2023届高三英语二轮复习：定语从句课件(共40张PPT)

(共40张PPT)
定语从句
1.定义
2.定语从句分类
3.关系词
4.介词+关系词
5.特殊用法
6.practice
在复合句中做定语，修饰名词、代词等的从句叫定语从句。
Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage
This is the museum which was built last year.
I’ll forever cherish the days when i studied abroad.
Let’s find a place where we can have a picnic.
（先行词）被修饰词，被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等
先行词一般出现在定语从句之前
引导定语从句的词成5为关系词，关系词代替先行词在从句中作一定的句子成分，分为关系代词和关系副词
定义
定义
定语从句的分类
定语从句的分类
限制性定语从句：
1.和先行词关系密切
2.不用逗号与主句分开
3.可以用关系代词引导
4.可以省略关系词who that which 在从句中担当宾语时
5.只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或者主句的一部分
6.翻译成“......的”
非限制性定语从句：
1.和先行词的关系不密切
2.一般使用逗号与主句分开
3.不可以用关系代词that或者关系副词why来引导
4.关系词做宾语不可以省略
5.只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或者主句的一部分
6.往往不翻译为“....的”
修饰 限定
解释 说明
1.The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
电视制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。
2.She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
3.My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。
4.We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
5. He is not the same man as he was.
他和过去不同了。
考点一 关系代词的用法
关系代词 指代对象 在从句中的作用
who 人 作主语、宾语、表语
whom 人 作宾语
which 事物 作主语、宾语
that 人或事物 作主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或事物 作定语
as 人或事物，一般用于“such ... as” “the same ... as” “as ... as”结构中，“正如...” 作主语、宾语、表语
考点一 关系代词的用法
关系代词who/that/which在从句中做宾语时可以被省略
考点一 关系代词的用法
(一)关系代词that与which的区别
1．只用that不用which的情况
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级
或序数词修饰时。
他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything， all，some，
none，little，few，the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
考点一 关系代词的用法
他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，
no，some，all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or
heard of during their long journey.
考点一 关系代词的用法
⑤主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时
Which is the bike that you lost
⑥先行词在主句中作表语，关系代词本身在从句中也作表语
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
哪辆是你丢的自行车？
考点一 关系代词的用法
2．只用which不用that的情况
她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways
in which they showed courage.
用5 到 10分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们是怎样展示勇气的。
(1)关系代词前有介词时
(2)在非限制性定语从句中
She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
考点一 关系代词的用法
（3）在从句中作定语或介词宾语时(如at which time/point，in which case)，只能用which。
她有可能会来，那样的话我就告诉你一声。
Recently I bought a second hand car, the price of which was reasonable.
最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。
She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.
考点一 关系代词的用法
Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great
help in learning Chinese.
(二)关系代词as和which的区别
关系代词as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短语，
一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有下列区别：
1．which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as引导的从句
可位于主句之前、之中和之后。
As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can.
＝A computer can do almost everything people can, as anybody can see.
任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做人所能做的一切事。
因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。
考点一 关系代词的用法
2．as常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。
她通过了考试，这是预料之中的事。
She passed the exam, as was expected.
考点一 关系代词的用法
practice(单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T. Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.
2．Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，　 ________ is a healthy showing for China.
3.If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network, ________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
4.Although she already had four cats she adopted another one ________ had been hurt by a bear and nursed it back to health.
who
which
whose
that
考点一 关系代词的用法
5.Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.________________
6.Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.________________
what→that
what→which
考点二 关系副词的用法
①We live in an age when more information is available with great ease
than ever before.
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
把这些书放在你们容易找到的地方。
②Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
③Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again
考点二 关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/ during which
表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/ onwhich
表示理由的名词：the reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which
考点二 关系副词的用法
　他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。
tips
(1)先行词为有地点含义的抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case,
scene 等后，也常用where引导定语从句。
He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets,
he would have already died of terror.
他说假定我们真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)当表示地点，时间或者原因的名词在定语从句中做主语、宾语时，
定语从句要用that或which引导。
Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
This is the reason that he gave me.
This is the house that/which we visited yesterday.
I still remember the day that/which is his birthday.
考点二 关系副词的用法
◎practice (单句语法填空/单句改错)
1．Some university students carried out a campaign ________ they spent their whole day without cell phones.
2．This is the reason ________ Jennifer and her colleagues have called for a global pause in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos to give us time to really consider all of the various results of doing so.
3.Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.
