高中英语高考概要写作训练（10篇有答案）
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| 名称 | 高中英语高考概要写作训练（10篇有答案） |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 28.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-11-22 14:43:40 | ||
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概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
High level of deforestation continues
We are all aware of the threats our planet is facing. Experts agree that it’s mainly us humans who are responsible for the destruction of the environment. One of the most destructive activities we are carrying out is cutting down forests - deforestation. This is done for many reasons, such as providing wood for fuel, making land available for housing or for crating space for more cattle to graze(吃草) on. This has been most noticeable in Brazil, which is home to the world’s largest rainforest. Deforestation there has hit its highest rate in a decade, according to official data. Over the course of a year, an area about five times the size of London has been destroyed.
The amount of deforestation in the Amazon and in other tropical(热带的) regions has actually seen a decline but the figures are still large. Global Forest Watch say that in 2018, an area equivalent to 30 football fields were cut down every minute. Frances Seymour from the World Resources Institute says that “If you look back over the last 18 years, it is clear that the overall trend is still upwards. We are nowhere near winning this battle.”
What’s special about places like the Amazon is that they are primary forests which exist in their original condition with some species of trees dating back thousands of years. This habitat is home to unique and rare animals and is critical for sustaining biodiversity(生物多样性). The BBC’s environment correspondent, Matt McGrath, says “These old forests really matter as stores of carbon dioxide, which is way the loss of 3.6 million hectares in 2018 is concerning.”
Brazil has taken some steps to try and decrease deforestation by introducing government policies including fines for breaking land use regulations and illegal logging. And International campaigns to stop the trade of soy and beef farmed on deforested parts of the Amazon have also had a significant impact.
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Teaching Children about Forgiveness
If you’ve seen your children struggle to forgive someone for hurting them, you know that forgiveness is complicated. After all, forgiveness is complicated for adults, too. At times, we wonder why we’re trying to forgive someone anyway; later, we might think we’ve forgiven them, only to experience a sudden burst of anger. Indeed, it takes many years for us to grasp the meaning of forgiveness as we grow up.
It’s understandable that children may feel hurt or angry when a friend does something less-than-kind to them. Maybe the friend said something unkind or broke something precious, embarrassed them, excluded them, or told their secrets. Children may be tempted to get even with a friend who’s done them wrong, by doing something worse or telling everyone how terrible the friend is, but trying to get revenge only escalates (升级) the conflict.
Parents can play an important role in teaching children about forgiveness. Children watch how important adults in their lives respond when someone does something unkind. Do they complain to others or speak directly to the person involved How long does it take them to get over being mad or hurt How do they get over it Parents can teach their children about the value of forgiveness by regularly practicing it in their own lives.
Sometimes parents can talk with their children about forgiveness, based on where kids are in their cognitive (认知的) and emotional development. For example, children need to understand that no one is perfect, so generously forgiving a well-meaning friend is a caring thing to do. If parents can help children see things a little more from other people’s perspective, this will make forgiveness easier. These conversations can change the way children think about forgiveness and help them emotionally recover when they inevitably experience harm and unfair treatment from others in life.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicine, which has been used for medicinal purposes, is the use of plants to treat diseases. Many herbalists use the entire plant, from the flowers, stems, leaves, and roots, in the form of everything from teas to pills. These plants contain natural, chemical things that can treat the body for a variety of diseases, such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, chronic fatigue, and cancer, among others.
Nowadays an increasing number of people prefer to adopt these plants to treat their diseases because, compared with chemical medicine, herbal medicine has its own advantages. Herbal medicine and remedies are more effective than chemical medicine for certain diseases. The chemical medicine given by a chemist could have certain negative side effects. However, many of the herbal medicine and remedies to not have negative side effects. If any, they are softer than chemical medicine. Obesity is the cause of many of the health problems. Herbal medicine can help weight loss more effectively and improve overall health.
However, the cure using herbal medicine and supplements would take some time, and therefore people are supposed to possess enough patience. Worse still, herbal medicine contains a variety of ingredients and people have to be sure that their body agrees with the ingredients and that it is not allergic.
A point worth mentioning here is that herbal remedies and medicine for certain illnesses may have negative side effects. These side effects may not be shown at once, but would take months or even years. In the early stages, if the herbal medicine is not agreeing with you, it is wise to stop using it.
When used correctly and directed by doctors, herbs can help treat a variety of disease. But keep in mind that the herbal medicine industry is not regulated, so herbal products are often misleading and may contain additives that are not listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with other drugs, and some are poisonous if used improperly or at high doses. Taking herbs on your own increases your risk.
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Sunmarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Father’s Influence Makes for Better Grades
Adolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.
