外研版（2019）选择性必修 第一册 Unit 5 Revealing nature 单元话题完形填空专项练习（PDF版含解析）
文档属性
| 名称 | 外研版（2019）选择性必修 第一册 Unit 5 Revealing nature 单元话题完形填空专项练习（PDF版含解析） |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 394.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 外研版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-12-06 17:01:22 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
Unit 5 单元话题完形填空专项练习
（2021·上海市杨浦高级中学高二开学考试）Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong
need to make ____1____ , manage their environment, and lead rather than ____2____ . Stephen Jackson, a Year
One student, “operates under the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine,” says his mother. “The
other day I bought two new Star Wars Lightsabers(光剑 ). Later, I saw Stephen with the two ____3____ ones
while his brother was using the beat-up ones.”
“ ____4____ the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in
every ____5____ . It’s an inheritable trait,” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South
Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance ____6____ they sense
their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other.
Whether it’s inborn nature or developed ____7____ at work, too much control in the hands of the young isn’t
____8____ for children or the family. Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family psychologist John
Taylor. Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings of weakness” and “a
desire to feel safe.” It’s the parents’ role to provide that ____9____ .
When a “bossy child” doesn’t learn limits at home, he is to face lots of troubles _____10_____ the family.
The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble _____11_____ teachers and coaches, for example, or
trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty _____12_____ as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways.
“I see more and more parents giving up their _____13_____ ,” says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior
for more than 30 years. “They bend too far because they don’t want to be as _____14_____ as their own parents
were. But they also feel less _____15_____ about their parenting skills. Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious.
1．A．attempt B．chances C．decisions D．money
2．A．change. B．guide C．instruct D．follow
3．A．old B．used C．small D．new
4．A．Examine B．View C．Look D．Notice
5．A．aspect B．generation C．place D．level
6．A．while B．even C．though D．when
7．A．character B．method C．means D．hobby
8．A．happy B．healthy C．harmful D．useful
9．A．weakness B．secret C．protection D．pressure
10．A．outside B．from C．upon D．inside
11．A．helping B．obeying C．objecting D．finding
12．A．excellent B．confident C．lonely D．proud
13．A．study B．decision C．interest D．power
14．A．helpful B．strict C．polite D．changeable
15．A．eager B．proud C．helpless D．confident
（2022·上海·曹杨二中高二期中）Who comes first
A child’s place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of occupations that will interest him or
her as an adult. new research suggests. In two related studies researchers found that only children—and to a
certain extent first-born children - were more interested in intellectual careers than later-born children.
____16____ later-born children were more interested in both artistic and outdoor-related careers.
These results ____17____ theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our personality, said
Frederick T. L. Leong, co-author of the study and professor of psychology at Ohio University. “Parents
____18____ place different demands and have different expectations of children depending on their birth order. ”
“For example, parents may be extremely ____19____ of only children and worry about their physical safety.
That may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or
____20____ activities. An only child will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than children with
sisters or brothers. This will often make them feel special but the ____21____ is that they may suffer from
jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and family life. ”
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre
of attention, to then ____22____ the care of parents. Parents will also expect them to be responsible and “set an
example”. The ____23____ from being the focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-born’s
outlook on life. ____24____ first-borns may try to get back their parents’ attention and approval by achieving
success in their careers. It is ____25____ that first-borns are significantly more often found as political leaders
than any other birth-order position.
Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be a(n) ____26____ experience especially if the child wants
to be taken seriously and treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth-order positions to
take up dangerous sports. This may be a(n) ____27____ of the last-born’s rebelliousness-a result of being fed up
with always being bossed about by everyone else in the family.
Middle children, however, have different ____28____ . “Middle-child syndrome” can mean feeling
____29____ between two other “more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is
treated like an adult and a younger one who gets all the privileges and is treated like a spoilt child. Middle-borns
have to learn to get on with older and younger children and this may contribute to them becoming good
negotiators —of all the birth-order positions they are most skillful at ____30____ both authority figures and those
holding inferior positions
16．A．In addition B．In contrast C．To be frank D．To sum up
17．A．fit into B．turn over C．lead to D．serve as
18．A．sensibly B．initially C．typically D．patiently
19．A．confident B．demanding C．ashamed D．protective
20．A．outdoor B．unknown C．social D．relaxing
21．A．difference B．purpose C．disadvantage D．benefit
22．A．sharing B．keeping C．gaining D．wasting
23．A．feedback B．prevention C．relief D．change
24．A．However B．Therefore C．Besides D．Otherwise
25．A．confusing B．worthwhile C．true D．fine
26．A．exciting B．frustrating C．common D．invaluable
27．A．honour B．reward C．risk D．sign
28．A．achievements B．advantages C．hobbies D．issues
29．A．sandwiched B．connected C．distinguished D．stimulated
30．A．working out B．depending on C．dealing with D．looking after
（2022·全国·高二课时练习）Coffee is increasingly earning scientists’ approval. Studies continue to suggest
that the beverage (饮料) may have some _____31_____ effects on health.
In the latest analysis, published in the BMJ, researchers scanned nearly 220 studies on coffee and found
that_____32_____, coffee drinkers may enjoy more health benefits than people who don’t drink the brew.
Scientists learned that people who drank coffee were 17% less likely to die early during the study period
from any_____33_____, 19% less likely to die of heart disease and 18% less likely to develop cancer, compared
to people who did not drink coffee. Research group found that the strongest benefit _____34_____ among people
who drank around three cups of coffee a day.
Other studies have tried to figure out which ingredients in coffee _____35_____ to its health benefits. Those
might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which can combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory (抗炎的) compounds,
which can reduce the _____36_____ of chronic (慢性的 ) diseases such as heart conditions and even nerve
disorders like Alzheimer’s, _____37_____ that of liver diseases.
_____38_____ research results support moderate coffee drinking as a relatively healthy habit, some experts
say the findings don’t go far enough to _____39_____ the changes of their coffee-drinking habits in the
hopes of improving their health. The study did not confirm, for example, that people who do not _____40_____
drink coffee should start adding a cup or two a day in order to lower health risk. The _____41_____ also do not
support the idea that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee to enhance whatever benefits they
might be receiving. Too much coffee, the survey suggested, starts to bend the benefit curve back down.
The only negative health effects the review found were _____42_____ women, who were at slightly higher
risk of developing cracks in the bones if they drank more coffee. Pregnant women who drank more coffee
_____43_____ have higher rates of miscarriage, more premature births and more babies born with low
birthweight than women who drank less coffee, the study found.
The findings should be reassuring for coffee drinkers, as long as they drink_____44_____. Further studies
will hopefully look deeper into the type and _____45_____ of coffee that brings the most health benefit.
