（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题04.必修第3册　Unit4 Space Exploration

一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题04.必修第3册　Unit4 Space Exploration
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词 1．procedure n．程序；步骤；手续 2．cm abbr.(centimetre or centimeter)厘米 3．rocket n．火箭；火箭弹 4．gravity n．重力；引力 5．frontier n．边境；国界；边远地区 6．vehicle n．交通工具；车辆 7．satellite n．人造卫星；卫星 8．orbit n．(环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道；势力范围 vt.& vi.沿轨道运行；环绕……运行 9．giant adj.巨大的；伟大的 n．巨人；巨兽；伟人 10．leap n．跳跃；剧增；剧变(leapt，leapt/lept/or leaped，leaped)vi.& vt.跳过；跃过 11．agency n．(政府的)专门机构；服务机构；代理处 12．transmit vt.& vi.传输；发送 13．data n．[pl.]资料；数据 14．ongoing adj.持续存在的；仍在进行的；不断发展的 15．spacecraft n．航天器；宇宙飞船 16．spacewalk n．太空行走；太空行走的时间 17．jade n．玉；翡翠；玉器 18．dock vi.& vt.(两架航天器)对接；(使)……进港 n．码头；船坞 19．sufficient adj.足够的；充足的 20．microwave n．(also microwave oven)微波炉 21．tissue n．纸巾；(人、动植物细胞的)组织 22．facility n．设施；设备 23．fatal adj.致命的；灾难性的 24．high-end adj.高端的 25．foam n．泡沫橡胶；泡沫 26．pillow n．枕头 27．mystery n．神秘事物；谜 28．oxygen n．氧；氧气 29．the USSR abbr.the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics苏联 30．NASA abbr.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国)国家航空与航天局 31．the International Space Station国际空间站 32．Mars n．火星 33．Jupiter n．木星 重点单词 1．astronaut n．宇航员；太空人 2．mental adj.精神的；思想的 3．universe n．宇宙；天地万物 4．launch vt.& n．发射；发起；上市 5．mankind n．人类 6．signal vt.& vi.标志着；标明；发信号 n．信号；标志 7．recycle vt.回收利用；再利用 8．muscle n．肌肉；实力；影响力 9．float vi.浮动；漂流；漂浮 vt.使浮动；使漂流 10．otherwise adv.否则；要不然 11．beyond prep.在更远处；超出 12．soap n．肥皂 13．towel n．毛巾；抹布 14．keen adj.热衷的；渴望的 15．globe n．地球；世界；地球仪 16．shallow adj.肤浅的；浅的 17．pattern n．模式；图案；模范 18．monitor n．监视器；监测仪 vt.监视；监测；监控 19．smartphone n．智能手机 20．resource n．资源；财力；物力 21．attach vt.系；绑；贴
词汇拓展 1．intelligent adj.有智慧的；聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n．智慧 2．determined adj.有决心的；意志坚定的→determine vt.查明；确定；决定→determination n．决心；果断 3．disappointed adj.失望的；沮丧的→disappoint vt.使失望→disappointing adj.令人失望的→disappointment n．失望；沮丧 4．desire n．渴望；欲望 vt.渴望；期望→desired adj.渴望的，想要的 5．independent adj.独立的；自立的→independently adv.独立地；自立地→independence n．独立；自立→depend vi.依靠 6．lack vt.缺乏；没有 n．缺乏；短缺→lacking adj.缺乏的；不足的 7．argue vt.& vi.论证；争辩；争论→argument n．争论；争吵；论点 8．analysis n．(对事物的)分析；分析结果→analyz(s)e v．分析 9．regular adj.定期的；经常的；正常的→regularly adv.有规律地；经常；定期地 10．limited adj.有限的→limitless adj.无限的→limit vt.& n．限制
重点词组 1．carry on继续做，坚持干 2．on board在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上 3．in the hope of doing sth.抱着……的希望 4．so as to (do sth.)为了；以便 5．figure out弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 6．result in导致；造成 7．as a result所以；结果(是) 8．provide for sb.提供生活所需 9．in closing最后 10．run out用完；耗尽
重点句型 1．Afterwards，the USSR focused on sending people into space，and on 12 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 后来，苏联集中力量把人送入太空，1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。 2．These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed，but the desire to explore the universe never died. 这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和失望，但是探索宇宙的欲望从未消失过。 3．Despite the difficulties，scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began，but also help us survive well into the future. 尽管有许多困难，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能让我们了解宇宙是如何开始的，而且还能帮助我们更好地生存到未来。 4．Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. 宇航员在太空工作时必须用胶带把所有的东西粘在一起，否则所有的东西都会漂走。 5．Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve. 把人送到其他星球甚至太阳系以外不是一个容易达到的目标。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
An unforgettable expedition
Shackleton once advertised for crew members with small wages and bitter condition.He turned down Perce,a 19-year-old candidate,because he thought Perce was too young to be qualified.But Perce was so enthusiastic that he secretly went aboard Shackleton' s ship and hid in a small cupboard. After Perce was discovered,Shackleton had no other choice but to assign Perce to be a steward who made fire and served meals.
