2023届高考英语语法专题：情态动词讲练和解析学案（有答案）

新概念英语语法：情态动词
情态动词表示某种情感和语气, 有一定的词义, 同样的词义, 可用不同的情态动词表达。而一个情态动词又常常有不同的词义。情态动词尽管有一定的词义, 但不能单独作谓语。注意区分它们之间的联系及其特殊用法。
1．表示“能力”: can, could; be able to。can表示现在或将来的能力。could表示过去的能力。
1）表示现在的能力。can = be (am, is, are) able to。
She can speak French. = She is able to speak French.
2）表示过去的能力。could与was / were able to的联系与区别。
① 泛指过去的能力could = was / were able to:
He could speak Japanese when he was a child. = He was able to speak Japanese when he was a child.
② 指过去能且实际做了某事, 不用could。比较:
The girl was able to swim across the river last year. (女孩去年能并且在河中游过)
The girl could swim across the river last year. (女孩去年有这个能力, 不一定在这河中游过)
3）can表示将来的能力(情态动词表将来) = will be able to:
Can you finish the task by 11 this morning = Will you be able to finish the task by 11 this morning
4）can, could只有两种形式, 而 be able to中的be有多种时态形式, 如完成时等。
Lingling has been able to play the piano for over 2 years.
I hope to be able to go to the party tonight.
不说：I hope can go to the party tonight.
2．表“许可”: can (could), may (might), will (would), must, shall:
1）肯定句中用can, may, might (语气更委婉)。
You may take it away. = You can take it away.
You might stay a moment. (你可以再待会儿嘛。比用may更委婉客气)
He can come over after supper. = He may come over after supper.
2）一般问句中征询意见用can (could), may (might), will (would), must, shall:
① 第一人称征询对方you的意见,主语是I / we。
“May I come in ” “Yes, you may. (No, you may not / can’t.)” (may not “可以不” 较委婉客气。can’t不能; 不许, 语气强硬)
“Can I borrow your bike for today ” “Yes, you can. (No, you can’t.)” (can 与may同义, 用can征询意见时, 否定答语用can’t, 不用may not)
“Must I go now ” “Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)”
“Must we leave here right now ” “Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)” (must的否定答语用needn’t “不必”义, 不用mustn’t, 因为mustn’t “不许”义)
“Shall I shut the window ” “Yes, please. (No, thanks.)” (用Shall征询意见时, 同意就请对方干。不同意, 也要谢谢对方。)
② Shall he (she, it, they) do … 句型,是第一人称征询对方you的意见,叫第三人称做…好吗 = Do you want [would you like] him (her, it, them ) to do …
Shall he come at once = Do you want him to come at once
③ 第一人称请求对方you帮忙, 主语是you。
Will (Would) you (please) explain it again
Can (Could) you tell me how to get to the cinema
( would, could代替will, can, 更委婉客气)
注意：区分shall, will是情态动词还是助动词？是情态动词可用同样意思的情态动词替换。是助动词可用be going to替换。
Will you be free this afternoon = Are you (going to be) free this afternoon (be表状态, will是助动词)
Will you come earlier tomorrow = Would / Can / Could you come earlier tomorrow ( will是情态动词, 可用would, can, could替换。)
3）否定句中, “不许、不准、不能”, “不可以”, 用mustn’t, can’t。“可以不 ”用may not。
She mustn’t (can’t) go out at night. = She is not allowed to go out at night.
You may not come to the office tomorrow. ( 可以不到办公室来)
3．表“可能”: may, might, can, could:
1） 肯定句中用can, may, might, could。 指现在或将来, 用might, could比can, may可能性小。“过去可能”用might, could。比较:
You may be right. / You might be right. (用might对的可能性很小)
He said that he might come the next day. (据时态呼应，不用may)
注意: can表一般可能性, 而may表实际上在发生或将要发生的具体可能性。
A wise man can sometimes make a blunder (大错). (一般可能性)
She may go to Beijing by air next Saturday. (具体可能性)
2）疑问句中用can。
Can it be true that Li Li has passed the college entrance exam
What can you do this afternoon
注意: 词汇手段表可能:疑问句中不用may, 而用likely (可能的), do you think等表示 “是否可能”, “会不会”。
Is it likely to rain (Is it likely to rain, do you think ) 会下雨吗
Do you think the train will be late (Is the train likely to be late )
(Is it likely that the train will be late ) 火车会晚点吗
3）否定句中,“不可能”用can’t；“可能不”用may not。比较:
She can’t be at home. She was in her office just now.