This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.
Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.
These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.
Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by selling goods door to door found that he only had one dime left. He was hungry so he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.
However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you ”
“You don’t owe me anything,’’ she replied. “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” As Howard Kelly left that house, he not only felt stronger physically, but it also increased his faith in the human race. He was about to give up and quit before this point.
Years later the young woman became critically ill. The local doctors were baffled. They finally sent her to the big city, where specialists can be called in to study her rare disease. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in for the consultation. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Immediately, he rose and went down through the hospital hall into her room.
Dressed in his doctor’s gown he went in to see her. He recognized her at once. He went back to the consultation room and determined to do his best to save her life. From that day on, he gave special attention to her case.
After a long struggle, the battle was won. Dr. Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to her room. She was afraid to open it because she was positive that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words “Paid in full with a glass of milk. (Signed) Dr. Howard Kelly” and tears of joy flooded her eyes. Love spread through human hearts and hands.
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Coco-Cola’s Innovative Solution to Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere. It is estimated that just in 2016, the world produced over 320 million tons of plastic, and this number is set to double by 2034.
Plastic waste even makes its way into our oceans with 8 million pieces of plastic pollution per day polluting our waters and destroying the habitat for hundreds of species. It is now believed that there may be around 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean weighing in total up to 269,000 tons. It’s been crystal clear for a long time that the situation is horrible and something needs to be done, and fast. Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution. The firm is replacing its plastic wrapping in Europe with a new paper board technology.
This new tech is called the KeelClip and it is a first for the non-alcohol ready-to-drink (NARTD) industry. Using KeelClips, Coca-Cola aims to remove all plastic wrap from its can multipacks in all European Union markets by the end of 2021. The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.
“Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM, which is composed of a top board that the cans clip into and central cardboard ‘keel’ — similar to a ship’s keel — that stabilizes the pack, is another example of how we are delivering on our commitment to remove all unnecessary and hard to recycle single- use plastic from our products. We hope this eco-friendly initative is a conscious approach to dealing with plastic pollution,” said Joe Franses, Vice President, Sustainability at Coca-Cola European Partners.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Virginia Bookstore Finds the Secret to Success
A large bookstore in a small U. S. town has succeeded for many years by giving people a chance to buy a lot of books for a low price.
The large and simple bookstore is in the small eastern town of Mount Crawford, Virginia.
The Green Valley Book Fair is made up of two large storage buildings totaling 2,300 square meters.
Some customers like Zoe Dellinger have been buying books at the store for many years.
“I have been coming here since I was in my early 20s. The thrill of finding a new book is very serendipitous (机缘巧合的) here because you can’t come and say Fm buying the new Nicholas Sparks book today.’ That’s not what this place is about — this place is about finding wonderful treasures.”
And those treasures are not costly.
“I found a wonderful book that I wanted. It was very expensive at the time — 26 dollars was expensive for me to purchase a new book. I found the book here for five dollars. I was so excited, so that has kept me coming back just to see what treasures I’ll find.”
The Green Valley Book Fair has 500,000 new and old books about politics, religion, science, travel, cooking and many other subjects.
Michele Branner is the manager of the store.
“My parents actually started this bookstore about 46 years ago. My dad collected old books and then decided that he wanted to sell some of them. And it went so well that it’s just kind of evolved to what it is today.”
The bookstore is only open six times a year for three weeks. About 25, 000 people visit during each period. The store sells about $ 2 million worth of books every year.
“We buy our books at a fraction of retail (零售价的几分之一) and we can sell them for the prices that we do and keep our overhead low. That’s why we don’t have any fancy buildings or anything like that.”
People have visited the store from many American states and from Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Russia.
Tom Whitlon is from the eastern city of Bristol, Connecticut.
“We have our whole family with us this time. So we said, ‘Oh you gotta see this book fair,’ and so we brought ’em all here today. It meets every family’s need that likes to read. ”
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: “I don’t like being watched”, “I don’t like the eyes on me” or “I don’t like being in the spotlight”.
To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA．
Fortunately, there is a solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to do. But it’s absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with, when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify the audience’s needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs. Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when your brain is telling you, “Everyone is judging me.” But it is exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with “dead zones” expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled(翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.
The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.
Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the heating causes stratification(分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.
Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae(藻类) which bloom and then cause oxygen consumption as they die and decay.
The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to take actions and help the oceans function better.
