（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题03. 选择性必修第2册 Unit 3 Food and Culture
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一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题03.选择性必修第2册 Unit 3 Food and Culture
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词 1．bold adj.大胆自信的；敢于冒险的 2．peppercorn n．胡椒粒 3．vinegar n．醋 4．lamb n．羊羔肉；羔羊 5．lamb kebab烤羊肉串 6．dim sum n．点心(中国食品) 7．temper n．脾气；火气 8．vegetarian n．素食者 9．junk n．无用的东西 10．brand n．品牌 11．olive n．油橄榄；橄榄树 12．fig n．无花果 13．ingredient n．(尤指烹饪)材料；成分 14．dough n．生面团 15．stable adj.稳定的；稳重的 16．haggis n．(苏格兰)羊杂碎肚 17．bun n．圆面包；小圆甜饼 18．chilli n．(NAmE＝chili)(pl.-es)辣椒 19．red braised pork红烧肉 20．pepper n．甜椒；灯笼椒；胡椒粉 21．slice n．(切下的食物)薄片 vt.把……切成薄片 22．onion n．洋葱；葱头 23．garlic n．蒜 24．bacon n．熏猪肉；咸肉 25．ham n．火腿 26．sausage n．香肠；腊肠 27．bean curd n．(＝tofu)豆腐 28．chew vi.& vt.咀嚼；嚼碎 n．咀嚼 29．pearl n．珍珠 30．vitamin n．维生素 31．dairy adj.奶制的；乳品(业)的 n．乳制品；乳品店；牛奶厂 32．moderation n．适度；合理 33．modest adj.些许的；谦虚的；朴素的 34．junk food(＝junk)垃圾食品 重点单词 1．cuisine n．菜肴；风味；烹饪 2．prior adj.先前的；优先的 3．recipe n．烹饪法；食谱 4．chef n．厨师；主厨 5．stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品 6．elegant adj.精美的；讲究的；文雅的 7．minimum adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 n．最小值；最少量 8．cabbage n．甘蓝；卷心菜；洋白菜 9．dessert n．(饭后)甜点 10．canteen n．食堂；餐厅 11．cafeteria n．自助餐厅；自助食堂 12．pork n．猪肉 13．somewhat adv.有点；稍微 14．madam n．夫人；女士 15．calorie n．卡路里(热量单位) 16．category n．类别；种类 17．fibre (especially US fiber) n．纤维；纤维制品 18．quantity n．数量；数额 19．ideal adj.完美的；理想的；想象的 n．理想；完美的人(或事物) 20．fundamental adj.根本的；基础的；基本的 n．基本规律；根本法则 21．trick n．诀窍；计谋；把戏 22．overall adv.总体上；大致上 adj.全面的；综合的
词汇拓展 1．consist vi.由……组成(或构成)；在于→consistent adj.一致的；连续的 2．exceptional adj.特别的；罕见的→except prep.除……外→exception n．例外 3．consume vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗→consumer n．消费者；用户；客户→consumption n．消费；消耗 4．association n．协会；关联→associate vt.把……联系起来；交往 adj.副的
重点词组 1．prior to在……之前的 2．consist of由……组成(或构成) 3．slice...off切下 4．regardless of不管；不顾
重点句型 1．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变以适应美国人的口味。 2．On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans. 另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人有了很多的了解。 3．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 4．Everywhere，the food was as varied as the people. 世界各地，食物和人一样多样。 5．And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
CULTURE AND CUISINE
Eating is related to culture. Chinese cuisine is a case in point.
Prior to coming to China, I had some Chinese food with bold flavors and probably not from an authentic Chinese recipe, like General Tso’s chicken consisting of fried chicken. After arriving in Beijing, I experienced Sichuan peppercorns recommended by the chef. Then in Shandong Province, where the most famous food is pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions, I enjoyed boiled dumplings served with vinegar best. Later, I got a chance to taste lamb kebab, a traditional food of northern Xinjiang. After that, I travelled from South China to central China, experiencing dishes from Guangdong’s elegant dim sum to the exceptional stewed noodles in Henan.
At a minimum, the food local people consume tells us much about them. Surely, people like spicy food may not tend to have a hot temper. Yet, culture and cuisine indeed go hand in hand.
文化与美食
饮食与文化相联系。中国菜就是个很好的例子。
来中国之前，我品尝过一些口味浓烈的中国菜，这些或许不是地道的中餐做法，比如由油炸的鸡肉组成的“左宗棠鸡”。到了北京之后，我体验了厨师推荐的四川花椒。然后在山东省，这里最有名的食物是煎饼卷大葱，我却最喜欢蘸着醋吃的水饺。不久之后，我有幸品尝了新疆北部的一种传统食物，羊肉串。在这之后，我又从华南到华中，从广东的精致点心一直品尝到河南特别好的烩面。
当地人吃的食物至少能告诉我们关于他们的很多信息。当然，喜欢辛辣食物的人不一定脾气火爆。但是，文化和美食确实息息相关。
Passage 2
HEALTHY EATING
According to Journal of the American Medical Association, sugar is a killer if people receive 25% of their daily calories or more through it, regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be.
Much of this extra sugar comes from sweets and sweet drinks. So, to keep healthy, you have to cut down on desserts, and cut out sweet drinks. Besides, you can consume different categories of fruit and vegetables full of vitamins and fiber, rather than processed foods with less nutrition but larger quantities of sugar than fresh ingredients. Also, having some meat, beans, or dairy products is important. As moderation is key, the ideal diet is a balanced one. Finally, a fundamental key is to eat slowly. Not chewing too quickly, consistent eating habits and a modest amount of food each time are good for your health.
There is no one trick to healthy eating. Rather, it starts with having a healthy attitude towards food.
健康饮食
根据《美国医学会杂志》所说，如果人们每天从糖分中摄取25％或更高的卡路里，无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康，糖分都会成为健康杀手。
多余的糖分大多来自甜食和含糖饮料。所以，要保持健康，就必须少吃甜点，完全禁饮甜饮料。此外，你还可以食用不同种类的富含维生素和纤维素的水果和蔬菜，而不是相比较于新鲜食材来说，营养成分较低、糖分量更高的加工食品。另外，摄取一些肉类、豆类或奶制品也十分重要。适量是关键，所以理想的饮食是均衡饮食。最后，细嚼慢咽是关键。不咀嚼过快，有规律的饮食习惯以及每餐摄入适量的食物都对我们的健康有好处。
健康饮食没有诀窍。相反，健康饮食始于健康的饮食态度。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
动作描写
一）各种“说”的表达
第1类 Say Softly 轻声说
Whisper（低声说出)常指耳语、窃窃私语。
Murmur (低语; 喃喃声) 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
Gossip (小声地悄悄地传开,八卦)
Moan (抱怨着说）
Mumble (咕哝）
Mutter (喃喃自语)多指别人不易听到的低语。
例句丨轻声说
His voice died away in a whisper.
他的声音渐渐变为了小声低语。
He turned and murmured something to the professor
他转身对教授小声说了些什么。
There has been much gossip about the possible reasons for his absence
关于他缺席的原因有很多传言。
I moaned that I was hurt。
我抱怨着说，自己受伤了。
Jack mumbled his responses to the questions。
杰克嘟哝着说出问题的答案。
He muttered so badly that they couldn’t understand him。
他喃喃自语，以至于大家都没理解他的意思。
第2类 Say Loudly大声说
Call 喊叫
Cry 叫喊
Shout 呼喊
Scream 惊吓地尖叫
Yell 喊叫着说
Roar 咆哮
Growl 低沉的怒吼
例句丨大声说
She shouted out the answer。
她大声喊出答案。
The boys screamed as they dived into the cold water。
当男孩们把手伸进冷水里时，他们尖叫起来。
The mother cried out in disdain when her son was accused of the crime。
当得知儿子被指控有罪时，这位母亲不屑地大声抱怨。
She yelled at him about his constant drunkenness.
她大嚷大叫说他总是烂醉如泥.
“OUT!” roared Uncle Vernon and he took both Harry and Dudley by the scruffs of their necks and threw them into the hall, slamming the kitchen door behind them.
“出去！”弗农姨夫咆哮道。他一把拎起哈利和达利的衣领把他们扔到了客厅，砰的一声关上了厨房门。
His fury was so great he could hardly speak. He growled some unintelligible words at Peter.
他气得几乎说不出话来，冲着皮特不知咆哮些什么。
第 3 类 Say Suddenly 突然说
Blurt （脱口而出）
Gasp (喘着气说话）(尤指惊讶、震惊或疼痛时的）喘气，倒吸气
Snap （厉声说）
例句丨突然说
Alison blurted out the answer。
艾莉森将答案脱口而出。
“I’m a what ” gasped Harry.
哈利倒抽一口冷气：“我是一个什么？”
I snapped a quick response to his question。
我飞快地回答了他的问题。
第 4 类 Provide Advice 建议说
Advise (建议）
Argue (证明）
Caution (警告）
Observe (评述）
Warn (警告）
例句丨建议说
I would strongly advise against going out on your own.
我要极力奉劝你别单独外出。
I argue that smoking, by its very nature, is addictive.
我认为抽烟从本质上说就具有成瘾性。
Peter cautioned the children to be careful。
皮特提醒孩子们注意安全。
The teacher observed that the exercise was difficult。
老师认为这次测验很难。
The driver warned his passengers about the noise。
司机警告乘客不要大声喧哗。
第5类 Say with Authority 权威说
Announce （宣布）
Assert （主张）
Order （命令）
例句丨权威说
The teacher announced the exam at the end of the week。
老师宣布，考试在周末进行。
Jane asserted her rights as a voter。
简以选举人的身份宣告了自己的权力。
The police ordered the protesters away from the area。
警察命令抗议者撤离。
6.回答，答道
"Full of courage," replied the Lion, who went joyfully back to his friends to tell
them of his good fortune.
“我觉得浑身是胆了！”狮子答道，高兴地跑回到它的朋友们那里去，告诉了他们他的好运
气。
7. 大声地说
They look just like schoolboys," she said aloud. Then one of them spoke, and
Alice jumped in surprise.
她大声地说：“他们看起来就像小男学生。”接着两个中的一个讲话了，爱丽丝惊奇地跳起来。
【小分析】
这里的 aloud 大家应该也很熟悉，老师常说的读大声点的 reading aloud 就是用到了它！
它用作副词，表示出声地、大声地。还有一个 jump in surprise，大家顺带记一下，要是续
写里想表达人物惊讶得跳了起来，就可以用上这个啦！
8. 轻轻地说，低声说
Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.
她心里轻轻地说，他这样做，都是为了她。
【小分析】
whisper /'w sp / 既能用作动词也能用作名词，表示低声说、耳语私语。用的时候可以直
接用 sb. whisper，也可以用 speak in whisper 或者 say/ask sb. in a whisper，都是表示某人低声说。
9. 笑着说
"Ask Myrtle," said Tom, breaking into a short shout of laughter as Mrs. Wilson
entered with a tray.
