
【答案】1.invited 2.standing 3.blown
二、过去分词作宾语补足语
1．过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语的关系
过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.他看着电视机被搬出了房间。
Last year they had the house rebuilt.去年他们让人重建了房子。
单句语法填空
①You'd better have your shoes (mend).
②The father wants his daughter (teach)the piano.
【答案】1.mended2.taught
2．几类能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)
(1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)，如see，watch，observe，find，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等。
I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。
When we got to school，we saw the door locked.当我们到学校时，看见门锁着。
(2)表示“致、使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.他们用了很简易的英语以使别人听懂。
Don't leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。
[名师点津]
“have＋宾语＋过去分词”可以表示三种含义：
①表示“让某人做某事”
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要去理发。
②表示“遭遇某种不幸；受到打击”
He had his wallet stolen.他的钱包被偷了。
③做某事(主语可能参与其中)
I had my house repaired last week.上周，我修补了房子。
(3)表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词，如like，want，wish，order等。
The teacher doesn't wish such questions (to be)discussed in class.老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。
The police，finding the film unhealthy，ordered it banned.警察发现这部电影不健康，令其禁演。
单句语法填空
①I saw an old man (knock)down by a car.
②I'd like the job (do)when I come back from the journey.
③The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself (hear).
【答案】1.knocked2.done3.heard
3．“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构
在“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语，这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。
With water heated，we can see the steam.水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。
She stood in front of him，with her eyes fixed on his face.她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他的脸。
单句语法填空
①An old man was brought in，with his hands (tie)behind his back.
②With all the work (do)，I feel very relaxed now.
【答案】1.tied2.done
4．过去分词/现在分词/不定式作宾语补足语的区别
(1)感官动词后接复合宾语的比较
感官动词(短语)(一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；四看：see，notice，observe，watch)的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：
see＋宾语＋
I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动，完成)
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。(主动，正在进行)
To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该寻找机会并尽可能多地听别人说英语。(被动，无时间性)
(2)使役动词make，have，get，keep，let后加复合宾语的比较(以make，have为例)：
①make＋宾语＋
He made his workers work 12 hours a day.他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
He tried to make himself understood.他尽量使自己被理解。
②have＋宾语＋
have还可用于have sth. to do结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。
I have something urgent to inform you.我有很紧急的事要通知你们。
(3)with复合结构中补足语的比较
with
John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.约翰收到一个晚餐邀请而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly elected president is having a hard time.
因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。
单句语法填空
①Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it (perform)live is quite another.
②The boy made the baby (laugh)by making a face at him.
③She fell asleep with the light (burn).
【答案】1.being performed2.laugh3.burning