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Do We Need Art in Our Lives
No one will be surprised to hear that the arts are under fire in this day and age. We view the arts as something of a hobby, something that’s fun but certainly can’t pay the rent. If it’s not a useful skill, no wonder arts funding is being cut in schools. Do we really need art in our lives
In schools, time and money is at a premium （稀有而珍贵）, now more than ever. With teachers having to fit so many lessons into every day. it’s easy to see why art is dropping more and more by the wayside. Budgets are dropping at an alarming rate, and what school is going to drop teaching in essential subjects such as math or science when they can drop art instead
It seems as though the loss of art in daily life is sad fact of life, but it doesn’t have to be. There are actually a lot of practical uses for art for many people. For example, art therapy has helped people with a range of illnesses, both mental and physical, cope with their symptoms. Art is found almost anywhere you look in your home. Practical items, such as bedspreads, furniture or clothing, are all art forms in themselves and arouse emotions in the people interacting with them.
Art also gives us insight into the world. History tells us what happened and when it happened, but it can’t tell us how the population at large felt about it, which is where art steps in. We know a lot about how people in the past lived and worded, because their art has given us much a deep insight into their daily lives. We wouldn’t have that insight without it.
Most of all, we need art in our lives as it gives us a form of self-expression. Being able to talk about our feelings is essential to staying healthy. You may not think ou talk about your feelings, but you may express them in other ways. Some like to cook or bake, some like to work machinery, and others may like to paint or draw. Whatever you like to do in your spare time, you’re probably creating art every day.
So, do we need art in our lives Many people would say no, but the art they’re thinking of is the art you see in galleries. Art is actually much more accessible and it truly needed in everyday life. It helps those in need, gives people in the future an idea of what life was like, and is a vital form of self-expression.
参考答案
1．The most serious environmental destruction from humans is deforestation, which is most severe in Brazil. Although declining in tropical regions, the figures of deforestation are still large and the trend is continuing.Primary forests are important because of biodiversity and carbon dioxide storage. Brazil has taken measures to decrease deforestation and international campaigns have also joined in the effort.
【解析】
【分析】
文章的主要结构为总-分。主要讲在热带地区森林砍伐仍在继续，巴西最为严重。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
【详解】
第一段讲述人类对森林砍伐破坏了环境，在巴西最为严重。可以用到的词汇或句型有：environmental destruction；deforestation；most severe；Brazil等；第二段讲述亚马逊和其他热带地区的森林砍伐量实际上有所下降，但数字仍然很大。可以用到的词汇或句型有：tropical regions；decline；the figures等；第三段讲述原始森林很重要，对维持生物多样性至关重要，也具有二氧化碳储存的能力。可以用到的词汇或句型有：primary forests；sustain；biodiversity；stores；carbon dioxide等；第四段讲述巴西政府已经采取了一些措施，国际运动也加入了这一努力。可以用到的词汇或句型有：Brazil；take measures；deforestation；international campaigns等。范文中还运用了定语从句The most serious environmental destruction from humans is deforestation, which is most severe in Brazil. 以及状语从句Although declining in tropical regions, the figures of deforestation are still large and the trend is continuing.Primary forests are important because of biodiversity and carbon dioxide storage.
2．Forgiveness is complicated and children’s understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people’s perspective and better understand forgiveness.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。主要讲述了在孩子眼里，“原谅”这一过程的特征，以及作为父母应如何教导孩子学会原谅。
【详解】
第一步：审题
时态：时态应为一般现在时。
人称：第三人称，避免第一人称使用。
注意事项：
1. 写出原谅这一过程特征，为什么要原谅。
2. 父母如何教导孩子学会原谅。
3. 避免摘抄原文词语，学会同义替换。
第二步：段落总结
第一段：对于孩子来说，原来是一个复杂的认知过程，需要花费很长时间才能明白。
第二段：在受到伤害时，反抗或报复是一种生理自然反应。
第三段：家长要树立榜样，教学生学习“如何学习原谅”（也是文章的过渡段落）。
第四段：提出一些指导原则，帮助孩子学会“原谅”。
第三步：语义合并
文章第二段和第一段可以合并，写出Forgiveness is complicated and children’s understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged.
第三段和第四段可以并列，写出Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people’s perspective and better understand forgiveness.
