重难点05 定语从句
定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
主要考点有：
1. 关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；
2.关系副词where引导的定语从句（近年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况）；
3.“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；
4.as引导的非限制性定语从句。
从定语从句的考点分析，我们可以得出定语从句的做题技巧。
1.划出定语从句。简单来说，就是从空格开始，划出一个完整的句子。
2.找出从句的谓语动词，判断从句是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分。如果从句缺少成分，则根据先行词选择相应的关系代词（which， that， who和whom，非限制性定语从句不能用that）;如果从句不缺少成分，则根据先行词选择相应的关系副词。
3.注意what和that的区别
what和that都可以在从句中作主语、宾语和表语，但是what用在名词性从句中，而that用在定语从句中。例如：
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。（what在主语从句中作主语）
This is one of the buildings that were built last year. 这是去年建的楼房之一。（that在定语从句中作主语，指物，不能省略。）
4.注意分隔式定語从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时候也会被插入语、同位语、状语、谓语或其他定语等成分分隔。如果是隔开了的定语从句，则要先根据句意找到先行词，然后再进行句子结构分析。例如：
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other. 句意：“他有为学生营造一种良好的（课堂）氛围的天赋，这种氛围能够令学生交流自如。”从句意可知，先行词是an atmosphere，而不是students，所以此空应填which或that。
5.注意限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
关系代词that常用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句。有些考生看到这是一个定语从句，指代物，又是作主语或宾语，就填that。如果这是一个非限制性定语从句，填that就错了。例如：
Clock is a kind of instrument， which can tell people time.句意：“钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。”这个句子是一个非限制性定语从句，只能用which引导，不能用that。
6.注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是从美国回来的男孩们中的一个。
1. 指物时只用that或which的情况
2. 介词+关系代词
3. whose的用法及转换形式
4. as与which的区别
5. 指人时that与who的区别
6. 如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词
7. 定语从句的主谓一致问题
（限时30分钟）
1.关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语的用法
【高考链接1】（全国卷Ⅰ·66）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引导定语从句，因为先行词study是物，并且that或which在定语从句中作主语。
【高考链接2】（全国卷Ⅱ· 69）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011， fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引导定语从句，因为先行词program是物，并且that或which在定语从句中作主语。
【高考链接3】（全国卷Ⅲ·64）But Sarah， ______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
【解析】此空填who。用who引导非限制性定语从句，因为先行词Sarah是人，并且who在定语从句中作主语。
【高考链接4】（全国卷Ⅲ·47）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius， ______ lived from roughly 551 to 497 B.C， influenced the development of chopsticks.
【解析】此空填who。用who引导非限制性定语从句，因为先行词Confucius是人，并且who在定语从句中作主语。
2.关系代词as和which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容的用法
【高考链接5】（全国卷Ⅰ·70）Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， ______ is not good for the health.
【解析】此空填which。句意：“像其他任何东西一样，很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐对健康没有好处。”which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的句子“it is possible to have too much of both”，并且which在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故填which。
【高考链接6】（浙江卷·57） Like many things in life， its an ongoing process， and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement， ______means youll just keep getting better and better.
【解析】此空填which。which引導非限制性定语从句，指代前面的句子“theres enough room for improvement”，并在定语从句中作主语。
3.关系副词where，when，why在定语从句中作状语的用法
【高考链接7】（浙江卷·64）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， ______ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted （生长） through it.
【解析】此空填where。where引导定语从句，因为在该定语从句中，句子的成分是完整的，并且先行词为表示地点的the garden，故填关系副词where。
【高考链接8】（全国卷Ⅰ·65）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，
I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【解析】此空填when。when引导非限制性定语从句，因为先行词mid-1980s表示时间，在该非限制性定语从句中，when作状语。
4.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
【高考链接9】（全国卷Ⅰ改错题）They also had a small pond， which they raised fish.
（限时30分钟）
1.（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
答案：that
【解析】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
2.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
答案：who【解析】在which前加in或将which改为where。在该定语从句中，句子成分完整，所以用where引导定语从句。在该定语从句中，where作状语，用in which表示在鱼塘里，所以in which可以代替where。
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
3.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
答案：that/who
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
4.（2021新高考II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
答案：which或that
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， ___________ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。
5.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
答案： that
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。
6.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
答案：that/which
【解析】
考查定语从句。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系代词that或which。
7.（2021天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from ___________we can learn without repeating them.
