高考英语二轮复习：高中英语8种时态教案
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| 名称 | 高考英语二轮复习：高中英语8种时态教案 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-12-06 15:37:51 | ||
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高中英语动词时态
一、概述
英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态（tense）。
英语动词的时态，按动作发生的先后顺序，可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四个时间；按动作发生的方式，又可分为一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四种类型。每一种时态与每一种类型相结合，组成了英语动词的整个时态体系。现以write为例列表如下：
一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
现在 Writewrites have writtenhas am is writingare have been writinghas
过去 wrote had wriiten was writingwere had been writing
将来 shallwritewill shallhave writtenwill shallbe writingwill shall have been writingwill
过去将来 should writewould shouldhave writtenwould shouldbe writingwould shouldhave been writingwould
二、一般现在时
1、概述
一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。常与usually，often，always，sometimes，everyday，once a week等时间状语连用。
-Can I join your club. Dad 我能加入你的俱乐部吗，爸爸？
- Can I help you, sir 你需要帮忙么？
-Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn’t work.是的，我昨天在这里买的这台收音机，但它坏了。
2、构成
一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。
-Only at home. No one sees me but you.只是在家里。除了你又没别人看见。
3、用法
（1）表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态
一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
-Do you like the material 你喜欢这块料子吗？
-Yes, it feels very soft.是的，这块料子手感很柔软。
（2）一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。
He works hard .他工作很努力 She loves music.她喜欢音乐。
（3）一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 Water boils at 100℃.水在摄氏100度时沸腾。
注意：主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，但宾语从句中如果所说的是客观真理，它的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
Galileo insisted that the earth goes around the sun.伽利略坚持认为地球绕着太阳转。
（4）在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
从句一般由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导。
The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟。
The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as he arrives. 新秘书一到就应该找经理报到。
I'll begin the dictation when you are ready.如果你们准备好，我就开始听写。
When they leave school, they will go to college.中学毕业后，他们去上大学。
（5）表示安排或计划好的将来的动作，只限少数几个动词：go, come, leave, start等。
The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。
Supper is at 5 today.今天五点开晚饭。
The summer holidays begin next week.暑假从下周开始。
（6）一般现在时描述过去时间的事实
这种用法多见于叙述文或口述往事，以增加描述的生动和真实感。
The story describes how Walt Disney starts a company.这篇文章描述了沃尔特·迪斯尼如何创办公司的情况。
He says the river rises higher and higher, breaks the bank and is filling all low places.他说河水越涨越高，漫过河岸，淹没低洼地。
（7） 在新闻标题、小说和电影以及戏剧情节介绍、幻灯和图片的说明中常用一般现在时
U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister. 美国总统同英国首相举行会谈。
American Ambassador Leaves Beijing.美国大使离京。
三、一般过去时
1、概述
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。
All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness grew. 整个早上，当她等待医生的医学报告时，她神经越来越紧张。
I got up at 6:30 yesterday.我昨天6:30起床。
2、一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由规则动词（-ed/-d）或不规则动词的过去式表示，除be外，其余动词没有人称和数的变化。各种动词的否定结构和一般疑问结构，与一般现在时的否定结构和疑问结构相同。规则动词的构成变化详见上一章动词的过去时形式部分。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一段时间烟，但不久又重蹈覆辙。
-We could have walked to the station, it was so near.我们该步行到车站，这么近。
3、一般过去时的用法
（1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
Tom didn't come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。
We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。
-Hello! I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here 喂!我不知道你在伦敦。你来多久了？
-Your phone number again I din’t quite catch it. 请你再把电话号码说一遍好吗？我刚才没听清楚。
-It is 9568442. 9568442。-Oh, it’s you! I didn’t recognize you.哇，是你呀！我没认出你来。
（2）表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作
常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。
When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影。
注意：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示。
When I stayed at Aunt Liu's ,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时，她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化。
（3）用来代替过去将来时
在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。
He promised that when he went to the bookstore, he would buy me a book.他答应去书店时为我买本书。
They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他们告诉我们，直到她回来他们才会离开。
（4）表示现在将来的时间
在日常会话中，用一般过去时比用一般现在时较为婉转客气。能这样用的动词有：hope, wonder, want, think, intend等。
Did you want to see me now 现在你就想见我吗？
I wondered if you would help me.我想你是否能帮我一下。
What did you want 你要什么？（语气委婉） What do you want 你要什么？（语气生硬）
（5）表示某种感彩
You asked for it!你这是自找的！I told you so.我早就告诉过你。（你就是不听）
（6）表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。
If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it snowed tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雪，比赛就会延期举行。
四、一般将来时
1、概述
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week, next year等。
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge It will stay fresh for several days.为什么不把肉放在冰箱里？它可以保鲜好几天。- Oh , so I have. I'll go and turn it off. 噢，那我马上去关。
2、构成
一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。will用于第二、三人称，shall第一人称。在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩写为'll，will not简缩为won’t[wount]。但在美国英语中，各种人称皆可用will。
He will help his sister with her lessons.他将帮助他妹妹做功课。
We won't be free this afternoon.今天下午我们没空。
3、一般将来时的用法
（1）表示未来的动作或存在状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。
We shall leave for London next Monday.我们将在下周一去伦敦。
He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要来看你。
（2）表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作
We shall come and work in this factory every year.我们将每年来这工厂参加劳动。
The students will have five English classes per week this term.本学期学生每周将要上五节英语课。
4、一般将来时的其他表达法
（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来
这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
What are you going to do next Sunday 下星期天你打算干什么？
They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。
I think I'm going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)
Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用。
He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。
The question is going to be very complex.这个问题将会很复杂。
The voters aren’t going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。
④be going to 和will的区别
will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体的时间，可以指遥远的将来；而be going to 指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生，通常指很快就要发生的事情。
Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.听那风声，我们横渡时一定困难很大。
He will get better.他的病会好的。（即认为最终会恢复健康，而不是马上恢复）
He is gong to get better.他的病就会好了。(指有恢复的迹象)
be gong to 和will均可表示意图，但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑过的意图用will。
-Why have you torn the paper into pieces 你怎么把论文撕了？
- I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑，不用will)我要重写。
-Is it really a big stone -I will help you to move it.(未经事先考虑，不用be going to )
be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.如果你要去参加这个会，你最好现在走。（不用will）
（2）用现在进行时来表示将来
①现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory 你什么时候回工厂？
He is not coming.他不来了。
They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他们明天下午到达。
②进行时表示将来与be going to 的区别
be going to表示说话前事先考虑过的意图(intend)，现在进行时表示事先安排的动作（plan）；表示有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生用be going to，不用现在进行时。
Mary and Jane are going to meet tonight.（have an intention to）
Mary and Jane are meeting tonight.( 事先安排的动作)
I feel dizzy, I think I am going to faint.（不能用I fainting）我感到头晕，我想我要昏倒。
（3）“be about to+动词原形”表将来
“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。
The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
They are about to set out.(不能说，They are about to set out soon) 他们就要出发。
The ship is about to sail.轮船马上就要启航。
比较：be about to 与be not about to 的差异
be about to 意为“正要、马上就”；be not about to 意为“不愿意……”。
He is about to come out. Please wait a moment.他马上就出来，请稍等。
He is not about to do that again.他不愿再做那件事了。
（4）“be to+动词原形”表将来
“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。
If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.一个人要想成功，他就必须拼命干。