4.Nancy enjoyed herself very much last week where she visited her friends in Sydney.________________
where
why　
when
where→when　
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
1.“介词＋关系代词”结构的用法
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过我的童年的那段时光。(during that time)
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
3．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构：
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”结构
◎practice (单句改错)
1．Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience.________________
2．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of them has been proved.________________
that→which
them→which
特别注意
使用非限制性定语从句的情况
She said she had finished her work, which i doubted very much.
As most people know, Fujian is famous for tea.
The moon, which is 384400 kilometres away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.
We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world.
My father, who is an excellent violinist, giving a concert next month.
I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
当关系代词指代整个主句内容时
当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时
先行词仅指的是某人仅有的一个亲属时
名词、数词、代词+介词+关系代词结构，常用非限制性定语从句
特别注意
特殊形式的定语从句
1.分隔式定语从句
I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.
被介词短语分开
The days are gone when we lived together, worked together and played together.
被谓语分开
2.混杂式定语从句
James is the only one who we expect will win.
The girl knows three foreign languages, which we all think makes it easier for her to find a good job.
是指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离开的定语从句
有时定语从句的关系词与其后的词之间会有一个像I think、I believe、I guess 、 I expect、I am sure 等类的插入语，使定语从句更加复杂
特别注意
3.多重定语从句
I find it hard to leave the land where i have lived for 30 years and where are sweet memories of my childhood.
I’ll never forget the moment when i first met Mary and which makes me always feel happy.
4.省略式定语从句
I have saved a sum of money with which to buy a new computer for myself.
I was trying to find a place in which to lay all these books.
两个或多个定语从句同修饰一个先行词时
有些定语从句，在不引起歧义的情况下，也可以省略一些成分，变成“介词+关系代词+不定式”形式，进而使句子更加简洁。
I have saved a sum of money with which i’d like to buy a new computer for myself.
I was trying to find a place in which i could to lay all these books.
在这种省略定语从句中，主语的主语必须与不定式的逻辑主语一致，否则不可改为省略式定语从句
I was trying to find a place in which my brother could live.
特别注意
定语从句的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的形式取决于先行词。
先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式；先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数形式
Mr.Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you.
Mr.Smiths, who are now downstairs, is asking to see you.
定语从句前为“one of +可数名词复数”形式时，关系代词做主语，谓语动词用复数形式；
定语从句前为“the only one of +可数名词复数”形式时，关系代词做主语，谓语动词用单数形式；
Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.
Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.
1.Up till now，the website has been continuously updated, ________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
2.Anyone ________ is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.
3.All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops, ________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.
4.In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
技法1　语法填空解题技法
which
who
where
whose
5.Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
6.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
7.China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
which
which
where
According to 1.________ new study by the WHO(World Health Organization), about 25 percent of adults worldwide do not get enough exercise. Because of this, about 1.4 billion people are 2.________ greater risk of developing 3.________ (dead) diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
When it comes to 4.________ (exercise) more, experts say that people needn't go to the gym every day. There are other ways to exercise. For example, we can take the stairs instead of taking an elevator. And standing on one leg for 30 seconds each day 5.________ (be) also good for our health.
a
at
deadly
exercising
is
The study also finds that women are less active than men because 6.________ (them) tend to spend more time at home taking care of 7.________ (child) and doing housework.
Countries with higher incomes show higher rates of inactivity. For example, people in Kuwait and the United States exercise less 8.________ people in Uganda and Nepal. This is partly because in 9.________ (develop)areas, desk jobs have taken the place of physical labor and cars 10.____ __ __ (replace) walking.
they
children
than
developed
have replaced　
1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。
语法填空解题策略
2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则。
(1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
(2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
(5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，
则关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。
(3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中
用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。
(4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，
则用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which。
【典例感悟】
1．One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.________________
2．In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.________________
3．They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________
4．Others thought some courses should be offered in schools, which goal was to help students learn more about our customs, ways of life and so on.________________
技法2　短文改错解题技法
where→when
what→that/which
which→where或which前加in
which→whose
我永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那些日子。
我们在看的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。
穿过市中心的那条河已经被严重地污染了。
1.The picture that/which we are looking at was drawn by a fifteen-year-old-student.
2.The river which runs through the centre of the city has been polluted seriously.
3.I shall never forget the days when/in which we worked on the farm.
你能告诉我汽车坏了的原因吗？
4.Can you tell me the reason why/for which the car broke down
你们中哪一个打破了玻璃都必须要赔偿。
然而，很多人不相信他所写的是真的。
我不在乎他们是否参加冬令营。
你犯错的原因是你对自己缺乏信心。
8.The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself.
5.Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
6.However, many people simply couldn’t believe that what he had written was true.
7.Whether they will join in the Winter Camp, i don’t care.
Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases.
Some people believe has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.
I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.
who
whose
what/whatever
whoever
that
that