答案：which
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：威廉 哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，___________ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。
8.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ___________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
答案：where
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。
9.（2020新高考卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ___________ opened in 1759.
答案：which/that
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯 斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
10.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ___________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
答案：where
【解析】
句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
11.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, ___________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud.
答案：whose
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
12.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, ___________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
答案：whose
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故填whose。
13.（2020江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ___________students can choose for free.
答案：which
【解析】
考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。
14.（2020江苏卷）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________everyone.
答案：suits
【解析】
考查定语从句动词时态。句意：如果你从各个方面看问题，你可能会找到一个适合每个人 解决方案。句子描述的客观事实，应使用一般现在时；此处是定语从句谓语动词，先行词是a solution，从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。
15.（2019全国II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les.
答案： which
【解析】
考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
（限时30分钟）
一、关系词之间的混用
1. 关系代词与关系副词的混用
例1： I've never heard of such a sport
___ participants who use the most time are awarded gold medals.
A. as B. which
C. whose D. where
【解析】句意：我从来没有听说过这样一种运动，在这种运动中，用时最多的参赛者得到金牌。先行词such a sport在定语从句中充当地点状语，用where引导定语从句，where=in which。故选D。
【结论】 关系词的选择是看先行词在从句中所充当的成分，如果充当主语、宾语或定语用关系代词;做状语用关系副词。
近年来，高考题对于where引导定语从句的考查趋于复杂化，先行词从 “明显的地点”转化为“模糊的地点”。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage和point，或表达某事的某个方面时，都可用where这个关系副词。
例2：Their child is at the stage ___ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where
C. which D. what
【解析】 句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是定语从句，先行词the stage在从句中做地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。
例3： She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where
C. what D. who
【解析】分析句子结构可知， ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other修饰先行词atmosphere，允许他们互相自由交流的气氛，且从句中缺少主语，故选A。而不要想当然地认为定语从句前的名词her students就是先行词，误选D。句意：她拥有为她的学生创造一种允许他们相互自由交流的气氛的天赋。
【结论】定语从句往往紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他成分分离，应结合具体语境找出先行词。如：Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship.先行词student和定语从句被介词短语“in his class”隔开，汤姆是他班里第一个获得奖学金的学生。
例4： Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ___ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where
C. which D. whose
【解析】 斯蒂芬·霍金認为地球不可能是唯一的生命逐渐发展的星球。___ life has developed gradually修饰先行词the only planet，先行词在从句中充当地点状语，所以选B项，where引导定语从句，相当于in which。如果选whose，就是星球的生命在逐渐发展，而不是地球上的生命体，这与常识相矛盾。
【结论】 关系词的选择要结合具体的语境和常识。
2. 关系代词which和whose的混用
例1： Look！ The dictionary， ___ is red， is a birthday gift given by his father.
A. which cover
B. the cover of which
C. who’s the cover
D. that the cover
【解析】 句意：看！红色封皮的字典是他父亲给他的生日礼物。字典与封皮是所属关系，所以用whose做定语来修饰cover，中间不能加the， C项是错误的。答案B项等于whose cover。
【结论】 关系代词which 在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语，两者可以互换：the cover of which=of which the cover=whose cover。
例2： When the Spring Festival comes， there are many “sales” in my city， during ___ time stores will lower their normal prices.
A. whose B. that
C. which D. its
【解析】 句意：当春节来临时，城里会有很多促销活动，那时店铺往往会降低正常的价格。which time 指代先行词the Spring Festival，前面加介词during，表示在“春节期间”，during which time在从句中做时间状语，故选C。
【结论】 whose在定语从句中做定语，翻译成“……的”;which在定语从句中除了做主语或宾语外，还可以做定语，翻译成“那个（种）”。例如：
I may have to work late， in which case I'll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。
3. 只可以用关系代词that的地方混用了其他关系代词
例： You may search on the Internet for professors and their courses about the university ___ may interest you.