（5）一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。
The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。
When does the show begin 展览什么时候开始？
五、过去将来时
1、概述
过去将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣布不久离职的消息让我们都大吃一惊。
At that time I knew we should succeed.那时我知道我们会成功的。
2、构成
过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。
I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。
He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
3、过去将来时的用法
（1）表示从过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态
She hoped that they would meet again someday.她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。
He said he would come.他说他要来。
My brother told me he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我，他要在星期六回来。
I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。
（2）表示过去的某种习惯行为
She would lose the key! 她总是把钥匙弄丢了。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
4、过去将来时的其它表达法
过去将来时除了用“should, would+动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。
（1）was/were going to
①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）
He said he was going to visit China the next week.他说他下周访华。
②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)
I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）
-Alice, why didn't you come yesterday 艾丽丝，你昨天为什么没来呀？
-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算来的，但我家来了个不速之客。
（2）was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他女朋友。（计划安排）
These first words were to change my world. 我最先学的这些单词将会改变我的生活天地。(注定要发生的事情)
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。
She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。
（3）was/were about to＋动词原形
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
We were about to go there when it began to rain.我们打算到哪儿，这时天下起了雨。
（4）用过去进行时表示
表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
-What were you doing when he came to see you 他来看你时你在做什么？
-I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
He hurried into the carriage. The train was leaving in a few minutes.他匆忙挤进车厢，还有几分钟火车就要开了。
六、现在进行时
1、概述
现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作或存在的状态。
- Is this raincoat yours 这件雨衣是你的吗？
- No, mine is hanging there behind the door. 不是，我的在门后边挂着。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. 我其实不在这上班；我只是暂时在这帮忙，一直帮到来了新秘书。
2、构成
现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。
I am looking for a pair of black shoes.我正在找双黑色的鞋。
He is picking the apples on that tree.他正在摘那棵树上的苹果。
They are working in a factory these days.他们这几天在工厂劳动。
3、现在进行时的用法
（1）表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
I'm doing my homework now. 我现在正在做作业。
It's raining hard.天正在下雨。
-What are you doing 你在干什么？
-I'm doing some washing.我在洗衣服。
（2）表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 因科技在不断变化，所以选择个人使用的移动电话并不是一件容易事。
The foreign guests are visiting Beijing this week.本周那些外国客人在参观北京。
He is learning English at college.他在大学学英语。
（3）表示将来的动作
表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天动身去香港。
They're flying to Beijing tomorrow.他们明天飞往北京。
（4）表达褒贬等感彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。
She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）
He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）
They’re forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
（5）表示刚刚过去的动作。这一用法不强调动作的进行性。
Do you hear what he's saying, mother 妈妈，你听见他说的了吗？
Every word I'm telling you is true.我告诉你的每一句话都是真的。
（6）描写一种状态，具有感彩
I am missing you dreadfully.我非常想念你。 He is playing us a trick. 他在耍我们呢。
How fast he is forgetting his shame.他多么快就忘了他的耻辱！
（7）表示较为温和的命令 通常只一次性动作。
You are sitting over there.你到那边去坐。
Don’t stand idle. You are helping her a little.不要闲着，你要帮她一下。
（8）wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
I’m wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
I’m hoping you’ll give us some suggestions.我很希望你给我们一些建议。
4、一般现在时与现在进行时的比较
（1）一般现在时通常表示经常性的动作或状态，而进行时则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。（说明习惯）
She is now reading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。（强调现阶段）
The bus is stopping.汽车渐渐停下来。
The bus stops.迅速停车。
（2）一般现在时表示主语的固有特征、能力等，而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。
He sings well.他唱得很好。
He is singing a song.他正在唱一首歌。
He lives in Liangxiang.(永久性)他家住良乡。
He is living in Liangxiang.（段时间居住）他现在住在良乡。
（3）现在进行时带有感彩而一般现在时表示客观事实
Jane is doing fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（赞扬）
Jane does fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（事实）
（4）通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时的动词
并非所有的动词都有进行时，如表状态、感情、感觉的动词，通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时，因为这些动词不能表示一个正在进行的动作，如know, love, hate, want, like, see, hear, taste, smell, have(有), be等。
The food tastes delicious!饭很香！（正） The food is tasting delicious.(误)
I like English very much.我喜欢学英语。（正） I am liking English very much. (误)
七、过去进行时
1、概述
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说他看见UFO时，它正由东向西飞行。
I don't think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.我想吉姆没看见我；他当时正在凝视天空。
2、构成
构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。was not常简写为wasn’t, were not简略为weren’t。
-Hey, look where you are going 喂，看你上哪了？
-Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I wasn’t noticing．噢，实在对不起，我刚才没留神。
It was raining when we left school.我们离开学校的时候正在下雨。
What were you doing when I phoned you last night 昨晚我给你打电话时，你正在干什么？
3、过去进行时的用法
（1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
I first met Lisa three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我三年前第一次遇见丽莎时。她在一家无线电商店工作。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.今早六点钟时正在下雨。
I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，我正在画马。
（2）表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.舍利去年在写一本有关中国的书，但我不知道他是否完成。
They were building a dam last winter.去年冬天他们在建大坝。
I was living in my teacher's house when I was in middle school.上中学时，我住在老师家里。
在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park.我在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
（3）用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.玛丽在缝衣服时，突然扎破了手。
（4）代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。
She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。
（5）表达褒贬等感彩
过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。
He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。
（6）wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
-Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor --打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？
-Of course. What is it --当然。什么事？
-I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. --我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表。
-What were you wanting 你要什么？
- I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能帮我做这项工作。
4、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态（强调一次性动作）；而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作（强调反复的动作）。
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（不一定写完）
We built a bridge last winter.去年冬天我们修了一座桥。（建成了）
We were building a bridge last winter.去年冬于我们在修一座桥。（一直在修，不涉及结果）
As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.奶奶读报时睡着了。
八、将来进行时
1、概述
将来进行时表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作或某段时间持续的动作。它主要表示按计划、安排将来某时将要进行或发生的动作。
What will you be doing at eight o'clock this evening 今天晚上8点你干什么
This time tomorrow I shall be flying to London.明天这个时候我将在飞往伦敦的途中。
2、构成
将来进行时由“助动词shall/will+be+v-ing”构成
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
I’ll be taking my holidays soon.我不久就要度假了。
3、将来进行时的用法
（1）表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
At this time tomorrow we’ll be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。
（2）代替一般将来时
表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。
Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening 今晚你会见王先生吗？
（3）用将来进行时来询问别人的计划、打算，比用一般将来时更礼貌，也可以表示较缓和的命令或碰巧发生的事。
Will you be having supper with us this evening 你今天晚上能和我们一起吃晚饭好吗？
You will be coming at six o’clock this evening.你晚上六点来。
Will you be coming to the dancing party 你能来参加舞会吗？（是否碰巧也能来参加）
Will you come to the dancing party 你来参加舞会好吗？（邀请）
（4）用于表示将来的动作迟于所安排的另一次动作
He is going to take a stroll in the park and then he will be watering the flowers.他打算到公园去散步，然后浇花。
