（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题04. 选择性必修第3册 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage

一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题04.选择性必修第3册　Unit 4　Adversity and Courage
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词 1．adversity n．困境；逆境 2．expedition n．探险；远征；探险队 3．endurance n．忍耐力；耐久力 4．steward n．(轮船、飞机或火车上的)乘务员；服务员 5．crush vt.毁坏；压坏；压碎n.拥挤的人群 6．stove n．炉具；厨房灶具 7．belongings n．[pl.]财物；动产 8．banjo n．班卓琴(乐器) 9．miserable adj.痛苦的；令人难受的 10．voyage n．& vi.航海；航行 11．cosy adj.温馨的；舒适的 12．selfish adj.自私的 13．good/bad-tempered adj.脾气好的/坏的 14．rugby n．橄榄球运动 15．rough adj.汹涌的；粗糙的；粗略的 16．navigator n．领航员；(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者 17．Confucianism n．孔子学说；儒家(学说) 18．Antarctica南极洲 19．the Antarctic南极地区 20．the South Pole南极 重点单词 1．wage n．工资 2．bitter adj.严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的 3．vigour n．精力；力量；活力 4．cupboard n．橱柜；壁橱；衣柜 5．sink vi.沉没；下沉；下降vt.使下沉；使沉没 6．abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃 7．blanket n．毯子 8．navy n．海军；海军部队 9．decent adj.相当不错的；正派的；得体的 10．genuine adj.真正的；真诚的；可信赖的 11．crew n．(轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人 12．thorough adj.深入的；彻底的；细致的 13．furniture n．家具 14．bark vi.& n．(狗)吠叫；吠叫声 15．bat n．球拍；蝙蝠vi.& vt.用球板击球；挥打；拍打 16．damp adj.潮湿的；湿气重的 17．recreation n．娱乐；消遣；游戏 18．nephew n．侄子；外甥 19．loyal adj.忠诚的；忠实的 20．motor n．发动机；马达 adj.有引擎的；机动车的 21．candidate n．候选人；应试者 22．episode n．(人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲 23．motive n．动机；原因；目的
词汇拓展 1．qualified adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→qualify vt.(使)具有资格；(使)合格→qualification n．资格；资历；资格证书 2．enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→enthusiastically adv.热情地→enthusiasm n．热情；热忱 3．aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)→board v．上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等)；寄宿n.木板；董事会；伙食 4．assign vt.分派；布置；分配→assignment n．任务；作业；分配 5．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的 6．perseverance n．毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神→persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求 7．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念→resolution n．决议；解决；坚定 8．cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的→cruelly adv.残忍地；残酷地→cruelty n．残忍；残酷 9．unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地→fortunately adv.幸运地→fortune n．运气；财产 10．guidance n．指导；引导；导航→guide n．导游；指南vt.带领；引导；为……领路 11．advertising n．广告活动；广告业→advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告→advertisement n．广告；宣传 12．corporate adj.公司的；法人的；社团的→corporation n．(大)公司；法人 13．commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献→commit vt.犯(错误、罪行等) vi.& vt.(使)承担义务；(使)作出保证→committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的
重点词组 1．turn sb.down拒绝(某人) 2．make fire生火 3．give off放出(热、光、气味或气体)
重点句型 1．We have been struggling for days，but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse. 这些天我们一直在挣扎，但是大象岛上的情况变得更糟了。 2．It will eventually lead to success as long as you persevere. 只要你坚持，你最终会成功。 3．What if they were delayed 如果他们被延误了怎么办？ 4．If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve. 要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
An unforgettable expedition
Shackleton once advertised for crew members with small wages and bitter condition.He turned down Perce,a 19-year-old candidate,because he thought Perce was too young to be qualified.But Perce was so enthusiastic that he secretly went aboard Shackleton' s ship and hid in a small cupboard. After Perce was discovered,Shackleton had no other choice but to assign Perce to be a steward who made fire and served meals.
Because of the bad and damp weather, the ship got crushed and sank. Before they abandoned the ship, Shackleton told everyone to rescue the most essential supplies, including food and blankets.Fortunately,they found the Elephant Island to settle down. Soon after they arrived,Shackleton made a resolution to lead 4 crew members to find help. Shackleton' s genuine concern for others, his guidance, and his resolve filled the rest with hope, although they had been struggling for days without decent food and recreation on the miserable place where no navy in the world would ever stops. At last, Shackleton paid them back by his commitment to save them from a slow but painful death.That was an episode in their life that they would never forget.