“问茉特尔好了。” 汤姆哈哈一笑说，正好威尔逊太太端了个托盘走了进来。
【小分析】
break into laughter 是固定搭配，指突然大笑、忍不住笑，相当于 burst into laughter。
中间的 a short shout of 意思是指一声短促的叫声，在这里用来形容 laughter， 指笑了
一声的意思。其中 shout / a t/即可用作名词也可用作动词，表示呼喊、大声说。大家可以
把它记下来，在续写中替换 say！
A sound of pleasure slips out of my mouth.
我发出愉悦的声音。
【小分析】
这里的 slip out 原意是指溜走，句子字面翻译指快乐的声音从我嘴巴中溜出来啦，也就是指
所说的内容让人的快乐都溢出来啦
语言描写 2
10. 生气地说
"What nonsense!" Alice said crossly．
爱丽丝生气地说：“一派胡言！”
【小分析】
这里的 cross 用作形容词，表示生气的。这里的 crossly 指生气的状态。What nonsense
是表示胡说胡话、一派胡言。nonsense /'n ns( )ns/ 指的是废话，无聊的事。
"That's not what he said," snarled Fred Whisley.
“他不是这么说的。”弗雷德气呼呼地说。
【小分析】
say angrily 会让人有一种怎么生气的气势一下子不高了呢？不如用用下面这个！
这个句子中的 snarl 的原意是指咆哮，续写里要是想写人物很生气地说或者吼出来，就可以
用这词去表达啦！
11. 说话停顿
I heard his voice stop for a moment and then he went on．“...”
我听见他的声音停了一下，又继续说道：“...”
He said, like he was measuring every word.
他字斟句酌。
【小分析】句中的 measuring 原形 measure 是指估量、权衡。这个句子展示人物对于所说的每个词
都在估量权衡，可不就是字斟句酌，说话的小心翼翼和谨慎一览无遗。
12. 紧张地说
"Why, what on earth does this mean, John " he stammered.
“啊，这究竟是怎么一回事，约翰？”他结结巴巴地问道。
【小分析】
句子中的 stammer 是指口吃，结结巴巴地说话，表现人物说话的紧张的状态，或者是口吃
的人的说话状态。
补充一下：口吃的人的英文是 stammerer
13. 失落地说
I say with an edge of bitterness.
我的话语中带着一丝苦涩。
【小分析】
句子中 bitterness 是指痛苦心酸，an edge of bitterness 字面上是指苦涩的边缘，也就是
一点点苦涩的意思。
语言描写 3
14. 哭着说
"I hate you!" she choked out.
“我恨你！”她哽咽着说道。
【小分析】
choke 的原意是指窒息阻塞，也就是呼吸不顺。
当人哭的时候呼吸不顺说不出来话，不就是哽咽了嘛，choke out 也就是指哽咽的意思啦。
用来表达哭着说的情况那不就很形象啦！
除了用这个来表示哽咽，还可以用 she said in a constricted voice 来表达哽咽地说。
9. 脱口而出
" I shouldn't tell you that! " he blurted out.
“我不应该把这个告诉你们的! ”他脱口说道.
【小分析】
这个句子中的 blurted out 意思是指脱口而出，开始说话。但这个词更偏向去用在不假思
索，快速的表达自己想法的人物身上，用的时候要注意啦！
10. 颤抖着说
“Awfully,” the young man answered in a trembling voice.
“糟透了，”那个年轻人用颤抖的声音回答。
12. 无所谓地说I say with a shrug.
我说着耸了耸肩。
【小分析】
句子中的 shrug 是指耸肩。这句话就可以用来描写人物在对于说出内容是让人觉得轻松随
性，说话人也是一种无所谓的态度。
13. 苦笑着说
"Oh, it is only about my own self," she said, with a frail laugh of sadness.
“这只关乎我自己。”她苦笑着说道。
【小分析】
这里的 frail 原意是指虚弱的脆弱的，整个词语 a frail laugh of sadness 字面是指一种悲伤
的脆弱的笑容，也就是指苦笑。
二）各种“看”的表达
第1类
stare 盯着看
stare“盯着看”，指睁大眼睛盯着看，常带有好奇、吃惊、赞叹的眼神。( to look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised, admired or frightened)
gawk “呆呆地看着”, 指傻乎乎地盯着看 (to look at someone or something in a stupid or rude way)
例句丨盯着看
1）During the press conference, each boxer tried to stare the other down.
在新闻发布会上，每一个拳击手强盯着对方，想让他气馁。
2）She quickly left the lounge when she found some guys staring at her.
她发现一些家伙盯着她看，她很快离开了休息室。
3）It's not polite to stare at a girl in the face.盯着姑娘的脸瞧是不礼貌的。
1）Don’t sit there gawking like that. Give me a hand.别傻乎乎地坐着，过来搭把手。
2）Don't gawk at that pretty girl.别呆头呆脑地瞪着那个漂亮小妞。
3）But when the snow stopped, residents ventured outside on foot to gawk at the mountains of snow.
但当雪停了，居民冒险步行出去看山上的积雪。
第2类
glare 怒视
glare “怒视”、“瞪眼”，指瞪着眼睛看，常有生气、发恼的眼神。（to look directly and continuously at someone or something in an angry way）
例句丨怒视
1）The two men stood glaring drunkenly at each other, while the crowd looked around.
两个人站在那里彼此怒目而视，四周有一群人围观。
2）The actress glared at the reporter when he asked her an awkward personal question.
当记者问及关于她个人的尴尬问题时，这位女演员两眼愤怒地盯着他。
3）Tony Redmond was glaring after him, his face contorted, white with rage .托尼雷德蒙怒视着他，脸都变了形，气得刷白。
第 3 类
gaze “凝视”
gaze “凝视”、“注视”，指若有所思地凝视；或出于好奇、羡慕、爱恋、惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。(to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else.)
gape “凝视”，指目瞪口呆地注视。(to look in great surprise at someone or something, especially with an open mouth）
peer “凝视”、“端详”，指因难以看清而眯着眼睛仔细地或吃力地看。(to look carefully or with difficulty)
例句丨凝视
1）He gazed at his wife's photograph, and tears spouted from his eyes.
他看着妻子的照片，不禁泪如雨下。
2）A fresh-faced little girl gazes in wonder at the bright fairground lights.
一个脸蛋红扑扑的小女孩好奇地盯着游乐场里那些明亮的彩灯。
3）He gazed at the picture for about two minutes and left without saying a word.
他凝视着照片大约两分钟, 一句话也没说就走了。
1）Don` t gape. It’s rude!别张着嘴,傻瞪着，太不礼貌了！
2）Everyone gaped at the smashed cars on the freeway.
每个人看到高速公路上那部撞得面目全非的车都目瞪口呆。
3）He was not the type to wander round gaping at everything like a tourist.
他不是那种像个游客似的四处闲逛、对什么都好奇张望的人。
1）He had to peer at his book because the room was dark.因为房间里很暗，他看书时可费劲了。
2）Smith rubbed condensation off the inside of a porthole and peered out at the boats bobbing up and down in the harbor .
史密斯用手抹去舷窗内的蒸汽，看着港口内浮动的小船。
3）He peered through the green hedge at the two dark figures under the tree .他扒开绿篱，注视树下那两个模糊的身影。
第4 类
glance “扫视”
glance “匆匆一看”、“扫视”。指迅速地看一眼，扫一眼；或指粗略地一下，浏览一下。（to give a quick and brief look）
glimpse “瞥见”、“瞥见一眼”。在很短的时间里瞥见、扫见某人或某物，没有完全看清。(to see something or someone for a very short time and do not see very clearly or completely)
例句丨扫视
1）Could you glance through this letter and see if it's alright 你能浏览一下这封信，看看它是没问题
2）On the subway train, I always like to glance at the headlines in the newspaper.在地铁上我总是喜欢看看报纸的大标题。
3）I thought I heard someone following me, and glancing round, I caught sight of a dark figure in the shadows.
我觉得我听到了有人跟随我的声音，便环视四周，发现黑暗中有一个人影。
1）I glimpsed her among the crowd just before she disappeared from sight.
我在人群中瞥见了她，转眼她就消失了。
2）We glimpsed the ruined abbey from the windows of the train.
我们从火车的窗户瞥见了这栋烧毁了的修道院。
3）I only glimpsed him in the street corner, so I cannot guess where he was going.
我只是在街角瞥见他一眼，所以我不猜出他要到哪里去。
第5类 其他“看”
ogle “媚眼看”， 指送秋波，施媚眼。(to look at someone with obviously sexual interest)
peek “窥视”、“偷看”， 泛指各种方式的窥视、偷看。使用范围比peep 广。（to look, especially for a short time or while trying to avoid being seen）
leer “斜瞅”、“睨视”、“瞄”。(to look suggestively or obliquely)
例句丨其他“看”
1）He likes to ogle at the pretty girls.他爱盯着漂亮的女孩子。
2）I saw you just now ogling the woman in the red dress.我刚才看见你色眯眯地盯着那个穿红衣服妇女看。
3）He ogled at all the attractive girls in the office.他向办公室里所有有魅力的女孩暗送秋波。
1）Close your eyes. Don’t peek.闭上眼睛，别偷看。
2）I only peeked —I didn't see anything interesting.我只是瞅了一眼，没用发现什么有兴趣的东西。
3）The children peeked over the wall to see what was happening inside the yard.
孩子们在墙头窥视院子里面发生的事情。
1）The old lady at the desk leered at her knowingly.办公桌旁的老太婆会心地斜睨了她一眼。
2）He was always leering at female members of staff.她老是睨视女职员。
3）He looked back at Ken worthy and leered.他回头看了看肯沃西，色迷迷地笑了。
三）哭的各种表达
1.have tears in one's eyes 眼里含着泪水
可仿写例句:
Jane turned to me with tears in her eyes,and begged me to help her.简眼里含着泪水转我, 恳求我帮帮她。
2.fight back tears 抑制住泪水
可仿写例句:
Bill fought back his tears and tried to comfort Sarah’s mother.
比尔抑制住泪水，并试图安慰桑拉的母亲。
3.be close to tears/be on the verge of tears快要哭了
可仿写例句:
My mother was close to tears in my graduation.
在我的毕业典礼上,母亲差点儿就哭了。
I was close to tears as I told them the news.
我告诉他们这一消息时都快要哭了出来。
Her hands were shaking. She was on the verge of tears but Paul didn’t realize that.她的手在颤抖，她快要哭出来了，但保罗一点也没有意识到这一切。
4.have a lump in one's throat（因感动、悲伤而)哽咽，喉咙哽住
lump [l mp] 块，块状；肿块
可仿写例句:
There was a lump in my throat and I didn’t speak because I knew I would cry.
我哽咽了，没有说话，因为我知道我会哭的
5. tears roll/run down one's cheeks 泪水顺着脸颊淌下来
可仿写例句:
He stood silently, tears rolling down his cheeks, while the music played.
音乐声响起时,他静静地站着，泪水顺着脸颊淌下来。
6.be in tears 含泪，泪流满面
可仿写例句:
Most of us were in tears by the time he’d finished his story.