This term will end in July and I will be going back home in the country.本学期起月份结束，之后我就要回到乡下的家里去。
（5）将来进行时与一般将来时的区别
一般将来时既可以表示“将来”，也可以表示“意志、意图”；而将来进行时则表示纯粹的将来，指说话者无意图的动作。
He won’t cut the grass.他拒绝割草。（有意图）
He won’t be cutting the grass.他将不割草。(无意图，仅陈述一个事实)
九、过去将来进行时
1、概述
过去将来进行时表示就过去某一时间而言将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.他问我当他第二天来的时候我会干什么？
2、构成
过去将来进行时由“should/would+be+v-ing”构成，其否定形式是should/would not + be+ v-ing。
He said he would be setting off on the 9 o’clock train.他说他将乘坐9点钟的火车走。
2、过去将来进行时的用法
（1）表示在过去某一时间将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I should be doing at 6 the next day.他问我第二天6点钟要干什么。
They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们盼我们下个星期去。
（2）表示在过去某一时间之后将要发生的动作
She would come to see you off as you would be leaving home.你走时，她将来为你送行。
The plane took off. John would be flying to America.飞机起飞了，约翰要飞往美国。
十、状态动词与进行时态
英语动词就其词汇意义而言，可分为状态动词（stative verbs静态动词）和动作动词（active verbs）两大类。状态动词一般不用于进行时态，但有些情况，状态动词也可以用于进行时。
（1）动词be在用于进行时态时，表示“显出某种样子”的意思，有暂时性含义。试比较：
He is strong.他很强壮。（持续性）
He is being strong.他显得很壮。（暂时性）
She is a good girl.她是个好姑娘。（持续性）
She is being a good girl today.她今天表现得很好。（暂时性）
（2）动词have作状态动词作“有”解时，不用于进行时；如果作动作动词时，可用于进行时，但意思变了。
I have a lot of homework to do.我有许多作业要做。（表状态）
I'm having supper.我正在吃晚饭。（表动作）
（3）动词see, hear用于进行时态时，意思发生了变化。
We are seeing Professor Li.我们正在拜访李教授。
They are hearing a case.他们正在审理一个案件。
（4）感觉动词feel, taste, smell等表静态意义时，不能用于进行时；表动态意义时，可用于进行时。
I'm sure I smell gas.我肯定闻到了煤气味。（静态）
I'm smelling the flower.我在闻花。（动态）
(5）表心理或情感状态的动词：believe, care ,envy, expect, fear,think, forget, hate, hope, know, love, like, wish等一般不用于进行时，如用于进行时其意义已发生了变化。
What do you think of it 你觉得这怎样？
What are you thinking about 你在想什么？
That's what I expect.那就是我所期望的。
I'm expecting a telegram.我在等一份电报。
十一、现在完成时
1、概述
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果，现在完成时着眼点是现在。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示濒度的时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的时间状语连用（in 1993, last year等）。
I wonder why Jenny hasn’t written us recently. We should have heard from her by now.我想知道詹尼最近为什么没有写信来。到现在早该收到他的信了。
The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so.价格已经下跌，但我怀疑这能持续多长时间。
2、构成
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。其肯定、否定疑问形式如下：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(We,You,They)have read it. I(We,You,They)have not read it. Have you (they, we, I)read it
He(She)has read it. He(She)has not read it. Has he(she)read it
注意：have not常简写为简略为haven't, has not简略为hasn't.
-How are you today 你今天感觉好吗？
-Oh , I haven't felt as ill as I do now for a very long time.好长一段时间以来，我没有像今天这样难受了。
—Have you seen my glasses 你看见我的眼镜了么？
—Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. 是的，我刚才看见你的眼镜在你的床上。
When I was at college I spoke three foreign languages, but I have forgotten all except a few words of each.我在大学读书时说三种外语，但现在除了几个单词外都忘光了。
3、现在完成时的用法
（1）表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photoes.我已经把照片寄出了。
I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。
—Have you had your lunch yet —你吃过午饭了吗？
-Yes , I have .(I've just had it.) —是的，我刚吃完。
(2)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。
You don't need to describe her. I have met her several times.你没必要描述她，我见过他好几次了。
--I'm sorry to keep you waiting. —对不起，让你久等了。
--Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. — 噢，没关系。我刚来几分钟。
They have lived here since 1989.他们自从1989年以来就住在这里。
I haven't seen her these days.这些日子我没见到他。
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
(3)表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。
He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。
Eight times he has tried and eight times he has failed.他试了八次，八次都失败了。
My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。
（4）用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
We will set off if it has stopped raining.如果雨停了我们就出发。
（5）用在从句中，表示一个动作先于另一个动作
I understand what she has said to me.我理解她对我说的话。
We know that he has passed the English exam.我们知道他英语考试及格了。
（6）用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
-Do you know our town at all 你对我们城镇熟悉吗？
-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，这是我第一次来这里。
It's the first time I've been here.这是我第一次到这里来。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
（7）“It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
（8）现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感彩
- Who is Jerry Cooper 杰利·库珀是谁呀？
- Haven't you met him yet I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。
Now you’ve done it.你这下可闯祸了。
When have I been treated like this 我什么时候吃这一套？
4、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）
5、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。
She has already come.她已经来了。
I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到过比月球更远的地方。
（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。
It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)
（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open, go, come, die, leave, arrive, begin, return, stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达：
He has been away from here for three years.
He left here three years ago.
It is three years since he left here.
（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。
He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)
He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
十二、过去完成时
1、概述
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。
2、构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(we)You had read it.He(She, They) I(We)You had not read it He(She ,They) you Had they read it he
注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。
They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。
We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了30课。
He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没见过面。
3、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。
（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。
He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。
（4）表示假设的宾语从句
放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。
She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。
（5）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中
在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。
（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事。这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。
（7）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。
As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。
十三、将来完成时
1、概述
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。
On the first of next month I shall have studied in this school for five years.下月一日，我在这个学校学习就满5年了。
If you come at six, I shall have done my homework.要是你6点钟来时，我的作业就都做完了。
2、构成
将来完成时由“shall /will +have +v-ed”构成； 否定形式“shall /will +not +have +v-ed” 构成。
By the time class is over, we shall have finished lesson 40.下课前我们要完成第40课。
He will not have finished the work before 12.12点之前他不可能完成这项工作。
3、将来完成时的用法
（1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.不久他就会全忘记的。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末，我们将学完10单元。
（2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。
When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时，我们已住在该市五年了。
By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.到这个月底，我们就已经来这里两年了。
（3）表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
She will have arrived by now.她这是可能已经到了。
It is seven. He will have got up.现在7点，他可能已经起床了。
十四、过去将来完成时
1、概述
过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作已完成。
I thought she would have told you something by then.我想届时她已经告诉你一些情况。
He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home.他知道他到时她会已经回家了。
2、构成
过去将来完成时是由would/should + have + v-ed构成，其否定形式是would/should +not+ have + v-ed；疑问形式是将should/would提前。
She said she would have finished her exams by then.她说那时她会已经考完试了。
I thought mother would have made some sandwiches by the time we got back.我想我们回来时妈妈已经做好了一些三明治。
3、过去将来完成时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去看来将来某时之前已经完成的动作。这种时态用的较少，通常只见于转述方面。
He said they would have arrived by seven o’clock.他说他们七点钟前就会到达。
She told me that she would have finished typing the letter before I came back.她告诉我，我回去之前她就会把信件打好了。
十五、现在完成进行时
1、概述
现在完成进行时表示到现在为止一直进行的动作，这个动作可能仍在进行，也可能停止了。