第四步：润色修改
3．Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. (要点1)It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. (要点2)However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. (要点3)Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences. (要点4)
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。现在越来越多人喜欢采用草药来治疗疾病，基于该现象，作者通过这篇文章介绍了草药的优缺点。
【详解】
通读全文，我们可以从以下四个方面对本文进行总结：草药，以各种形式从植物种提取，是一种治疗疾病的方法；和化学药物相比，它具有更好的疗效和更小的副作用；草药也有缺点，例如恢复耗时长、可能的恢复，以及过敏可能。因此，医生建议我们谨慎使用草药，以免出现潜在的危险后果。
故可总结为：Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. (要点1)It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. (要点2)However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. (要点3)Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences. (要点4)
4．Evidence shows that mothers can help children overcome difficulties, but a recently study finds that fathers also have positive influence. They can help children feel more optimistic and self-confident, which boosts the math score of teenage girls and the language abilities of boys. Therefore, fathers should be encouraged to convey care and recognition to their children.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括有证据表明母亲可以帮助孩子克服困难，但最近的一项研究发现父亲也有积极的影响——可以帮助孩子们感到更加乐观和自信，从而提高少女的数学成绩和男孩的语言能力，因此，应鼓励父亲向子女传达关爱和认可。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
5．A poor hungry boy asked for water but got milk from a kind, beautiful young woman. Inspired by her kindness, the boy worked hard and became an excellent doctor. Years later he saved the kind woman suffering from a serious illness and paid the medical bill for her. Thus, love spread through human hearts and hands.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要记叙了一个贫穷饥饿的男孩向一位善良美丽的年轻女子要水喝。受到她的善良的鼓舞，这个男孩努力工作，成为了一名优秀的医生。多年以后，他救了那个患重病的好心的女人，并为她付了医药费。因此，爱通过人类的心灵和双手传播。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
6．With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola’s commitment to sustainable eco- friendly packaging.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
这篇概写语言精练，从三方面概括了文章要点。根据第一段中Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere.(塑料污染已经成为21世纪最紧迫的问题之一，塑料垃圾几乎无处不在)可知，With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth.(随着塑料垃圾进入海洋，威胁着海洋生物，塑料污染是地球上最严重的问题之一)；根据第二段中Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution.(幸运的是，可口可乐公司接受了这一挑战，并提出了一个创新且相当有效的解决方案)和第三段中The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.(该公司乐观地认为，此举每年将节省2000吨塑料和3000吨二氧化碳)可知，To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually.(来处理这种情况。可口可乐公司想出了一种名为KeelClip的creaive解决方案，用纸板代替塑料包装，从而每年节省大量的塑料和二氧化碳)；再根据最后一段中Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM,(创新是我们可持续包装工作的关键原则，这种可完全回收的纸板KeelClipTM的应用)可知，The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola’s commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging.(这个案例展示了可口可乐公司对可持续环保包装的承诺背后的创新)
7．A bookstore in Virginia has succeeded for many years. Customers buy books through finding wonderful treasures of books by themselves. The books are cheap and of all kinds. The Green valley Book Fair is open six times a year but with high sales. The storekeeper sells books at a low profit. It attracts many people from various places.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了弗吉尼亚州的一家书店多年来一直很成功。顾客通过自己寻找书籍的奇珍异宝来购买书籍。这些书既便宜又种类繁多。绿谷书展每年开六次，但销量很高。这个店主以低利润卖书。它吸引了许多来自不同地方的人。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】
范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如A bookstore in Virginia has succeeded for many years.运用了现在完成时；Customers buy books through finding wonderful treasures of books by themselves.运用了动名词做介词宾语。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
8．Possible version1:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. To solve the problem, people should focus on helping the audience, speaking directly to the audience’s needs and refocusing their brain before speaking. (55)
Possible version2:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience’s needs and refocus their brain before speaking. (57)
【解析】
【分析】
本题要求写一篇概要，属于说明文。
【详解】
首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。
【点睛】
文章简明扼要，涵盖所有内容，结构层次清晰，文章顺畅。Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. because引导的原因状语从句；The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. that引导的表语从句；
9．Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Global warming is another cause. Finally intensive farming is also to blame for oxygen loss, because its wastes feeds algae, which consumes lots of oxygen. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Besides, global warming is responsible as it leads to lower oxygen storage and stratification. Finally, intensive farming also results in the oxygen loss. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括海洋中的含氧量正在迅速下降，危及海洋生物。工业污染物，尤其是塑料废物和二氧化碳的增加，是最致命的原因，全球变暖是另一个原因，最后，精耕细作也是氧气流失的罪魁祸首，因为它的废物喂养藻类，藻类消耗大量氧气，我们应采取措施应对这一被忽视的威胁。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
10．Considered as a hobby or fun, art is ignored in schools. Limited time and money is spent on essential subjects. However, art is very useful and everywhere. As therapy, art benefits health. Besides, it enables us to understand the world better. Above all, we often express our feelings in the form of art. Therefore, art is needed.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括艺术被认为是一种爱好或乐趣，但在学校却被忽视了，学校把有限的时间和金钱花在基本的科目上，然而，艺术是非常有用的：艺术有益于健康，它使还让我们能够更好地了解世界，最重要的是，我们经常用艺术的形式来表达我们的感情，因此，艺术是必要的。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
High level of deforestation continues
We are all aware of the threats our planet is facing. Experts agree that it’s mainly us humans who are responsible for the destruction of the environment. One of the most destructive activities we are carrying out is cutting down forests - deforestation. This is done for many reasons, such as providing wood for fuel, making land available for housing or for crating space for more cattle to graze(吃草) on. This has been most noticeable in Brazil, which is home to the world’s largest rainforest. Deforestation there has hit its highest rate in a decade, according to official data. Over the course of a year, an area about five times the size of London has been destroyed.