他讲完故事时，我们大多数人都已泪流满面。
7.burst into tears 放声大哭，突然哭起来
可仿写例句:
Laura burst into tears and ran out of the room.
劳拉突然哭了起来，然后从房子里跑了出去。
8.cry one's eyes out（口语）痛哭流涕，哭得很伤心
可仿写例句:
Cecil came round later, crying his eyes out, asking me to forgive him.
赛西尔后来来了，哭得很伤心，请求我原谅他。
其他的哭
1. make somebody cry让某人哭，惹某人哭
可仿写例句:
David often makes his little sister cry.
大卫经常惹她妹妹哭。
2.bring tears to somebody's eyes (因伤感而)流泪。
可仿写例句:
The old song always brought tears to my eyes.
那首老歌总是让我伤感得流泪。
3.turn on the water works（口语）(撒娇）哭出来，(故意)哭起来
可仿写例句:
It’s no good turning on the water works.You can’t stay home from school.
你哭也没用，因为你不能逃学。
It’s no good doing 做....没用
4.somebody's eyes water（风、烟雾等） 使眼睛淌眼泪
可仿写例句:
Joe's eyes were watering from the smoke that filled the room.
乔的双眼正被因满屋的烟雾熏得淌眼泪。
5. break down（因情绪失去控制而）痛哭，大哭
可仿写例句:
I left quickly，not wanting to break down in front of the children.
我赶快离开了，因为我不想在孩子们面前大哭。
6.crocodile tears n. 鳄鱼泪,假哭,假慈悲
可仿写例句:
His wife passed away last week. At that time he shed a few crocodile tears and now he's preparing for his wedding again. 上周他的妻子去世了，在那时他还假惺惺地掉了几滴眼泪，但现在他有准备结婚了。
Don't shed crocodile tears over his misfortune, I know you hate him. 不要为他的不幸假慈悲了，我知道你恨他。
shed [ ed] vt. 流出,滴下 <血、泪等>
四）关于“笑”的表达：
--The smile froze on her lips. 她脸上的笑容僵住了。
--In spite of his disappointment, he managed a weak smile. 他还是勉强露出一丝淡淡的微笑。
--Alee became happy now and a gentle smile spread over her face. 整张脸洋溢着温和的微笑。
--His face split into a wide smile. 他的脸上绽放出灿烂的笑容。
五）. 有关“看”的表达：
He didn’t shout, and he just glared at me silently. 他只是默默怒视着我。
He gazed at the ...., unbelievable. 他难以置信地盯着..看。
He turned to her with a frightened air. 他害怕地看着他。
He was glaring down at me again, his black eyes full of disgust.
他又盯着我看，黑眼睛里充满了厌恶。
Her eyes were glued to the screen. 她目不转睛地盯着屏幕。
He give a glimpse of...from the corner of his eye. 他用眼睛的余角瞥了一眼。
3. With tears streaming down her face, words failed her .
眼泪顺着她的脸流下来，她说不出话来。
六）其他表达
1. “说”和“叫”的描写
1) murmur 咕哝 (人、微风、小溪发出柔和而连续的声音);
utter 发出（声音）;
stammer/ stutter口吃; 结结巴巴地说;
howl / roar 怒吼;
mock 嘲笑;
scold 责骂；
snap at sb 厉声说
She stroked his hair and murmured, "Don’t worry. You’ll be all right."
“I’ll, I’ll only be a m-moment,” he stammered.
2) He howled like a wounded animal as blood spurted from his body.
当鲜血从他身体喷射出来的时候，他像受伤的动物一样嚎叫。
3) When asked why he chose to help the family, the man detailed(详细解释道), “When i was young myself, I ...”
4) The boy could tell by the firmness in his father’s voice (可以通过爸爸声音里的坚定可以辨别出)that the decision was final.
5) We continued like this for a few minutes before i slipped into the conversation: “...”
6) But the lawyer persisted(坚持)，Finally, a voice came from the very back of the room.
7）其它：
swallow 吞下
whisper 低语，小声说
mumble 小声咕哝 He mumbled a few words of thanks.
mutter 轻声说（生气），低声抱怨
"This is ridiculous," he muttered under his breath.
She muttered something about having to go home early.
Stop muttering to yourself and speak clearly.
growl低声说（生气地说）"As I was saying," Lewis growled, "it needs to be finished today."
exclaim突然大声叫 "How beautiful!" she exclaimed.
二、常用短语
tongue-tied with anger 气得张口结舌
bite one’s tongue忍着没有说出来
bite back one’s anger按捺住怒火
take a bite of 咬了一口
bite one’s lip 咬着嘴唇
run one’s tongue around one’s lips用舌头舔了舔嘴唇
curl up one’s lips with disapproval不以为然地翘起了嘴唇
lick one’s lips 舔嘴唇
三、句子积累
1．Reuben murmured a thank you and ran home all the way.
2．“Here, Mum! Here!”Reuben exclaimed as he ran to her side.
3．A young man came to the police station, surrounded by a group of journalists, declaring that he had spotted the murderer.
4．I was getting ready to blow out all the candles and she’s getting ready to help me in case I ran out of air.
5．“Time to go.” I whispered to the girl, wishing she could follow me right away.
6．My teammates were all screaming as I dashed toward the finish line.
7．I picked up the ball one last time and grumbled, “Please just come to get the damn ball.”
8．Frannie quickly told Belle Ringer and the other two drivers about Stevie’s surgery, and then sighed.
9．The house got really noisy at that time, with everybody hollering and shouting at the top of his voice.
10．“How can I let you throw away the thing that means the most to you ” I pleaded with him.
11．They let out a surprisingly loud voice.
12．The smile froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.
13．He interrupted the silence with an announcement: “The deadline to enter for the Competition is tomorrow.”
14．“I haven’t finished; I need more time,” he begged. “That’s what Michelangelo said.” Mr. Edgarjoked.
15．She greeted James and inquired. “Are you ready for our field trip ” James didn’t respond.
16．“What do you think matters for a bird ” Mrs. Damon questioned.
17．He added softly, “I miss you.”
18．Rose scolded the child gently for being naughty.
19．She suggested a walk in the open air and he readily agreed.
20．Students are clearly informed that drugs will not be tolerated.
21．Let me explain what I mean.
22．How can you explain that sort of behavior
23．“Look, I can’t tell you. Oh, come on, give me a hint.’
24．“Tell me.” “You must be joking-he’d never believe me.”
25．“Well, there is nothing we can do about it now,” she sighed.
26．As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.
27．“I wouldn’t be afraid, “she boasted.
28．Instead of being delighted, she threw the invitation on the table crossly, muttering
29．By a violent effort she conquered her grief and replied in a calm voice,
Ben stammered out an apology.
30．Finally she replied hesitating
31．She uttered a cry of joy:
32．Then she asked, hesitating, filled with anxious doubt:
33．At the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared: We must consider how to replace that ornament.
34．Then he began to recount the adventures again.
35．He tried to protest. The entire table began to laugh.
36．Mauchecome stammered: “But since the pocketbook was found.”
37．When he was seated at the table in Jordanian’s tavern, he commenced to explain “the affair”.
参考译文
1．鲁本小声说了声谢谢，一路跑回家。
2．“来了，妈妈！来了！”鲁本跑到她身边喊道。
3．一个年轻人来到警察局，被一群记者包围，声称他已经找到了凶手。
4．我正准备吹灭所有的蜡烛，而她正准备在我的空气用完时帮助我。
5、“该走了。”我对女孩耳语，希望她能马上跟我来。
6．当我冲向终点线时，我的队友们都在尖叫。
7．我最后一次捡起球，嘟囔道：“请你过来拿那个该死的球。”
8．弗兰妮赶紧把史蒂维的手术情况告诉了贝尔林格和另外两名司机，然后叹了口气。
9．当时屋子里真的很吵，每个人都在大声喊叫。
10．“我怎么能让你扔掉对你最重要的东西？”我恳求他。
11．他们发出了惊人的响亮的声音。
12．笑容僵在脸上；他张大了嘴巴。
13．他打断了沉默，宣布：“比赛截止日期是明天。”
14、“我还没说完；我需要更多时间，”他恳求道。“这就是米开朗基罗所说的。”埃德加先生开玩笑说。
15．她向詹姆打招呼并询问。“你准备好参加我们的实地考察了吗？”詹姆斯没有回应。
16．“你认为对一只鸟来说什么最重要？”达蒙夫人问道。
17．他轻声补充道：“我想你。”
18．罗斯轻声责骂孩子淘气。
19．她建议到户外散步，他欣然同意。
20. 明确告知学生不能耐受药物。
21.让我解释一下我的意思。
22、你如何解释这种行为？
23．“听着，我不能告诉你。哦，来吧，给我一个提示。
24、“告诉我。” “你一定是在开玩笑——他永远不会相信我的。”
25．“好吧，我们现在无能为力，”她叹了口气。
26．我记得，最初是你提出这个想法的。
27．“我不会害怕，”她吹嘘道。
28．她非但不高兴，反而把请柬丢在桌子上，喃喃自语。
29．她用力克制悲痛，平静地回答：本结结巴巴地道歉。
30．最后她犹豫着回答
31．她高兴地叫了一声：
32．然后她犹豫着，充满着焦急的怀疑问道：
33.一周结束时，他们已经失去了所有希望。已经五岁的 Loisel 宣称：我们必须考虑如何更换那个装饰品。
34．然后他又开始讲述那些奇遇。
35.他试图抗议。整个桌子都开始笑了。
36．莫切科姆结结巴巴地说：“但既然钱包被找到了。”
37、当他在约旦小酒馆的桌旁坐下时，他开始解释“这件事”。
2）“看”和“听”的描写
一、常用词汇
1. look 看(指注意或有意识地看)；
2. see 看(强调看的结果)；
3. watch 观察；聚精会神的看；
4. gaze 凝视；注视；
5. stare 凝视；盯着看；
6. glare 怒目而视；
7. peek 偷看；“通过孔隙窥视”
8. glance 一瞥，看一眼；
9. peep 窥视，偷看；
10. gape 目瞪口呆地凝视。
11.其它：
1) I could smell the honeyed ripeness of peaches. 我可以闻到桃子成熟的香气。
2) …has an unpleasant odor (气味) and acrid(辛辣的) taste.
3) fragrant 香的; musty 霉味; stinky臭的
4) sour 酸的; tender 嫩的; crispy 脆的; mushy 糊状的; creamy 奶油味
5) observe 观察;
6) Upon hearing the bad news, she felt extremely sad. 一听到那个坏消息，她悲伤不已。
7) widen/broaden/expand one’s horizons/ broadened his outlook 拓宽视野
二、常用短语
gaze at 凝视
stare at 盯住
glare at 怒目而视
peep at 偷窥
glimpse/glance at 瞥一眼
gape at 吃惊地看
blink at 朝…眨眼
look into 调查
look up 查阅
peeping Tom 偷窥狂
look down upon 看不起
look out of the window 望向窗外
look for 寻找
watch a movie / TV/a game
read the newspaper读报
browse the web page浏览网页
skimming and scanning 略读和扫读
catch a glimpse of偷瞄一眼
take a quick look 瞥见；不注意看到
one’s eyes are wide with horror
某人惊恐地瞪大了眼睛
one’s eyes shine with excitement
某人眼里闪烁着兴奋的光芒
one’s eyes filled with tears
某人的眼里充满泪水
one’s eyes fall on someplace
某人的目光落在..
look at sb straight in the eye
直视某人的眼睛
one’s eyes fix on某人的目光紧盯着......
one’s eyes scan ...... 某人的眼睛扫视......
one’s eyes dropped to某人垂下眼睛看着......
widen one’s field of vision拓宽视野
三、句子赏析
1．We all gather in front of the television, praying to catch a glance/glimpse of his face.