-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 你好，特蕾西！你看上去很疲劳。
-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.我很累。我刷了一整天房子。
2、构成
现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has +been+ v-ing”构成；否定形式have/has +not+been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将have/has提前。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国人造纸已有2000年历史了。
I have been telling him to study hard.我一直告诉他学习要更加刻苦才是。
3、现在完成进行时的用法
（1）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)
She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。
（2）表示从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时还在继续进行,并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。
It has been raining for 3 days.雨下了三天了。
（3）表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）
She has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。（Now he is tired out.）
Who’s been insulting you 谁欺负你了？（对方可能在哭）
（4）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。
I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。
3、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
（1）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
They have built a ship.他们建了一艘船。（已完成）
They have been building a ship.他们一直在建一艘船。（在进行）
（2）当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）
—You look so tired. What have you been doing 你看起来很累，你干什么了？
—I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）
十六、过去完成进行时
1、概述
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。
She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.她说我进来之前她一直在打一篇论文。
He had been studying English before entering the college.他在上大学之前一直在学英语。
2、构成
过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成；否定形式had+not+ been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将had提前。
He had been telling you this.他多次跟你说这件事。
3、过去完成进行时的用法
（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）
（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
十七、一般将来完成进行时
1、概述
将来完成进行时表示将来某事、某时之前已发生的动作。
It will have been snowing for a whole week if it snows again tomorrow.如果明天还下雪的话，雪就要整整下一个星期。
2、构成
是由shall/will have been+ v-ing 构成。否定形式shall/will not have been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将shall/will提前。
They will have been having a holiday next week.他们下周大概在度假。
3、一般将来完成进行时用法
（1）一般将来完成进行时表示将来某事、某时之前已发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去要视上下文而定，常与表示将来某一时间状语连用。
By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.太阳落山时他们在农场上干活将有6个小时了。
（2）将来完成进行时也可表示推测，含有“我预料、大概”的意思。这种用法的will应看作情态动词。
It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.现在时早春了，鸟儿该飞回来了。
十八、过去将来完成进行时
1、概述与构成
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，过去将来完成进行时是由should/would have been + v-ing构成；否定形式should/would+not have been + v-ing；疑问形式是将should/would提前。
She said that by the end of the year she would have been studying here for three years.她说到今年年底他将在这里学习三年了。
2、过去将来完成进行时用法
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，是否继续下去要视上下文而定。
She told me that she would have been teaching English for 30 years at the end of this year.她告诉我她到今年年底将教了30年英语了。
注意：一般将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，只作介绍，高中生了解即可。
十九、时态的一致与不一致
1、时态的一致
某些从句里的动词时态与主句里的动词时态相呼应的规律，叫做时态的一致。
（1）如果主句中的谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态时，从句中的谓语动词可根据具体要求而用不同的相应时态。
I know that his brother studied here.我（现在）知道他哥哥在这里学习过（指以前）。
Can you tell me when you will finish the work 你能告诉我你将何时完成这项工作？
（2）主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，从句中也要用过去时态。
①如果从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前，从句中的谓语动词须用过去完成时，过去完成进行时或一般过去时。用一般过去时时，从句中必须有表过去的时间状语。
He told me he had been there.他告诉我他去过那里。
I thought you were having a meeting.我想你正在开会。
The boy said he was born in 1975.那男孩说他出生于1975年。
②如果从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，从句动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I was told that they were designing a new machine.有人告诉我，他们正在设计一台新机器。
He told me he was unwell.他告诉我他不舒服。
③如果从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之后，从句中的谓语动词要用过去将来时。
They didn't know when hey would go to the Great wall.他不知道什么时候去参观长城。
She said she was going to be a doctor after leaving school.她说毕业后她要当一名医生。
2、时态的不一致
从句中的谓语动词与主句中的谓语动词不相呼应，这种现象称为时态的不一致。
下列场合，如果主句谓语动词为过去时态，宾语从句中的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
（1）从句所表达的是客观真理或客观事实时。
Long ago people didn't know that the earth moves around the sun.很久以前人们不知道地球绕着太阳转。
The teacher said that practice makes perfect.老师说熟能生巧。
（2）当从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在转述时仍在继续，或表示现在时刻仍存在的状态时。
He said his father is attending a conference.他说他父亲目前正在开会。
She told me that she is only 15 now.她告诉我她现在只有15岁。
因此，不同的从句应根据其需要，选用恰当的时态。
时态确定的技巧
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：
如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then.
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn't know that she had been to London twice.
(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn't know when they would have a rest.
(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.
(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、从句子本身附带的时间状语来确定时态。
（1）句中若有every day, every Friday afternoon, twice a week, often, always, usually等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般现在时。
They usually watch TV in the evening. 他们通常晚上看电视。
Miss Wang studies English on the radio every morning. 王小姐每天早晨跟着收音机学英语。
（2）句中若有yesterday, last month, in 1998, two years ago, before liberation等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般过去时。
I told her to bring my book to school yesterday. 我昨天告诉她把我的书拿到学校来。
My sister finished middle school half a year ago. 我妹妹中学毕业半年了。
（3）句中若有tomorrow, next week, when spring comes, if we have time等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用一般将来时。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will visit the Great Wall. 如果明天不下雨，我将去看长城。
There will be a film in our school tomorrow evening. 明晚我校有电影。
（4）句中若有for two years, in the past ten years, since 1990, already, just, yet等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用现在完成时。
Zhou Lan has already studied in this school for two years. 周兰已在这所学校学习了两年。
The two old men haven’t seen each other since 1970. 这两位老人自从1970来一直没见过。
（5）句中若有at ten last night, the whole evening, this time yesterday, when he came in等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，10 句子(或主句)多用过去进行时。
They were having a meeting at ten yesterday morning.昨天10点他们在开会。
We were talking about the film when he came in. 他进来时我们正在谈论电影。
（6）句中若有by 1999, by the end of last term, two weeks before, before he came here等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用过去完成时。
By the end of the match, they had kicked four goals. 比赛结束前，他们打入了四球。
He had learned two thousand Chinese words before he came to the school. 他上学前就学会了两千个汉字。
（7）句中若有时间状语now或提示词 Look!, Listen!, Be quiet!, Hurry!等时，句子多用现在进行时。
Be quiet! The child is sleeping. 安静！孩子在睡觉。
Look! The children are flying kites over there. 看！孩子们在放风筝。
Listen, please. Who is making noises in the next room. 听！谁在隔壁高谈阔论？
2、从时态呼应规则来确定时态。
Do you know where he lives now 你知道他住哪么？
I met an old friend of mine when I was walking in the street yesterday afternoon 昨天下午我在大街上散步时遇到了我的一位老朋友。
She says that she will go to Beijing next week. 他说他下周去北京。
三、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:
一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.
一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959.
一般将来时: When will the work be finished
过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day.
现在进行时：Your tractor is being repaired now.
过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.
现在完成时：The work hasn't been finished yet.
过去完成时:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：
当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，
如：Paper was first made in China.
当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，
如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：
（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（2）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.
（3）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.
（4）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of.
（5）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.