31．A．definite B．creative C．ideal D．beneficial
32．A．average B．total C．overall D．besides
33．A．possibility B．cause C．reason D．potential
34．A．occurred B．operated C．counted D．awoke
35．A．adapt B．apply C．contribute D．donate
36．A．result B．risk C．remark D．resistance
37．A．without B．as well as C．apart at D．except for
38．A．While B．Since C．Despite D．When
39．A．prosper B．preserve C．promote D．protect
40．A．currently B．permanently C．accurately D．objectively
41．A．media B．instances C．systems D．data
42．A．with B．along C．among D．between
43．A．tended to B．pretended to C．regretted to D．intended to
44．A．for sure B．in moderation C．at all cost D．without hesitation
45．A．amount B．number C．quality D．deal
（2022·天津东丽·高二期末）Last year, hundreds of people spent a lot of money in climbing Qomolangma
even though they knew they would be challenged with different risks. For these people, climbing Qomolangma is
an experience, making some feel weak and others___46___．
George Mallory believed that what people get from this ___47___ is sheer joy. People eat and make money
to be able to___48___ life. Sadly, this climber lost his life in 1924 while climbing Qomolangma. Alan Arnette
believed that there were a thousand reasons to turn around and only one to ___49___ going. He added,“You
really have to focus on the one ___50___ that’s most important and unique to you. It depends on the physical and
mental ___51___ to push when you want to stop.”
With the majority of attempts ___52___ either in total success or failure, is there a scientific reason Recent
studies indicate that risk-taking may be part of human ___53___. Research also suggests that our desire to seek
risks can be connected to how much we expect to ___54___the result.
Therefore，it’s ___55___up to you whether you will take the risk of climbing Qomolangma.
46．A．powerful B．broad C．aware D．frank
47．A．charge B．failure C．adventure D．chapter
48．A．confirm B．enjoy C．hesitate D．earn
49．A．avoid B．keep C．stop D．forbid
50．A．risk B．gift C．accident D．reason
51．A．treatment B．cure C．toughness D．relief
52．A．living B．breaking C．looking D．resulting
53．A．nature B．wisdom C．mind D．disease
54．A．rise from B．benefit from C．suffer from D．recover from
55．A．totally B．vividly C．hardly D．effectively
（2022·上海·高二专题练习）What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is the largest of the five offshore plastic accumulation zones in the
world’s oceans. It is located halfway between Hawaii and California.
PLASTIC _____56_____
It is estimated that 1.15 to 2.41 million tonnes of plastic are entering the ocean each year from rivers. More
than half of this plastic is less _____57_____than the water, meaning that it will not sink once it encounters the
sea.
The strong and floating plastics show resiliency(韧性 ) in the marine environment, allowing them to be
transported over _____58_____distances. They persist at the sea surface as they make their way off shore,
transported by converging (汇聚的) currents and finally accumulating in the patch.
Once these plastics enter the gyre（环流）, they are unlikely to leave the area until they _____59_____into
smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life. As more and more plastics are discarded
into the environment, microplastic _____60_____in the GPGP will only continue to increase.
LOCATION
Due to seasonal and interannual variabilities of winds and currents, the GPGP’s location and shape are
constantly changing. Only floating objects that are _____61_____influenced by currents were likely to remain
within the patch.
By simulating concentration levels in the North Pacific, the researchers were able to follow the location of
the patch and found on average it orbits around 32°N and 145°W. However, the team observed seasonal
_____62_____from west to east and substantial variations in latitude（纬度）depending on the year.
IMPACT ON WILDLIFE
Plastic has increasingly become a very common substance in the ocean. Due to its size and color, animals
_____63_____the plastic for food, causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement（缠绕）risks and threatens their
overall behavior, health, and existence.
Studies have shown that about 700 species have encountered marine debris, and 92% of these
_____64_____are with plastic. 17% of the species affected by plastic are on the International Union for
Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.
IMPACT ON HUMANS AND SOCIETY
Once plastic enters the marine food web, there is a possibility that it will contaminate the human food chain
as well. Through a process called bioaccumulation, chemicals in plastics will enter the body of the animal
_____65_____on the plastic, and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the
_____66_____—making their way up the food web that includes humans. These chemicals that affected the
plastic feeders could then be _____67_____within the human as well.
_____68_____, yearly economic costs due to marine plastic are estimated to be between $6-19billion
USD．The costs _____69_____its impact on tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, and governmental cleanups. These
costs do not include the impact on human health and the marine ecosystem due to _____70_____research
available.
56．A．ACCUMULATION B．DRIFT C．FLOATING D．PROMOTION
57．A．light B．thick C．tiny D．dense
58．A．adjusted B．overdone C．deposited D．extended
59．A．upgrade B．degrade C．assemble D．disassemble
60．A．transportation B．estimation C．concentration D．location
61．A．predominantly B．rarely C．previously D．slightly
62．A．similarity B．shift C．boost D．figure
63．A．exchange B．substitute C．leave D．confuse
64．A．implications B．interactions C．interferences D．influences
65．A．resting B．feeding C．risking D．waiting
66．A．mariner B．prey C．tracker D．predator
67．A．present B．absent C．current D．reliable
68．A．Likewise B．However C．Moreover D．Therefore
69．A．result in B．remove from C．stem from D．bring about
70．A．insufficient B．adequate C．insignificant D．substantial
（ 2022· 河南 · 高二开学考试） What if an animal’s main food source is very scarce in the winter
The___71___may be hibernation (冬眠)，that is, a deep sleep which allows them to___72___the winter with little
or no food.
Ways of hibernation___73___widely. Some animals store food in their burrows (洞穴 ) to eat when they
awake for short periods. Many___74___extra food in the fall while it is plentiful, which is___75___as body fat to
be used later for energy.
Hibernators have two kinds of___76___ ——regular white fat and special brown fat. The brown
fat___77___near the animal’s brain, heart and lungs. Its main___78___is to provide extra body heat. It also sends
a quick burst of___79___to warm these organs first when it’s time to wake up.
True hibernators go into such a deep sleep that they are difficult to____80____and may appear dead.
Their____81____goes down. Their breathing and heart beat slow significantly. ____82____hibernating
woodchuck’s heart rate____83____from 80 to 4 beats per minute, and its temperature____84____from 37°C to as
low as 4°C．Other hibernating animals don’t experience major____85____in temperature, heart rate or breathing.
They are usually the____86____sleepers, easily awakened. They may sleep during the____87____weather and
wake to wander and eat during milder weather.
If an animal lives in an area where the winter is mild, it may hibernate only____88____or not at all.