She may not be at home. (可能不在家, 即也可能在家)
注意: can’t是对现在的否定猜测, 对过去的否定猜测, 不是couldn’t, 而是can’t + have + v.-ed分词。
参见《情态动词》“猜测”8。
4．must, have to表“必须”。注意其联系与区别：
1）must常表示主观意图, 有义务, 有必要(做某事), 而不是外界迫使。
My mother has fallen ill. I must look after her at home. (母亲病倒了, 我有义务照料她.)
2）have to常表示客观要求, 即外界迫使而“不得不”(做某事)。
My grandfather had to work for 12 hours a day for his boss. = My grandfather was made to work for 12 hours a day for his boss.
注意：must只有一般式, have to有多种时态形式, 表达“过去必须”用had to 替换, 或者用it was necessary to …。
He had to work last week. = It was necessary for him to work last week.
3）“不必”之义用need not, don’t need to, don’t have to, 不用mustn’t, 因为mustn’t不是“不必”之义, 而是“不准, 不许”之义。
You needn’t / don’t need to / don’t have to worry about his safety.
5．表“应该”: should, ought to, must, be to:
1）联系与区别: should 不如ought to 语气强, 常表示义务, 责任; ought to 有时有责备或督促之义。must 的语气, 比should, ought to 要强烈。be to do, (表义务) 应该做… , 必须（一定）做… 。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock.
We should learn from Comrade Lei Feng.
You ought to do it at once.
Ought we to answer this question now
You ought not to be so careless.
2）should / ought to + have + v.-ed分词, 表示“本来 (过去) 该做而未做”。
You should have returned the book yesterday.
(fact: You didn’t return the book yesterday.)
3）shouldn’t / oughtn’t to + have + v.-ed分词, 表“本来 (过去) 不该做而做了”。
He shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have lied. (他不应该说谎) (fact: He lied. 他说谎了)
6．need表“需要”。
1）need, mod. v.
① 接不带to的不定式。need为情态动词无人称、数的变化。无过去式，表过去或将来用have to或be necessary to。一般只用于否定句和疑问句。
He need not go.（否）
There is nothing I need fear. = I need not fear anything.
I need not / don’t have to / have not to / have not got to do this.
I had not to / didn’t have to / had not got to do this. = It was not necessary for me to do this.
Need he go / Why need I fear = I need not fear.（疑）
② 用在含must的一般问句中的否定答语中。
“Must (必须) I do this today ” “ No, you needn’t (不必).” (不用mustn’t, 因为mustn’t “不准，不许” 之义, 不是“不必” 之义)
③ need + have + v.-ed: need接不定式的完成式，表现在对过去某事是否必要的看法，往往含有责备的意味。
You needn’t have come last night. (昨夜你本无需来的。可是你来了, 但不必要)
2．need, v.(n), 作为实意动词，第三人称单数作主语时，现在时后加 -s, 过去时加-ed, 否定句，疑问句加助动词do (does), did。
1）need + n. = require + n.
I needed / required his help then.
2）need to inf., 与不定式连用，不定式的逻辑主语与need的主语一致，不定式用主动式，作need的宾语。
Does anybody need to see the doctor （to see的逻辑主语是anybody）
He doesn’t need to wear glasses all the time. （to wear的逻辑主语是he）
He needed to have a haircut. （to have的逻辑主语是he）
3）need + v.-ing = want / require + v.-ing, 与动名词连用，主动形式表被动意思，动名词的逻辑宾语是句中主语。可用不定式的被动式，代替动名词的主动式。
This coat needs [ wants / requires] mending. ( mend the coat ) = This coat needs [ wants / requires] to be mended.
“I don’t need [ want] examining (查体).” (examine me) = “I don’t need [ want] to be examined.”
They needed to be helped over the difficulty. (They were helped.) = They needed helping over the difficulty. ( help them, 别人帮助他们，他们需要别人帮助。)
比较: They needed to help others with the difficulty. (他们必须帮助别人克服困难。)
4）在疑问句、否定句中，need也可作实意动词用。
He need not go. = He doesn’t need to go. = He doesn’t need go.