（6）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
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一、概述
英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态（tense）。
英语动词的时态，按动作发生的先后顺序，可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四个时间；按动作发生的方式，又可分为一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四种类型。每一种时态与每一种类型相结合，组成了英语动词的整个时态体系。现以write为例列表如下：
一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
现在 Writewrites have writtenhas am is writingare have been writinghas
过去 wrote had wriiten was writingwere had been writing
将来 shallwritewill shallhave writtenwill shallbe writingwill shall have been writingwill
过去将来 should writewould shouldhave writtenwould shouldbe writingwould shouldhave been writingwould
二、一般现在时
1、概述
一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。常与usually，often，always，sometimes，everyday，once a week等时间状语连用。
-Can I join your club. Dad 我能加入你的俱乐部吗，爸爸？
- Can I help you, sir 你需要帮忙么？
-Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn’t work.是的，我昨天在这里买的这台收音机，但它坏了。
2、构成
一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。
-Only at home. No one sees me but you.只是在家里。除了你又没别人看见。
3、用法
（1）表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态
一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。
He always sleeps with the windows open.他总是开着窗子睡觉。
-Do you like the material 你喜欢这块料子吗？
-Yes, it feels very soft.是的，这块料子手感很柔软。
（2）一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。
He works hard .他工作很努力 She loves music.她喜欢音乐。
（3）一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 Water boils at 100℃.水在摄氏100度时沸腾。
注意：主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，但宾语从句中如果所说的是客观真理，它的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
Galileo insisted that the earth goes around the sun.伽利略坚持认为地球绕着太阳转。
（4）在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表将来的动作
从句一般由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引导。
The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球赛将推迟。
The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as he arrives. 新秘书一到就应该找经理报到。
I'll begin the dictation when you are ready.如果你们准备好，我就开始听写。
When they leave school, they will go to college.中学毕业后，他们去上大学。
（5）表示安排或计划好的将来的动作，只限少数几个动词：go, come, leave, start等。
The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火车在上午10点发车。
Supper is at 5 today.今天五点开晚饭。
The summer holidays begin next week.暑假从下周开始。
（6）一般现在时描述过去时间的事实
这种用法多见于叙述文或口述往事，以增加描述的生动和真实感。
The story describes how Walt Disney starts a company.这篇文章描述了沃尔特·迪斯尼如何创办公司的情况。
He says the river rises higher and higher, breaks the bank and is filling all low places.他说河水越涨越高，漫过河岸，淹没低洼地。
（7） 在新闻标题、小说和电影以及戏剧情节介绍、幻灯和图片的说明中常用一般现在时
U.S. President holds talks with British Prime Minister. 美国总统同英国首相举行会谈。
American Ambassador Leaves Beijing.美国大使离京。
三、一般过去时
1、概述
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用。
All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness grew. 整个早上，当她等待医生的医学报告时，她神经越来越紧张。
I got up at 6:30 yesterday.我昨天6:30起床。
2、一般过去时的构成
一般过去时由规则动词（-ed/-d）或不规则动词的过去式表示，除be外，其余动词没有人称和数的变化。各种动词的否定结构和一般疑问结构，与一般现在时的否定结构和疑问结构相同。规则动词的构成变化详见上一章动词的过去时形式部分。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一段时间烟，但不久又重蹈覆辙。
-We could have walked to the station, it was so near.我们该步行到车站，这么近。
3、一般过去时的用法
（1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
Tom didn't come to class yesterday.汤姆昨天没来上课。
We went to dance last night.昨晚我们去跳舞了。
-Hello! I didn’t know you were in London. How long have you been here 喂!我不知道你在伦敦。你来多久了？
-Your phone number again I din’t quite catch it. 请你再把电话号码说一遍好吗？我刚才没听清楚。
-It is 9568442. 9568442。-Oh, it’s you! I didn’t recognize you.哇，是你呀！我没认出你来。
（2）表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作
常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。
When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在乡村里，经常去拜访那里的朋友。
I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上学时每周去看一场电影。
注意：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示。
When I stayed at Aunt Liu's ,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.当我住在刘大娘家时，她常常告诉我解放以来农村发生的巨大变化。
（3）用来代替过去将来时
在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。
He promised that when he went to the bookstore, he would buy me a book.他答应去书店时为我买本书。
They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他们告诉我们，直到她回来他们才会离开。
（4）表示现在将来的时间
在日常会话中，用一般过去时比用一般现在时较为婉转客气。能这样用的动词有：hope, wonder, want, think, intend等。
Did you want to see me now 现在你就想见我吗？
I wondered if you would help me.我想你是否能帮我一下。
What did you want 你要什么？（语气委婉） What do you want 你要什么？（语气生硬）
（5）表示某种感彩
You asked for it!你这是自找的！I told you so.我早就告诉过你。（你就是不听）
（6）表示虚拟语气
这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。
If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。
If it snowed tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雪，比赛就会延期举行。
四、一般将来时
1、概述
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week, next year等。
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge It will stay fresh for several days.为什么不把肉放在冰箱里？它可以保鲜好几天。- Oh , so I have. I'll go and turn it off. 噢，那我马上去关。
2、构成
一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。will用于第二、三人称，shall第一人称。在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩写为'll，will not简缩为won’t[wount]。但在美国英语中，各种人称皆可用will。
He will help his sister with her lessons.他将帮助他妹妹做功课。
We won't be free this afternoon.今天下午我们没空。
3、一般将来时的用法
（1）表示未来的动作或存在状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。
We shall leave for London next Monday.我们将在下周一去伦敦。
He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要来看你。
（2）表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作
We shall come and work in this factory every year.我们将每年来这工厂参加劳动。
The students will have five English classes per week this term.本学期学生每周将要上五节英语课。
4、一般将来时的其他表达法
（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来
这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
What are you going to do next Sunday 下星期天你打算干什么？
They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。
还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。
I think I'm going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危)
Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(乌云密布，使我断定天要下雨)
③这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用。
He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。
The question is going to be very complex.这个问题将会很复杂。
The voters aren’t going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。
④be going to 和will的区别
will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体的时间，可以指遥远的将来；而be going to 指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生，通常指很快就要发生的事情。
Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.听那风声，我们横渡时一定困难很大。
He will get better.他的病会好的。（即认为最终会恢复健康，而不是马上恢复）
He is gong to get better.他的病就会好了。(指有恢复的迹象)
be gong to 和will均可表示意图，但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑过的意图用will。
-Why have you torn the paper into pieces 你怎么把论文撕了？
- I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑，不用will)我要重写。
-Is it really a big stone -I will help you to move it.(未经事先考虑，不用be going to )
be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.如果你要去参加这个会，你最好现在走。（不用will）
（2）用现在进行时来表示将来
①现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。
When are you going back to your factory 你什么时候回工厂？
He is not coming.他不来了。
They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他们明天下午到达。
②进行时表示将来与be going to 的区别
be going to表示说话前事先考虑过的意图(intend)，现在进行时表示事先安排的动作（plan）；表示有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生用be going to，不用现在进行时。
Mary and Jane are going to meet tonight.（have an intention to）