However, even when the____89____is severe, the animals may wake up for short periods every few weeks to use
their “toilet rooms” and eat if food is____90____
71．A．solution B．explanation C．preparation D．imagination
72．A．miss B．avoid C．escape D．survive
73．A．arise B．vary C．exist D．spread
74．A．produce B．waste C．eat D．plant
75．A．buried B．stored C．blocked D．discovered
76．A．blood B．fiber C．skin D．fat
77．A．forms B．suffers C．declines D．continues
78．A．truth B．choice C．function D．possibility
79．A．light B．energy C．activity D．emotion
80．A．wake up B．jump up C．stay slim D．fall asleep
81．A．pulse B．pressure C．movement D．temperature
82．A．For example B．However C．In short D．Thus
83．A．runs out B．turns up C．slows down D．goes back
84．A．disappears B．passes C．drops D．starts
85．A．benefits B．changes C．challenges D．accidents
86．A．dangerous B．peaceful C．heavy D．light
87．A．nicest B．mildest C．warmest D．severest
88．A．briefly B．abruptly C．normally D．permanently
89．A．stress B．warning C．weather D．problem
90．A．affordable B．available C．necessary D．abandoned
参考答案：
1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．B
15．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述了究竟是什么导致了孩子专横的的行为，原来是父母对他们的放纵，
对他们的要求不够严格，导致他们缺乏安全感。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们有强烈的决策需求，管理他们的环境，领导而不是跟随。A. attempt 尝
试；B. chances 机会；C. decisions 决定；D. money 钱。根据上文“Some children are natural-born bosses.”可知，
一些孩子天生是专横跋扈的，因此推断他们有强烈的决策需求。故选 C。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. change 改变；B. guide 引导；C. instruct 指示；教授；D. follow 跟随；
效仿。根据上文“Some children are natural-born bosses.”可知，一些孩子天生是专横跋扈的，因此推断他们
想要领导别人而不是跟随他人。故选 D。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后来，我看到斯蒂芬有两个新的，而他的兄弟在玩旧的。A. old 老的；
B. used 用过的；C. small 小的；D. new 新的。根据上文“Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, “operates under
the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine,” says his mother.( 斯蒂芬·杰克逊是一年级学生，他
的母亲说:“他的理论就是我的就是我的，你的也是我的。”)”可推断，斯蒂芬是一个专横的孩子，因此当妈
妈买了两个新的玩具光剑时，他都据为己有，而他的兄弟只能玩旧的。故选 D。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：审视整个大家庭，你可能会发现每一代都有一个专横的祖父母，阿姨，叔
叔或者表兄弟。A. Examine 检查，审查；B. View 观看；C. Look 看；D. Notice 注意。根据下文“you’ll probably
find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin”可知，审视大家庭你会发现每一代都有专横的亲戚。故选 A。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. aspect 方面；B. generation 世代；C. place 地方；D. level 水平。根据
上文“It’s an inheritable trait(这是一种可遗传的特征)”可知，这些专横的祖父母，阿姨，叔叔，表兄弟出现
在每一代中。故选 B。
6．考查连词词义辨析。句意：其他可能不那么专横的孩子，但当他们感觉到父母软弱、犹豫或彼此意见
不一致时，他们就会逐渐获得主导权。A. while 当……时候；B. even 甚至；C. though 尽管；D. when 当……
时候。根据句意此处用 when 引导时间状语从句，while 引导时间状语从句，接延续性动作。故选 D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论是天生的性格还是在工作中形成的性格，太多的控制权掌握在年轻人
手中对孩子或家庭来说都不健康。A. character 性格；B. method 方法；C. means 方式；D. hobby 爱好。or
表示选择，空处与上文的 nature 属于同一范畴的词汇，character 与 nature 都表示“性格”，故选 A。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. happy 快乐的；B. healthy 健康的；C. harmful 有害的；D. useful 有
用的。根据下文“Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior”可知，恐惧是许多专横行为的根源，因此推断年
轻人有太多的控制权是不健康的。故选 B。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：提供保护是父母的职责。A. weakness 弱点；B. secret 秘密；C. protection 保
护；D. pressure 压力。根据上文“Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings
of weakness” and “a desire to feel safe.”(他在《从反抗到合作》(From Defiance to Cooperation)一书中说，孩
子们“暗地里有软弱的感觉”，“渴望获得安全感”。)”可知，孩子们实际上渴望安全感，因此推断父母应该
提供保护。故选 C。
10．考查介词词义辨析。句意：当一个“专横的孩子”在家里不懂得限制时，他在家庭之外将面临许多麻烦。
A. outside 在外边；B. from 从；C. upon 在……上面；D. inside 在里边。根据上文“When a “bossy child”
doesn’t learn limits at home”和下文“trouble keeping friends”可知，一个专横的孩子在家里没有学会限制，在
家庭外就会面对许多麻烦。故选 A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，过于任性和不听话的孩子可能很难服从老师和教练，或者很难维持
朋友关系。A. helping 帮助；B. obeying 遵守；C. objecting 反对；D. finding 发现。根据上文“he is to face lots
of troubles”和下文“or trouble keeping friends”可知，过于任性和不听话的孩子很难服从老师和教练。故选
B。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为领头羊可能会很孤独，如果没有人喜欢你专横的方式。A. excellent
极好的；B. confident 自信的；C. lonely 孤独的；D. proud 自豪的。根据下文“if no one likes your bossy
ways”可知，没有人喜欢你专横的方式，作为领头羊会感到孤单。故选 C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我看到越来越多的父母放弃他们的权力。A. study 学习；B. decision 决定；
C. interest 兴趣；D. power 权力。根据下文“They bend too far”可知，父母放弃了自己的权力。故选 D。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们太让步了，因为他们不想像自己的父母那样严格。A. helpful 有好处
的；B. strict 严格的；C. polite 礼貌的；D. changeable 可改变的。根据上文“They bend too far”可知，父母让
步很多，不想自己像他们的父母那么严格。故选 B。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他们对自己的育儿技巧也缺乏信心。A. eager 渴望的；B. proud 骄傲的；
C. helpless 无助的；D. confident 自信的。根据上文“They bend too far”和下文“Their kids, in turn, feel more
anxious”可推断，父母让步很多，也对自己的育儿技巧缺乏信心，从而让孩子们更焦虑。故选 D。
16．B 17．A 18．C 19．D 20．A 21．C 22．A 23．D 24．B 25．C 26．B 27．D 28．
D 29．A 30．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了家中不同顺序出生的孩子所具有的一些特点、存在的问题以及
对他们将来的影响。
16．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，晚出生的孩子对艺术和户外相关的职业更感兴趣。A. In addition
此外；B. In contrast 比较起来；C. To be frank 说实话；D. To sum up 总之。结合上文“In two related studies
researchers found that only children—and to a certain extent first-born children — were more interested in
intellectual careers than later-born children.(在两项相关的研究中，研究人员发现，独生子女——在一定程度
上是长子——比后生的孩子对智力事业更感兴趣)”可知此处是在将长子或独生子女与晚出生的孩子进行对
比，故选 B。
17．考查动词短语辨析。句意：该研究的合著者、俄亥俄大学心理学教授 Frederick T. L. Leong 说，这些结
