（人教版2019）高考英语 一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单 专题03. 选择性必修第4册 Unit 3 Sea Exploration

一轮复习夯实基础必背知识清单
专题03.选择性必修第4册　Unit 3　Sea Exploration
一、单元必背词汇篇
重点词汇 阅读单词 1．merchant n．商人；批发商adj.海上货运的 2．fleet n．舰队；机群；车队 3．behold vt.(beheld，beheld)看；看见 4．spice n．(调味)香料 5．maritime adj.海的；海运的；海事的 6．manned adj.有人控制的；需人操纵的 7．submersible n．潜水器；可潜船 8．capsule n．胶囊；太空舱 9．underwater adv.在水下 adj.水下的 10．coral n．珊瑚 11．migration n．迁移；迁徙；移居 12．tournament n．锦标赛；联赛 13．directory n．名录；电话号码簿；(计算机文件或程序的)目录 14．log vt.把……载入正式记录；记录 n．正式记录；日志；原木 15．laptop n．笔记本电脑；便携式电脑 16．exploit vt.开发；利用；剥削 17．gallon n．加仑(容积单位，1英制加仑约等于4.5升) 18．marine adj.海的；海产的；海生的 19．Marco Polo 马可·波罗 20．Columbus 哥伦布 重点单词 1．tale n．故事；叙述 2．negotiate vt.商定；达成(协议) vi.谈判；磋商；协商 3．league n．等级；水平；联合会；联赛 4．royal adj.皇家的；王室的；高贵的 5．withdraw vt.& vi.(withdrew，withdrawn)(使)撤回；撤离 6．channel n．航道；海峡；频道 7．bond n．纽带；关系 vt.& vi.增强信任关系；使牢固结合 8．meanwhile adv.与此同时；(比较两方面)对比之下 9．tax vt.对……征税；使纳税n.税；税款 10．murder vt.谋杀；凶杀；毁坏n.谋杀；凶杀 11．arrest n．逮捕；拘留；中止vt.逮捕；拘留；阻止 12．politics n．政治；政治观点
词汇拓展 拓展单词 1．extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长→extensive adj.广阔的；大规模的；广泛的→extension n．扩大；延伸 2．profession n．职业；行业→professional adj.专业的；职业的→professor n．教授；教师；教员 3．mixture n．混合；结合体；混合物→mix vt.配制；混淆；使混合→mixed adj.混合的；人员混杂的 4．coverage n．新闻报道；覆盖范围→cover vt.包括；报道；行走；涉及；覆盖 5．applaud vt.& vi.鼓掌 vt.称赞；赞赏→applause n．鼓掌；掌声；喝彩 6．mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠→merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的→merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的 7．possession n．[usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制→possess vt.控制；使掌握；具有；迷住；拥有 8．opponent n．反对者；对手；竞争者→oppose vt.反对；抵制→opposed adj.反对的；截然不同的
重点词组 1．set sail 起航；开航 2．in a league of one’s own 独领风骚 3．withdraw from 退出；撤回 4．in hand 在手头；可供使用 5．press conference 记者招待会；新闻发布会
重点句型 1．China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes，which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. 中国已经在这些路线的系统和服务上投资了数十亿美元，这将有助于整个地区的大力发展，有利于未来的贸易和文化交流。 2．From a scientific point of view，there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects. 从科学的角度看，为了了解气候变化和它的影响，急需研究北极。 3．Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 几百年过去了，在掌握最新技术的情况下，贸易的需要和加强关系的渴望将促使中国未来向海洋发展。 4．To truly understand our planet，we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. 为了充分理解我们的星球，我们必须探索覆盖大部分星球的海洋。 5．We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. 我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，以便我们可以采取行动。
单元必背文章篇
Passage 1
Merchants' tales of setting sail to exploit the sea resources inspired explorers to search for the sea around the world.
Merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals in ancient times. Later it was logged that seven large fleets in the Ming Dynasty were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time. Under the command of Zheng He, they set sail along the sea and met African royal families who sent gifts as a gesture of friendship in return for gold, silk and spices. Today, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which is part of the Belt and Road Initiative and the bonds between China and the rest of the world, has brought renewed attention.
However, exploiting sea and extending culture are at the cost of environment. 200 million gallons of oil were spilled into the sea in 2010. Mining for underwater resources is also very damaging. Meanwhile, some countries are still "murdering" whales and dolphins without mercy.
The sea is home to life, not human beings' pocessions. Hopefully, as technology develops , we may applaud for what we possess in hand.
商人们扬帆出海的故事激励着探险家们在世界各地进行海洋探险。
在古代，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人聚集在一起谈判贸易协议。后来据记载，明代有七支大型船队看着极为壮观，独领风骚。在郑和的指挥下，他们沿着大海航行，遇到了非洲皇室，他们送礼物作为友谊的表示，以换取黄金、丝绸和香料。今天，“ 21 世纪海上丝绸之路”作为“一带一路”倡议的一部分，也是中国与世界各国之间的纽带，再次引起人们的关注。
但是开发海洋和扩展文化是以环境为代价的。2010 年有 200 万加仑的石油泄漏入海。地下水资源开采也极具破坏性。与此同时，一些国家仍在毫不留情地“谋杀”鲸鱼和海豚。
海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的私人财产。希望随着科技的发展，我们可以为手中拥有的东西喝彩。
三、单元必背写作素材篇
心理描写之 抑郁和悲苦
第一部分:基础词、句背诵
1.sad adj.难过的，悲伤的 变形：sadness n.悲伤
Henry was sad but he wasn't angry with Ronny for his rude behavior.