2．Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell.
3．Her eyes fell on the photos of her and me at my fourth birthday party.
4．Singing happily, she gazed at her surroundings with large, innocent eyes.
5．The woman was staring eagerly at the girl, trying to make a conversation.
6．I watched helplessly, as the woman felt more and more frustrated and hopeless.
7．Then I crept downstairs and examined the tags attached to each of the packages.
8．When he finished he raised/lifted his eyes and looked out the window.
9．She had spotted a man pacing down the hall.
10．When the students stepped off the bus, James’s eyes widened in surprise.
11．We recognized the famous comedian on his arrival.
12．Meghan nodded seriously, eyes glistening with held-back tears.
13．Swallowing hard, I stared into Meghan’s eyes for a long moment, wondering how I could cope with it.
14．Then he jumped up, eyes twinkling as he ran to fetch some of his prized Matchbox cars.
15．I was taking my time, strolling in the park and looking in shop windows.
参考译文：
1．我们都聚集在电视机前，祈祷能看到他的脸。
2．见没有人注意到我们，我放下圣诞礼物，敲响了他的门铃。
3．她的目光落在了我四岁生日派对上她和我的照片上。
4．她唱得开心，睁着无辜的大眼睛注视着周围。
5．女人急切地盯着女孩，想搭讪。
6．我无奈地看着，那个女人越来越沮丧，越来越绝望。
7．然后我悄悄下楼检查每个包裹上的标签。
8．说完，他抬起/抬起眼睛看向窗外。
9．她看见一个男人在大厅里踱来踱去。
10．当学生们下车时，詹姆斯惊讶地瞪大了眼睛。
11．著名喜剧演员一到，我们就认出了他。
12．梅根认真地点点头，眼里闪烁着抑制不住的泪水。
13．咽了口唾沫，我盯着梅根的眼睛看了许久，不知道自己该如何应对。
14．然后他跳起来，一边跑去拿他的一些珍贵的火柴盒汽车，一边眨着眼睛。
15．我在公园里闲逛，看看商店橱窗。
3） 手上动作
1．Stunned, I stood up and gave her an awkward hug / hugged her in an award way.
我惊呆了，站起来给了她一个尴尬的拥抱/奖励的方式拥抱她。
2．Speechless, she smiled radiantly and gathered her son into her arms.
无语，她灿烂地笑了笑，把儿子抱在怀里。
3．The nearer it got, the more she waved the yellow blouse wildly.
离它越近，她越是疯狂地挥舞着那件黄色的上衣。
4．The man took the sacks, reached into his pocket and placed four coins in Reuben’s hand.
那人接过麻袋，把手伸进口袋，把四枚硬币放在鲁本手里。
5．Then, clutching the tin can, he headed for the shop.
然后，他抓着锡罐，向商店走去。
6．He parked down the street from Bobby’s house, and rushed to his front door, trembling with excitement.
他把车停在鲍比家的街道上，冲到他的前门，激动得浑身发抖。
7．The man gently wrapped the gift in brown paper and placed the parcel in Reuben’s hands.
男人用牛皮纸轻轻地把礼物包好，放在鲁本的手里。
8．Dora lifted the lid, tears beginning to blur her vision.
朵拉掀开盖子，泪水开始模糊了她的视线。
9．Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell.
见没有人注意到我们，我放下圣诞礼物，敲响了他的门铃。
10．She didn’t say a word, but smiled a watery smile and held my hand tightly.
她没有说话，只是笑了笑，紧紧地握着我的手。
11．As we shook hands with the new owners, I told them how fortunate they were.
当我们与新主人握手时，我告诉他们他们是多么幸运。
12．He patted my head, and inquired: “Is there anything particular you want ”
他拍拍我的头，问：“你有什么特别想要的吗？”
13．He was squeezing my wrist so hard that it ached.
他紧紧地捏着我的手腕，感觉很痛。
14．She stroked her fingers through my hair, and said: “Of course there is a Santa Clause.”
她用手指抚过我的头发，说：“当然有圣诞老人。”
15．She handed the napkin to me, and three $20 bills fell onto my desk when I opened it.
她把餐巾递给我，当我打开它时，三张 20 美元的钞票落在了我的桌子上。
16．Stevie looked at me, and then at his mother, then pulled out one of the napkins.
Stevie 看了看我，又看了看他妈妈，然后拿出一张餐巾纸。
17．The class clapped warmly as Mr. Lee presented me with the reward.
当李老师给我颁发奖品时，全班热烈鼓掌。
18．He reached into his pocket and withdrew a note.
他把手伸进口袋，取出一张纸条。
19．Mrs. Damon pointed to the quotation from Albert Einstein hanging on the wall.
夫人达蒙指着墙上挂着的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的名言。
20．Calmly he picked up the brush and started again to whitewash.
他平静地拿起画笔，又开始刷粉了。
21．She nervously fingered her collar.
她紧张地摸着自己的衣领。
22．He stroked the cat and patted the dog
他抚摸猫，拍拍狗。
23．She tapped him on the shoulder.
她拍拍他的肩膀。
24．He grasped my hand and we ran.
他拉着我的手，我们跑了。
25．She grabbed her briefcase and ran to the bus stop。她抓起公文包跑到公交车站。
26．The thief snatched the handbag and disappeared into the crowd.小偷抢走了手提包，消失在人群中。
27．Press the button.按下按钮。
28．Please handle the goods with great care。请小心处理货物。
29．George stood silently with his arms folded. 乔治双臂交叉，静静地站着。
4）其他动作描写
take one’s hand 牵某人的手
reach for one’s hand 伸手抓住某人
hold hands 手拉手
in one’s hand 在手里
with both hands 用双手
shake one’s hand 握手
hold out a hand 伸出手
put one’s hands to one’s cheeks 用双手捂住脸
raise one’s hands 举手
slid one’s hands into将手插进......
spread one’s hand 摊开双手
rub one’s hands together使劲搓着双手
one’s hands shake/tremble 某人的手颤抖着
catch/ hold of one’s arm 抓住某人的手臂
cup one’s hand over 捂住......
with one’s head in one’s hands双手抱着......
hand in hand 手拉手
raise a warning finger 举起一手指以示警告
raise/hold up a finger to one’s lip 把一根手指举到某人唇边
wag/wave one’s finger 某人摇着手指
wave one’s arms 挥动某人的双臂
with crossed arms 双臂交叉
fold one’s arms 某人双臂交叉
hold out/open one’s arms伸出/张开双臂
catch /grab one’s arm 抓住某人的胳膊
take one’s arm 挽住某人的胳膊
arm in arm 手挽手
put/throw one’s arms around sb. 搂住某人
pull sb. into one’s arms 拉某人进怀
lie on one's back仰面躺着
lie on one's face/ belly/ stomach趴着l
lie on one's side侧卧
get down on one’s knees 跪下双膝
get down on one’s left knee 单膝下跪
get down on the ground 趴在地上
shrug one’s shoulders 耸耸肩
sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
look (back) over one's shoulder 回头看
bend one’s back 弯腰/驼背
stretch one’s back 伸懒腰
lean one’s back against......把背靠在......
on the back后背
on one’s back 某人的背上
jump to one’s feet 跳起来
tap/stamp one’s feet敲打/跺脚
drag one’s feet拖着脚
put one’s feet up把脚抬起来
hug one’s knees抱着膝盖
on one’s knees 跪下
drop/lower/bend/bow one’s head 低下头
nod one’s head 低头
shake one’s head 摇头
scratch one’s head 挠头
rest one’s head on 把头靠在...上面
bury one’s head 把头埋起来
clear one’s head 清醒一下头脑
feel one’s head spinning 觉得天旋地转
head for/towards 朝……走去
句子
lie on one's back仰面躺着
lie on one's face/ belly/ stomach趴着l
ie on one's side侧卧
get down on one's knees 跪下双膝
get down on one's left knee 单膝下跪
get down on the ground 趴在地上
shrug one's shoulders 耸耸肩
sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
look (back) over one's shoulder 回头看
bend one's back 弯腰/驼背
stretch one's back 伸懒腰
lean one's back against......把背靠在......
on the back后背
on one's back 某人的背上
jump to one's feet 跳起来
tap/stamp one's feet敲打/跺脚
drag one's feet拖着脚
put one's feet up把脚抬起来
hug one's knees抱着膝盖
on one's knees 跪下
drop/lower/bend/bow one's head 低下头
nod one's head 低头
shake one's head 摇头
scratch one's head 挠头
rest one's head on 把头靠在...上面
bury one's head 把头埋起来
clear one's head 清醒一下头脑
feel one's head spinning 觉得天旋地转
head for/towards 朝……走去
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar 过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态
[观察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.
4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
一、过去完成时
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。
基本结构：had＋动词过去分词
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.
本周早些时候他去过纽约。
(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那时我们还没有见到她。
(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.
否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.
—Had you visited here before
——你以前参观过这里吗？
—Yes，I had./No，I hadn't.
——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。
(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Where had you been before you came here
你来这里前还去过哪儿？
(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。
By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.
到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①He (work) in the store for five years before he moved here.
②When I got to the station，the train (leave)．
③The task (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.
【答案】1.had worked2.had left3.had been finished
二、基本用法
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①We (build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she (receive) some good news.
③He said he (be) there before.
④We realized we (lose) our way.
⑤We (hope) that you would be able to visit us.
【答案】1.had built2.had received3.had been4.had lost5.had hoped
三、与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
I had learned 1，000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
——对不起，让你久等了。
—Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.
——没什么，我只等了几分钟。
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①The concert (start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.
②You're too late；the train (leave)．
③He (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.
④They (get) everything ready before I came.
【答案】1.has started2.has left3.had taught4.had got
四、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。
1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式
(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。
(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。
(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.
当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended
地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
He did what he had been told to.
他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived，he called her.
他到达时，给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left.
在离开前，他们把门锁上了。
(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.
那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。
The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。
[名师点津]
过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.
这条被污染了的河流已被净化。
析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。
例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.
他说这本书已被译成日语。
析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①The earthquake (predict) several days before.
②The device (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child (take) care of by grandma all these years.
【答案】1.had been predicted 2.had been used3.has been cleaned4. has been taken
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I surfed the net and (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen (put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．The wallet (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.
9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants (leave) their homes.
10．It was the third time that he (make) the same mistake.
