专题8 事实细节题
【考情分析】
事实细节题是高考英语阅读理解中分布密度最大的一种题型，它考查的对象通常是一个句子或几个句子，要求考生对相关句子进行准确的识别和理解。这类题目难度较低，但数量众多，所以做好事实细节题是阅读理解拿高分的关键。
【考点梳理】
解题策略
1. 直接信息题
这类题目的答案可以从原文的某一句话中直接获取，正确选项大多含有相关句子的单词，只是比原句更加简短紧凑。
【典题链接】
(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读B)
By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer.In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner.“I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
24．What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner
A．Read music. B．Play the piano.
C．Sing songs. D．Fix the instruments.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Titterton be able to do to be a page turner
第二步 定位到原文：根据题干中的关键词可以定位到第一段。信息句“I’ve learnt to read music so I can hep Maria in her performance.”
第三步 比对选项：由此可知，提特顿是钢琴家玛丽亚的乐谱翻页者，他学会识谱是为了可以在玛丽亚的表演中帮助她。故选A。
（2020·全国甲卷阅读D篇）
Libraries， in their own way， help fight book piracy（盗版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do？
A. Sponsor book fairs.
B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries.
D. Purchase her novels.
【点石成金】C 根据I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can可知，作者认为所有作家应当支持图书馆（后面则是就如何支持提出一些建议），C项直接由这个句子简化而来，符合题意。
2. 间接信息题
这种题目介于直接细节题和推理判断题之间，有时也称作信息推断题，正确答案无法在文中直接找到。解答这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，做出简单的推导，从而体会文本的言外之意。
【典题链接】（2017·全国甲卷阅读C篇）
Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale， and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways？
A. It causes traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
【點石成金】C 选文最后两句指出，不要指望路上出现太多的飞车，因为每辆飞车的价格预计达到279，000美元。虽然原文并未直接对这一价格进行评论，但这两个句子在逻辑上属于因果的关系，言外之意就是，价格过高正是飞车难以普及的原因。
【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读D篇）
...Unfortunately， you must carry the necessary equipment with you， since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5′× 5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？
A. It's delicate. B. It's expensive.
C. It's complex. D. It's portable.
【点石成金】D 根据选文的最后一句可知，这种太阳能蒸馏器可以折叠起来，然后别在腰带上，由此可以看出，这个装置是“便携式的”。尽管原文内容只涉及这一特征的表现形式或实现方式，并未明说它具有这一特点，但只要经过简单推理，就不难得出“这款蒸馏器便于携带”这一结论。
3. 语意转换题
这类题目的正确答案对原文信息进行了同义替换，与原文语句在表达上存在较大差异。解答这类题目时，考生需要进行对比或整理才能找出正确答案。
【典题链接】（2020·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
【点石成金】C 根据选文的最后一句可知，参加竞走项目时，运动员的支撑腿要伸直，并且要保证一只脚始终与地面接触。换句话说，竞走运动员必须遵守特定的规则。正是由于这些规则的存在，我们才说当竞走运动员是有条件限制的。the sport's rules require与have to follow special rules虽然表述不同，但均包含“竞走运动的参与者必须遵守规则”这一意义。
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)
Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
34．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day.
B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater.
D．They lived on both land and water.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：astonished
第二步 定位到原文：利用同义词复现确定答案，由关键词astonished定位文中的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”为信息句，astonished与amazed为同义词。
第三步 比对选项：年轻的Jubilado对巴瑶族人惊讶不已的地方在于他们可以在水下待很长时间。故选C。
4. 归纳概括题
这类题目的信息点较为分散，它们要么由同一段落的多个句子来体现，要么分布在不同的段落。正确答案是用精练的语言来对这些信息点进行归纳或概括。
【典题链接】（2017·全国丙卷阅读C篇）
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations— major food sources（来源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes， and completely drove away the park's beavers.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park's income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
【点石成金】A 选文指出，灰狼的消失造成了許多意想不到的后果。具体来讲，灰狼的主要食物——鹿和麋鹿——数量激增，这些动物吃掉了大量的植被，减少了园内植物的多样性;没有了灰狼，郊狼也迅速繁殖，它们又吃掉大部分的赤狐，还把海狸全部赶走了。这一系列信息概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”。
【典题链接】（2016·全国丙卷阅读B篇）
On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes， another customer was approa-ching their table.
“Hey， aren't you from Mississippi？” the elegant， white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought， the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didn't know what
my New York friends were thinking.”
5. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？
A. Two strangers joined her.
B. Her childhood friends came in.
C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D. Some people held a party there.
【点石成金】A 根据选文前三段的信息点，我们可以得出答案。第3段的the woman joined the Welty party中的the woman就是指第2段中的the stranger，也是第1段中的another customer，换句话说，这三个名词短语虽形式各异，但指代对象相同;第3段的“When her din-ner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.”中的her dinner partner就是前面提到的那个陌生人的聚餐搭档，因此共有两位陌生人加入了Welty的饭局中。
5. 数字计算题
这类题目要求考生根据文本中给出的有关数据，通过加减乘除得出正确结论。这类计算通常难度不大，关键是要厘清各个数字之间的逻辑关系，选准用来计算的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法。
【典题链接】（2018·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
At present， the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages， often spoken by many people， while hot， wet zones have lots， often spoken by small numbers... The median number（中位数） of speakers is a mere 6，000， which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？
A. About 6，800. B. About 3，400.
C. About 2，400. D. About 1，200.
【點石成金】B 选文的第一句提到，世界上共有大约6，800门语言，最后一句又提到，使用人数不到6，000的语言占了一半，6，800的一半即为3，400。
【典题链接】（2018·全国丙卷阅读B篇）
...The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche（雪崩） once closed the path， killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson， however， the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold， 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson？
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
【点石成金】B 本题题干询问第一批前往道森的淘金者的情况，并未直接就数据提问，但四个选项均与数量有关。选文提到，第一批的20，000名淘金者中，有4，000人发家致富了，也就是说，发财的人数占总人数的五分之一。
【对点训练】
【典例1】（2020·全国甲卷阅读B篇）
Psychologist Susan Levine， an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago， found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income， education and the amount of parent talk， Levine said.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play？
A. Building confidence.
B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control.
D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
【点石成金】B 根据found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills可知，对2到4岁的孩子而言，玩拼图游戏有助于提高他们的空间能力，B项直接体现出这句话的核心含义。
【典题2】【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO （United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization） recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯合） voice across cultures.
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
【点石成金】D 选文的最后一句提到，联合国教科文组织设立国际爵士乐日，目的是让人们认识爵士乐和它的意义，同时也让人们意识到爵士乐作为文化纽带的潜在功能。D项正是原句的目的状语to raise awareness of...的同义转换。
【典题3】 (全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present
A．About 6，800. B．About 3，400.
C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：How many languages
第二步 定位到原文：通过题干的less than 6，000 people at present可定位文章中的倒数第二段
第三步 比对选项：由第一句可知世界上目前共有大约6 800种语言，又由最后一句“世界语言的一半，不到6千人讲”，由此可知，不到6千人讲的语言只有6 800的一半，即3 400种。故选B。
【典题4】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)
3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington，D.C.for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.Trip includes round－trip air tickets，hotel stay for two nights，and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
21．How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A．Two. B．Three.
C．Four. D．Six.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：How many people
第二步 定位到原文：第二段中“Trip to Washington，D.C.for each of three winners，a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.”可直接得出答案。
第三步 比对选项：由此可知，特等奖获得者可以带两个人(父母中的一人，另外获奖者自选1人，共2人)。故选A。
【典例5】 (浙江卷阅读A)
The children sat stunned and silent.Was this a teacher talking One girl, who had just come to us from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had finished.Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, “Mr.Holt, do you really mean that？”I said just as seriously，“I mean every word of it.”
During the spring she really astonished me.One day, she was reading at her desk.From a glimpse of the illustrations I thought I knew what the book was.I said to myself, “It can’t be，” and went to take a closer look.Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick, in the edition with woodcuts.I said, “Don’t you find parts of it rather heavy going？” She answered, “Oh, sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part.”
44．Which of the following statements about the girl is TRUE according to the passage
A．She skipped over those easy parts while reading.
B．She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.
C．She learned to appreciate some parts of the difficult books.
D．She turned out to be a top student after coming to this school.
【分析】
第一步 分析选项：标出选项重要信息词。
第二步 确定目标选项：根据选项重要信息词定位到文中第二段中的“I said，‘Don’t you find parts of it...the next good part.’”确定目标选项A和C。B和D项未提及。
第三步 逐一对照：虽然女孩读的书有些部分有难度，但是女孩在阅读时，会跳过那些晦涩难懂的部分，选择容易理解的部分来阅读。故选C。
【典例6】 (2021·全国乙卷阅读A)
All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang, D．P.R.Korea.Capacity: 150，000.Opened：May 1，1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U．S.Capacity: 107，601.Opened：October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U．S.Capacity：106，572.Opened：September 17，1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U．S.Capacity：104，944.Opened：October 7, 1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U．S.Capacity：102，512.Opened：September 24，1927.