【解析】 句意：你可以在网上搜索这所大学中你可能感兴趣的教授和他们的课程信息。分析句子结构可知，先行词为professors and their courses，既有人又有物，且在从句中做主语，关系词中只有that能满足这个要求，故填that。
【结论】 当先行词既包括人又包括物时，关系代词只能用that。另外，当先行词是all， something， everything， anything等不定代词时或者先行词被the only， the very， all， much， little， few， any等修饰或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时，关系代词只能用that。
4. 不能用关系代词that的地方误用了that
例： Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt， ___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
【解析】 句意：Ted仅穿着短裤和T恤来过周末，在这种天气下这样做真愚蠢。___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather 是非限制性定语从句，该从句缺主语，选项A和选项C不能引导定语从句，选项B不能引导非限制性定语从句，故答案选D，which指代主句所表达的含义。
【结论】 非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。此外，在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，也不能用that。
二、人称代词与关系代词的混用
例1：My father bought me several books， but ___ was interesting.
A. most of them B. none of them
C. none of which D. that
【解析】句意：父亲给我买了几本书，但没有一本有趣。该句是由but连接的并列句，而不是非限制性定语从句。but后面的句子少主语，所以选B。若将but去掉，本题就成了“不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，这时就要选C。
例2：English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of ___ uses it somewhat differently .
A. which B. what
C. them D. those
【解析】英语是一种被多种文化分享的语言，每一种文化在使用它时都有某些不同。分析句子结构可知，each of ___ uses it somewhat differently是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺主语，所以要用which代替cultures，故选A。
【结论】 非限制性定语从句和主句要用逗号分开，而不用连词或分号。
三、关系词的漏用
例1： We are in a difficult situation，
___ we do not develop new products， we will end up closing our doors.
A. if B. where
C. where if D. if where
【解析】 句意：我們现在处于如果不开发新产品就会关门的艰难处境中。___ we do not develop new products， we will end up closing our doors是非限制性定语从句，对先行词a difficult situation进行补充说明。先行词在从句中做地点状语，用where引导，不可以省略;同时定语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句，故选C。
【结论】 引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词常不可以省略。
但是在限制性定语从句中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略。例如：
The professor （that / who / whom） you wish to see has come. 如果把介词置于关系代词之前，形成“介词+关系代词”引导定语从例句，此时做介词宾语的关系代词不可省略。例如：This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
四、成分重复
例：（改错题） Could you show me the computer you want to have it repaired？
【解析】句意：你能给我看看你要修的电脑吗？you want to have repaired 是定语从句，修饰 computer，关系代词that或which指代 computer，做have（使，让）的宾语，被省略了。所以答案是划掉it。如果不划掉it，那就和that或which重复了。
【结论】 关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中所代替的部分，不可在从句中再出现。
五、主谓不一致
例1：（改错题） 1. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draws lots of visitors every year.
例2：（改错题） 2. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that are seen from the moon.
【解析】 错题1中的关系代词that是指代buildings，从句中的谓语应该用复数，所以draws去掉s。句意：长城是每年吸引很多游客的世界著名建筑物之一。错题2的先行词是the only one，所以定语从句谓语用单数形式，将are改为is。句意：长城是唯一一个从月球上被看得到的地球上的建筑物。
【结论】关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。另外，如果先行词指代整个主句，定语从句的谓语动词也用单数。如：He has passed the driving test， which surprises all of us.
六、定语从句与其他从句的混用
1. 定语从句与名词性从句的混用
例1：I'm interested in ___ you have said.
A. all that B. all what
C. that D. which
【解析】 what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all，故选A。该句可以改成：I'm interested in what you have said.，what从句充当介词in的宾语。
例2：（语法填空） ___ is known to all， the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
【解析】 该题前后两个句子没有连接词，结合语境可知，第一句为定语从句，空格处需要一个能充当从句主语且指代主句所表达含义的关系代词，又因在句首，只能用as且要大写。该题可改成：It is known to all that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.，it是形式主语，that从句为主语从句;也可改成：What is known to all is that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.， what is known to all 是主语从句，that引导表语从句。
例3：Most people have no idea ___the words they use affect their feelings， experiences and behavior.
A. what B. which
C. who D. that
【解析】 idea后的从句可能是定语从句，也可能是同位语从句。定语从句是对先行词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句是对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明其内容。根据句意，该题是同位语从句，且从句不缺少句子成分。what， which和who在同位语从句中要充当某一成分，而that引导同位语从句时，不充当句子成分，故选D。
2. 定语从句与状语从句的混用
例：Here is so difficult a problem ___ none of us can solve.