Mary and Jane are meeting tonight.( 事先安排的动作)
I feel dizzy, I think I am going to faint.（不能用I fainting）我感到头晕，我想我要昏倒。
（3）“be about to+动词原形”表将来
“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。
The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
They are about to set out.(不能说，They are about to set out soon) 他们就要出发。
The ship is about to sail.轮船马上就要启航。
比较：be about to 与be not about to 的差异
be about to 意为“正要、马上就”；be not about to 意为“不愿意……”。
He is about to come out. Please wait a moment.他马上就出来，请稍等。
He is not about to do that again.他不愿再做那件事了。
（4）“be to+动词原形”表将来
“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10点你得交上试卷。
If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.一个人要想成功，他就必须拼命干。
（5）一般现在时表示将来
用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。
The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。
When does the show begin 展览什么时候开始？
五、过去将来时
1、概述
过去将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣布不久离职的消息让我们都大吃一惊。
At that time I knew we should succeed.那时我知道我们会成功的。
2、构成
过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。
I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。
He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。
3、过去将来时的用法
（1）表示从过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态
She hoped that they would meet again someday.她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。
He said he would come.他说他要来。
My brother told me he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我，他要在星期六回来。
I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。
（2）表示过去的某种习惯行为
She would lose the key! 她总是把钥匙弄丢了。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
4、过去将来时的其它表达法
过去将来时除了用“should, would+动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。
（1）was/were going to
①表示过去的打算和意图
He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）
He said he was going to visit China the next week.他说他下周访华。
②表示没有实现的打算和意图
He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)
I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）
-Alice, why didn't you come yesterday 艾丽丝，你昨天为什么没来呀？
-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算来的，但我家来了个不速之客。
（2）was/were to+动词原形
这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。
He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他女朋友。（计划安排）
These first words were to change my world. 我最先学的这些单词将会改变我的生活天地。(注定要发生的事情)
At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。
She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他说他打算上任。
She said she was to have taken up the position.( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。
（3）was/were about to＋动词原形
was/were about to＋动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。
The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。
We were about to go there when it began to rain.我们打算到哪儿，这时天下起了雨。
（4）用过去进行时表示
表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。
-What were you doing when he came to see you 他来看你时你在做什么？
-I had just put on my overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine. 我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。
I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你会来。
He hurried into the carriage. The train was leaving in a few minutes.他匆忙挤进车厢，还有几分钟火车就要开了。
六、现在进行时
1、概述
现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作或存在的状态。
- Is this raincoat yours 这件雨衣是你的吗？
- No, mine is hanging there behind the door. 不是，我的在门后边挂着。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. 我其实不在这上班；我只是暂时在这帮忙，一直帮到来了新秘书。
2、构成
现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。
I am looking for a pair of black shoes.我正在找双黑色的鞋。
He is picking the apples on that tree.他正在摘那棵树上的苹果。
They are working in a factory these days.他们这几天在工厂劳动。
3、现在进行时的用法
（1）表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
I'm doing my homework now. 我现在正在做作业。
It's raining hard.天正在下雨。
-What are you doing 你在干什么？
-I'm doing some washing.我在洗衣服。
（2）表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 因科技在不断变化，所以选择个人使用的移动电话并不是一件容易事。
The foreign guests are visiting Beijing this week.本周那些外国客人在参观北京。
He is learning English at college.他在大学学英语。
（3）表示将来的动作
表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。
His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天动身去香港。
They're flying to Beijing tomorrow.他们明天飞往北京。
（4）表达褒贬等感彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。
She is always changing her clothes.她老是换衣服。（表责怪）
He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）
They’re forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)
（5）表示刚刚过去的动作。这一用法不强调动作的进行性。
Do you hear what he's saying, mother 妈妈，你听见他说的了吗？
Every word I'm telling you is true.我告诉你的每一句话都是真的。
（6）描写一种状态，具有感彩
I am missing you dreadfully.我非常想念你。 He is playing us a trick. 他在耍我们呢。
How fast he is forgetting his shame.他多么快就忘了他的耻辱！
（7）表示较为温和的命令 通常只一次性动作。
You are sitting over there.你到那边去坐。
Don’t stand idle. You are helping her a little.不要闲着，你要帮她一下。
（8）wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
I’m wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。
I’m hoping you’ll give us some suggestions.我很希望你给我们一些建议。
4、一般现在时与现在进行时的比较
（1）一般现在时通常表示经常性的动作或状态，而进行时则表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
We read newspapers every day.我们每天读报。（说明习惯）
She is now reading the newspaper.她现在正在读报。（强调现阶段）
The bus is stopping.汽车渐渐停下来。
The bus stops.迅速停车。
（2）一般现在时表示主语的固有特征、能力等，而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或某段时间内所进行的具体动作。
He sings well.他唱得很好。
He is singing a song.他正在唱一首歌。
He lives in Liangxiang.(永久性)他家住良乡。
He is living in Liangxiang.（段时间居住）他现在住在良乡。
（3）现在进行时带有感彩而一般现在时表示客观事实
Jane is doing fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（赞扬）
Jane does fine work at college.简在大学学习很好。（事实）
（4）通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时的动词
并非所有的动词都有进行时，如表状态、感情、感觉的动词，通常只能用一般现在时而不用进行时，因为这些动词不能表示一个正在进行的动作，如know, love, hate, want, like, see, hear, taste, smell, have(有), be等。
The food tastes delicious!饭很香！（正） The food is tasting delicious.(误)
I like English very much.我喜欢学英语。（正） I am liking English very much. (误)
七、过去进行时
1、概述
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说他看见UFO时，它正由东向西飞行。
I don't think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.我想吉姆没看见我；他当时正在凝视天空。
2、构成
构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。was not常简写为wasn’t, were not简略为weren’t。
-Hey, look where you are going 喂，看你上哪了？
-Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I wasn’t noticing．噢，实在对不起，我刚才没留神。
It was raining when we left school.我们离开学校的时候正在下雨。
What were you doing when I phoned you last night 昨晚我给你打电话时，你正在干什么？
3、过去进行时的用法
（1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
I first met Lisa three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我三年前第一次遇见丽莎时。她在一家无线电商店工作。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.今早六点钟时正在下雨。
I was drawing a horse when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，我正在画马。
（2）表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.舍利去年在写一本有关中国的书，但我不知道他是否完成。
They were building a dam last winter.去年冬天他们在建大坝。
I was living in my teacher's house when I was in middle school.上中学时，我住在老师家里。
在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。
My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park.我在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了。
When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我进屋的时候，她正坐在书桌前面。
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。
（3）用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一个漆黑的夜晚，狂风大作，大雨倾盆，一位年轻的妇女突然出现在河岸上。
Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.玛丽在缝衣服时，突然扎破了手。
（4）代替过去将来时
用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。