22．Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest
A．Michigan Stadium. B．Beaver Stadium.
C．Ohio Stadium. D．Kyle Field.
【分析】
第一步 分析题干：题干问的是哪个体育场最古老，应定位至文章最后一部分对各个体育场的介绍。
第二步 一一比对信息源：根据该部分的内容可知，四个选项中的体育场分别于1927年、1960年、1922年、1927年开放。
第三步 综合概括：最古老的体育场为Ohio Stadium。故选C。
【典题6】（2022·浙江·高考真题）
All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest
A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted.
C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised.
【详情解析】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
【答案】B
【典题7】（2022·北京·高考真题）
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field.
C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies.
【详情解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
【答案】C
【典题8】（2021·全国·高考甲卷）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She’s healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It’s still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
1．What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino
A．She loves staying with her mother. B．She dislikes outdoor activities.
C．She is in good condition D．She is sensitive to heat.
2．What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have
A．They had their first born in January. B．They enjoyed exploring new places
C．They lived with their grandmothers. D．They were brought to the reserve young
【详情解析】
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“She’s healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望耍和探索了。)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
【答案】C
2．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛。)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤。)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。
【答案】A
【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】
阅读理解
A
（2022·上海·模拟预测）Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial (地球以外的) intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.
So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant starts. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence. If all aliens feel the same way then no one will be broadcasting, and the chance of detecting each other is limited.
To weigh up the potential losses and gains, Harold de Vladar of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria in Klosterneuburg turned to the prisoner’s dilemma, a game-theory problem in which two prisoners choose between admitting their shared crime or keeping quiet, with different sentences depending on what they say. An individual prisoner gets off scot free if he betrays (出卖) a partner who remains silent, with the silent partner getting a maximum sentence. If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences---the best overall result.
De Vladar reasoned that the SETI dilemma is essentially the same, but reversed. Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens. And while a selfish prisoner stops keeping silent, a selfish civilization is silent, waiting for someone else to take the risk of waving “Over here!” at the rest of the universe.
This led de Vladar to apply the mathematics of the prisoner’s dilemma to SETI. In the classic version of the prisoner’s dilemma, each selfishly betrays the other. But as we do not know the character of any aliens out there, and as it is difficult to put a value on the benefits to science, culture and technology of finding an advanced civilization, de Vladar varied the reward of finding aliens and the cost of unfriendly aliens finding us. The result was a range of best broadcasting strategies. “It’s not about whether to do it or not, but how often,” says Vladar.
One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same. Being able to keep broadcasts to a minimum is good news, because they come with costs--- equipping our planet with transmitters won’t come cheap---and risk terrible disasters, such as interstellar (星际的) wars.
1．According to the passage, which of the following can be classified as “passive” SETI
A．Concealing our presence from aliens. B．Listening for signs of technology elsewhere.
C．Broadcasting to distant stars. D．Detecting the existence of aliens.
2．According to de Vladar, ________ in the SETI is equivalent to mutual silence for prisoners.
A．both civilizations sending messages B．people on the earth sending messages
C．both civilizations keeping silent D．people on the earth keeping silent
3．According to the passage, which of the following might benefit Earthlings best in the SETI
A．Equipping the earth with the most advanced transmitters.
B．Preparing for the disasters such as interstellar wars.
C．Sending to space as few messages as possible.
D．Decreasing the rewards for finding aliens.
4．Which of the following best sums up the passage
A．Earthlings are likely to be attacked by extraterrestrial intelligence.
B．Scientists are looking for better approaches to finding aliens.
C．Earthlings should be more active in broadcasting to aliens.