一次难忘的远征
沙克尔顿曾经以微薄的工资和艰苦的条件登广告招聘船员。他拒绝了19岁的申请人珀西，因为他认为珀西年纪太小不够格。但是珀西是如此的热情，以至于他偷偷登上了沙克尔顿的船，藏在一个小橱柜里。珀西被发现后，沙克尔顿别无选择，只好指派珀西担任生火做饭的服务员。
由于恶劣且潮湿的天气，船被撞沉了。在他们弃船之前，沙克尔顿告诉每个人去营救最基本的补给，包括食物和毯子。幸运的是，他们找到了象岛定居下来。他们到达后不久，沙克尔顿决定带领4名船员去寻求帮助。沙克尔顿对他人真诚的关心，他的指导，和他的决心让其他人充满了希望，尽管他们已经挣扎了好几天，在这个悲惨的地方没有像样的食物，没有娱乐活动，世界上没有海军在这里停留过。最终，沙克尔顿回报了大家，实现了他的承诺，把大家从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中救了出来。这是船员们一生中永远不会忘记的一段经历。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
读后续写种修辞手法：明喻和暗喻
Part I 种写作常用提分修辞之明喻
明喻Simile是一种最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系。
基本构成：本体+比喻词+喻体
常见比喻词：like像；as...as 和...一样；as就像；as if/though 好像；A is to B what C is to D A对于B而言就像C对于D而言
I couldn't move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor.（描写僵住的动作）
Then suddenly, an idea, shining and new, flashed like a comet through her brain.(描写突然有想法）
A light breeze blew, swaying the tree branches and making the rays of light glimmer and dance as if there was a fairytale world hidden deep within.（描写微风）
He is as timid as a hare.（描写人物胆小）
I was like a cat on hot bricks before the interview. (描写紧张）
Harry scrambled to his feet, so happy he felt as though a large balloon was swelling inside him.哈利感到特别高兴，仿佛胸中揣着的一个气球渐渐鼓了起来，使他飘飘欲仙了。（描写高兴）
The surface of the calm lake stirred the waves, and my mood was as cheerful as a wave. 心情和浪花一样欢快。（描写高兴）
I feel like I am floating in an ocean of sadness. (描写悲伤）
She shook all over, feeling like sitting on pins and needles. 她浑身颤抖，觉得如坐针毡。（描写如坐针毡）
Ripping crystal streams stretched away into the distance from the towering bluffs like the beautiful streamers of a fairy maid.（描写瀑布）
Then, on his back, with his tail lashing and his jaws clicking, the shark plowed over the water as a speed-boat does.(描写鲨鱼）
The stars in the night sky sparkled like diamonds. (描写星空）
Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky like sparking jewels. (描写星空）
The icy wind started howling, cutting my face like a sharp knife.(描写寒风）
常见例句赏析
1. The snow was as thick as a blanket.
雪像地毯一样厚。
2. Last night, I slept like a log.
昨晚我睡得像木头。
3. It seemed as if the world was at an end. 似乎是到了世界末日。
4. The ground is as hard as stone after the drought.
干旱之后土地硬得就像石头一样。
5. He wandered in to see me as if he had nothing else to do.
他遛遛达达进来看我，好像无事可做的样子。
6.Love is like the wind, you can't see it but you can feel it.
爱如风，你看不见，但你能感受到它。
7. The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.
地上覆盖着樱花，这个国家似乎覆盖着粉红色的雪。
8. I couldn't move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor.
我的腿动不了，就好像给固定在地板上似的。
9. He looks as though he hasn't had a square meal for months.
瞧他那样子 好像几个月没好好吃过一顿饭似的。
10. The house looks something like a castle.
那房子看上去有点像一座城堡。
(something like...有点像…)
11. Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
读书与思想的关系就好比食物与健康的关系。(A is to B what C is D "A之于B如同C之于D")
12. Searching for one man in this big city is like looking for a needle in a haystack.
在这座大城市里寻找一个人犹如大海捞针。
13. John saw the car coming and stood still as a statue.
John看到车子过来，像石像一样站着一动不动。
14. My mother's kitchen was like a holy place: you couldn't wear your shoes, you had to sit there at a certain time, and occasionally we'd pray.
我妈的厨房像一个圣地：你不能穿鞋，你必须在某一个时候坐在那里，偶而我们会祈祷。
15.A room without books is like a body without a soul.
没有书的房间，如同没有灵魂的躯体。
16. The clouds were like ice-cream castles in the sky.
云朵就像是天空中的冰激凌城堡。
17. Kyle looked at the test with a stare as blank as his notebook.
Kyle茫然地看着试卷，头脑如同笔记本一样的空白。
18. Then like a cold wave on a shore, comes silence and she sings no more.
然后沉默如同海滩上的寒潮般袭来，她不再唱歌。
19. As in depths of many seas, my heart was drowned in memories.
如同在大海深处，我的心里沉溺于回忆之中。
20. He sits there staring at the blank screen like a ghost searching for his reflection.
他坐在那里，盯着空白的屏幕，像是一个鬼魂在寻找他的影子。
21. He moved like lightening before the police came.
还没等警察到来，他像闪电一样地跑了。
22.She hung her head like a dying flower.