The amount of deforestation in the Amazon and in other tropical(热带的) regions has actually seen a decline but the figures are still large. Global Forest Watch say that in 2018, an area equivalent to 30 football fields were cut down every minute. Frances Seymour from the World Resources Institute says that “If you look back over the last 18 years, it is clear that the overall trend is still upwards. We are nowhere near winning this battle.”
What’s special about places like the Amazon is that they are primary forests which exist in their original condition with some species of trees dating back thousands of years. This habitat is home to unique and rare animals and is critical for sustaining biodiversity(生物多样性). The BBC’s environment correspondent, Matt McGrath, says “These old forests really matter as stores of carbon dioxide, which is way the loss of 3.6 million hectares in 2018 is concerning.”
Brazil has taken some steps to try and decrease deforestation by introducing government policies including fines for breaking land use regulations and illegal logging. And International campaigns to stop the trade of soy and beef farmed on deforested parts of the Amazon have also had a significant impact.
2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Teaching Children about Forgiveness
If you’ve seen your children struggle to forgive someone for hurting them, you know that forgiveness is complicated. After all, forgiveness is complicated for adults, too. At times, we wonder why we’re trying to forgive someone anyway; later, we might think we’ve forgiven them, only to experience a sudden burst of anger. Indeed, it takes many years for us to grasp the meaning of forgiveness as we grow up.
It’s understandable that children may feel hurt or angry when a friend does something less-than-kind to them. Maybe the friend said something unkind or broke something precious, embarrassed them, excluded them, or told their secrets. Children may be tempted to get even with a friend who’s done them wrong, by doing something worse or telling everyone how terrible the friend is, but trying to get revenge only escalates (升级) the conflict.
Parents can play an important role in teaching children about forgiveness. Children watch how important adults in their lives respond when someone does something unkind. Do they complain to others or speak directly to the person involved How long does it take them to get over being mad or hurt How do they get over it Parents can teach their children about the value of forgiveness by regularly practicing it in their own lives.
Sometimes parents can talk with their children about forgiveness, based on where kids are in their cognitive (认知的) and emotional development. For example, children need to understand that no one is perfect, so generously forgiving a well-meaning friend is a caring thing to do. If parents can help children see things a little more from other people’s perspective, this will make forgiveness easier. These conversations can change the way children think about forgiveness and help them emotionally recover when they inevitably experience harm and unfair treatment from others in life.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicine, which has been used for medicinal purposes, is the use of plants to treat diseases. Many herbalists use the entire plant, from the flowers, stems, leaves, and roots, in the form of everything from teas to pills. These plants contain natural, chemical things that can treat the body for a variety of diseases, such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, chronic fatigue, and cancer, among others.
Nowadays an increasing number of people prefer to adopt these plants to treat their diseases because, compared with chemical medicine, herbal medicine has its own advantages. Herbal medicine and remedies are more effective than chemical medicine for certain diseases. The chemical medicine given by a chemist could have certain negative side effects. However, many of the herbal medicine and remedies to not have negative side effects. If any, they are softer than chemical medicine. Obesity is the cause of many of the health problems. Herbal medicine can help weight loss more effectively and improve overall health.
However, the cure using herbal medicine and supplements would take some time, and therefore people are supposed to possess enough patience. Worse still, herbal medicine contains a variety of ingredients and people have to be sure that their body agrees with the ingredients and that it is not allergic.
A point worth mentioning here is that herbal remedies and medicine for certain illnesses may have negative side effects. These side effects may not be shown at once, but would take months or even years. In the early stages, if the herbal medicine is not agreeing with you, it is wise to stop using it.
When used correctly and directed by doctors, herbs can help treat a variety of disease. But keep in mind that the herbal medicine industry is not regulated, so herbal products are often misleading and may contain additives that are not listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with other drugs, and some are poisonous if used improperly or at high doses. Taking herbs on your own increases your risk.
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Sunmarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Father’s Influence Makes for Better Grades
Adolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.
This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.
Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.
These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.
Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by selling goods door to door found that he only had one dime left. He was hungry so he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.