D．Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是Harold de Vladar提议用博弈论的一种方法来解决在探索外星生物中该如何向外星生物发送信息的困境。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant starts. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence.(到目前为止，对外星生物的探索大多局限于寻找其他地方的科技迹象。向遥远的起点发送信息的尝试很少。许多科学家反对这种“积极的”对外星生物的探索，因为他们害怕暴露我们的存在。)”可知，积极的对外星生物的探索是向外星发送信息，因此消极的对外星生物的探索是接收其他地方的信息。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段的“If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences---the best overall result.(如果他们都背叛了对方，每个人得到一个中等的判决。相比之下，如果双方都保持沉默，双方都得到最小的判决——这是最好的整体结果。)”和第四段的“Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens.(囚犯之间的相互背叛等同于与外星人相互沉默)”可知，根据De Vladar的说法，两个文明都在传递信息在SETI中相当于囚犯之间的相互沉默。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same.(一个有趣的想法是，当你增加寻找外星人的奖励时，你可以减少传播信息的频率，同时保持对地球人的预期好处不变。)”可知，对SETI中地球人最有利的方法是减少向外太空传播信息的频率，也就是向太空发送尽可能少的信息。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.(向外太空发送信息可能是地球人寻找外星生物的最佳方式，但它也有风险：提醒不友好的外星人我们的存在。博弈论可以提供一种方法来处理这种情况。)”可知，本文主要讲的是该如何和外星人发送信息，可以用博弈论的一种方法来解决，也就是可以将文章总结为“与外星人联系的决定是一个博弈理论难题”，即Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma，故选D。
B
（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）Koko the gorilla knew over 1,000 signs based on American Sign Language, and used them to do everything from asking for food to joking around. Her trainer and long-term companion, Penny Patterson, thought Koko went further still, signing in novel ways and showing complex emotions. According to Ms Patterson, when a cat that Koko loved was killed in an accident, Koko signed: “Cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love.” When Koko died last month, some of her obituaries (讣告) mourned the gorilla who had “mastered American sign language.”
Then came the backlash, from linguists and experts in sign languages. Sign languages have complex grammars, equivalent to spoken tongues in expressiveness. Koko’s ability, it was pointed out, fell well short of a fluent human signer. Moreover, Ms Patterson was her interpreter, a role that invited the question of how much she was inferring what Koko “must have meant,” and explaining away random signs. It was hard to be sure: Ms Patterson preferred speaking to journalists over sharing her video and raw data about Koko with fellow researchers.
There is no doubt that animals communicate. Animals from one region can share sounds that differ from groups in another, leading researchers to talk of animal “dialects.” Then there are the remarkable achievements of Koko and her primate predecessors, including a chimp delightfully named Nim Chimpsky. Yet there is an important distinction between communication and language. Take the misleading term “body language.” It is sometimes claimed that words convey just 7% of meaning, and that body language and tone of voice do the rest. This wildly overstretches an old study which found that most emotional messaging — as opposed to the propositional kind — comes from tone and body language, especially when a neutral word such as “maybe” was used. But try conveying a fact like “It will rain on Tuesday” with your eyebrows, and the difference becomes clear. Language allows for clear statements, questions and commands.
Nim Chimpsky’s near-namesake, Noam Chomsky, has argued that people have a kind of “universal grammar”, and that all humankind’s languages are mere variations on a theme. Mr Chomsky has changed his mind repeatedly on what constitutes the core of human language, but one obvious candidate is syntax — rules, not just words, which allow the construction of a huge variety of meaningful utterances (所说的话). This capacity may even be infinite. Any statement in English, for example, can be made longer by adding “He said that …” at the beginning. This property is called recursion: a simple statement (“It’s cold”) is embedded in a more complicated one (“He said that it’s cold”). Human syntax also allows for hypotheticals (“If she hadn’t arrived …”), talking precisely about events distant from the present, and so much more.
That gorillas lack syntax should not blind humans to their magnificence. But the fact that Koko could communicate should not mislead observers into thinking she possessed language.
5．Which statement about KOKO the gorilla is true
A．Koko’s ability was similar to a fluent human signer.
B．Koko could ask for food using sign language.
C．Koko was able to show complex feelings using sign language.
D．Koko was killed in an accident.
6．The underlined word in paragraph two is closest in meaning to “______.”
A．approval B．bias C．opposition D．evidence
7．Linguists and sign language experts doubted Koko’s mastery of American sign language because ______.
A．Koko was not as expressive as a human signer
B．Koko seldom needed an interpreter
C．Koko was able to communicate with journalists
D．Koko failed to speak several animal “dialects”
8．Which of the following statements would the author probably disagree with
A．Humans can express past events using language while apes cannot.
B．Tone and body language play a dominant role in human communication.
C．Words enable humans to convey clear meanings.
D．Gorillas are still magnificent in terms of their ability to communicate.
9．Which might be the best title for the article
A．Nim Chimpsky and Noam Chomsky — Who Has the Upper Hand
B．Syntax — What Separates Humans and Apes.
C．Koko the Gorilla — A Magnificent Communicator.