亨利很难过，但他并没有因为罗尼的粗鲁行为而生他的气。
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart.
当他到达父亲家时，突然的悲伤和遗憾充满了他的心。
His wife cried sadly while calling the name of the little son.
他的妻子伤心地哭喊着小儿子的名字。
She felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
一股悲伤感袭来，她忍不住哭泣。
2. sorrow n.悲伤 变形：adj. sorrowful adj.悲伤的
To his sorrow, his wife had died two years before and the two children had left away.
使他悲伤的是，他的妻子两年前去世了，两个孩子都走了。
With a sorrowful sigh she folded the letter and put it away.
她悲伤地叹了口气，把信折起来收了起来。
She was sorrowful because she would buy the gift at the expense of her beloved hair.
她很伤心，因为她要用心爱的头发来买礼物。
3. discouraged adj.灰心的，丧气的
Though Lisa was discouraged, she didn’t give up.虽然丽莎很沮丧，但她没有放弃。
4.frustrated adj.懊恼的，沮丧的
变形：frustration n.懊恼，沮丧
Hungry and frustrated, we tried to find a way out but in vain.
我们又饿又沮丧，想找到一条出路，但没有成功。
Disappointed and frustrated, the poor man made his way back to his family.
失望又沮丧，这个可怜的人回到了他的家人身边。
Patient as I was, I grew frustration.尽管我很有耐心，我还是越来越沮丧。
Tears of frustration and fear flowed down my face, but I continued to run.
沮丧和恐惧的泪水顺着我的脸流下来，但我还是继续跑着。
5.in low spirits 情绪低落
He'd play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候就拉小提琴。
6.fall into despair 陷入绝望
He fell into despair and threw himself into the Milou River.
他陷入绝望，投汨罗江自尽。
He gave up the attempt in despair.
他绝望之下放弃了尝试。
Ellen felt both despair and anger at her mother.
埃伦对她的母亲感到既绝望又生气。
Then, I saw his eyes full of fear and despair.
然后，我看到他的眼睛充满了恐惧和绝望。
Despair seized him at the thought of her living alone in the small village.
一想到她独自一人住在小村庄里，他就感到绝望。
7.hurt n.&v.受伤，伤害 adj.受伤的
Mommy slipped on the mat and hurt her ankle,” my sister said.
“妈妈在垫子上滑倒了，伤了脚踝，”姐姐说。
Afraid that I might hurt the lovely small creature, I automatically let out a cry to stop my horse. 因为害怕会伤害到这个可爱的小家伙，我不由自主地叫了一声，叫马停下来。
Fortunately, I wasn’t seriously hurt. Noticing mother’s anxious expression. I felt guilty to make her worried about me.
幸运的是，我伤得不重。注意到母亲焦急的表情。让她担心我，我感到很内疚。
四、单元必背语法篇
Grammar　动词不定式
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。
[观察例句]
1．To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilizations.
2．It's very important to master a foreign language.
3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come.
5．Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.
6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures.
7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。
5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。
6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。
一、动词不定式的形式
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系)
They are said to be studying psychology.
据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)
I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系)
[名师点津]
动词不定式的否定式
在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.张明要我别整天待在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①They seem (know) each other for a long time.
②They pretended (work) hard when the teacher came in.
③I wanted the letter (type) at once.
【答案】1.to have known2.to be working3.to be typed
二、不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。
1．作主语
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
[名师点津]
①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。
②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。
It's very important for you to remember this.对你来说记住这一点很重要。
It's very kind of you to help me.你能帮我真是太好了。
2．作表语
不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。
He seems to be ill.他似乎生病了。
Her wish is to be a teacher.她的愿望是当一名教师。
We are to meet at the bus station at three.我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
3．作宾语
常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：
“决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long
“设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse
“主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan
“同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help
外加 afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。
I can't afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。
[名师点津]
不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。
I think it necessary to send for an expert.我认为请位专家来是有必要的。
4．作宾语补足语
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。
What caused him to change his mind 是什么使他改变主意的？
He didn't allow the students to go there.他没允许学生们去那儿。
5．作定语
I have a question to ask you.我有一个问题要问你。
He is not a man to tell a lie.他不是个说谎的人。
[名师点津]
不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
6．不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself.要想成功，首先必须相信自己。
(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。
We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词) ＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。
7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这一问题很重要。
He didn't know what to ask.(宾语)他不知道该问些什么。
My question is when to start.(表语)我的问题是何时开始。
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
②I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused (stop) until we reached the next stop.
③He is thought (act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
【答案】1. to reduce2.to stop3.to have acted
三、省略to的情况
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。
I often hear him sing the song.我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her 为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now 为什么不马上主持面试呢？
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。
4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim 除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？
5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。
I'm really puzzled about what to think or say.想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。
[名师点津]
在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。
I haven't conducted a performance，but I wish to.
我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①I had nothing to do but (wait) outside of the gate.
②Why not (turn) off the gas at once
③They couldn't choose but (stay) there.
【答案】1.wait 2.turn3.stay
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Let me hear you (play) the violin.
2．Tom worked hard，only (fail) again at last.
3．The question is very difficult (answer)．
4．The boy was seen (fall) suddenly from the tree.
5．He pretended (read) the text when I came in.
6．It is an honor for me (invite) to attend the meeting.
7．The goal of this activity is (meet) the needs of common people.
8．The engine just won't start.Something seems (go) wrong with it.
9．Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they could (cheer) him up.
10．Martin showed no anxiety about the competition.He seemed (prepare) for it pretty well.
【答案】1.play 2.to fail3.to answer4. to fall5.to be reading6.to be invited7.to meet8.to have gone9.to cheer10.to have prepared