果符合我们在家庭出生顺序中的位置会影响我们的性格的理论。A. fit into 适合，符合；B. turn over 翻转；
C. lead to 导致；D. serve as 担任。根据后文“theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our
personality”指研究结果符合性格理论，故选 A。
18．考查副词词义辨析。句意：根据孩子的出生顺序，父母通常会对孩子提出不同的要求和期望。A. sensibly
明显地；B. initially 首先；C. typically 典型地，通常；D. patiently 耐心地。根据后文“place different demands
and have different expectations of children depending on their birth order.”指根据孩子的出生顺序，父母通常会
对孩子提出不同的要求和期望。故选 C。
19．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，父母可能非常保护独生子女，担心他们的人身安全。A. confident
自信的；B. demanding 苛刻的；C. ashamed 羞愧的；D. protective 保护的。根据后文“of only children and worry
about their physical safety”可知，父母可能非常保护独生子女，担心他们的人身安全。故选 D。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能就是为什么独生子女更有可能对学业表现出兴趣，而不是体育或
户外活动。A. outdoor 户外的；B. unknown 未知的；C. social 社会的；D. relaxing 令人放松的。根据上文“That
may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or”可知，独
生子女更有可能对学业表现出兴趣，而不是体育或户外活动。故选 A。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这通常会让他们感到特别，但缺点是，当朋友谈论他们的兄弟姐妹和家庭
生活时，他们可能会遭受嫉妒和孤独。A. difference 差异；B. purpose 目的；C. disadvantage 缺点；D. benefit
利益。后文“is that they may suffer from jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and
family life”提到遭到极度和孤独是缺点，故选 C。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：第一个孩子在第二个孩子出生之前都是独生子女的，这让他们从焦点转变
分享父母的关心。A. sharing 分享；B. keeping 保持；C. gaining 获得；D. wasting 浪费。根据上文“The first-born
is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre of attention, to
then”可知，第一个孩子在第二个孩子出生之前都是独生子女的，这让他们从焦点转变分享父母的关心。故
选 A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从成为家庭焦点的转变可能是一个相当大的冲击，因此塑造了第一个孩子
的人生观。A. feedback 反馈；B. prevention 防止；C. relief 安慰；D. change 改变。根据后文“from being the
focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-born’s outlook on life”可知，第一个孩子逐渐变得
不是家庭的焦点了，这是一种改变，故选 D。
24．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，长子长女可能试图通过在事业上取得成功来重新获得父母的关注和
认可。A. However 然而；B. Therefore 因此；C. Besides 此外；D. Otherwise 否则。结合前后文可知为因果
关系，应用 therefore。故选 B。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：的确，长子长女作为政治领导人的比例明显高于其他任何出生顺序的职
位。A. confusing 令人费解的；B. worthwhile 值得的；C. true 真实的；D. fine 好的。后文“that first-borns are
significantly more often found as political leaders than any other birth-order position.(长子长女作为政治领导人
的比例明显高于其他任何出生顺序的职位)”是客观事实，真实存在，故选 C。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在家里做最小的孩子有时是一种令人沮丧的经历，特别是如果孩子想要
被认真对待，像成年人一样对待。A. exciting 令人兴奋的；B. frustrating 令人沮丧的；C. common 共同的；
D. invaluable 极宝贵的。根据后文“experience especially if the child wants to be taken seriously and treated like an
adult”可知家里最小的孩子无法被当成成年人对待，这是令人沮丧。故选 B。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能是最后出生的孩子叛逆的一个迹象——这是受够了家里所有人对他
发号施令的结果。A. honour 荣誉；B. reward 奖励；C. risk 风险；D. sign 标志，迹象。根据上文“The last-born
is more likely than the other birth-order positions to take up dangerous sports.(最后出生的孩子比其他出生顺序
的孩子更有可能从事危险的运动)”可知，这可能是最后出生的孩子叛逆的一个迹象，故选 D。
28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，中间儿童有不同的问题。A. achievements 成就；B. advantages 优点；
C. hobbies 爱好；D. issues 问题。结合后文“Middle-child syndrome”可知，家中中间出生的孩子所存在的问
题，故选 D。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“排行中间的孩子综合症”可能意味着感觉自己夹在另外两个“更重要”的人
中间——一个哥哥或姐姐拥有所有的权利，被当作成年人对待，而一个弟弟或妹妹拥有所有的特权，被当
作被宠坏的孩子对待。A. sandwiched 夹在中间；B. connected 连接；C. distinguished 区别；D. stimulated 刺
激。根据后文“between two other “more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is
treated like an adult and a younger one who gets all the privileges”可知中间出生的孩子被夹在中间了，故选 A。
30．考查动词短语辨析。句意：中间出生的孩子必须学会与年长和年幼的孩子相处，这可能有助于他们成
为优秀的谈判者——在所有出生顺序中，他们最擅长与权威人物和地位较低的人打交道。A. working out 解
决；B. depending on 取决于；C. dealing with 处理；D. looking after 照顾。根据上文“this may contribute to them
becoming good negotiators”可知，中间出生的孩子必须学会与年长和年幼的孩子相处，这可能有助于他们成
为优秀的谈判者——在所有出生顺序中，他们最擅长与权威人物和地位较低的人打交道。故选 C。
31．D 32．C 33．B 34．A 35．C 36．B 37．B 38．A 39．C 40．A 41．D 42．C 43．
A 44．B 45．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了咖啡越来越多地获得科学家的认可。研究持续表明，这种饮料可
能对健康有一些有益的影响，但专家并不建议过多饮用咖啡，或提倡不喝咖啡的人开始引用咖啡。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究持续表明，这种饮料可能对健康有一些有益的影响。A. definite 明
确的；B. creative 有创造性的；C. ideal 理想的；D. beneficial 有益处的。根据下文“coffee drinkers may enjoy
more health benefits than people who don’t drink the brew.”可知，喝咖啡的人可能比不喝咖啡的人享受更多的
健康益处，所以说这种饮料可能对健康有一些有益的影响。故选 D 项。
32．考查形容词和副词词义辨析。句意：总体来说，喝咖啡者可能比不喝咖啡的人享受更多的健康益处。
A. average 平均的；B. total 总计的；C. overall 总的说来；D. besides 另外。根据上文“researchers scanned nearly
220 studies on coffee”可知，研究人员看了近 220 项关于咖啡的研究，所以从这些研究中得出了结论，用副
词 overall(总的说来)对此结论进行总结。故选 C 项。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家了解到，与不喝咖啡的人相比，喝咖啡的人过早死于任何原因的可
能性低 17%。A. possibility 可能性；B. cause 原因；C. reason 理由；D. potential 潜能。根据下文“19% less likely
to die of heart disease and 18% less likely to develop cancer,”可知，此处是指死亡的原因。故选 B 项。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究小组发现，最大受益发生在每天喝大约三杯咖啡的人之中。A. occurred
发生；B. operated 操作；C. counted 计算；D. awoke 醒来。上文提到的数字“17%，19%和 18%”都是说喝咖
啡的人比不喝咖啡人所获得的好处更多，所以此处继续说明这种好处，即“最受益发生在每天喝大约三杯
咖啡的人之中”。故选 A 项。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：其它研究也试图找出咖啡中的哪些成分有助于健康。 A. adapt 适应；B. apply
申请；C. contribute 有助于；D. donate 捐赠。根据下文“Those might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which
can combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory (抗炎的) compounds, which can reduce the 6 of chronic(慢