D．Great Apes — Language and Communication Are Not the Same Thing.
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章对大猩猩Koko是否真正掌握美国手语这个问题，语言学家和手语专家提出了强烈反对意见，他们指出：动物是会交流的。 但是，沟通和语言之间有一个重要的区别。作者认为对于人类来说，语言更能做出清晰的陈述、提问和命令。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Koko the gorilla knew over 1,000 signs based on American Sign Language, and used them to do everything from asking for food to joking around.(大猩猩Koko知道超过1000种基于美国手语的手语，并利用它们做从索要食物到开玩笑的一切事情。)”可知，Koko通过美国手语可以作一切事情，包括索要食物。故选B项。
6．词句猜测题。根据上文“When Koko died last month, some of her obituaries (讣告) mourned the gorilla who had ‘mastered American sign language.’(Koko上个月去世时，她的一些讣告哀悼了这只‘掌握了美国手语’的大猩猩。)”，划线词所在句子“Then came the backlash, from linguists and experts in sign languages.(然后，来自语言学家和手语专家的backlash出现了)”，根据下文“Koko’s ability, it was pointed out, fell well short of a fluent human signer. Moreover, Ms Patterson was her interpreter, a role that invited the question of how much she was inferring what Koko ‘must have meant,’ and explaining away random signs. (有人指出，科科的能力远远达不到流利的人类手语。此外，帕特森还是她的翻译，这一角色让人不禁质疑，她在多大程度上推断了koko‘一定意味着什么’，并通过解释消除随机的信号。)”可知，下文都是对Koko能力的质疑声，语言学家和手语专家强力反对讣告上的关于Koko能力的陈述。所以划线词backlash意为“强烈反对”。A.approval批准，赞成；B.bias偏见，成见；C.opposition（强烈的）反对，反抗；D.evidence证据，证词。backlash与C项意思相近，故选C项。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Koko’s ability, it was pointed out, fell well short of a fluent human signer. (有人指出，Koko的能力远远达不到流利的人类手语)”可知，语言学家和手语专家怀疑Koko对美国手语的掌握程度是因为Koko的手语还不能像人类手语者那么流利。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据第三段“Take the misleading term ‘body language.’ It is sometimes claimed that words convey just 7% of meaning, and that body language and tone of voice do the rest. .... But try conveying a fact like ‘It will rain on Tuesday’ with your eyebrows, and the difference becomes clear. Language allows for clear statements, questions and commands.(以具有误导性的‘肢体语言’为例。有时人们声称，语言只传达了7%的意思，其余的都是肢体语言和语调。……但是试着用眉毛表达一个事实，比如‘周二会下雨’，那么区别就会很明显了。语言允许清晰的陈述、提问和命令。)”可知，作者对于“声调和肢体语言在人类交际中起着主导作用”这一说法持反对意见。故选B项。
9．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要从一只会手语的黑猩猩引入主题，谈到对人类语言及语言学习的界定。作者认为肢体语言实际上不能被当做语言，语言是可以被清晰地陈述、提问和命令的。大猩猩可以交流的事实不应该误导观察者认为她掌握了语言。D项“Great Apes — Language and Communication Are Not the Same Thing.(猿类——语言和交流不是一回事。)”比较贴合文章主旨内容，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。专题8 事实细节题
【考情分析】
事实细节题是高考英语阅读理解中分布密度最大的一种题型，它考查的对象通常是一个句子或几个句子，要求考生对相关句子进行准确的识别和理解。这类题目难度较低，但数量众多，所以做好事实细节题是阅读理解拿高分的关键。
【考点梳理】
解题策略
1. 直接信息题
这类题目的答案可以从原文的某一句话中直接获取，正确选项大多含有相关句子的单词，只是比原句更加简短紧凑。
【典题链接】
(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读B)
By day, Robert Titterman is a lawyer.In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner.“I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
24．What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner
A．Read music. B．Play the piano.
C．Sing songs. D．Fix the instruments.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：Titterton be able to do to be a page turner
第二步 定位到原文：根据题干中的关键词可以定位到第一段。信息句“I’ve learnt to read music so I can hep Maria in her performance.”
第三步 比对选项：由此可知，提特顿是钢琴家玛丽亚的乐谱翻页者，他学会识谱是为了可以在玛丽亚的表演中帮助她。故选A。
（2020·全国甲卷阅读D篇）
Libraries， in their own way， help fight book piracy（盗版行为） and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do？
A. Sponsor book fairs.
B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries.