However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you ”
“You don’t owe me anything,’’ she replied. “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” As Howard Kelly left that house, he not only felt stronger physically, but it also increased his faith in the human race. He was about to give up and quit before this point.
Years later the young woman became critically ill. The local doctors were baffled. They finally sent her to the big city, where specialists can be called in to study her rare disease. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in for the consultation. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Immediately, he rose and went down through the hospital hall into her room.
Dressed in his doctor’s gown he went in to see her. He recognized her at once. He went back to the consultation room and determined to do his best to save her life. From that day on, he gave special attention to her case.
After a long struggle, the battle was won. Dr. Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to her room. She was afraid to open it because she was positive that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words “Paid in full with a glass of milk. (Signed) Dr. Howard Kelly” and tears of joy flooded her eyes. Love spread through human hearts and hands.
6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Coco-Cola’s Innovative Solution to Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere. It is estimated that just in 2016, the world produced over 320 million tons of plastic, and this number is set to double by 2034.
Plastic waste even makes its way into our oceans with 8 million pieces of plastic pollution per day polluting our waters and destroying the habitat for hundreds of species. It is now believed that there may be around 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean weighing in total up to 269,000 tons. It’s been crystal clear for a long time that the situation is horrible and something needs to be done, and fast. Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution. The firm is replacing its plastic wrapping in Europe with a new paper board technology.
This new tech is called the KeelClip and it is a first for the non-alcohol ready-to-drink (NARTD) industry. Using KeelClips, Coca-Cola aims to remove all plastic wrap from its can multipacks in all European Union markets by the end of 2021. The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.
“Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM, which is composed of a top board that the cans clip into and central cardboard ‘keel’ — similar to a ship’s keel — that stabilizes the pack, is another example of how we are delivering on our commitment to remove all unnecessary and hard to recycle single- use plastic from our products. We hope this eco-friendly initative is a conscious approach to dealing with plastic pollution,” said Joe Franses, Vice President, Sustainability at Coca-Cola European Partners.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Virginia Bookstore Finds the Secret to Success
A large bookstore in a small U. S. town has succeeded for many years by giving people a chance to buy a lot of books for a low price.
The large and simple bookstore is in the small eastern town of Mount Crawford, Virginia.
The Green Valley Book Fair is made up of two large storage buildings totaling 2,300 square meters.
Some customers like Zoe Dellinger have been buying books at the store for many years.
“I have been coming here since I was in my early 20s. The thrill of finding a new book is very serendipitous (机缘巧合的) here because you can’t come and say Fm buying the new Nicholas Sparks book today.’ That’s not what this place is about — this place is about finding wonderful treasures.”
And those treasures are not costly.
“I found a wonderful book that I wanted. It was very expensive at the time — 26 dollars was expensive for me to purchase a new book. I found the book here for five dollars. I was so excited, so that has kept me coming back just to see what treasures I’ll find.”
The Green Valley Book Fair has 500,000 new and old books about politics, religion, science, travel, cooking and many other subjects.
Michele Branner is the manager of the store.
“My parents actually started this bookstore about 46 years ago. My dad collected old books and then decided that he wanted to sell some of them. And it went so well that it’s just kind of evolved to what it is today.”
The bookstore is only open six times a year for three weeks. About 25, 000 people visit during each period. The store sells about $ 2 million worth of books every year.
“We buy our books at a fraction of retail (零售价的几分之一) and we can sell them for the prices that we do and keep our overhead low. That’s why we don’t have any fancy buildings or anything like that.”
People have visited the store from many American states and from Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Russia.
Tom Whitlon is from the eastern city of Bristol, Connecticut.
“We have our whole family with us this time. So we said, ‘Oh you gotta see this book fair,’ and so we brought ’em all here today. It meets every family’s need that likes to read. ”
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: “I don’t like being watched”, “I don’t like the eyes on me” or “I don’t like being in the spotlight”.
To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA．
Fortunately, there is a solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to do. But it’s absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with, when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify the audience’s needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs. Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when your brain is telling you, “Everyone is judging me.” But it is exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with “dead zones” expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled(翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.
The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.
Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the heating causes stratification(分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.
Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae(藻类) which bloom and then cause oxygen consumption as they die and decay.
The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to take actions and help the oceans function better.