【答案】1.saw 2.have taken 3.had got4.had put5.has been6.had wanted 7.had been sold 8.had been wrapped9.had left10.had made
专题03.选择性必修第2册 Unit 3 Food and Culture
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词 1．bold adj.大胆自信的；敢于冒险的 2．peppercorn n．胡椒粒 3．vinegar n．醋 4．lamb n．羊羔肉；羔羊 5．lamb kebab烤羊肉串 6．dim sum n．点心(中国食品) 7．temper n．脾气；火气 8．vegetarian n．素食者 9．junk n．无用的东西 10．brand n．品牌 11．olive n．油橄榄；橄榄树 12．fig n．无花果 13．ingredient n．(尤指烹饪)材料；成分 14．dough n．生面团 15．stable adj.稳定的；稳重的 16．haggis n．(苏格兰)羊杂碎肚 17．bun n．圆面包；小圆甜饼 18．chilli n．(NAmE＝chili)(pl.-es)辣椒 19．red braised pork红烧肉 20．pepper n．甜椒；灯笼椒；胡椒粉 21．slice n．(切下的食物)薄片 vt.把……切成薄片 22．onion n．洋葱；葱头 23．garlic n．蒜 24．bacon n．熏猪肉；咸肉 25．ham n．火腿 26．sausage n．香肠；腊肠 27．bean curd n．(＝tofu)豆腐 28．chew vi.& vt.咀嚼；嚼碎 n．咀嚼 29．pearl n．珍珠 30．vitamin n．维生素 31．dairy adj.奶制的；乳品(业)的 n．乳制品；乳品店；牛奶厂 32．moderation n．适度；合理 33．modest adj.些许的；谦虚的；朴素的 34．junk food(＝junk)垃圾食品 重点单词 1．cuisine n．菜肴；风味；烹饪 2．prior adj.先前的；优先的 3．recipe n．烹饪法；食谱 4．chef n．厨师；主厨 5．stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品 6．elegant adj.精美的；讲究的；文雅的 7．minimum adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 n．最小值；最少量 8．cabbage n．甘蓝；卷心菜；洋白菜 9．dessert n．(饭后)甜点 10．canteen n．食堂；餐厅 11．cafeteria n．自助餐厅；自助食堂 12．pork n．猪肉 13．somewhat adv.有点；稍微 14．madam n．夫人；女士 15．calorie n．卡路里(热量单位) 16．category n．类别；种类 17．fibre (especially US fiber) n．纤维；纤维制品 18．quantity n．数量；数额 19．ideal adj.完美的；理想的；想象的 n．理想；完美的人(或事物) 20．fundamental adj.根本的；基础的；基本的 n．基本规律；根本法则 21．trick n．诀窍；计谋；把戏 22．overall adv.总体上；大致上 adj.全面的；综合的
词汇拓展 1．consist vi.由……组成(或构成)；在于→consistent adj.一致的；连续的 2．exceptional adj.特别的；罕见的→except prep.除……外→exception n．例外 3．consume vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗→consumer n．消费者；用户；客户→consumption n．消费；消耗 4．association n．协会；关联→associate vt.把……联系起来；交往 adj.副的
重点词组 1．prior to在……之前的 2．consist of由……组成(或构成) 3．slice...off切下 4．regardless of不管；不顾
重点句型 1．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变以适应美国人的口味。 2．On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans. 另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人有了很多的了解。 3．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 4．Everywhere，the food was as varied as the people. 世界各地，食物和人一样多样。 5．And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
CULTURE AND CUISINE
Eating is related to culture. Chinese cuisine is a case in point.
Prior to coming to China, I had some Chinese food with bold flavors and probably not from an authentic Chinese recipe, like General Tso’s chicken consisting of fried chicken. After arriving in Beijing, I experienced Sichuan peppercorns recommended by the chef. Then in Shandong Province, where the most famous food is pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions, I enjoyed boiled dumplings served with vinegar best. Later, I got a chance to taste lamb kebab, a traditional food of northern Xinjiang. After that, I travelled from South China to central China, experiencing dishes from Guangdong’s elegant dim sum to the exceptional stewed noodles in Henan.
At a minimum, the food local people consume tells us much about them. Surely, people like spicy food may not tend to have a hot temper. Yet, culture and cuisine indeed go hand in hand.
文化与美食
饮食与文化相联系。中国菜就是个很好的例子。
来中国之前，我品尝过一些口味浓烈的中国菜，这些或许不是地道的中餐做法，比如由油炸的鸡肉组成的“左宗棠鸡”。到了北京之后，我体验了厨师推荐的四川花椒。然后在山东省，这里最有名的食物是煎饼卷大葱，我却最喜欢蘸着醋吃的水饺。不久之后，我有幸品尝了新疆北部的一种传统食物，羊肉串。在这之后，我又从华南到华中，从广东的精致点心一直品尝到河南特别好的烩面。
当地人吃的食物至少能告诉我们关于他们的很多信息。当然，喜欢辛辣食物的人不一定脾气火爆。但是，文化和美食确实息息相关。
Passage 2
HEALTHY EATING
According to Journal of the American Medical Association, sugar is a killer if people receive 25% of their daily calories or more through it, regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be.
Much of this extra sugar comes from sweets and sweet drinks. So, to keep healthy, you have to cut down on desserts, and cut out sweet drinks. Besides, you can consume different categories of fruit and vegetables full of vitamins and fiber, rather than processed foods with less nutrition but larger quantities of sugar than fresh ingredients. Also, having some meat, beans, or dairy products is important. As moderation is key, the ideal diet is a balanced one. Finally, a fundamental key is to eat slowly. Not chewing too quickly, consistent eating habits and a modest amount of food each time are good for your health.
There is no one trick to healthy eating. Rather, it starts with having a healthy attitude towards food.
健康饮食
根据《美国医学会杂志》所说，如果人们每天从糖分中摄取25％或更高的卡路里，无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康，糖分都会成为健康杀手。
多余的糖分大多来自甜食和含糖饮料。所以，要保持健康，就必须少吃甜点，完全禁饮甜饮料。此外，你还可以食用不同种类的富含维生素和纤维素的水果和蔬菜，而不是相比较于新鲜食材来说，营养成分较低、糖分量更高的加工食品。另外，摄取一些肉类、豆类或奶制品也十分重要。适量是关键，所以理想的饮食是均衡饮食。最后，细嚼慢咽是关键。不咀嚼过快，有规律的饮食习惯以及每餐摄入适量的食物都对我们的健康有好处。
健康饮食没有诀窍。相反，健康饮食始于健康的饮食态度。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
动作描写
一）各种“说”的表达
第1类 Say Softly 轻声说
Whisper（低声说出)常指耳语、窃窃私语。
Murmur (低语; 喃喃声) 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
Gossip (小声地悄悄地传开,八卦)
Moan (抱怨着说）
Mumble (咕哝）
Mutter (喃喃自语)多指别人不易听到的低语。
例句丨轻声说
His voice died away in a whisper.
他的声音渐渐变为了小声低语。
He turned and murmured something to the professor
他转身对教授小声说了些什么。
There has been much gossip about the possible reasons for his absence
关于他缺席的原因有很多传言。
I moaned that I was hurt。
我抱怨着说，自己受伤了。
Jack mumbled his responses to the questions。
杰克嘟哝着说出问题的答案。
He muttered so badly that they couldn’t understand him。
他喃喃自语，以至于大家都没理解他的意思。
第2类 Say Loudly大声说
Call 喊叫
Cry 叫喊
Shout 呼喊
Scream 惊吓地尖叫
Yell 喊叫着说
Roar 咆哮
Growl 低沉的怒吼
例句丨大声说
She shouted out the answer。
她大声喊出答案。
The boys screamed as they dived into the cold water。
当男孩们把手伸进冷水里时，他们尖叫起来。
The mother cried out in disdain when her son was accused of the crime。
当得知儿子被指控有罪时，这位母亲不屑地大声抱怨。
She yelled at him about his constant drunkenness.
她大嚷大叫说他总是烂醉如泥.
“OUT!” roared Uncle Vernon and he took both Harry and Dudley by the scruffs of their necks and threw them into the hall, slamming the kitchen door behind them.
“出去！”弗农姨夫咆哮道。他一把拎起哈利和达利的衣领把他们扔到了客厅，砰的一声关上了厨房门。
His fury was so great he could hardly speak. He growled some unintelligible words at Peter.
他气得几乎说不出话来，冲着皮特不知咆哮些什么。
第 3 类 Say Suddenly 突然说
Blurt （脱口而出）
Gasp (喘着气说话）(尤指惊讶、震惊或疼痛时的）喘气，倒吸气
Snap （厉声说）
例句丨突然说
Alison blurted out the answer。
艾莉森将答案脱口而出。
“I’m a what ” gasped Harry.
哈利倒抽一口冷气：“我是一个什么？”
I snapped a quick response to his question。
我飞快地回答了他的问题。
第 4 类 Provide Advice 建议说
Advise (建议）
Argue (证明）
Caution (警告）
Observe (评述）
Warn (警告）
例句丨建议说
I would strongly advise against going out on your own.
我要极力奉劝你别单独外出。
I argue that smoking, by its very nature, is addictive.
我认为抽烟从本质上说就具有成瘾性。
Peter cautioned the children to be careful。
皮特提醒孩子们注意安全。
The teacher observed that the exercise was difficult。
老师认为这次测验很难。
The driver warned his passengers about the noise。
司机警告乘客不要大声喧哗。
第5类 Say with Authority 权威说
Announce （宣布）
Assert （主张）
Order （命令）
例句丨权威说
The teacher announced the exam at the end of the week。
老师宣布，考试在周末进行。
Jane asserted her rights as a voter。
简以选举人的身份宣告了自己的权力。
The police ordered the protesters away from the area。
警察命令抗议者撤离。
6.回答，答道
"Full of courage," replied the Lion, who went joyfully back to his friends to tell
them of his good fortune.
“我觉得浑身是胆了！”狮子答道，高兴地跑回到它的朋友们那里去，告诉了他们他的好运
气。
7. 大声地说
They look just like schoolboys," she said aloud. Then one of them spoke, and
Alice jumped in surprise.
她大声地说：“他们看起来就像小男学生。”接着两个中的一个讲话了，爱丽丝惊奇地跳起来。
【小分析】
这里的 aloud 大家应该也很熟悉，老师常说的读大声点的 reading aloud 就是用到了它！
它用作副词，表示出声地、大声地。还有一个 jump in surprise，大家顺带记一下，要是续
写里想表达人物惊讶得跳了起来，就可以用上这个啦！
8. 轻轻地说，低声说
Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.
她心里轻轻地说，他这样做，都是为了她。
【小分析】
whisper /'w sp / 既能用作动词也能用作名词，表示低声说、耳语私语。用的时候可以直
接用 sb. whisper，也可以用 speak in whisper 或者 say/ask sb. in a whisper，都是表示某人低声说。
9. 笑着说
"Ask Myrtle," said Tom, breaking into a short shout of laughter as Mrs. Wilson
entered with a tray.