D. Purchase her novels.
【点石成金】C 根据I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can可知，作者认为所有作家应当支持图书馆（后面则是就如何支持提出一些建议），C项直接由这个句子简化而来，符合题意。
2. 间接信息题
这种题目介于直接细节题和推理判断题之间，有时也称作信息推断题，正确答案无法在文中直接找到。解答这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，做出简单的推导，从而体会文本的言外之意。
【典题链接】（2017·全国甲卷阅读C篇）
Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale， and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways？
A. It causes traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
【點石成金】C 选文最后两句指出，不要指望路上出现太多的飞车，因为每辆飞车的价格预计达到279，000美元。虽然原文并未直接对这一价格进行评论，但这两个句子在逻辑上属于因果的关系，言外之意就是，价格过高正是飞车难以普及的原因。
【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读D篇）
...Unfortunately， you must carry the necessary equipment with you， since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5′× 5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？
A. It's delicate. B. It's expensive.
C. It's complex. D. It's portable.
【点石成金】D 根据选文的最后一句可知，这种太阳能蒸馏器可以折叠起来，然后别在腰带上，由此可以看出，这个装置是“便携式的”。尽管原文内容只涉及这一特征的表现形式或实现方式，并未明说它具有这一特点，但只要经过简单推理，就不难得出“这款蒸馏器便于携带”这一结论。
3. 语意转换题
这类题目的正确答案对原文信息进行了同义替换，与原文语句在表达上存在较大差异。解答这类题目时，考生需要进行对比或整理才能找出正确答案。
【典题链接】（2020·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触） with the ground at all times.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
【点石成金】C 根据选文的最后一句可知，参加竞走项目时，运动员的支撑腿要伸直，并且要保证一只脚始终与地面接触。换句话说，竞走运动员必须遵守特定的规则。正是由于这些规则的存在，我们才说当竞走运动员是有条件限制的。the sport's rules require与have to follow special rules虽然表述不同，但均包含“竞走运动的参与者必须遵守规则”这一意义。
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)
Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
34．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day.
B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater.
D．They lived on both land and water.
【分析】
第一步 找关键词：astonished
第二步 定位到原文：利用同义词复现确定答案，由关键词astonished定位文中的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”为信息句，astonished与amazed为同义词。
第三步 比对选项：年轻的Jubilado对巴瑶族人惊讶不已的地方在于他们可以在水下待很长时间。故选C。
4. 归纳概括题
这类题目的信息点较为分散，它们要么由同一段落的多个句子来体现，要么分布在不同的段落。正确答案是用精练的语言来对这些信息点进行归纳或概括。
【典题链接】（2017·全国丙卷阅读C篇）
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations— major food sources（来源） for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes， and completely drove away the park's beavers.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park's income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
【点石成金】A 选文指出，灰狼的消失造成了許多意想不到的后果。具体来讲，灰狼的主要食物——鹿和麋鹿——数量激增，这些动物吃掉了大量的植被，减少了园内植物的多样性;没有了灰狼，郊狼也迅速繁殖，它们又吃掉大部分的赤狐，还把海狸全部赶走了。这一系列信息概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”。
【典题链接】（2016·全国丙卷阅读B篇）
On one of her trips to New York several years ago， Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes， another customer was approa-ching their table.
“Hey， aren't you from Mississippi？” the elegant， white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought， the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said. “I didn't know what
my New York friends were thinking.”
5. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe？
A. Two strangers joined her.
B. Her childhood friends came in.
C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D. Some people held a party there.
【点石成金】A 根据选文前三段的信息点，我们可以得出答案。第3段的the woman joined the Welty party中的the woman就是指第2段中的the stranger，也是第1段中的another customer，换句话说，这三个名词短语虽形式各异，但指代对象相同;第3段的“When her din-ner partner showed up， she also pulled up a chair.”中的her dinner partner就是前面提到的那个陌生人的聚餐搭档，因此共有两位陌生人加入了Welty的饭局中。
5. 数字计算题
这类题目要求考生根据文本中给出的有关数据，通过加减乘除得出正确结论。这类计算通常难度不大，关键是要厘清各个数字之间的逻辑关系，选准用来计算的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法。
【典题链接】（2018·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
At present， the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages， often spoken by many people， while hot， wet zones have lots， often spoken by small numbers... The median number（中位数） of speakers is a mere 6，000， which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？