性的) diseases such as heart conditions and even nerve disorders like Alzheimer’s, 7 that of liver
diseases.”可知，咖啡中包含对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可以降低某些疾病的风险，所
以说“其它研究也试图找出咖啡中的哪些成分有助于健康”。故选 C 项。
36．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中可能包括可以对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可以降低
心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神经疾病以及肝病的风险。A. result 结果；B. risk
风险；C. remark 评论；D. resistance 抵抗。根据上文“Those might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which can
combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory(抗炎的) compounds,”可知，咖啡中可能包括抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及
抗炎化合物，这些物质都是能降低患病风险的。故选 B 项。
37．考查介词和连词词义辨析。句意：其中可能包括可以对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可
以降低心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神经疾病以及肝病的风险。A. without 没有；
B. as well as 和；C. apart at 分开；D. except for 除了。此处“the the 6 of chronic(慢性的) diseases such
as heart conditions and even nerve disorders like Alzheimer’s”和“that of liver diseases”是并列关系，用 as well
as(和)连接，作 reduce 的宾语，即它们可以降低心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神
经疾病以及肝病的风险。故选 B 项。
38．考查连词和介词词义辨析和用法。句意：尽管研究结果支持适度饮用咖啡是一种相对健康的习惯，但
是一些专家表示，研究结果还不足以促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯，以期改善他们的健康。A. While 尽管；
B. Since因为；C. Despite尽管；D. When当……时候。根据句意可知，前后两句话是转折关系，用连词while(尽
管)引导让步状语从句；而 despite(尽管)是介词，不能引导状语从句。故选 A 项。
39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管研究结果支持适度饮用咖啡是一种相对健康的习惯，但是一些专家表
示，研究结果还不足以促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯，以期改善他们的健康。A. prosper 繁盛；B. preserve
保护；C. promote 促进；D. protect 保护。根据下文“in the hopes of improving their health.”可知，是带着期待
改善他们的健康的目的，所以这里应该是讨论“促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯”的问题。故选 C 项。
40．考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，该研究并没有证实，目前不喝咖啡的人应该开始每天加一两杯咖啡，
以降低健康风险。A. currently 目前地；B. permanently 永久地；C. accurately 准确地；D. objectively 客观地。
根据下文“that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee”可知提到“目前的咖啡饮用者”应该喝更多
的咖啡，所以此处应该是对“目前不喝咖啡的人”的研究，也就是对目前喝咖啡的人和目前不喝咖啡的人进
行分类研究。故选 A 项。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些数据也不支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡，以提高他们可能
获得的任何好处的观点。A. media 媒体；B. instances 例子；C. systems 系统；D. data 数据。根据上文“that people
who do not 10 drink coffee should start adding a cup or two a day in order to lower health
risk.”可知，这些研究结果中已提到了喝咖啡的数量，所以这些研究结果中提到的的“喝咖啡的数量”等，
也就是“这些数据”，它们不足以支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡。故选 D 项。
42．考查介词词义辨析。句意：该研究发现，唯一对健康的负面影响是女性，如果喝更多咖啡，她们出现
骨骼裂缝的风险略高。A. with 和；B. along 沿着；C. among 在……中（三者或以上）；D. between 在……中
（两者）。根据下文 “who were at slightly higher risk of developing cracks in the bones if they drank more
coffee.”可知，如果喝更多咖啡，她们出现骨骼裂缝的风险略高。这里的“they”是指上文提到的女性，所以
应该用 among women(在女性当中)表示“这种负面影响是在女性当中发生的”；而介词 between(在……中)是
表示在两者之中，among (在……中)是表示在三者以上之中，此处 women 泛指女性，所以要用 among。故
选 C 项。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究发现，与少喝咖啡的孕妇相比，多喝咖啡的孕妇往往有更高的流产率、
早产率更多，出生时体重较低的婴儿也更多。A. tended to 倾向于，往往；B. pretended to 假装；C. regretted
to 遗憾；D. intended to 打算。根据上文“The only negative health effects the review found were 12
women,”可知，该研究发现，唯一对健康的负面影响是女性。所以此处对这种负面影响继续举例子，用 tend
to(倾向于，往往)来表示这种负面影响的可能性。故选 A 项。
44．考查介词短语辨析。句意：这一发现应该让咖啡饮用者放心，只要他们适量饮用。A. for sure 确保；
B. in moderation 适中地；C. at all cost 不惜任何代价；D. without hesitation 毫不犹豫。根据上文“The 11
also do not support the idea that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee to enhance whatever
benefits they might be receiving.”可知，这些数据也不支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡，所以在不
确定多喝有益时，要适量饮用。故选 B 项。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：进一步的研究有望更深入地了解最有益健康的咖啡的类型和数量。A. amount
数量；B. number 数字；C. quality 质量；D. deal 交易。根据上文“The findings should be reassuring for coffee
drinkers, as long as they drink 14 .”可知，在不确定多喝有益时，建议适量饮用咖啡，所以下一步的
研究将有望更深入地了解最有益健康的咖啡的类型和数量。故选 A 项。
46．A 47．C 48．B 49．B 50．D 51．C 52．D 53．A 54．B 55．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了去年，数百人在攀登珠穆朗玛峰上花了很多钱，尽管他们知道
他们将面临不同的风险。 对这些人来说，攀登珠穆朗玛峰是一种体验，让一些人感到软弱，而另一些人
感到强大。最近的研究表明，冒险可能是人类本性的一部分。 研究还表明，我们寻求风险的欲望与我们
期望从结果中获益的程度有关。
46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对这些人来说，攀登珠穆朗玛峰是一种体验，让一些人感到软弱，而另
一些人感到强大。A. powerful 强大的；B. broad 宽的；C. aware 意识到的；D. frank 坦率的。根据上文“For
these people, climbing Qomolangma is an experience, making some feel weak and others”可知此处前后为对比，
表示攀登珠穆朗玛峰让一些人感到软弱，而另一些人感到强大。故选 A。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：乔治·马洛里认为，人们从这次冒险中得到的是纯粹的快乐。A. charge 费
用；B. failure 失败；C. adventure 冒险；D. chapter 章节。此处指上文提到的攀登珠穆朗玛峰这种冒险。故
选 C。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们吃饭和赚钱是为了能够享受生活。A. confirm 确定；B. enjoy 享受，欣
赏；C. hesitate 犹豫；D. earn 赚得。根据上文“People eat and make money to be able to”可知，人们吃饭和赚
钱是为了能够享受生活。故选 B。
49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：艾伦·阿奈特相信有一千个理由回头，但只有一个理由继续前进。A. avoid
避免；B. keep 保持；C. stop 停止；D. forbid 禁止。根据上文“there were a thousand reasons to turn around and
only one to”可知，有一千个理由回头，但只有一个理由继续前进。故选 B。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你必须专注于一个对你来说最重要、最独特的原因。A. risk 风险；B. gift
礼物；C. accident 事故；D. reason 理由。结合上文“there were a thousand reasons to turn around and only one
to”可知，此处指最重要、最独特的原因。故选 D。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你想停下来的时候，这取决于你的身体和精神的韧性。A. treatment 治疗；