She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她问我他是否第二天就走。
（5）表达褒贬等感彩
过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。
He was always trying out new ideas.他总是试验一些新的设想。
He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。
（6）wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气
-Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor --打扰了,先生。你能帮我个忙吗？
-Of course. What is it --当然。什么事？
-I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. --我一直在想你是否能告诉我怎样填这张表。
-What were you wanting 你要什么？
- I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能帮我做这项工作。
4、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态（强调一次性动作）；而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作（强调反复的动作）。
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（不一定写完）
We built a bridge last winter.去年冬天我们修了一座桥。（建成了）
We were building a bridge last winter.去年冬于我们在修一座桥。（一直在修，不涉及结果）
As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.奶奶读报时睡着了。
八、将来进行时
1、概述
将来进行时表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作或某段时间持续的动作。它主要表示按计划、安排将来某时将要进行或发生的动作。
What will you be doing at eight o'clock this evening 今天晚上8点你干什么
This time tomorrow I shall be flying to London.明天这个时候我将在飞往伦敦的途中。
2、构成
将来进行时由“助动词shall/will+be+v-ing”构成
I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2点我将拜访李教授。
I’ll be taking my holidays soon.我不久就要度假了。
3、将来进行时的用法
（1）表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time tomorrow, at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon等时间状语连用。
At this time tomorrow we’ll be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此时我们正在飞越大西洋的上空。
（2）代替一般将来时
表示一种已经决定或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将在按计划发生而未完成。
We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我们一会儿就要开会。
Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening 今晚你会见王先生吗？
（3）用将来进行时来询问别人的计划、打算，比用一般将来时更礼貌，也可以表示较缓和的命令或碰巧发生的事。
Will you be having supper with us this evening 你今天晚上能和我们一起吃晚饭好吗？
You will be coming at six o’clock this evening.你晚上六点来。
Will you be coming to the dancing party 你能来参加舞会吗？（是否碰巧也能来参加）
Will you come to the dancing party 你来参加舞会好吗？（邀请）
（4）用于表示将来的动作迟于所安排的另一次动作
He is going to take a stroll in the park and then he will be watering the flowers.他打算到公园去散步，然后浇花。
This term will end in July and I will be going back home in the country.本学期起月份结束，之后我就要回到乡下的家里去。
（5）将来进行时与一般将来时的区别
一般将来时既可以表示“将来”，也可以表示“意志、意图”；而将来进行时则表示纯粹的将来，指说话者无意图的动作。
He won’t cut the grass.他拒绝割草。（有意图）
He won’t be cutting the grass.他将不割草。(无意图，仅陈述一个事实)
九、过去将来进行时
1、概述
过去将来进行时表示就过去某一时间而言将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.他问我当他第二天来的时候我会干什么？
2、构成
过去将来进行时由“should/would+be+v-ing”构成，其否定形式是should/would not + be+ v-ing。
He said he would be setting off on the 9 o’clock train.他说他将乘坐9点钟的火车走。
2、过去将来进行时的用法
（1）表示在过去某一时间将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I should be doing at 6 the next day.他问我第二天6点钟要干什么。
They said that they would be expecting us the next week.他们说他们盼我们下个星期去。
（2）表示在过去某一时间之后将要发生的动作
She would come to see you off as you would be leaving home.你走时，她将来为你送行。
The plane took off. John would be flying to America.飞机起飞了，约翰要飞往美国。
十、状态动词与进行时态
英语动词就其词汇意义而言，可分为状态动词（stative verbs静态动词）和动作动词（active verbs）两大类。状态动词一般不用于进行时态，但有些情况，状态动词也可以用于进行时。
（1）动词be在用于进行时态时，表示“显出某种样子”的意思，有暂时性含义。试比较：
He is strong.他很强壮。（持续性）
He is being strong.他显得很壮。（暂时性）
She is a good girl.她是个好姑娘。（持续性）
She is being a good girl today.她今天表现得很好。（暂时性）
（2）动词have作状态动词作“有”解时，不用于进行时；如果作动作动词时，可用于进行时，但意思变了。
I have a lot of homework to do.我有许多作业要做。（表状态）
I'm having supper.我正在吃晚饭。（表动作）
（3）动词see, hear用于进行时态时，意思发生了变化。
We are seeing Professor Li.我们正在拜访李教授。
They are hearing a case.他们正在审理一个案件。
（4）感觉动词feel, taste, smell等表静态意义时，不能用于进行时；表动态意义时，可用于进行时。
I'm sure I smell gas.我肯定闻到了煤气味。（静态）
I'm smelling the flower.我在闻花。（动态）
(5）表心理或情感状态的动词：believe, care ,envy, expect, fear,think, forget, hate, hope, know, love, like, wish等一般不用于进行时，如用于进行时其意义已发生了变化。
What do you think of it 你觉得这怎样？
What are you thinking about 你在想什么？
That's what I expect.那就是我所期望的。
I'm expecting a telegram.我在等一份电报。
十一、现在完成时
1、概述
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果，现在完成时着眼点是现在。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示濒度的时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的时间状语连用（in 1993, last year等）。
I wonder why Jenny hasn’t written us recently. We should have heard from her by now.我想知道詹尼最近为什么没有写信来。到现在早该收到他的信了。
The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so.价格已经下跌，但我怀疑这能持续多长时间。
2、构成
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。其肯定、否定疑问形式如下：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(We,You,They)have read it. I(We,You,They)have not read it. Have you (they, we, I)read it
He(She)has read it. He(She)has not read it. Has he(she)read it
注意：have not常简写为简略为haven't, has not简略为hasn't.
-How are you today 你今天感觉好吗？
-Oh , I haven't felt as ill as I do now for a very long time.好长一段时间以来，我没有像今天这样难受了。
—Have you seen my glasses 你看见我的眼镜了么？
—Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. 是的，我刚才看见你的眼镜在你的床上。
When I was at college I spoke three foreign languages, but I have forgotten all except a few words of each.我在大学读书时说三种外语，但现在除了几个单词外都忘光了。
3、现在完成时的用法
（1）表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photoes.我已经把照片寄出了。
I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。
—Have you had your lunch yet —你吃过午饭了吗？
-Yes , I have .(I've just had it.) —是的，我刚吃完。
(2)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。
You don't need to describe her. I have met her several times.你没必要描述她，我见过他好几次了。
--I'm sorry to keep you waiting. —对不起，让你久等了。
--Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. — 噢，没关系。我刚来几分钟。
They have lived here since 1989.他们自从1989年以来就住在这里。
I haven't seen her these days.这些日子我没见到他。
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
(3)表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。
He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。
Eight times he has tried and eight times he has failed.他试了八次，八次都失败了。
My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。
（4）用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作。
He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。
We will set off if it has stopped raining.如果雨停了我们就出发。
（5）用在从句中，表示一个动作先于另一个动作
I understand what she has said to me.我理解她对我说的话。
We know that he has passed the English exam.我们知道他英语考试及格了。
（6）用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
-Do you know our town at all 你对我们城镇熟悉吗？
-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，这是我第一次来这里。
It's the first time I've been here.这是我第一次到这里来。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。
（7）“It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。
（8）现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感彩
- Who is Jerry Cooper 杰利·库珀是谁呀？
- Haven't you met him yet I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。
Now you’ve done it.你这下可闯祸了。
When have I been treated like this 我什么时候吃这一套？
4、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）
5、使用现在完成时应注意的几点
（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。
She has already come.她已经来了。
I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。
So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到过比月球更远的地方。
（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。
It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)
（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open, go, come, die, leave, arrive, begin, return, stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达：
He has been away from here for three years.
He left here three years ago.
It is three years since he left here.