A. About 6，800. B. About 3，400.
C. About 2，400. D. About 1，200.
【點石成金】B 选文的第一句提到，世界上共有大约6，800门语言，最后一句又提到，使用人数不到6，000的语言占了一半，6，800的一半即为3，400。
【典题链接】（2018·全国丙卷阅读B篇）
...The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche（雪崩） once closed the path， killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson， however， the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold， 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson？
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
【点石成金】B 本题题干询问第一批前往道森的淘金者的情况，并未直接就数据提问，但四个选项均与数量有关。选文提到，第一批的20，000名淘金者中，有4，000人发家致富了，也就是说，发财的人数占总人数的五分之一。
【对点训练】
【典例1】（2020·全国甲卷阅读B篇）
Psychologist Susan Levine， an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago， found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income， education and the amount of parent talk， Levine said.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play？
A. Building confidence.
B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control.
D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
【典题2】【典题链接】（2017·全国乙卷阅读C篇）
Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO （United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization） recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯合） voice across cultures.
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
【典题3】 (全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present
A．About 6，800. B．About 3，400.
C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.
【典题4】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)
3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington，D.C.for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.Trip includes round－trip air tickets，hotel stay for two nights，and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
21．How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A．Two. B．Three.
C．Four. D．Six.
【典例5】 (浙江卷阅读A)
The children sat stunned and silent.Was this a teacher talking One girl, who had just come to us from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had finished.Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, “Mr.Holt, do you really mean that？”I said just as seriously，“I mean every word of it.”
During the spring she really astonished me.One day, she was reading at her desk.From a glimpse of the illustrations I thought I knew what the book was.I said to myself, “It can’t be，” and went to take a closer look.Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick, in the edition with woodcuts.I said, “Don’t you find parts of it rather heavy going？” She answered, “Oh, sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part.”
44．Which of the following statements about the girl is TRUE according to the passage
A．She skipped over those easy parts while reading.
B．She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.
C．She learned to appreciate some parts of the difficult books.
D．She turned out to be a top student after coming to this school.
【典例6】 (2021·全国乙卷阅读A)
All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.
·Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Pyongyang, D．P.R.Korea.Capacity: 150，000.Opened：May 1，1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U．S.Capacity: 107，601.Opened：October 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U．S.Capacity：106，572.Opened：September 17，1960.
·Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U．S.Capacity：104，944.Opened：October 7, 1922.
·Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U．S.Capacity：102，512.Opened：September 24，1927.
22．Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest
A．Michigan Stadium. B．Beaver Stadium.
C．Ohio Stadium. D．Kyle Field.
【典题6】（2022·浙江·高考真题）
All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest
A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted.
C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised.
【典题7】（2022·北京·高考真题）
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field.
C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies.
【典题8】（2021·全国·高考甲卷）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She’s healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It’s still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
1．What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino
A．She loves staying with her mother. B．She dislikes outdoor activities.
C．She is in good condition D．She is sensitive to heat.
2．What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have
A．They had their first born in January. B．They enjoyed exploring new places
C．They lived with their grandmothers. D．They were brought to the reserve young
【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】
阅读理解
A
（2022·上海·模拟预测）Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial (地球以外的) intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.
So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant starts. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence. If all aliens feel the same way then no one will be broadcasting, and the chance of detecting each other is limited.
To weigh up the potential losses and gains, Harold de Vladar of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria in Klosterneuburg turned to the prisoner’s dilemma, a game-theory problem in which two prisoners choose between admitting their shared crime or keeping quiet, with different sentences depending on what they say. An individual prisoner gets off scot free if he betrays (出卖) a partner who remains silent, with the silent partner getting a maximum sentence. If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences---the best overall result.
De Vladar reasoned that the SETI dilemma is essentially the same, but reversed. Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens. And while a selfish prisoner stops keeping silent, a selfish civilization is silent, waiting for someone else to take the risk of waving “Over here!” at the rest of the universe.
This led de Vladar to apply the mathematics of the prisoner’s dilemma to SETI. In the classic version of the prisoner’s dilemma, each selfishly betrays the other. But as we do not know the character of any aliens out there, and as it is difficult to put a value on the benefits to science, culture and technology of finding an advanced civilization, de Vladar varied the reward of finding aliens and the cost of unfriendly aliens finding us. The result was a range of best broadcasting strategies. “It’s not about whether to do it or not, but how often,” says Vladar.
One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same. Being able to keep broadcasts to a minimum is good news, because they come with costs--- equipping our planet with transmitters won’t come cheap---and risk terrible disasters, such as interstellar (星际的) wars.