Because of the bad and damp weather, the ship got crushed and sank. Before they abandoned the ship, Shackleton told everyone to rescue the most essential supplies, including food and blankets.Fortunately,they found the Elephant Island to settle down. Soon after they arrived,Shackleton made a resolution to lead 4 crew members to find help. Shackleton' s genuine concern for others, his guidance, and his resolve filled the rest with hope, although they had been struggling for days without decent food and recreation on the miserable place where no navy in the world would ever stops. At last, Shackleton paid them back by his commitment to save them from a slow but painful death.That was an episode in their life that they would never forget.
一次难忘的远征
沙克尔顿曾经以微薄的工资和艰苦的条件登广告招聘船员。他拒绝了19岁的申请人珀西，因为他认为珀西年纪太小不够格。但是珀西是如此的热情，以至于他偷偷登上了沙克尔顿的船，藏在一个小橱柜里。珀西被发现后，沙克尔顿别无选择，只好指派珀西担任生火做饭的服务员。
由于恶劣且潮湿的天气，船被撞沉了。在他们弃船之前，沙克尔顿告诉每个人去营救最基本的补给，包括食物和毯子。幸运的是，他们找到了象岛定居下来。他们到达后不久，沙克尔顿决定带领4名船员去寻求帮助。沙克尔顿对他人真诚的关心，他的指导，和他的决心让其他人充满了希望，尽管他们已经挣扎了好几天，在这个悲惨的地方没有像样的食物，没有娱乐活动，世界上没有海军在这里停留过。最终，沙克尔顿回报了大家，实现了他的承诺，把大家从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中救了出来。这是船员们一生中永远不会忘记的一段经历。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
新闻报道
中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
1.必备词汇
1.encourage sb. to do
2.take an active part in
3.be required to do
4.be good at
5.have a better understanding of
6.attend
7.witness
8.draw one’s attention
9.manage to do sth.
10.measure
11.speak highly of
12.provide sth. for sb.
petition→contest
14.have a good command of → have a good knowledge of
15.thrilled→excited
16.evident→obvious
17.flavor →help
18.raise →improve
19.theme →topic
21.situation= condition
高分句式
第一段：事件的目的、时间、地点和参与者。
1. In order to enrich our school life， our school organized....
2. Nowadays, more and more people realize/are aware of the importance of....
3. Recently the issue/problem of.........has been brought into focus/brought to public attention/concern.
4、Last Friday there was a big painting exhibition in our school, which is to help us learn more about t---- and improve our awareness of protecting ---.
5. Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary cross-country running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.
6. Last week witnessed the first Culture Festival themed “the Beauty of Chinese Traditional Culture” held by our school.
7. Last Saturday, our school held the English Classic Recitation Competition at the lecture hall to encourage us students to appreciate English culture.
第二段：叙述事件的经过。
1.As scheduled, the activity started at 8 o’clock on Saturday morning and it lasted for three hours.
2.It was not until half past six in the evening that the activity came to an end.
3.The activity was so popular with the students and teachers that it attracted hundreds of them.
4.After a while, some students were so tired that they couldn’t keep up with their classmates.
5. The competition started at 7 p.m. and lasted two hours.→ The competition which started at 7 p.m. lasted two hours.
6. After the heated competition, the student who gave superb performance was presented an award by our head teacher.
7. Looking at these pictures, all people realized the importance of ---protection and they all said they would do whatever they can to protect --- and to make the oceans cleaner.