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Do We Need Art in Our Lives
No one will be surprised to hear that the arts are under fire in this day and age. We view the arts as something of a hobby, something that’s fun but certainly can’t pay the rent. If it’s not a useful skill, no wonder arts funding is being cut in schools. Do we really need art in our lives
In schools, time and money is at a premium （稀有而珍贵）, now more than ever. With teachers having to fit so many lessons into every day. it’s easy to see why art is dropping more and more by the wayside. Budgets are dropping at an alarming rate, and what school is going to drop teaching in essential subjects such as math or science when they can drop art instead
It seems as though the loss of art in daily life is sad fact of life, but it doesn’t have to be. There are actually a lot of practical uses for art for many people. For example, art therapy has helped people with a range of illnesses, both mental and physical, cope with their symptoms. Art is found almost anywhere you look in your home. Practical items, such as bedspreads, furniture or clothing, are all art forms in themselves and arouse emotions in the people interacting with them.
Art also gives us insight into the world. History tells us what happened and when it happened, but it can’t tell us how the population at large felt about it, which is where art steps in. We know a lot about how people in the past lived and worded, because their art has given us much a deep insight into their daily lives. We wouldn’t have that insight without it.
Most of all, we need art in our lives as it gives us a form of self-expression. Being able to talk about our feelings is essential to staying healthy. You may not think ou talk about your feelings, but you may express them in other ways. Some like to cook or bake, some like to work machinery, and others may like to paint or draw. Whatever you like to do in your spare time, you’re probably creating art every day.
So, do we need art in our lives Many people would say no, but the art they’re thinking of is the art you see in galleries. Art is actually much more accessible and it truly needed in everyday life. It helps those in need, gives people in the future an idea of what life was like, and is a vital form of self-expression.
参考答案
1．The most serious environmental destruction from humans is deforestation, which is most severe in Brazil. Although declining in tropical regions, the figures of deforestation are still large and the trend is continuing.Primary forests are important because of biodiversity and carbon dioxide storage. Brazil has taken measures to decrease deforestation and international campaigns have also joined in the effort.
【解析】
【分析】
文章的主要结构为总-分。主要讲在热带地区森林砍伐仍在继续，巴西最为严重。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
【详解】
第一段讲述人类对森林砍伐破坏了环境，在巴西最为严重。可以用到的词汇或句型有：environmental destruction；deforestation；most severe；Brazil等；第二段讲述亚马逊和其他热带地区的森林砍伐量实际上有所下降，但数字仍然很大。可以用到的词汇或句型有：tropical regions；decline；the figures等；第三段讲述原始森林很重要，对维持生物多样性至关重要，也具有二氧化碳储存的能力。可以用到的词汇或句型有：primary forests；sustain；biodiversity；stores；carbon dioxide等；第四段讲述巴西政府已经采取了一些措施，国际运动也加入了这一努力。可以用到的词汇或句型有：Brazil；take measures；deforestation；international campaigns等。范文中还运用了定语从句The most serious environmental destruction from humans is deforestation, which is most severe in Brazil. 以及状语从句Although declining in tropical regions, the figures of deforestation are still large and the trend is continuing.Primary forests are important because of biodiversity and carbon dioxide storage.
2．Forgiveness is complicated and children’s understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people’s perspective and better understand forgiveness.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。主要讲述了在孩子眼里，“原谅”这一过程的特征，以及作为父母应如何教导孩子学会原谅。
【详解】
第一步：审题
时态：时态应为一般现在时。
人称：第三人称，避免第一人称使用。
注意事项：
1. 写出原谅这一过程特征，为什么要原谅。
2. 父母如何教导孩子学会原谅。
3. 避免摘抄原文词语，学会同义替换。
第二步：段落总结
第一段：对于孩子来说，原来是一个复杂的认知过程，需要花费很长时间才能明白。
第二段：在受到伤害时，反抗或报复是一种生理自然反应。
第三段：家长要树立榜样，教学生学习“如何学习原谅”（也是文章的过渡段落）。
第四段：提出一些指导原则，帮助孩子学会“原谅”。
第三步：语义合并
文章第二段和第一段可以合并，写出Forgiveness is complicated and children’s understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged.
第三段和第四段可以并列，写出Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people’s perspective and better understand forgiveness.