1．According to the passage, which of the following can be classified as “passive” SETI
A．Concealing our presence from aliens. B．Listening for signs of technology elsewhere.
C．Broadcasting to distant stars. D．Detecting the existence of aliens.
2．According to de Vladar, ________ in the SETI is equivalent to mutual silence for prisoners.
A．both civilizations sending messages B．people on the earth sending messages
C．both civilizations keeping silent D．people on the earth keeping silent
3．According to the passage, which of the following might benefit Earthlings best in the SETI
A．Equipping the earth with the most advanced transmitters.
B．Preparing for the disasters such as interstellar wars.
C．Sending to space as few messages as possible.
D．Decreasing the rewards for finding aliens.
4．Which of the following best sums up the passage
A．Earthlings are likely to be attacked by extraterrestrial intelligence.
B．Scientists are looking for better approaches to finding aliens.
C．Earthlings should be more active in broadcasting to aliens.
D．Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma.
B
（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）Koko the gorilla knew over 1,000 signs based on American Sign Language, and used them to do everything from asking for food to joking around. Her trainer and long-term companion, Penny Patterson, thought Koko went further still, signing in novel ways and showing complex emotions. According to Ms Patterson, when a cat that Koko loved was killed in an accident, Koko signed: “Cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love.” When Koko died last month, some of her obituaries (讣告) mourned the gorilla who had “mastered American sign language.”
Then came the backlash, from linguists and experts in sign languages. Sign languages have complex grammars, equivalent to spoken tongues in expressiveness. Koko’s ability, it was pointed out, fell well short of a fluent human signer. Moreover, Ms Patterson was her interpreter, a role that invited the question of how much she was inferring what Koko “must have meant,” and explaining away random signs. It was hard to be sure: Ms Patterson preferred speaking to journalists over sharing her video and raw data about Koko with fellow researchers.
There is no doubt that animals communicate. Animals from one region can share sounds that differ from groups in another, leading researchers to talk of animal “dialects.” Then there are the remarkable achievements of Koko and her primate predecessors, including a chimp delightfully named Nim Chimpsky. Yet there is an important distinction between communication and language. Take the misleading term “body language.” It is sometimes claimed that words convey just 7% of meaning, and that body language and tone of voice do the rest. This wildly overstretches an old study which found that most emotional messaging — as opposed to the propositional kind — comes from tone and body language, especially when a neutral word such as “maybe” was used. But try conveying a fact like “It will rain on Tuesday” with your eyebrows, and the difference becomes clear. Language allows for clear statements, questions and commands.
Nim Chimpsky’s near-namesake, Noam Chomsky, has argued that people have a kind of “universal grammar”, and that all humankind’s languages are mere variations on a theme. Mr Chomsky has changed his mind repeatedly on what constitutes the core of human language, but one obvious candidate is syntax — rules, not just words, which allow the construction of a huge variety of meaningful utterances (所说的话). This capacity may even be infinite. Any statement in English, for example, can be made longer by adding “He said that …” at the beginning. This property is called recursion: a simple statement (“It’s cold”) is embedded in a more complicated one (“He said that it’s cold”). Human syntax also allows for hypotheticals (“If she hadn’t arrived …”), talking precisely about events distant from the present, and so much more.
That gorillas lack syntax should not blind humans to their magnificence. But the fact that Koko could communicate should not mislead observers into thinking she possessed language.
5．Which statement about KOKO the gorilla is true
A．Koko’s ability was similar to a fluent human signer.
B．Koko could ask for food using sign language.
C．Koko was able to show complex feelings using sign language.
D．Koko was killed in an accident.
6．The underlined word in paragraph two is closest in meaning to “______.”
A．approval B．bias C．opposition D．evidence
7．Linguists and sign language experts doubted Koko’s mastery of American sign language because ______.
A．Koko was not as expressive as a human signer
B．Koko seldom needed an interpreter
C．Koko was able to communicate with journalists
D．Koko failed to speak several animal “dialects”
8．Which of the following statements would the author probably disagree with
A．Humans can express past events using language while apes cannot.
B．Tone and body language play a dominant role in human communication.
C．Words enable humans to convey clear meanings.
D．Gorillas are still magnificent in terms of their ability to communicate.
9．Which might be the best title for the article
A．Nim Chimpsky and Noam Chomsky — Who Has the Upper Hand
B．Syntax — What Separates Humans and Apes.
C．Koko the Gorilla — A Magnificent Communicator.
D．Great Apes — Language and Communication Are Not the Same Thing.