A. which B. that
C. as D. what
【解析】 如果先行词被the same， such， as， so所修饰，先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等时，则用关系代词as引导定语从句。none of us can solve缺少宾语，其先行词又被so修饰，故选C项，as充当solve的宾语。如果选that，该句就是so... that 句型，that从句不能缺少成分，所以solve要加上it。句意：这是一道我们都不能解决的难题。
3. 定语从句与强调句型的混用
例1： Is it that museum ___ they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan？
A. that B. which
C. where D. as
【解析】强调句的结构是：It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子其他成分。判断强调句的基本方法是：去掉It is/was 和空格，句子是完整的;否则就不是。本题去掉It is/was 和空格后，句子是完整的，所以是强调句型，故选A。句意：他们在日本旅行期间想参观的是那家博物馆吗？
例2： It was April 29， 2011 ___ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A. that B. when
C. since D. before
【解析】 去掉It was 和空格，句子不完整，April 29， 2011前要加介詞on，所以本句不是强调句。April 29， 2011为定语从句的先行词，定语从句缺少时间状语，故答案选B。句意：2011年4月29日，威廉王子与凯特·米德尔顿步入了婚礼殿堂。重难点05 定语从句
定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
主要考点有：
1. 关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；
2.关系副词where引导的定语从句（近年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况）；
3.“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；
4.as引导的非限制性定语从句。
从定语从句的考点分析，我们可以得出定语从句的做题技巧。
1.划出定语从句。简单来说，就是从空格开始，划出一个完整的句子。
2.找出从句的谓语动词，判断从句是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分。如果从句缺少成分，则根据先行词选择相应的关系代词（which， that， who和whom，非限制性定语从句不能用that）;如果从句不缺少成分，则根据先行词选择相应的关系副词。
3.注意what和that的区别
what和that都可以在从句中作主语、宾语和表语，但是what用在名词性从句中，而that用在定语从句中。例如：
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。（what在主语从句中作主语）
This is one of the buildings that were built last year. 这是去年建的楼房之一。（that在定语从句中作主语，指物，不能省略。）
4.注意分隔式定語从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时候也会被插入语、同位语、状语、谓语或其他定语等成分分隔。如果是隔开了的定语从句，则要先根据句意找到先行词，然后再进行句子结构分析。例如：
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other. 句意：“他有为学生营造一种良好的（课堂）氛围的天赋，这种氛围能够令学生交流自如。”从句意可知，先行词是an atmosphere，而不是students，所以此空应填which或that。
5.注意限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
关系代词that常用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句。有些考生看到这是一个定语从句，指代物，又是作主语或宾语，就填that。如果这是一个非限制性定语从句，填that就错了。例如：
Clock is a kind of instrument， which can tell people time.句意：“钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。”这个句子是一个非限制性定语从句，只能用which引导，不能用that。
6.注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是从美国回来的男孩们中的一个。
1. 指物时只用that或which的情况
2. 介词+关系代词
3. whose的用法及转换形式
4. as与which的区别
5. 指人时that与who的区别
6. 如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词
7. 定语从句的主谓一致问题
（限时30分钟）
1.关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语的用法
【高考链接1】（全国卷Ⅰ·66）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【高考链接2】（全国卷Ⅱ· 69）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011， fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【高考链接3】（全国卷Ⅲ·64）But Sarah， ______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
【高考链接4】（全国卷Ⅲ·47）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius， ______ lived from roughly 551 to 497 B.C， influenced the development of chopsticks.
2.关系代词as和which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容的用法
【高考链接5】（全国卷Ⅰ·70）Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， ______ is not good for the health.
【高考链接6】（浙江卷·57） Like many things in life， its an ongoing process， and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement， ______means youll just keep getting better and better.
3.关系副词where，when，why在定语从句中作状语的用法
【高考链接7】（浙江卷·64）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， ______ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted （生长） through it.
【高考链接8】（全国卷Ⅰ·65）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，
I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
4.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
【高考链接9】（全国卷Ⅰ改错题）They also had a small pond， which they raised fish.
（限时30分钟）
1.（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
2.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
3.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
4.（2021新高考II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
5.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories.