“问茉特尔好了。” 汤姆哈哈一笑说，正好威尔逊太太端了个托盘走了进来。
【小分析】
break into laughter 是固定搭配，指突然大笑、忍不住笑，相当于 burst into laughter。
中间的 a short shout of 意思是指一声短促的叫声，在这里用来形容 laughter， 指笑了
一声的意思。其中 shout / a t/即可用作名词也可用作动词，表示呼喊、大声说。大家可以
把它记下来，在续写中替换 say！
A sound of pleasure slips out of my mouth.
我发出愉悦的声音。
【小分析】
这里的 slip out 原意是指溜走，句子字面翻译指快乐的声音从我嘴巴中溜出来啦，也就是指
所说的内容让人的快乐都溢出来啦
语言描写 2
10. 生气地说
"What nonsense!" Alice said crossly．
爱丽丝生气地说：“一派胡言！”
【小分析】
这里的 cross 用作形容词，表示生气的。这里的 crossly 指生气的状态。What nonsense
是表示胡说胡话、一派胡言。nonsense /'n ns( )ns/ 指的是废话，无聊的事。
"That's not what he said," snarled Fred Whisley.
“他不是这么说的。”弗雷德气呼呼地说。
【小分析】
say angrily 会让人有一种怎么生气的气势一下子不高了呢？不如用用下面这个！
这个句子中的 snarl 的原意是指咆哮，续写里要是想写人物很生气地说或者吼出来，就可以
用这词去表达啦！
11. 说话停顿
I heard his voice stop for a moment and then he went on．“...”
我听见他的声音停了一下，又继续说道：“...”
He said, like he was measuring every word.
他字斟句酌。
【小分析】句中的 measuring 原形 measure 是指估量、权衡。这个句子展示人物对于所说的每个词
都在估量权衡，可不就是字斟句酌，说话的小心翼翼和谨慎一览无遗。
12. 紧张地说
"Why, what on earth does this mean, John " he stammered.
“啊，这究竟是怎么一回事，约翰？”他结结巴巴地问道。
【小分析】
句子中的 stammer 是指口吃，结结巴巴地说话，表现人物说话的紧张的状态，或者是口吃
的人的说话状态。
补充一下：口吃的人的英文是 stammerer
13. 失落地说
I say with an edge of bitterness.
我的话语中带着一丝苦涩。
【小分析】
句子中 bitterness 是指痛苦心酸，an edge of bitterness 字面上是指苦涩的边缘，也就是
一点点苦涩的意思。
语言描写 3
14. 哭着说
"I hate you!" she choked out.
“我恨你！”她哽咽着说道。
【小分析】
choke 的原意是指窒息阻塞，也就是呼吸不顺。
当人哭的时候呼吸不顺说不出来话，不就是哽咽了嘛，choke out 也就是指哽咽的意思啦。
用来表达哭着说的情况那不就很形象啦！
除了用这个来表示哽咽，还可以用 she said in a constricted voice 来表达哽咽地说。
9. 脱口而出
" I shouldn't tell you that! " he blurted out.
“我不应该把这个告诉你们的! ”他脱口说道.
【小分析】
这个句子中的 blurted out 意思是指脱口而出，开始说话。但这个词更偏向去用在不假思
索，快速的表达自己想法的人物身上，用的时候要注意啦！
10. 颤抖着说
“Awfully,” the young man answered in a trembling voice.
“糟透了，”那个年轻人用颤抖的声音回答。
12. 无所谓地说I say with a shrug.
我说着耸了耸肩。
【小分析】
句子中的 shrug 是指耸肩。这句话就可以用来描写人物在对于说出内容是让人觉得轻松随
性，说话人也是一种无所谓的态度。
13. 苦笑着说
"Oh, it is only about my own self," she said, with a frail laugh of sadness.
“这只关乎我自己。”她苦笑着说道。
【小分析】
这里的 frail 原意是指虚弱的脆弱的，整个词语 a frail laugh of sadness 字面是指一种悲伤
的脆弱的笑容，也就是指苦笑。
二）各种“看”的表达
第1类
stare 盯着看
stare“盯着看”，指睁大眼睛盯着看，常带有好奇、吃惊、赞叹的眼神。( to look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised, admired or frightened)
gawk “呆呆地看着”, 指傻乎乎地盯着看 (to look at someone or something in a stupid or rude way)
例句丨盯着看
1）During the press conference, each boxer tried to stare the other down.
在新闻发布会上，每一个拳击手强盯着对方，想让他气馁。
2）She quickly left the lounge when she found some guys staring at her.
她发现一些家伙盯着她看，她很快离开了休息室。
3）It's not polite to stare at a girl in the face.盯着姑娘的脸瞧是不礼貌的。
1）Don’t sit there gawking like that. Give me a hand.别傻乎乎地坐着，过来搭把手。
2）Don't gawk at that pretty girl.别呆头呆脑地瞪着那个漂亮小妞。
3）But when the snow stopped, residents ventured outside on foot to gawk at the mountains of snow.
但当雪停了，居民冒险步行出去看山上的积雪。
第2类
glare 怒视
glare “怒视”、“瞪眼”，指瞪着眼睛看，常有生气、发恼的眼神。（to look directly and continuously at someone or something in an angry way）
例句丨怒视
1）The two men stood glaring drunkenly at each other, while the crowd looked around.
两个人站在那里彼此怒目而视，四周有一群人围观。
2）The actress glared at the reporter when he asked her an awkward personal question.
当记者问及关于她个人的尴尬问题时，这位女演员两眼愤怒地盯着他。
3）Tony Redmond was glaring after him, his face contorted, white with rage .托尼雷德蒙怒视着他，脸都变了形，气得刷白。
第 3 类
gaze “凝视”
gaze “凝视”、“注视”，指若有所思地凝视；或出于好奇、羡慕、爱恋、惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。(to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else.)
gape “凝视”，指目瞪口呆地注视。(to look in great surprise at someone or something, especially with an open mouth）
peer “凝视”、“端详”，指因难以看清而眯着眼睛仔细地或吃力地看。(to look carefully or with difficulty)
例句丨凝视
1）He gazed at his wife's photograph, and tears spouted from his eyes.
他看着妻子的照片，不禁泪如雨下。
2）A fresh-faced little girl gazes in wonder at the bright fairground lights.
一个脸蛋红扑扑的小女孩好奇地盯着游乐场里那些明亮的彩灯。
3）He gazed at the picture for about two minutes and left without saying a word.
他凝视着照片大约两分钟, 一句话也没说就走了。
1）Don` t gape. It’s rude!别张着嘴,傻瞪着，太不礼貌了！
2）Everyone gaped at the smashed cars on the freeway.
每个人看到高速公路上那部撞得面目全非的车都目瞪口呆。
3）He was not the type to wander round gaping at everything like a tourist.
他不是那种像个游客似的四处闲逛、对什么都好奇张望的人。
1）He had to peer at his book because the room was dark.因为房间里很暗，他看书时可费劲了。
2）Smith rubbed condensation off the inside of a porthole and peered out at the boats bobbing up and down in the harbor .
史密斯用手抹去舷窗内的蒸汽，看着港口内浮动的小船。
3）He peered through the green hedge at the two dark figures under the tree .他扒开绿篱，注视树下那两个模糊的身影。
第4 类
glance “扫视”
glance “匆匆一看”、“扫视”。指迅速地看一眼，扫一眼；或指粗略地一下，浏览一下。（to give a quick and brief look）
glimpse “瞥见”、“瞥见一眼”。在很短的时间里瞥见、扫见某人或某物，没有完全看清。(to see something or someone for a very short time and do not see very clearly or completely)
例句丨扫视
1）Could you glance through this letter and see if it's alright 你能浏览一下这封信，看看它是没问题
2）On the subway train, I always like to glance at the headlines in the newspaper.在地铁上我总是喜欢看看报纸的大标题。
3）I thought I heard someone following me, and glancing round, I caught sight of a dark figure in the shadows.
我觉得我听到了有人跟随我的声音，便环视四周，发现黑暗中有一个人影。
1）I glimpsed her among the crowd just before she disappeared from sight.
我在人群中瞥见了她，转眼她就消失了。
2）We glimpsed the ruined abbey from the windows of the train.
我们从火车的窗户瞥见了这栋烧毁了的修道院。
3）I only glimpsed him in the street corner, so I cannot guess where he was going.
我只是在街角瞥见他一眼，所以我不猜出他要到哪里去。
第5类 其他“看”
ogle “媚眼看”， 指送秋波，施媚眼。(to look at someone with obviously sexual interest)
peek “窥视”、“偷看”， 泛指各种方式的窥视、偷看。使用范围比peep 广。（to look, especially for a short time or while trying to avoid being seen）
leer “斜瞅”、“睨视”、“瞄”。(to look suggestively or obliquely)
例句丨其他“看”
1）He likes to ogle at the pretty girls.他爱盯着漂亮的女孩子。
2）I saw you just now ogling the woman in the red dress.我刚才看见你色眯眯地盯着那个穿红衣服妇女看。
3）He ogled at all the attractive girls in the office.他向办公室里所有有魅力的女孩暗送秋波。
1）Close your eyes. Don’t peek.闭上眼睛，别偷看。
2）I only peeked —I didn't see anything interesting.我只是瞅了一眼，没用发现什么有兴趣的东西。
3）The children peeked over the wall to see what was happening inside the yard.
孩子们在墙头窥视院子里面发生的事情。
1）The old lady at the desk leered at her knowingly.办公桌旁的老太婆会心地斜睨了她一眼。
2）He was always leering at female members of staff.她老是睨视女职员。
3）He looked back at Ken worthy and leered.他回头看了看肯沃西，色迷迷地笑了。
三）哭的各种表达
1.have tears in one's eyes 眼里含着泪水
可仿写例句:
Jane turned to me with tears in her eyes,and begged me to help her.简眼里含着泪水转我, 恳求我帮帮她。
2.fight back tears 抑制住泪水
可仿写例句:
Bill fought back his tears and tried to comfort Sarah’s mother.
比尔抑制住泪水，并试图安慰桑拉的母亲。
3.be close to tears/be on the verge of tears快要哭了
可仿写例句:
My mother was close to tears in my graduation.
在我的毕业典礼上,母亲差点儿就哭了。
I was close to tears as I told them the news.
我告诉他们这一消息时都快要哭了出来。
Her hands were shaking. She was on the verge of tears but Paul didn’t realize that.她的手在颤抖，她快要哭出来了，但保罗一点也没有意识到这一切。
4.have a lump in one's throat（因感动、悲伤而)哽咽，喉咙哽住
lump [l mp] 块，块状；肿块
可仿写例句:
There was a lump in my throat and I didn’t speak because I knew I would cry.
我哽咽了，没有说话，因为我知道我会哭的
5. tears roll/run down one's cheeks 泪水顺着脸颊淌下来
可仿写例句:
He stood silently, tears rolling down his cheeks, while the music played.
音乐声响起时,他静静地站着，泪水顺着脸颊淌下来。
6.be in tears 含泪，泪流满面
可仿写例句:
Most of us were in tears by the time he’d finished his story.
他讲完故事时，我们大多数人都已泪流满面。
7.burst into tears 放声大哭，突然哭起来
可仿写例句:
Laura burst into tears and ran out of the room.
