外研版（2019）选择性必修第一册Unit5 Revealing nature Grammar课件（23张PPT)

(共23张PPT)
SB1U5 Grammar
Past Perfect Tense
Learning objectives
一、过去完成时的构成
Jane had just left when you rang.你打电话时简刚走。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war. 这个国家尚未从战争的影响下恢复常态。
—Had you visited the museum before？ 你以前参观过这个博物馆吗？
—Yes, I had./No, I hadn't.
是的，我去过。/不，我没有去过。
What had you prepared for the birthday party before yesterday？ 你昨天之前都为生日聚会准备了什么？
肯定句 主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他
否定句 主语＋ had＋not＋过去分词＋其他
一般疑问句 Had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Summary
二、过去完成时的用法
By nine o'clock last night, we had finished most of the work. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经完成了大部分的工作。
She had learnt about 500 English words before she went to middle school. 在上中学之前，她已经学了大约500个英语单词。
1．
表示在过去某一时刻或某个动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。这个过去的时刻常用by, before, until等引导的短语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
2．
I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came. 当一辆公共汽车最终来的时候，我已在车站等了30分钟。
She said she had made great progress since she came here. 她说自从她来到这儿，她已经取得了很大的进步。
表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。
3．
在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果主从复合句叙述的是过去的事，则先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
She returned the book that she had borrowed. 她归还了她借的那本书
The twins, who ____________________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
Practice
had finished
4．
过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句谓语表示的动作发生在主句谓语表示的动作(过去时)之前。
I thought that I had seen him before. 我觉得我以前见过他。
I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ____________________ (carry) out in the past two years.
Practice
had been carried
5．
在含有时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句的复合句中，若主从句动作的发生有先后顺序，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
I had finished cooking dinner before you came back. 我在你回来之前就已经做好晚饭了。
had arrived
Practice
A few months after he _________________ (arrive) in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
I found the lecture hard to follow because it ___________________ (start) when I arrived.
had started
Attention !!!
如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 他关上门之后，就离开了教室。
6．
want, hope, mean, plan, intend等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来……”。
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的，但我没赶上火车。
We had intended to come and see you. 我们本来打算来看你的。
7．过去完成时常用于某些固定句型：
在“hardly...when/ no sooner...than/ scarcely...when”句型中， 主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had no sooner reached home than it
began to rain.
＝No sooner had I reached home than it
began to rain.
我刚到家就开始下雨了。
It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.我离开北京至少有3个月了。
It was the first/second/...time＋(that)从句 (从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
by the end of＋表示过去的时间＋句子(过去完成时)
By the end of last term we had learned 10 units. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了10个单元。
by the time＋表示过去的从句＋主句(过去完成时)
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我到车站时，火车已经离开了。
8．
过去完成时用于虚拟语气中，在wish, as if/as though, if, if only, would rather sb. had done sth.结构或从句中，常用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反的假设。
If he had caught the early bus this morning, he would not have been late for class. 如果他今天早上赶上了早班车，他上课就不会迟到了。
I would rather she hadn't done that. 我宁愿她没做那件事。
Learning tips
正确运用过去完成时的关键是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对的时间，即它是相对于一个过去的时间而言的。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过时间状语体现出来，有时则可能是通过上下文来体现。
命题人通常会设置一个过去的背景或过去的动作，然后在此之前又有一个动作发生，结合题干中的语境来判断两个过去的动作发生的先后顺序，较早发生的那个动作用过去完成时。
Learning tips
解题时要认真分析语境，深入情景，揣摩动作发生的顺序；重视题干所给暗示，如时间副词、并列或从属连词等；善于运用时态对应规律找到提示性的过去的动作或时间。
浏览题干，套用固定句型来巧解考查过去完成时的题目。
三、与一般过去完成时的区别
1．时间状语不同
过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，
而一般过去时强调过去某一特定的时间。
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点之前就已经到达车站了。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点到达了车站。
2．
在没有明确的表示过去的时间状语作标志时，谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy and her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won first prize in the composition competition. 她很高兴，她的所有家人也都对她感到满意。她刚刚在作文竞赛中获得了一等奖。
Practice
She asked me whether I ___________ (return) the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
Researchers were puzzled over the results, which were completely opposite to what they ________________________ (expect)．
Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _________________ (leave) my book in the cafe.
I ________ (ask) you not to move my dictionary this morning—now I can't find it.
had returned
had expected
had left
asked
I wish I __________________ (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
Emma was much disappointed to see the washing machine which she ____________ (repair) went wrong again.
By the time I got to school, the first play ________________ (be) on for nearly half an hour.
If the new safety system ____________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
John ___________ (plan) to make a compromise, but somehow he changed his mind at the last minute.
had been
had repaired
had been
had been put
had planned
Translation
她一走上舞台，观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。
这是我第一次参加英语演讲比赛。
No sooner had she stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
It was the first time that I had taken part in an English speech contest.
Thank you!