第四步：润色修改
3．Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. (要点1)It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. (要点2)However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. (要点3)Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences. (要点4)
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。现在越来越多人喜欢采用草药来治疗疾病，基于该现象，作者通过这篇文章介绍了草药的优缺点。
【详解】
通读全文，我们可以从以下四个方面对本文进行总结：草药，以各种形式从植物种提取，是一种治疗疾病的方法；和化学药物相比，它具有更好的疗效和更小的副作用；草药也有缺点，例如恢复耗时长、可能的恢复，以及过敏可能。因此，医生建议我们谨慎使用草药，以免出现潜在的危险后果。
故可总结为：Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. (要点1)It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. (要点2)However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. (要点3)Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences. (要点4)
4．Evidence shows that mothers can help children overcome difficulties, but a recently study finds that fathers also have positive influence. They can help children feel more optimistic and self-confident, which boosts the math score of teenage girls and the language abilities of boys. Therefore, fathers should be encouraged to convey care and recognition to their children.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括有证据表明母亲可以帮助孩子克服困难，但最近的一项研究发现父亲也有积极的影响——可以帮助孩子们感到更加乐观和自信，从而提高少女的数学成绩和男孩的语言能力，因此，应鼓励父亲向子女传达关爱和认可。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
5．A poor hungry boy asked for water but got milk from a kind, beautiful young woman. Inspired by her kindness, the boy worked hard and became an excellent doctor. Years later he saved the kind woman suffering from a serious illness and paid the medical bill for her. Thus, love spread through human hearts and hands.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要记叙了一个贫穷饥饿的男孩向一位善良美丽的年轻女子要水喝。受到她的善良的鼓舞，这个男孩努力工作，成为了一名优秀的医生。多年以后，他救了那个患重病的好心的女人，并为她付了医药费。因此，爱通过人类的心灵和双手传播。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
6．With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola’s commitment to sustainable eco- friendly packaging.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
这篇概写语言精练，从三方面概括了文章要点。根据第一段中Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere.(塑料污染已经成为21世纪最紧迫的问题之一，塑料垃圾几乎无处不在)可知，With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth.(随着塑料垃圾进入海洋，威胁着海洋生物，塑料污染是地球上最严重的问题之一)；根据第二段中Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution.(幸运的是，可口可乐公司接受了这一挑战，并提出了一个创新且相当有效的解决方案)和第三段中The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.(该公司乐观地认为，此举每年将节省2000吨塑料和3000吨二氧化碳)可知，To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually.(来处理这种情况。可口可乐公司想出了一种名为KeelClip的creaive解决方案，用纸板代替塑料包装，从而每年节省大量的塑料和二氧化碳)；再根据最后一段中Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM,(创新是我们可持续包装工作的关键原则，这种可完全回收的纸板KeelClipTM的应用)可知，The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola’s commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging.(这个案例展示了可口可乐公司对可持续环保包装的承诺背后的创新)
7．A bookstore in Virginia has succeeded for many years. Customers buy books through finding wonderful treasures of books by themselves. The books are cheap and of all kinds. The Green valley Book Fair is open six times a year but with high sales. The storekeeper sells books at a low profit. It attracts many people from various places.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】
写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了弗吉尼亚州的一家书店多年来一直很成功。顾客通过自己寻找书籍的奇珍异宝来购买书籍。这些书既便宜又种类繁多。绿谷书展每年开六次，但销量很高。这个店主以低利润卖书。它吸引了许多来自不同地方的人。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】
范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如A bookstore in Virginia has succeeded for many years.运用了现在完成时；Customers buy books through finding wonderful treasures of books by themselves.运用了动名词做介词宾语。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
8．Possible version1:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. To solve the problem, people should focus on helping the audience, speaking directly to the audience’s needs and refocusing their brain before speaking. (55)
Possible version2:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience’s needs and refocus their brain before speaking. (57)
【解析】
【分析】
本题要求写一篇概要，属于说明文。
【详解】
首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。
【点睛】
文章简明扼要，涵盖所有内容，结构层次清晰，文章顺畅。Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. because引导的原因状语从句；The reason is that humans turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. that引导的表语从句；
9．Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Global warming is another cause. Finally intensive farming is also to blame for oxygen loss, because its wastes feeds algae, which consumes lots of oxygen. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Besides, global warming is responsible as it leads to lower oxygen storage and stratification. Finally, intensive farming also results in the oxygen loss. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括海洋中的含氧量正在迅速下降，危及海洋生物。工业污染物，尤其是塑料废物和二氧化碳的增加，是最致命的原因，全球变暖是另一个原因，最后，精耕细作也是氧气流失的罪魁祸首，因为它的废物喂养藻类，藻类消耗大量氧气，我们应采取措施应对这一被忽视的威胁。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
10．Considered as a hobby or fun, art is ignored in schools. Limited time and money is spent on essential subjects. However, art is very useful and everywhere. As therapy, art benefits health. Besides, it enables us to understand the world better. Above all, we often express our feelings in the form of art. Therefore, art is needed.
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括艺术被认为是一种爱好或乐趣，但在学校却被忽视了，学校把有限的时间和金钱花在基本的科目上，然而，艺术是非常有用的：艺术有益于健康，它使还让我们能够更好地了解世界，最重要的是，我们经常用艺术的形式来表达我们的感情，因此，艺术是必要的。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。