劳拉突然哭了起来，然后从房子里跑了出去。
8.cry one's eyes out（口语）痛哭流涕，哭得很伤心
可仿写例句:
Cecil came round later, crying his eyes out, asking me to forgive him.
赛西尔后来来了，哭得很伤心，请求我原谅他。
其他的哭
1. make somebody cry让某人哭，惹某人哭
可仿写例句:
David often makes his little sister cry.
大卫经常惹她妹妹哭。
2.bring tears to somebody's eyes (因伤感而)流泪。
可仿写例句:
The old song always brought tears to my eyes.
那首老歌总是让我伤感得流泪。
3.turn on the water works（口语）(撒娇）哭出来，(故意)哭起来
可仿写例句:
It’s no good turning on the water works.You can’t stay home from school.
你哭也没用，因为你不能逃学。
It’s no good doing 做....没用
4.somebody's eyes water（风、烟雾等） 使眼睛淌眼泪
可仿写例句:
Joe's eyes were watering from the smoke that filled the room.
乔的双眼正被因满屋的烟雾熏得淌眼泪。
5. break down（因情绪失去控制而）痛哭，大哭
可仿写例句:
I left quickly，not wanting to break down in front of the children.
我赶快离开了，因为我不想在孩子们面前大哭。
6.crocodile tears n. 鳄鱼泪,假哭,假慈悲
可仿写例句:
His wife passed away last week. At that time he shed a few crocodile tears and now he's preparing for his wedding again. 上周他的妻子去世了，在那时他还假惺惺地掉了几滴眼泪，但现在他有准备结婚了。
Don't shed crocodile tears over his misfortune, I know you hate him. 不要为他的不幸假慈悲了，我知道你恨他。
shed [ ed] vt. 流出,滴下 <血、泪等>
四）关于“笑”的表达：
--The smile froze on her lips. 她脸上的笑容僵住了。
--In spite of his disappointment, he managed a weak smile. 他还是勉强露出一丝淡淡的微笑。
--Alee became happy now and a gentle smile spread over her face. 整张脸洋溢着温和的微笑。
--His face split into a wide smile. 他的脸上绽放出灿烂的笑容。
五）. 有关“看”的表达：
He didn’t shout, and he just glared at me silently. 他只是默默怒视着我。
He gazed at the ...., unbelievable. 他难以置信地盯着..看。
He turned to her with a frightened air. 他害怕地看着他。
He was glaring down at me again, his black eyes full of disgust.
他又盯着我看，黑眼睛里充满了厌恶。
Her eyes were glued to the screen. 她目不转睛地盯着屏幕。
He give a glimpse of...from the corner of his eye. 他用眼睛的余角瞥了一眼。
3. With tears streaming down her face, words failed her .
眼泪顺着她的脸流下来，她说不出话来。
六）其他表达
1. “说”和“叫”的描写
1) murmur 咕哝 (人、微风、小溪发出柔和而连续的声音);
utter 发出（声音）;
stammer/ stutter口吃; 结结巴巴地说;
howl / roar 怒吼;
mock 嘲笑;
scold 责骂；
snap at sb 厉声说
She stroked his hair and murmured, "Don’t worry. You’ll be all right."
“I’ll, I’ll only be a m-moment,” he stammered.
2) He howled like a wounded animal as blood spurted from his body.
当鲜血从他身体喷射出来的时候，他像受伤的动物一样嚎叫。
3) When asked why he chose to help the family, the man detailed(详细解释道), “When i was young myself, I ...”
4) The boy could tell by the firmness in his father’s voice (可以通过爸爸声音里的坚定可以辨别出)that the decision was final.
5) We continued like this for a few minutes before i slipped into the conversation: “...”
6) But the lawyer persisted(坚持)，Finally, a voice came from the very back of the room.
7）其它：
swallow 吞下
whisper 低语，小声说
mumble 小声咕哝 He mumbled a few words of thanks.
mutter 轻声说（生气），低声抱怨
"This is ridiculous," he muttered under his breath.
She muttered something about having to go home early.
Stop muttering to yourself and speak clearly.
growl低声说（生气地说）"As I was saying," Lewis growled, "it needs to be finished today."
exclaim突然大声叫 "How beautiful!" she exclaimed.
二、常用短语
tongue-tied with anger 气得张口结舌
bite one’s tongue忍着没有说出来
bite back one’s anger按捺住怒火
take a bite of 咬了一口
bite one’s lip 咬着嘴唇
run one’s tongue around one’s lips用舌头舔了舔嘴唇
curl up one’s lips with disapproval不以为然地翘起了嘴唇
lick one’s lips 舔嘴唇
三、句子积累
1．Reuben murmured a thank you and ran home all the way.
2．“Here, Mum! Here!”Reuben exclaimed as he ran to her side.
3．A young man came to the police station, surrounded by a group of journalists, declaring that he had spotted the murderer.
4．I was getting ready to blow out all the candles and she’s getting ready to help me in case I ran out of air.
5．“Time to go.” I whispered to the girl, wishing she could follow me right away.
6．My teammates were all screaming as I dashed toward the finish line.
7．I picked up the ball one last time and grumbled, “Please just come to get the damn ball.”
8．Frannie quickly told Belle Ringer and the other two drivers about Stevie’s surgery, and then sighed.
9．The house got really noisy at that time, with everybody hollering and shouting at the top of his voice.
10．“How can I let you throw away the thing that means the most to you ” I pleaded with him.
11．They let out a surprisingly loud voice.
12．The smile froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.
13．He interrupted the silence with an announcement: “The deadline to enter for the Competition is tomorrow.”
14．“I haven’t finished; I need more time,” he begged. “That’s what Michelangelo said.” Mr. Edgarjoked.
15．She greeted James and inquired. “Are you ready for our field trip ” James didn’t respond.
16．“What do you think matters for a bird ” Mrs. Damon questioned.
17．He added softly, “I miss you.”
18．Rose scolded the child gently for being naughty.
19．She suggested a walk in the open air and he readily agreed.
20．Students are clearly informed that drugs will not be tolerated.
21．Let me explain what I mean.
22．How can you explain that sort of behavior
23．“Look, I can’t tell you. Oh, come on, give me a hint.’
24．“Tell me.” “You must be joking-he’d never believe me.”
25．“Well, there is nothing we can do about it now,” she sighed.
26．As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.
27．“I wouldn’t be afraid, “she boasted.
28．Instead of being delighted, she threw the invitation on the table crossly, muttering
29．By a violent effort she conquered her grief and replied in a calm voice,
Ben stammered out an apology.
30．Finally she replied hesitating
31．She uttered a cry of joy:
32．Then she asked, hesitating, filled with anxious doubt:
33．At the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared: We must consider how to replace that ornament.
34．Then he began to recount the adventures again.
35．He tried to protest. The entire table began to laugh.
36．Mauchecome stammered: “But since the pocketbook was found.”
37．When he was seated at the table in Jordanian’s tavern, he commenced to explain “the affair”.
参考译文
1．鲁本小声说了声谢谢，一路跑回家。
2．“来了，妈妈！来了！”鲁本跑到她身边喊道。
3．一个年轻人来到警察局，被一群记者包围，声称他已经找到了凶手。
4．我正准备吹灭所有的蜡烛，而她正准备在我的空气用完时帮助我。
5、“该走了。”我对女孩耳语，希望她能马上跟我来。
6．当我冲向终点线时，我的队友们都在尖叫。
7．我最后一次捡起球，嘟囔道：“请你过来拿那个该死的球。”
8．弗兰妮赶紧把史蒂维的手术情况告诉了贝尔林格和另外两名司机，然后叹了口气。
9．当时屋子里真的很吵，每个人都在大声喊叫。
10．“我怎么能让你扔掉对你最重要的东西？”我恳求他。
11．他们发出了惊人的响亮的声音。
12．笑容僵在脸上；他张大了嘴巴。
13．他打断了沉默，宣布：“比赛截止日期是明天。”
14、“我还没说完；我需要更多时间，”他恳求道。“这就是米开朗基罗所说的。”埃德加先生开玩笑说。
15．她向詹姆打招呼并询问。“你准备好参加我们的实地考察了吗？”詹姆斯没有回应。
16．“你认为对一只鸟来说什么最重要？”达蒙夫人问道。
17．他轻声补充道：“我想你。”
18．罗斯轻声责骂孩子淘气。
19．她建议到户外散步，他欣然同意。
20. 明确告知学生不能耐受药物。
21.让我解释一下我的意思。
22、你如何解释这种行为？
23．“听着，我不能告诉你。哦，来吧，给我一个提示。
24、“告诉我。” “你一定是在开玩笑——他永远不会相信我的。”
25．“好吧，我们现在无能为力，”她叹了口气。
26．我记得，最初是你提出这个想法的。
27．“我不会害怕，”她吹嘘道。
28．她非但不高兴，反而把请柬丢在桌子上，喃喃自语。
29．她用力克制悲痛，平静地回答：本结结巴巴地道歉。
30．最后她犹豫着回答
31．她高兴地叫了一声：
32．然后她犹豫着，充满着焦急的怀疑问道：
33.一周结束时，他们已经失去了所有希望。已经五岁的 Loisel 宣称：我们必须考虑如何更换那个装饰品。
34．然后他又开始讲述那些奇遇。
35.他试图抗议。整个桌子都开始笑了。
36．莫切科姆结结巴巴地说：“但既然钱包被找到了。”
37、当他在约旦小酒馆的桌旁坐下时，他开始解释“这件事”。
2）“看”和“听”的描写
一、常用词汇
1. look 看(指注意或有意识地看)；
2. see 看(强调看的结果)；
3. watch 观察；聚精会神的看；
4. gaze 凝视；注视；
5. stare 凝视；盯着看；
6. glare 怒目而视；
7. peek 偷看；“通过孔隙窥视”
8. glance 一瞥，看一眼；
9. peep 窥视，偷看；
10. gape 目瞪口呆地凝视。
11.其它：
1) I could smell the honeyed ripeness of peaches. 我可以闻到桃子成熟的香气。
2) …has an unpleasant odor (气味) and acrid(辛辣的) taste.
3) fragrant 香的; musty 霉味; stinky臭的
4) sour 酸的; tender 嫩的; crispy 脆的; mushy 糊状的; creamy 奶油味
5) observe 观察;
6) Upon hearing the bad news, she felt extremely sad. 一听到那个坏消息，她悲伤不已。
7) widen/broaden/expand one’s horizons/ broadened his outlook 拓宽视野
二、常用短语
gaze at 凝视
stare at 盯住
glare at 怒目而视
peep at 偷窥
glimpse/glance at 瞥一眼
gape at 吃惊地看
blink at 朝…眨眼
look into 调查
look up 查阅
peeping Tom 偷窥狂
look down upon 看不起
look out of the window 望向窗外
look for 寻找
watch a movie / TV/a game
read the newspaper读报
browse the web page浏览网页
skimming and scanning 略读和扫读
catch a glimpse of偷瞄一眼
take a quick look 瞥见；不注意看到
one’s eyes are wide with horror
某人惊恐地瞪大了眼睛
one’s eyes shine with excitement
某人眼里闪烁着兴奋的光芒
one’s eyes filled with tears
某人的眼里充满泪水
one’s eyes fall on someplace
某人的目光落在..
look at sb straight in the eye
直视某人的眼睛
one’s eyes fix on某人的目光紧盯着......
one’s eyes scan ...... 某人的眼睛扫视......
one’s eyes dropped to某人垂下眼睛看着......
widen one’s field of vision拓宽视野
三、句子赏析
1．We all gather in front of the television, praying to catch a glance/glimpse of his face.