B. cure 治愈；C. toughness 坚韧；D. relief 减轻。结合常识，攀登珠穆朗玛峰需要的是身体和精神上的韧性。
故选 C。
52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数的尝试要么成功要么失败，这有科学原因吗？A. living居住；B. breaking
打破；C. looking 看；D. resulting 导致。根据后文“either in total success or failure”此处指尝试的结果，那么
成功要么失败。故选 D。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究表明，冒险可能是人类本性的一部分。A. nature 自然；B. wisdom
智慧；C. mind 思维；D. disease 疾病。根据后文“our desire to seek risks can be connected”可知冒险是人类本
性的一部分。故选 A。
54．考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究还表明，我们寻求风险的欲望与我们期望从结果中获益的程度有关。
A. rise from 升起；B. benefit from 受益于；C. suffer from 遭受；D. recover from 恢复。根据上文“Research also
suggests that our desire to seek risks can be connected to how much we expect to”可知，我们寻求风险的欲望与
我们期望从结果中获益的程度有关。故选 B。
55．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，是否冒险攀登珠峰完全取决于你自己。A. totally 完全地；B. vividly
生动地；C. hardly 几乎不；D. effectively 有效地。根据后文“up to you whether you will take the risk of climbing
Qomolangma”指是否冒险攀登珠峰完全取决于你自己。故选 A。
56．A 57．D 58．D 59．B 60．C 61．A 62．B 63．D 64．B 65．B 66．D 67．A 68．
C 69．C 70．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了世界五大海洋塑料堆积区中最大的一个，即大太平洋垃圾带
(GPGP)。讲述了它的位置、形成的过程以及带来的消极影响。
56．考查名词词义辨析。句意：塑料积累。A. ACCUMULATION 聚集；B. DRIFT 漂流；C. FLOATING 漂
浮；D. PROMOTION 推销。根据下文的“They persist at the sea surface as they make their way off shore,
transported by converging (汇聚的) currents and finally accumulating in the patch.”（当它们离开海岸的时候，
它们会一直停留在海面上，被汇聚的洋流输送，最终在这片海域聚集。）可知，是塑料离开海岸，被汇聚
的洋流输送，聚集在海域上。故选 A。
57．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些塑料中有一半以上的密度小于水，这意味着它们一旦遇到大海就不
会下沉。A. light 轻的；B. thick 厚的；C. tiny 狭小的；D. dense 密度大的。根据后文的“meaning that it will not
sink once it encounters the sea.”（意思是它一旦遇到大海就不会沉没。），可知这些塑料密度小于水，遇到海
水不会下沉。故选 D。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种坚固而漂浮的塑料在海洋环境中表现出韧性，使它们能够被输送到很
远的地方。A. adjusted 调整；B. overdone 过多；C. deposited 放置；D. extended 波及，延伸。根据前文中的
“The strong and floating plastics show resiliency(韧性) in the marine environment.”（这种坚固而漂浮的塑料在
海洋环境中表现出韧性）可知，这些塑料由于其韧性，能够漂浮至很远的地方。故选 D。
59．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦这些塑料进入环流，它们就不太可能离开这个区域，直到它们在阳光、
海浪和海洋生物的作用下降解成更小的微塑料。A. upgrade 升级；B. degrade 降解；C. assemble 集合；D.
disassemble 分散。根据后文的“into smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life.”可知，
这些塑料会在阳光、海浪和海洋生物的作用下降解成更小的微塑料。故选 B。
60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着越来越多的塑料被丢弃到环境中，GPGP 中的微塑料浓度只会继续增
加。A. transportation 交通；B. estimation 估计；C. concentration 浓度；D. location 位置。根据前文的“As more
and more plastics are discarded into the environment.”（随着越来越多的塑料被丢弃到环境中），可知越来越多
的塑料被扔到海洋中，塑料在海洋中的浓度会不断增加。故选 C。
61．考查副词词义辨析。句意：只有主要受洋流影响的漂浮物体才有可能留在区域内。A. predominantly 主
要地；B. rarely 稀少地；C. previously 之前地；D. slightly 稍微地。根据前文的“Once these plastics enter the
gyre（环流） , they are unlikely to leave the area until they_____5_____into smaller microplastics under the
effects of sun, waves and marine life. ”可知，一旦这些塑料垃圾进入到了洋流中，它们不太可能离开这区域，
直到它们降解成更小的微塑料。因此这些主要被洋流影响的塑料垃圾一直仍然在这个区域中，故选 A。
62．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究小组观察到季节从西到东的变化，以及纬度的重大变化取决于
年份。A. similarity 相似性；B. shift 转变；C. boost 增加；D. figure 数字。根据前文的“Due to seasonal and
interannual variabilities of winds and currents.”可知，由于风和洋流的季节性和年际变化，所以研究小组观察
到了季节性的变化。故选 B。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：由于塑料的大小和颜色，动物把塑料错当作食物，导致营养不良；这会带
来纠缠的风险，并威胁到他们的整体行为、健康和存在。A. exchange 交换；B. substitute 代替；C. leave 离
开；D. confuse 弄错。根据后文的“causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement（缠绕）risks and threatens their
overall behavior, health, and existence.”可知，一些动物会把塑料错认为食物，误食它们最终导致营养不良等
风险。故选 D。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，约 700 种物种遇到过海洋垃圾，其中 92%的互动是与塑料产生
的。A. implications 牵连；B. interactions 互动；相互影响；C. interferences 干扰；D. influences 影响。根据
前文的“about 700 species have encountered marine debris”可知，92%的动物都遇到过塑料，故与塑料产生互
动。故选 B。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦塑料进入海洋食物网，它也有可能污染人类的食物链。通过一个被称
为生物积累的过程，塑料中的化学物质会进入以塑料为食的动物的身体，当食用者成为猎物时，化学物质
会传递给捕食者——在包括人类在内的食物网中一路上升。A. resting 休息；B. feeding 喂养；C. risking 冒
险；D. waiting 等待。根据后文“and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the _____11_____”可
知，空前应与 and 后的内容相并列。当食用者成为猎物的时候，化学物质会传递给捕食者。之前的过程应
该是塑料中的化学物质会进入以塑料为食的动物的身体。故选 B。
66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. mariner 水手；B. prey 猎物；C. tracker 跟踪者；D. predator 捕食
者。根据前文“as the feeder becomes prey”可知，化学物质进入以塑料为食的动物的身体中，捕食者在猎捕
它们。化学物质就会进入到捕食者的身体中。故选 D。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些影响那些吃塑料的动物们的化学物质同时也可能会一直存留在人类
体内。A. present 出席的，存在于；B. absent 缺席的，不存在的；C. current 当前的；D. reliable 可靠的。根
据前文的 “ the chemicals will pass to the _____11_____—making their way up the food web that includes
humans.”可知，化学物质（微塑料）会进入到包括人类在内的食物网中，人类在捕食了吃了塑料的海洋生
物后，这些化学物质也会存在于人类身体中。故选 A。
68．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，海洋塑料每年造成的经济损失估计在 60 - 190 亿美元之间。A. Likewise
同样地；B. However 然而；C. Moreover 此外；D. Therefore 因此。根据后文的“yearly economic costs due to
marine plastic are estimated to be between $6-19billion USD.”并结合上文讲述塑料对人类的影响可知，此处是
补充阐述海洋塑料带来的经济危害，与前文构成递进关系。故选 C。
69．考查动词短语辨析。句意：其成本来自其对旅游业、渔业和水产养殖业以及政府清理的影响。A. result
in 导致；B. remove from 移除；C. stem from 源自于；D. bring about 产生。根据后文的“its impact on
tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, and governmental cleanups.”可知，海洋垃圾的经济损失来自于其对旅游业、
渔业和水产养殖业以及政府清理方面造成的影响。故选 C。