Need he go now = Does he need to go = Does he need go （need作实意动词用，其后的动词前要加to, 但美国口语用法常省略to。）
7．dare表示“敢”(dared，过去式、过去分词)。
1）dare作为情态动词主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句，即使在疑问句、否定句和条件句中，dare 也可作为实意动词用。
How dare you say I am unfair = How do you dare to say I am unfair
Little Jane dared not go alone. = Little Jane didn’t dare to go alone.
Nothing is hard in the world, if you dare (to ) scale the heights. (世上无难事，只要肯登攀。)
2）dare作为实意动词用时，它后面的不定式带to，也可省to (美国口语用法)。
She doesn’t dare (to) say anything.
Did he dare (to) climb the tall tree
注意：① dare作为实意动词用，有多种时态。
He has never dared to say it.
② dare用于条件句，可用陈述语气或者虚拟语气。
He would do it if he dared. (虚拟语气)
He will do it if he dares. = He will do it if he dare do it.
8．表达猜测
1）对现在（或将来）的猜测：情态动词后接动词（或助动词）原形：
①“可能”猜测
may, might, 表“可能”，might比may可能性小。may (might) not, “可能不”，不是“不可能”，也是“可能猜测”，只不过“可能性”小罢了。
He may be at home. 他可能在家。
She may not be there today. 今天他可能不在那儿。（亦有可能在那儿）
Mr Lin may ( might ) want to contact you. 林先生可能想和你联系一下(might可能性小)
She might still be thinking about the questions you raised. 她可能还在想你提出的问题。
will, would “可能”。would比will可能性小。
This will be the house you’re looking for. 这大概是你找的那个房子吧。
The game will be finished by now. 球赛大概已经结束。
can, could 表“可能”，用在疑问句中，could比can 可能性小。
Can such things be true 这样的事可能是真的吗？
Where can (could) they be now 他们现在可能在哪儿呢？
What can (could) he be doing at this time of day 他在这个时候, 可能在干什么呢
should, ought to 表“非常可能”与表猜测的must(一定)近义。
They should be home by now, I think. 现在他们应当已到家了。
Lao Chang ought to know her address. 老张总该知道她的地址吧。
2）“肯定”猜测：用must（“一定”之义）
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间了（“一定”即“肯定”）
There must be a mistake. 准是（一定）弄错了。
Then Chinese must have the largest number of speakers.
那么讲汉语的人一定最多了（汉语一定拥有最多的讲话人）。
He must be waiting for us. 他一定在等我们。
3）“否定”猜测：
① can’t (couldn’t), 表“不可能”。can never,“绝不可能”。
He couldn’t (can’t) be over fifty. 他不可能有50多岁了。
A cracked bell can never sound well. 破了的钟声永远不会好。
注意：
肯定猜测用must，但否定猜测用can’t (不可能)，不用mustn’t，因为 mustn’t意为“不准”、“不许”，不是“不可能”之义。
may not可能不, 但仍有可能；can’t, 不可能, 否定猜测, 几乎没可能。
② would not 表“不可能”。
They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他们不会有反对意见。
She would never agree. 她绝不会同意的。
2．对过去的猜测：情态动词后接不定式的完成式。（用不定式的完成式，体现对“过去”的猜测，不用情态动词的过去式）
1）“可能”猜测：（与对现在 / 将来的猜测对比研究）
① may (might ) + have + 过去分词；may (might) + not + have + 过去分词 / may + have + been + 现在分词：
You may (might) have read about it in the papers. 你可能在报上已读到这件事了。
She may have gone to the clinic. 她或许到医务室去了。
He may not have achieved all his aims. But his effort is a good one. 他可能没达到他的全部目的，但他做的努力还是不错的。（may not 可能不，部分否定）
They may have been discussing the problem this morning. 今天早上他们可能一直在讨论这个问题。
② will + have + 过去分词：
He will have gone back to Xi’an. 他也许回西安去了。
You will have heard of him. 你大概听说过他吧。
③ can (could) + have + 过去分词，常在疑问句中：
Where can (could) he have gone 他能到哪儿去了呢？
Could she have forgotten such an important thing 她能忘了这样重要的事吗？
Can you have been waiting as long as that 你能等这样长吗？
2）肯定猜测：must + 不定式的完成式 / 完成进行式
He must have gone home. 他准是回家了。
They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields. 他们浑身是汗，准是在地里劳动来着。
3）“否定”猜测：can’t (couldn’t) + 不定式的完成式
He can’t have finished the work so soon. 这项工作他不可能完成得这么快。
They couldn’t have done that far. 他们不可能做到这种地步。
注意:
① 对现在的“可能”猜测，能用should或ought to, 但对过去的猜测，不能用should 或ought to接不定式的完成式，因为它表达“该干而未干的事”, 不表猜测。
② 对过去的否定猜测，不能用shouldn’t 或oughtn’t to 接不定式的完成式，因为它表达“不该干而干了”，不表示“否定猜测”。
练
Choose the best one:
1. It _______ rain tomorrow.
A. can B. must C. should D. may
2. “Your shirt is dirty, _______ it for you ”
A. what can I wash B. am I going to wash
C. will I wash D. shall I wash
3. Even if he has time, he _______ shopping in town on Sunday.
A. shan’t go B. will go C. won’t go D. doesn’t go
4. Look what you’ve done! You _______ be more careful.
A. may B. should C. had to D. would
5. Susan and I can go to the lecture _______ .
A. but neither can Charles B. but Charles can’t
C. and so Charles can D. and Charles also can
6. _______ you be here at eight o’clock tomorrow morning
A. Would B. Should C. Can D. Could
7. Dick _______ be in Paris. I saw him playing football just now.
A. may not B. cannot C. mustn’t D. may
8. He is very strong. He _______ for another hour.
A. will be able work B. will be able working
C. will be able to work D. is able to work
9. He _______ swim halfway before he collapsed.
A. could B. was able to
C. could be able to D. was to be able to
10. The meeting begins at 8 o’clock. We _______ be late.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. may not D. can not
11. “May I speak to the patient now ” “No, _______ . He’s too weak now.”
A. needn’t B. may not C. mustn’t D. oughtn’t
12. _______ you be happy!
A. May B. Can C. Might D. Would
13. She doesn’t answer the doorbell. She _______ be asleep.
A. might B. ought to C. must have D. should
14. _______ I water the trees on Tuesday No, you needn’t.
A. Can B. Must C. May D. Shall
15. He is from a peasant family. He _______ know how to do that kind of farm work.
A. will B. can C. should D. must
16. _______ to the doctor’s this morning
A. Have you to go B. Have you go
C. Do you go to D. Had you to go
17. I _______ copy twenty pages already today.
A. have to B. have had to C. am to D. must
18. You _______ hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
A. must not B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t
19. “Will you lend me the book ” “Yes, I _______ .”
A. will B. shall C. can D. may
20. Every time he came he _______ some flowers to me.
A. will bring B. has brought C. would bring D. had brought
21. He asked me if he _______ open the window.
A. shall B. would C. will D. should
22. When the storm comes all windows _______ .
A. ought to close B. should close
C. ought to be closed D. ought to closed
23. My father _______ such a thing.
A. cannot say B. couldn’t say
C. may not say D. cannot have said
24. Something is wrong with his leg. He _______ in the match.
A. may have been hurt B. may had been hurt
C. may have hurt D. might have hurted
25. You _______ miss the lesson, though we _______ have it on Thursday.
A. mustn’t, needn’t B. needn’t, mustn’t
C. mustn’t, mustn’t D. needn’t, needn’t
26. “I must have left the key in the room.” This means _______ .
A. I think I should have done so B. I am almost certain I did
C. I am absolutely sure I did D. I had to leave the key in the room
27. “Why didn’t you answer the phone last night ” “I _______ when you called.”
A. had to have slept B. have to be sleeping
C. must have been sleeping D. must have slept
28. Her father thought that she _______ a fairy.
A. must have met B. had to have met
C. must meet D. must had met
29. I won’t allow him to swim across the river, ever if he _______ it. The current is too swift.
A. dare to do B. dares do C. will dare do D. dare do
30. “Are you a film star ” “_______ .”
A. Yes, I am not B. Yes, I was
C. I used to be D. I used to
31. “I’ll finish my homework in a short while.” “Well, you _______ it earlier.”