2．Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell.
3．Her eyes fell on the photos of her and me at my fourth birthday party.
4．Singing happily, she gazed at her surroundings with large, innocent eyes.
5．The woman was staring eagerly at the girl, trying to make a conversation.
6．I watched helplessly, as the woman felt more and more frustrated and hopeless.
7．Then I crept downstairs and examined the tags attached to each of the packages.
8．When he finished he raised/lifted his eyes and looked out the window.
9．She had spotted a man pacing down the hall.
10．When the students stepped off the bus, James’s eyes widened in surprise.
11．We recognized the famous comedian on his arrival.
12．Meghan nodded seriously, eyes glistening with held-back tears.
13．Swallowing hard, I stared into Meghan’s eyes for a long moment, wondering how I could cope with it.
14．Then he jumped up, eyes twinkling as he ran to fetch some of his prized Matchbox cars.
15．I was taking my time, strolling in the park and looking in shop windows.
参考译文：
1．我们都聚集在电视机前，祈祷能看到他的脸。
2．见没有人注意到我们，我放下圣诞礼物，敲响了他的门铃。
3．她的目光落在了我四岁生日派对上她和我的照片上。
4．她唱得开心，睁着无辜的大眼睛注视着周围。
5．女人急切地盯着女孩，想搭讪。
6．我无奈地看着，那个女人越来越沮丧，越来越绝望。
7．然后我悄悄下楼检查每个包裹上的标签。
8．说完，他抬起/抬起眼睛看向窗外。
9．她看见一个男人在大厅里踱来踱去。
10．当学生们下车时，詹姆斯惊讶地瞪大了眼睛。
11．著名喜剧演员一到，我们就认出了他。
12．梅根认真地点点头，眼里闪烁着抑制不住的泪水。
13．咽了口唾沫，我盯着梅根的眼睛看了许久，不知道自己该如何应对。
14．然后他跳起来，一边跑去拿他的一些珍贵的火柴盒汽车，一边眨着眼睛。
15．我在公园里闲逛，看看商店橱窗。
3） 手上动作
1．Stunned, I stood up and gave her an awkward hug / hugged her in an award way.
我惊呆了，站起来给了她一个尴尬的拥抱/奖励的方式拥抱她。
2．Speechless, she smiled radiantly and gathered her son into her arms.
无语，她灿烂地笑了笑，把儿子抱在怀里。
3．The nearer it got, the more she waved the yellow blouse wildly.
离它越近，她越是疯狂地挥舞着那件黄色的上衣。
4．The man took the sacks, reached into his pocket and placed four coins in Reuben’s hand.
那人接过麻袋，把手伸进口袋，把四枚硬币放在鲁本手里。
5．Then, clutching the tin can, he headed for the shop.
然后，他抓着锡罐，向商店走去。
6．He parked down the street from Bobby’s house, and rushed to his front door, trembling with excitement.
他把车停在鲍比家的街道上，冲到他的前门，激动得浑身发抖。
7．The man gently wrapped the gift in brown paper and placed the parcel in Reuben’s hands.
男人用牛皮纸轻轻地把礼物包好，放在鲁本的手里。
8．Dora lifted the lid, tears beginning to blur her vision.
朵拉掀开盖子，泪水开始模糊了她的视线。
9．Seeing no other people notice us, I placed the Christmas present down and pounded his doorbell.
见没有人注意到我们，我放下圣诞礼物，敲响了他的门铃。
10．She didn’t say a word, but smiled a watery smile and held my hand tightly.
她没有说话，只是笑了笑，紧紧地握着我的手。
11．As we shook hands with the new owners, I told them how fortunate they were.
当我们与新主人握手时，我告诉他们他们是多么幸运。
12．He patted my head, and inquired: “Is there anything particular you want ”
他拍拍我的头，问：“你有什么特别想要的吗？”
13．He was squeezing my wrist so hard that it ached.
他紧紧地捏着我的手腕，感觉很痛。
14．She stroked her fingers through my hair, and said: “Of course there is a Santa Clause.”
她用手指抚过我的头发，说：“当然有圣诞老人。”
15．She handed the napkin to me, and three $20 bills fell onto my desk when I opened it.
她把餐巾递给我，当我打开它时，三张 20 美元的钞票落在了我的桌子上。
16．Stevie looked at me, and then at his mother, then pulled out one of the napkins.
Stevie 看了看我，又看了看他妈妈，然后拿出一张餐巾纸。
17．The class clapped warmly as Mr. Lee presented me with the reward.
当李老师给我颁发奖品时，全班热烈鼓掌。
18．He reached into his pocket and withdrew a note.
他把手伸进口袋，取出一张纸条。
19．Mrs. Damon pointed to the quotation from Albert Einstein hanging on the wall.
夫人达蒙指着墙上挂着的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的名言。
20．Calmly he picked up the brush and started again to whitewash.
他平静地拿起画笔，又开始刷粉了。
21．She nervously fingered her collar.
她紧张地摸着自己的衣领。
22．He stroked the cat and patted the dog
他抚摸猫，拍拍狗。
23．She tapped him on the shoulder.
她拍拍他的肩膀。
24．He grasped my hand and we ran.
他拉着我的手，我们跑了。
25．She grabbed her briefcase and ran to the bus stop。她抓起公文包跑到公交车站。
26．The thief snatched the handbag and disappeared into the crowd.小偷抢走了手提包，消失在人群中。
27．Press the button.按下按钮。
28．Please handle the goods with great care。请小心处理货物。
29．George stood silently with his arms folded. 乔治双臂交叉，静静地站着。
4）其他动作描写
take one’s hand 牵某人的手
reach for one’s hand 伸手抓住某人
hold hands 手拉手
in one’s hand 在手里
with both hands 用双手
shake one’s hand 握手
hold out a hand 伸出手
put one’s hands to one’s cheeks 用双手捂住脸
raise one’s hands 举手
slid one’s hands into将手插进......
spread one’s hand 摊开双手
rub one’s hands together使劲搓着双手
one’s hands shake/tremble 某人的手颤抖着
catch/ hold of one’s arm 抓住某人的手臂
cup one’s hand over 捂住......
with one’s head in one’s hands双手抱着......
hand in hand 手拉手
raise a warning finger 举起一手指以示警告
raise/hold up a finger to one’s lip 把一根手指举到某人唇边
wag/wave one’s finger 某人摇着手指
wave one’s arms 挥动某人的双臂
with crossed arms 双臂交叉
fold one’s arms 某人双臂交叉
hold out/open one’s arms伸出/张开双臂
catch /grab one’s arm 抓住某人的胳膊
take one’s arm 挽住某人的胳膊
arm in arm 手挽手
put/throw one’s arms around sb. 搂住某人
pull sb. into one’s arms 拉某人进怀
lie on one's back仰面躺着
lie on one's face/ belly/ stomach趴着l
lie on one's side侧卧
get down on one’s knees 跪下双膝
get down on one’s left knee 单膝下跪
get down on the ground 趴在地上
shrug one’s shoulders 耸耸肩
sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
look (back) over one's shoulder 回头看
bend one’s back 弯腰/驼背
stretch one’s back 伸懒腰
lean one’s back against......把背靠在......
on the back后背
on one’s back 某人的背上
jump to one’s feet 跳起来
tap/stamp one’s feet敲打/跺脚
drag one’s feet拖着脚
put one’s feet up把脚抬起来
hug one’s knees抱着膝盖
on one’s knees 跪下
drop/lower/bend/bow one’s head 低下头
nod one’s head 低头
shake one’s head 摇头
scratch one’s head 挠头
rest one’s head on 把头靠在...上面
bury one’s head 把头埋起来
clear one’s head 清醒一下头脑
feel one’s head spinning 觉得天旋地转
head for/towards 朝……走去
句子
lie on one's back仰面躺着
lie on one's face/ belly/ stomach趴着l
ie on one's side侧卧
get down on one's knees 跪下双膝
get down on one's left knee 单膝下跪
get down on the ground 趴在地上
shrug one's shoulders 耸耸肩
sit on one's shoulders 坐在某人的肩膀上
look (back) over one's shoulder 回头看
bend one's back 弯腰/驼背
stretch one's back 伸懒腰
lean one's back against......把背靠在......
on the back后背
on one's back 某人的背上
jump to one's feet 跳起来
tap/stamp one's feet敲打/跺脚
drag one's feet拖着脚
put one's feet up把脚抬起来
hug one's knees抱着膝盖
on one's knees 跪下
drop/lower/bend/bow one's head 低下头
nod one's head 低头
shake one's head 摇头
scratch one's head 挠头
rest one's head on 把头靠在...上面
bury one's head 把头埋起来
clear one's head 清醒一下头脑
feel one's head spinning 觉得天旋地转
head for/towards 朝……走去
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar 过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态
[观察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.
4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
一、过去完成时
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。
基本结构：had＋动词过去分词
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.
本周早些时候他去过纽约。
(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那时我们还没有见到她。
(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.
否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.
—Had you visited here before
——你以前参观过这里吗？
—Yes，I had./No，I hadn't.
——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。
(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Where had you been before you came here
你来这里前还去过哪儿？
(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。
By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.
到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①He (work) in the store for five years before he moved here.
②When I got to the station，the train (leave)．
③The task (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.
【答案】1.had worked2.had left3.had been finished
二、基本用法
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①We (build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she (receive) some good news.
③He said he (be) there before.
④We realized we (lose) our way.
⑤We (hope) that you would be able to visit us.
【答案】1.had built2.had received3.had been4.had lost5.had hoped
三、与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
I had learned 1，000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
——对不起，让你久等了。
—Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.
——没什么，我只等了几分钟。
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①The concert (start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.
②You're too late；the train (leave)．
③He (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.
④They (get) everything ready before I came.
【答案】1.has started2.has left3.had taught4.had got
四、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。
1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式
(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。
(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。
(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.
当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended
地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
He did what he had been told to.
他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived，he called her.
他到达时，给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left.
在离开前，他们把门锁上了。
(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.
那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。
The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。
[名师点津]
过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.
这条被污染了的河流已被净化。
析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。
例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.
他说这本书已被译成日语。
析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①The earthquake (predict) several days before.
②The device (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child (take) care of by grandma all these years.
【答案】1.had been predicted 2.had been used3.has been cleaned4. has been taken
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I surfed the net and (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen (put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．The wallet (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.
9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants (leave) their homes.
10．It was the third time that he (make) the same mistake.
【答案】1.saw 2.have taken 3.had got4.had put5.has been6.had wanted 7.had been sold 8.had been wrapped9.had left10.had made