70．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些成本不包括由于现有研究不足而对人类健康和海洋生态系统造成的
影响。A. insufficient 不充足的；B. adequate 足够的；C. insignificant 不重要的；D. substantial 大量的。根据
前文的“the impact on human health and the marine ecosystem”可知，由于研究的不充足，海洋垃圾对人类健
康和海洋生态系统造成的影响还无法计算，因此不能包括其中。故选 A。
71．A 72．D 73．B 74．C 75．B 76．D 77．A 78．C 79．B 80．A 81．D 82．A 83．
C 84．C 85．B 86．D 87．D 88．A 89．C 90．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物冬眠的原因、方式和冬眠期间动物体内发生的变化等。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：解决办法可能是冬眠，也就是说，深度睡眠可以让它们在很少或没有食物
的情况下度过冬天。A. solution 解决方案；B. explanation 解释；C. preparation 准备；D. imagination 想象。
根据第一句话“What if an animal’ s main food source is very scarce in the winter ”和下文的“with little or no
food”可知，第二句话是针对第一句的问题给出的解决办法。故选 A 项。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：解决办法可能是冬眠，也就是说，深度睡眠可以让它们在很少或没有食物
的情况下度过冬天。A. miss 错过；B. avoid 避开；C. escape 逃走；D. survive 生存。根据句中的“deep
sleep”和“the winter with little or no food”可知，此处指的是深度睡眠可以让动物在很少或没有食物的情况下
度过冬天，生存下来。故选 D 项。
73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：冬眠的方式千差万别。A. arise 出现；B. vary 变化，不同；C. exist 存在；
D. spread 散布。空格处的句子是本段的主题句。而下文的两个句子是解释的动物两种不同的冬眠方式。故
选 B 项。
74．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多动物在秋天食物充足的时候会吃更多的食物，这些食物会作为身体脂
肪储存起来，以供日后补充能量 A. produce 生产；B. waste 浪费；C. eat 吃；D. plant 种植。根据空格后的“extra
food in the fall while it is plentiful”可知，在秋天食物充足的时候，这些动物会吃更多的食物。故选 C 项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多动物在秋天食物充足的时候会吃更多的食物，这些食物会作为身体脂
肪储存起来，以供日后补充能量。A. buried 掩埋；B. stored 储存；C. blocked 阻挡；D. discovered 发现。根
据空格后的“as body fat to be used later for energy”可知，动物吃的这些食物会作为身体脂肪储存起来，以供
日后补充能量。故选 B 项。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：冬眠动物有两种脂肪，普通的白色脂肪和特殊的棕色脂肪。A. blood 血液；
B. fiber 纤维；C. skin 皮肤；D. fat 脂肪。根据空格前的“two kinds of”和空格后的“regular white fat and special
brown fat”可知，此处说的是两种脂肪。故选 D 项。
77．考查动词词义辨析。句意：棕色脂肪在动物的大脑、心脏和肺附近形成。A. forms 形成；B. suffers 遭
受；C. declines 拒绝；D. continues 继续。根据空格后的“near the animal’s brain, heart and lungs”可知，此处
指的是棕色脂肪在动物身上近形成的位置。故选 A 项。
78．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它的主要功能是提供额外的体热。A. truth 真相；B. choice 选择；C. function
功能；D. possibility 可能性。根据下文的“to provide extra body heat”可知，此处说的是棕色脂肪的功能。故
选 C 项。
79．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在该醒来的时候，它还会发送快速爆发的能量来首先温暖这些器官。A. light
灯；B. energy 能量；C. activity 活动；D. emotion 情绪。根据下文的“to warm these organs first when it’ s time
to wake up”可知，此处是说动物体内能量的作用。故选 B 项。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：真正的冬眠动物睡得很沉，很难醒来，甚至看起来像死了一样。A. wake up
醒醒；B. jump up 跳起来；C. stay slim 保持苗条；D. fall asleep 入睡。根据空格前的“such a deep sleep”和空
格后的“may appear dead”可知，此处说的是这些动物很难醒来。故选 A 项。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们的体温下降。A. pulse 脉冲；B. pressure 压力；C. movement 运动；D.
temperature 温度。根据句意和该句子的谓语动词 go down 可知，此处一定说的是冬眠动物的体温。故选 D
项。
82．考查介词短语和副词辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C
下降到 4°C。A. For example例如；B. However然而；C. In short简言之；D. Thus因此。根据空格后的“hibernating
woodchuck’s heart rate”可知，作者是以冬眠的土拨鼠为例来说明问题。故选 A 项。
83．考查短语辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C 下降到
4°C。A. runs out 用完了；B. turns up 出现；C. slows down 慢下来；D. goes back 追溯。根据空格前的“heart
rate”和空格后的“from 80 to 4 beats per minute”可知，此处说的是冬眠的土拨鼠的心跳放慢。故选 C 项。
84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C 下降
到 4°C。A. disappears 消失；B. passes 通过；C. drops 下降；D. starts 开始。根据空格前的“temperature”和空
格后的“from 80 to 4 beats per minute”可知，此处说的是冬眠的土拨鼠的体温下降。故选 C 项。
85．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他冬眠动物在温度、心率或呼吸方面没有重大变化。A. benefits 好处；
B. changes 变化；C. challenges 挑战；D. accidents 事故。根据空格前的“Other hibernating animals don’t
experience major”可知，此处说的是其它冬眠动物和冬眠的土拨鼠不同，在温度、心率或呼吸方面没有重大
变化。故选 B 项。
86．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们通常是浅睡者，很容易被唤醒。A. dangerous 危险的；B. peaceful
和平的；C. heavy 重的；D. light 睡得不沉的。根据下文的“easily awakened”可知，这些动物冬眠时睡得很
浅。故选 D 项。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们可能在最恶劣的天气里睡觉，在较温和的天气里醒来闲逛和进食。
A. nicest 好的；B. mildest 温和的；C. warmest 温暖的；D. severest 极为恶劣的。根据句意和下文的“milder
weather”可知，空格处的单词应该和 milder 是反义词。故选 D 项。
88．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果一种动物生活在冬季温和的地区，它可能只会短暂冬眠或根本不冬眠。
A. briefly 短暂地；B. abruptly 突然；C. normally 正常情况下；D. permanently 永久地。根据上文的“If an animal
lives in an area where the winter is mild”和空格后的“or not at all”可知，此处是说在冬季温和的地区，一些动
物可能只会短暂冬眠或根本不冬眠。故选 A 项。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，即使在天气恶劣的时候，动物们也可能每隔几周醒来一小段时间，
用它们的“厕所”，如果有食物就吃。A. stress 压力；B. warning 警告；C. weather 天气；D. problem 问题。
根据句中的“however”和空格后的形容词“severe”可知，该句子和上一句是转折关系，when 引导的时间状语
从句还应该说的是天气情况。故选 C 项。
90．考查词形容词义辨析。句意：然而，即使在天气恶劣的时候，动物们也可能每隔几周醒来一小段时间，
用它们的“厕所”，如果有食物就吃。A. affordable 负担得起的；B. available 可用的；C. necessary 必要的；
D. abandoned 被抛弃的。根据第二段的句中“Some animals store food in their burrows ( 洞穴) to eat when they
awake for short periods.”可知，有些冬眠动物是在洞穴里储存食物的，然后等醒来后吃。所以，此处是说，
这些动物醒来以后，如果有吃的，他们就吃。故选 B 项。
（2021·上海市杨浦高级中学高二开学考试）Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong
need to make ____1____ , manage their environment, and lead rather than ____2____ . Stephen Jackson, a Year
One student, “operates under the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine,” says his mother. “The
other day I bought two new Star Wars Lightsabers(光剑 ). Later, I saw Stephen with the two ____3____ ones
while his brother was using the beat-up ones.”