A. ought to finish B. must finish
C. would have finished D. ought to have finished
32. The man was criticized because he had been asleep while he _______ .
A. should have been working B. should be working
C. should have worked D. should work
33. You ought not to _______ him that the day before.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. had told
34. You _______ her that. But you told her about it.
A. needn’t have told B. need have told
C. needn’t had told D. needn’t told
35. If you ______ buy the dress, please try it on.
A. will B. / C. can D. must
评？
1. D。明天，只能是“可能”，用may。can可表示“可能”，常用于问句。
2.Ｄ。shall I……？用于第一人称征询意见，用shall, mod. v.，不能用be going to或will替换。
3. A。even if 引导让步状语从句，主句意思应转折，淘汰B。shall, mod.v.，在句中表“意愿”；will, aux.v., 表示“将…”，淘汰C。
4. B。should, mod. v.，表示“应该，必须”之义。C，D项为过去形式，不选。A项语义不符。
5. B。用but转折，前肯定，后否定，可用省略式。但and肯定句不可省略动词，淘汰D。neither倒装句，表示与前者否定情况一致。so倒装句，与前者肯定情况一致，C项未倒装。
6. C。can表示“可能”，用于问句中。could用于问句，“可能性”太小。may表示“可能”，不用于征询对方意见的问句中 (may, might，可能性太小)。may“许可”能用于问句中。
7. B。否定猜测用can’t, 不用mustn’t (“不准，不能”义)，may not表示“可能不”，不是全否定。
8. C。be able to (ought to, have to)中的to不省。can能表将来，be able to表将来加will。
9. B。was able to do，表示“过去能且已干过”，could仅指过去的能力，不一定具体干过。D项意为过去将一定能，与题义不符。
10. C。may not表示“可能不”，未完全否定，亦有“可能”之义。“不准，不能”之义，mustn’t与can’t同义，据上下文也可能选。
11. C。may I …的否定答语为may not（可能不），mustn’t（不准，不许，不能），had better （最好不），据题义而定。
12. A。表祝愿，用may，但不用might。注意标点符号“！”，不是“？”。can you… = could you…= will (would) you…？
13. A。句子只能是“可能”猜测，用may或might。“非常可能”之义，ought to与should同义，据主下文，可能选。
14. B。否定答语是needn’t，问句必须用must…？。
15. D。肯定猜测用must。should“非常可能”之义，若无must选项时，可选should。
16. A。have to的疑问式有两种，have…to或do…have to。
17. B。have to有多种时态，表完成用have had to。
18. D。“可以”明日交，则“不必”立刻交。若无D项，B项可选，may not表示“可以不”。
19. A。will, mod. v.，有“一定，肯定”之义，即使第一人称也不用shall（助动词）。
20. C。will (would), mod. v.，表现在（过去）常常…，从句中用came（过去时），主句用would。
21. D。“他”征求“我”的意见，有是否“应该”之义，故选should，不用would。
22. C。窗户“应该被关”，用不定式的被动式。
23. D。过去的否定猜测, can’t + have +v.-ed (不定式完成式表过去)结构，而不是couldn’t + v. (原)。
24. A。对过去可能的猜测，用may (might) + have + v.-ed结构，淘汰B。D项中hurted拼写错。hurt (vt), hurt sb, 则sb be hurt。hurt (vi)，“疼痛”之义，所以淘汰C。
25. A。 用though, 前、后句义应转折，相反或不同。我们不必（needn’t）则you 必须，mustn’t miss“不许错过”即“必须上课”。
26. B。must + 不定式完成式，表对过去的肯定猜测，但不能百分之百肯定，淘汰C。
27. C。must have been doing表过去一定在干。若无C项, D项可选，只不过不强调在进行。
28. A。按时态呼应，从句中该用相应的过去时态，但had to不表猜测，仍必须用must，淘汰B。
29. D。dare，mod. v.，无人称、数的变化，后接动词原形。even if 让步状语从句，用一般现在时表将来，淘汰C。
30. C。问句是一般现在时，答语正常是yes, I am.或no, I am not.。C项省去no,…, 后面补充说明“过去是”，前句未出现to be，不能省to be，故淘汰D。
31. D。ought to + have + v.-ed，表过去该干而未干。“马上我就完成作业。”说话时未完成。所以责备说“你该早点完成”。A项是汉语式英语，should与ought to 同义。
32. A。should + 不定式的完成进行式，表过去一直该干而未干。若无A项，可选C项，只不过不强调在进行。
33. A。ought not to + have + v.-ed, 表过去不该干而干了。34. A。needn’t + have + v.-ed, 表过去“不必干”而干了。
35. A。if条件句中，用will, mod.v., 表示“意愿”，不是助动词。
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