（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。
He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)
He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)
十二、过去完成时
1、概述
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。
2、构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(we)You had read it.He(She, They) I(We)You had not read it He(She ,They) you Had they read it he
注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。
They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。
We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了30课。
He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没见过面。
3、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。
（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。
He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。
（4）表示假设的宾语从句
放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。
She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。
（5）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中
在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。
（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事。这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。
（7）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。
（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。
As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。
十三、将来完成时
1、概述
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。
On the first of next month I shall have studied in this school for five years.下月一日，我在这个学校学习就满5年了。
If you come at six, I shall have done my homework.要是你6点钟来时，我的作业就都做完了。
2、构成
将来完成时由“shall /will +have +v-ed”构成； 否定形式“shall /will +not +have +v-ed” 构成。
By the time class is over, we shall have finished lesson 40.下课前我们要完成第40课。
He will not have finished the work before 12.12点之前他不可能完成这项工作。
3、将来完成时的用法
（1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.不久他就会全忘记的。
By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到这月末，我们将学完10单元。
（2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。
When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他们搬到这里时，我们已住在该市五年了。
By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.到这个月底，我们就已经来这里两年了。
（3）表示对现在或将来可能完成动作的推测
She will have arrived by now.她这是可能已经到了。
It is seven. He will have got up.现在7点，他可能已经起床了。
十四、过去将来完成时
1、概述
过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作已完成。
I thought she would have told you something by then.我想届时她已经告诉你一些情况。
He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home.他知道他到时她会已经回家了。
2、构成
过去将来完成时是由would/should + have + v-ed构成，其否定形式是would/should +not+ have + v-ed；疑问形式是将should/would提前。
She said she would have finished her exams by then.她说那时她会已经考完试了。
I thought mother would have made some sandwiches by the time we got back.我想我们回来时妈妈已经做好了一些三明治。
3、过去将来完成时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去看来将来某时之前已经完成的动作。这种时态用的较少，通常只见于转述方面。
He said they would have arrived by seven o’clock.他说他们七点钟前就会到达。
She told me that she would have finished typing the letter before I came back.她告诉我，我回去之前她就会把信件打好了。
十五、现在完成进行时
1、概述
现在完成进行时表示到现在为止一直进行的动作，这个动作可能仍在进行，也可能停止了。
-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 你好，特蕾西！你看上去很疲劳。
-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.我很累。我刷了一整天房子。
2、构成
现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has +been+ v-ing”构成；否定形式have/has +not+been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将have/has提前。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国人造纸已有2000年历史了。
I have been telling him to study hard.我一直告诉他学习要更加刻苦才是。
3、现在完成进行时的用法
（1）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)
She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。
（2）表示从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时还在继续进行,并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。
It has been raining for 3 days.雨下了三天了。
（3）表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）
She has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。（Now he is tired out.）
Who’s been insulting you 谁欺负你了？（对方可能在哭）
（4）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。
I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。
3、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
（1）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
They have built a ship.他们建了一艘船。（已完成）
They have been building a ship.他们一直在建一艘船。（在进行）
（2）当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。
Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）
—You look so tired. What have you been doing 你看起来很累，你干什么了？
—I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）
十六、过去完成进行时
1、概述
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。
She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.她说我进来之前她一直在打一篇论文。
He had been studying English before entering the college.他在上大学之前一直在学英语。
2、构成
过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成；否定形式had+not+ been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将had提前。
He had been telling you this.他多次跟你说这件事。
3、过去完成进行时的用法
（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）
（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
十七、一般将来完成进行时
1、概述
将来完成进行时表示将来某事、某时之前已发生的动作。
It will have been snowing for a whole week if it snows again tomorrow.如果明天还下雪的话，雪就要整整下一个星期。
2、构成
是由shall/will have been+ v-ing 构成。否定形式shall/will not have been+ v-ing；疑问形式是将shall/will提前。
They will have been having a holiday next week.他们下周大概在度假。
3、一般将来完成进行时用法
（1）一般将来完成进行时表示将来某事、某时之前已发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去要视上下文而定，常与表示将来某一时间状语连用。
By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.太阳落山时他们在农场上干活将有6个小时了。
（2）将来完成进行时也可表示推测，含有“我预料、大概”的意思。这种用法的will应看作情态动词。
It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.现在时早春了，鸟儿该飞回来了。
十八、过去将来完成进行时
1、概述与构成
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，过去将来完成进行时是由should/would have been + v-ing构成；否定形式should/would+not have been + v-ing；疑问形式是将should/would提前。
She said that by the end of the year she would have been studying here for three years.她说到今年年底他将在这里学习三年了。
2、过去将来完成进行时用法
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，是否继续下去要视上下文而定。
She told me that she would have been teaching English for 30 years at the end of this year.她告诉我她到今年年底将教了30年英语了。
注意：一般将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，只作介绍，高中生了解即可。
十九、时态的一致与不一致
1、时态的一致
某些从句里的动词时态与主句里的动词时态相呼应的规律，叫做时态的一致。
（1）如果主句中的谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态时，从句中的谓语动词可根据具体要求而用不同的相应时态。
I know that his brother studied here.我（现在）知道他哥哥在这里学习过（指以前）。
Can you tell me when you will finish the work 你能告诉我你将何时完成这项工作？
（2）主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，从句中也要用过去时态。
①如果从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前，从句中的谓语动词须用过去完成时，过去完成进行时或一般过去时。用一般过去时时，从句中必须有表过去的时间状语。
He told me he had been there.他告诉我他去过那里。
I thought you were having a meeting.我想你正在开会。
The boy said he was born in 1975.那男孩说他出生于1975年。
②如果从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，从句动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I was told that they were designing a new machine.有人告诉我，他们正在设计一台新机器。
He told me he was unwell.他告诉我他不舒服。
③如果从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之后，从句中的谓语动词要用过去将来时。
They didn't know when hey would go to the Great wall.他不知道什么时候去参观长城。
She said she was going to be a doctor after leaving school.她说毕业后她要当一名医生。
2、时态的不一致
从句中的谓语动词与主句中的谓语动词不相呼应，这种现象称为时态的不一致。
下列场合，如果主句谓语动词为过去时态，宾语从句中的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
（1）从句所表达的是客观真理或客观事实时。
Long ago people didn't know that the earth moves around the sun.很久以前人们不知道地球绕着太阳转。
The teacher said that practice makes perfect.老师说熟能生巧。
（2）当从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在转述时仍在继续，或表示现在时刻仍存在的状态时。
He said his father is attending a conference.他说他父亲目前正在开会。
She told me that she is only 15 now.她告诉我她现在只有15岁。
因此，不同的从句应根据其需要，选用恰当的时态。
时态确定的技巧
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：
如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then.
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn't know that she had been to London twice.
(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn't know when they would have a rest.
(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.
(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、从句子本身附带的时间状语来确定时态。
（1）句中若有every day, every Friday afternoon, twice a week, often, always, usually等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般现在时。
They usually watch TV in the evening. 他们通常晚上看电视。
Miss Wang studies English on the radio every morning. 王小姐每天早晨跟着收音机学英语。
（2）句中若有yesterday, last month, in 1998, two years ago, before liberation等类似的时间状语时，句子多用一般过去时。
I told her to bring my book to school yesterday. 我昨天告诉她把我的书拿到学校来。
My sister finished middle school half a year ago. 我妹妹中学毕业半年了。
（3）句中若有tomorrow, next week, when spring comes, if we have time等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用一般将来时。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will visit the Great Wall. 如果明天不下雨，我将去看长城。
There will be a film in our school tomorrow evening. 明晚我校有电影。
（4）句中若有for two years, in the past ten years, since 1990, already, just, yet等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用现在完成时。
Zhou Lan has already studied in this school for two years. 周兰已在这所学校学习了两年。
The two old men haven’t seen each other since 1970. 这两位老人自从1970来一直没见过。
（5）句中若有at ten last night, the whole evening, this time yesterday, when he came in等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，10 句子(或主句)多用过去进行时。
They were having a meeting at ten yesterday morning.昨天10点他们在开会。
We were talking about the film when he came in. 他进来时我们正在谈论电影。
（6）句中若有by 1999, by the end of last term, two weeks before, before he came here等类似的时间状语(或从句)时，句子(或主句)多用过去完成时。
By the end of the match, they had kicked four goals. 比赛结束前，他们打入了四球。
He had learned two thousand Chinese words before he came to the school. 他上学前就学会了两千个汉字。
（7）句中若有时间状语now或提示词 Look!, Listen!, Be quiet!, Hurry!等时，句子多用现在进行时。
Be quiet! The child is sleeping. 安静！孩子在睡觉。
Look! The children are flying kites over there. 看！孩子们在放风筝。
Listen, please. Who is making noises in the next room. 听！谁在隔壁高谈阔论？
2、从时态呼应规则来确定时态。
Do you know where he lives now 你知道他住哪么？
I met an old friend of mine when I was walking in the street yesterday afternoon 昨天下午我在大街上散步时遇到了我的一位老朋友。
She says that she will go to Beijing next week. 他说他下周去北京。
三、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:
一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.
一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959.
一般将来时: When will the work be finished
过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day.
现在进行时：Your tractor is being repaired now.
过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.
现在完成时：The work hasn't been finished yet.
过去完成时:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：
当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，
如：Paper was first made in China.
当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，
如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：
（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（2）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.
（3）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.
（4）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of.
（5）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.
（6）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
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