6.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
7.（2021天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from ___________we can learn without repeating them.
8.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ___________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
9.（2020新高考卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ___________ opened in 1759.
10.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ___________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
11.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, ___________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud.
12.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, ___________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
13.（2020江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ___________students can choose for free.
14.（2020江苏卷）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________everyone.
15.（2019全国II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les.
（限时30分钟）
一、关系词之间的混用
1. 关系代词与关系副词的混用
例1： I've never heard of such a sport
___ participants who use the most time are awarded gold medals.
A. as B. which
C. whose D. where
【结论】 关系词的选择是看先行词在从句中所充当的成分，如果充当主语、宾语或定语用关系代词;做状语用关系副词。
近年来，高考题对于where引导定语从句的考查趋于复杂化，先行词从 “明显的地点”转化为“模糊的地点”。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage和point，或表达某事的某个方面时，都可用where这个关系副词。
例2：Their child is at the stage ___ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where
C. which D. what
例3： She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where
C. what D. who
【结论】定语从句往往紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他成分分离，应结合具体语境找出先行词。如：Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship.先行词student和定语从句被介词短语“in his class”隔开，汤姆是他班里第一个获得奖学金的学生。
例4： Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ___ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where
C. which D. whose
【结论】 关系词的选择要结合具体的语境和常识。
2. 关系代词which和whose的混用
例1： Look！ The dictionary， ___ is red， is a birthday gift given by his father.
A. which cover
B. the cover of which
C. who’s the cover
D. that the cover
【结论】 关系代词which 在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语，两者可以互换：the cover of which=of which the cover=whose cover。
例2： When the Spring Festival comes， there are many “sales” in my city， during ___ time stores will lower their normal prices.
A. whose B. that
C. which D. its
【结论】 whose在定语从句中做定语，翻译成“……的”;which在定语从句中除了做主语或宾语外，还可以做定语，翻译成“那个（种）”。例如：
I may have to work late， in which case I'll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。
3. 只可以用关系代词that的地方混用了其他关系代词
例： You may search on the Internet for professors and their courses about the university ___ may interest you.
【结论】 当先行词既包括人又包括物时，关系代词只能用that。另外，当先行词是all， something， everything， anything等不定代词时或者先行词被the only， the very， all， much， little， few， any等修饰或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时，关系代词只能用that。
4. 不能用关系代词that的地方误用了that
例： Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt， ___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
【结论】 非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。此外，在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，也不能用that。
二、人称代词与关系代词的混用
例1：My father bought me several books， but ___ was interesting.
A. most of them B. none of them
C. none of which D. that
例2：English is a language shared by several diverse cultures， each of ___ uses it somewhat differently .
A. which B. what
C. them D. those
【结论】 非限制性定语从句和主句要用逗号分开，而不用连词或分号。
三、关系词的漏用
例1： We are in a difficult situation，
___ we do not develop new products， we will end up closing our doors.
A. if B. where
C. where if D. if where
【结论】 引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词常不可以省略。
但是在限制性定语从句中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略。例如：
The professor （that / who / whom） you wish to see has come. 如果把介词置于关系代词之前，形成“介词+关系代词”引导定语从例句，此时做介词宾语的关系代词不可省略。例如：This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
四、成分重复
例：（改错题） Could you show me the computer you want to have it repaired？
【结论】 关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中所代替的部分，不可在从句中再出现。
五、主谓不一致
例1：（改错题） 1. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draws lots of visitors every year.
例2：（改错题） 2. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that are seen from the moon.
。
【结论】关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。另外，如果先行词指代整个主句，定语从句的谓语动词也用单数。如：He has passed the driving test， which surprises all of us.
六、定语从句与其他从句的混用
1. 定语从句与名词性从句的混用
例1：I'm interested in ___ you have said.
A. all that B. all what
C. that D. which
例2：（语法填空） ___ is known to all， the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
例3：Most people have no idea ___the words they use affect their feelings， experiences and behavior.
A. what B. which
C. who D. that
2. 定语从句与状语从句的混用
例：Here is so difficult a problem ___ none of us can solve.
A. which B. that
C. as D. what
3. 定语从句与强调句型的混用
例1： Is it that museum ___ they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan？
A. that B. which
C. where D. as
例2： It was April 29， 2011 ___ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A. that B. when
C. since D. before