她像是一朵枯萎的花低着头。
23. A house without books is like a room without windows.
没有书的房子，如同没有窗户的房间。
24.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整个这件事我记得很清楚，就仿佛是昨天发生似的。
25. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
人生如同骑自行车，要保持平衡你要不断向前。
26. A mind is like a parachute. It doesn't work if it is not open.
思想如同降落伞，如果不打开就不起作用。
27. Life is like an onion; you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep.
人生如同洋葱，你一次剥一层，有时你会流泪。
28. Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine.
食物之于身体，如同燃料之于发动机。
29. The travellers have fallen in love with local produce. They cannot believe that the tomatoes are as big as apples, and the apples look like the size of baseballs.
旅行者们已经爱上了的当地特产。他们不敢相信蕃茄大如苹果，而苹果看起来像棒球一樣大。
30. Gwen often becomes green with envy whenever her classmates receive better grades or awards for outstanding achievements, and she would turn into a green-eyed monster.
每当她的同学们得到更好的成绩或领取杰出成就的奖，Gwen是嫉妒到脸都发绿，俨然变成一双绿眼怪兽了(表示非常嫉妒)!
Part II 暗喻
Metaphor也是也叫隐喻，是简缩了的明喻，但不用比喻词like或as作对比，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成，从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
1）基本结构：本体 是 喻体。
名词型暗喻
Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.(描写肖像）
I was, inwardly, all white flag. (描写妥协）
Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face. (描写笑的作用）
Kindness is a golden chain by which society is bound. (描写善良的作用）
动词型暗喻
I felt a lump in my throat, tears welling up in my eyes. (描写伤心）
The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. (描写饥饿时吃东西）
He melted into tears. (描写感动落泪）
A heavy silence blanketed the room. (描写沉默寂静）
The ghostly winter silence had given way to the great spring murmur of wakening life.(描写万物复苏）
My heart was pumping. (心脏怦怦直跳）
2）常见例句赏析
1. Time is money.
2. The stars are sparkling diamonds.
3. The curtain of night fell upon us.
4. Life is a journey.
5. Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.
6. Books are the keys to your imagination.
7. Spending too much time with him is worse than swimming in a sea of sharks.
8. Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.
9. I'm drowning in a sea of grief.
10. The typical teenage boy's room is a disaster area.
11. She's going through a rollercoaster of emotions.
12. Kathy arrived at the grocery store with an army of children.
13. You light up my life.
14. I was lost in a sea of nameless faces.
15. Life contains nothing but clear skies up ahead.
16. My heart swelled with a sea of tears.
17. The clouds sailed across the sky.
18. Today's lecture gave me a lot of food for thought.
19. Laughter is the music of the soul.
20. A blanket of snow covered the ground.
22. The teacher planted the seeds of wisdom.
23. Books are the mirrors of the soul.
24. Eyes are windows to the soul.
25. Let us be grateful to people who make us happy, they are the charming gardeners who make our souls blossom.
26. The skies of his future began to darken.
27. Laughter is the best medicine.
Her voice is music to his ears.
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar　现在完成进行时
【观察例句】
1．People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.
2．Many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.
3．He has been fighting with a friend.
4．I have been looking for a job for three months.
5．I have been writing letters all this evening and I've just finished them.
6．You haven't been doing your homework those days.
【归纳用法】
一、意义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。
二、构成
肯定形式：have/has＋been doing(第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have)
I have been waiting for you.我一直在等你。
否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing
He hasn't been using the car for the last two months.过去两个月他一直没用车。
三、用法
1．表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。
It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已经下了三个小时了。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下)
2．表示不久前刚刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
Her eyes are red. It's obvious that she has been crying for a long time.
她的眼睛红红的，显然哭了很长时间。
3．强调动作延续时间的长久或带感彩。
She has always been working hard.她工作一直很努力。
4．表示这段时间反复发生的事情。
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。
[名师点津]
不能用于进行时的动词如表示心理活动、属性拥有、表象感官、行为结果的动词不用于现在完成进行时。
我已经感冒两周了。
I have been having a cold for two weeks. (×)
I have had a cold for two weeks. (√)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①They (build) the bridge for two months.
②He (play) basketball since he was ten.
【答案】1. have been building2.has been playing
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The Chinese government (do) research into vaccine (疫苗) against African Swine Fever for months，recently many have received the first doses.
2．The dollar (climb) steadily all week.
3．I (wait) for an hour and a half.
4．She is very tired. She (work) all morning.
5．Jim (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.
6．They (build) the bridge for two months.
7．The telephone (ring) in the office all the morning.
8．In the past few years，he (deal) with a few international companies.
9．She is tired. She (type) letters all the afternoon.
10．He (write) a letter this morning and sent it to his friend.
【答案】1.has been doing2.has been climbing3.have been waiting4.has been working5.has been phoning6.have been building7.has been ringing8.has been dealing9.has been typing10.has written