8. The class meeting, which is composed of three parts, began with a touching video about a girl tending her sick mother.
9. Finally, some students shared their personal feelings and experiences in front of the class, which impressed us deeply.
10.Representatives of each class took an active part in the competition.
11. Participants were required to prepare an English classic poem to recite within 5 minutes.
12. At last, competitors who were good at both voice control and emotional expression reached the final.
13. The students selected from every class took part in the competition.
14. The route measured five kilometers, from our school gate to the foot of Nanshan Mountain.
15. At last, all the runners managed to arrive the finishing line, receiving cheers from all the directions.
16、Every runner was trying their best, with their classmates giving them help and encouragement all the way.
第三段：自己的感悟或评价或事情的意义。
1.The activity was indeed extremely successful, and the students involved realized that even small acts could make a difference to the earth.
2.In my opinion, the activity relieved our mental pressure. More importantly, it is a good chance to strengthen our will, which is beneficial to our life and study in the future.
3.Undoubtedly, this event can not only enrich our school life, but offer us opportunities to learn more daily practical skills!
4、The activity was highly spoken of because not only did it enrich our school life but also developed our feeling of love for English language.
5. The competition offered a wonderful opportunity for us to have a better understanding of English classics, evoking our love for English culture.
6. Every runner tried their best to finish the task, with their classmates along the way giving them necessary help as well as encouragement.
8. The activity is highly spoken of, because not only does it provide chance for us to exercise, but makes us more cohesive.
9、Not only did it offer us chance to exercise but also promoted the friendship among us.
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar　不定式的用法
一、不定式的时态和语态
1．不定式的形式
不定式有六种形式，以 write 为例，列表如下：
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
完成进行式 to have been writing
2.使用情况
(1)一般式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生。
He seems to know this.
他似乎了解这件事。
(2)进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调动作的持续性或正在进行。
He pretended to be working hard.＝He pretended that he was working hard.
他假装干得很卖力。
When he came in, I happened to be reading the novel.
他进来时，我碰巧正在读小说。
(3)完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前或已经发生。
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
给你添了这么多麻烦真抱歉。
She is said to have just completed a novel.
据说她刚完成一部小说。
(4)完成进行式：强调不定式的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.据说雨已下一周了。
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
(5)被动式：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。
She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题，她很疑惑。
The factory to be built here next year is a car factory.明年在这里建的工厂是一家汽车制造厂。
二、不定式的语法功能
不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾补。高考侧重考查不定式作定语、宾语、状语和宾补的用法。
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰词的后面，往往表示将要发生的动作。
The weather will be sunny in the days to come.
未来几天将是晴天。
(2)中心词是序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the next 或被这些词修饰时，用不定式作定语。
Zhang Jian is the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Sea.
张健是第一个横渡渤海的中国人。
He was the only one to finish the task on time.
他是唯一一个按时完成任务的人。
(3)抽象名词 time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity, ability 等后以及不定代词 something, nothing, little 等后常用不定式作定语。
A subway is an effective way to solve traffic problems in a big city.
地铁是解决大城市交通问题的有效方法。
(4)“there be＋主语＋to do”和 have sth. to do 结构中，不定式也作后置定语。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的活要干。
2．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语。可位于句首或句末，其前可加 in order/so as，但 so as to 不可位于句首。
I got up early (in order) to catch the 6：30 train.我早起是为了赶那趟六点半的火车。
(2)作原因状语。
I am glad to see you.见到你很高兴。
He smiled to think of a clever plan.想到了一个聪明的计划，他笑了。
(3)作结果状语，表示出人意料或不太好的结果，常与 only 连用；而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed.我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现邮局关门了。
单句语法填空
1．The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy (watch) anything that happened to be on.
2．I dialed up corporate headquarters, only (tell) those names were not yet public.
3．Volunteering gives you a chance (change) lives, including your own.
4．The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
5．It's standard practice for a company like this one (employ) a security officer.
6． (free) ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
7．They hurried to the station, only (find) their train had gone five minutes before.
8．He hurried to school only (find) nobody there.
9．She wanted (see) which shop offered the best service.
10．I feel it exciting (see) the movie Wolf Warriors Ⅱ which Wu Jing directed and starred in.
【答案】1. to watch2.to be old 3.to change4.to be completed5.to employ 6.To free 7.to find8.to find9.to see10.to see