“ ____4____ the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in
every ____5____ . It’s an inheritable trait,” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South
Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance ____6____ they sense
their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other.
Whether it’s inborn nature or developed ____7____ at work, too much control in the hands of the young isn’t
____8____ for children or the family. Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family psychologist John
Taylor. Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings of weakness” and “a
desire to feel safe.” It’s the parents’ role to provide that ____9____ .
When a “bossy child” doesn’t learn limits at home, he is to face lots of troubles _____10_____ the family.
The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble _____11_____ teachers and coaches, for example, or
trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty _____12_____ as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways.
“I see more and more parents giving up their _____13_____ ,” says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior
for more than 30 years. “They bend too far because they don’t want to be as _____14_____ as their own parents
were. But they also feel less _____15_____ about their parenting skills. Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious.
1．A．attempt B．chances C．decisions D．money
2．A．change. B．guide C．instruct D．follow
3．A．old B．used C．small D．new
4．A．Examine B．View C．Look D．Notice
5．A．aspect B．generation C．place D．level
6．A．while B．even C．though D．when
7．A．character B．method C．means D．hobby
8．A．happy B．healthy C．harmful D．useful
9．A．weakness B．secret C．protection D．pressure
10．A．outside B．from C．upon D．inside
11．A．helping B．obeying C．objecting D．finding
12．A．excellent B．confident C．lonely D．proud
13．A．study B．decision C．interest D．power
14．A．helpful B．strict C．polite D．changeable
15．A．eager B．proud C．helpless D．confident
（2022·上海·曹杨二中高二期中）Who comes first
A child’s place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of occupations that will interest him or
her as an adult. new research suggests. In two related studies researchers found that only children—and to a
certain extent first-born children - were more interested in intellectual careers than later-born children.
____16____ later-born children were more interested in both artistic and outdoor-related careers.
These results ____17____ theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our personality, said
Frederick T. L. Leong, co-author of the study and professor of psychology at Ohio University. “Parents
____18____ place different demands and have different expectations of children depending on their birth order. ”
“For example, parents may be extremely ____19____ of only children and worry about their physical safety.
That may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or
____20____ activities. An only child will tend to get more time and attention from their parents than children with
sisters or brothers. This will often make them feel special but the ____21____ is that they may suffer from
jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and family life. ”
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre
of attention, to then ____22____ the care of parents. Parents will also expect them to be responsible and “set an
example”. The ____23____ from being the focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-born’s
outlook on life. ____24____ first-borns may try to get back their parents’ attention and approval by achieving
success in their careers. It is ____25____ that first-borns are significantly more often found as political leaders
than any other birth-order position.
Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be a(n) ____26____ experience especially if the child wants
to be taken seriously and treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth-order positions to
take up dangerous sports. This may be a(n) ____27____ of the last-born’s rebelliousness-a result of being fed up
with always being bossed about by everyone else in the family.
Middle children, however, have different ____28____ . “Middle-child syndrome” can mean feeling
____29____ between two other “more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is
treated like an adult and a younger one who gets all the privileges and is treated like a spoilt child. Middle-borns
have to learn to get on with older and younger children and this may contribute to them becoming good
negotiators —of all the birth-order positions they are most skillful at ____30____ both authority figures and those
holding inferior positions
16．A．In addition B．In contrast C．To be frank D．To sum up
17．A．fit into B．turn over C．lead to D．serve as
18．A．sensibly B．initially C．typically D．patiently
19．A．confident B．demanding C．ashamed D．protective
20．A．outdoor B．unknown C．social D．relaxing
21．A．difference B．purpose C．disadvantage D．benefit
22．A．sharing B．keeping C．gaining D．wasting
23．A．feedback B．prevention C．relief D．change
24．A．However B．Therefore C．Besides D．Otherwise
25．A．confusing B．worthwhile C．true D．fine
26．A．exciting B．frustrating C．common D．invaluable
27．A．honour B．reward C．risk D．sign
28．A．achievements B．advantages C．hobbies D．issues
29．A．sandwiched B．connected C．distinguished D．stimulated
30．A．working out B．depending on C．dealing with D．looking after
（2022·全国·高二课时练习）Coffee is increasingly earning scientists’ approval. Studies continue to suggest
that the beverage (饮料) may have some _____31_____ effects on health.
In the latest analysis, published in the BMJ, researchers scanned nearly 220 studies on coffee and found
that_____32_____, coffee drinkers may enjoy more health benefits than people who don’t drink the brew.
Scientists learned that people who drank coffee were 17% less likely to die early during the study period
from any_____33_____, 19% less likely to die of heart disease and 18% less likely to develop cancer, compared
to people who did not drink coffee. Research group found that the strongest benefit _____34_____ among people
who drank around three cups of coffee a day.
Other studies have tried to figure out which ingredients in coffee _____35_____ to its health benefits. Those
might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which can combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory (抗炎的) compounds,
which can reduce the _____36_____ of chronic (慢性的 ) diseases such as heart conditions and even nerve
disorders like Alzheimer’s, _____37_____ that of liver diseases.
_____38_____ research results support moderate coffee drinking as a relatively healthy habit, some experts
say the findings don’t go far enough to _____39_____ the changes of their coffee-drinking habits in the
hopes of improving their health. The study did not confirm, for example, that people who do not _____40_____
drink coffee should start adding a cup or two a day in order to lower health risk. The _____41_____ also do not
support the idea that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee to enhance whatever benefits they
might be receiving. Too much coffee, the survey suggested, starts to bend the benefit curve back down.
The only negative health effects the review found were _____42_____ women, who were at slightly higher
risk of developing cracks in the bones if they drank more coffee. Pregnant women who drank more coffee
_____43_____ have higher rates of miscarriage, more premature births and more babies born with low
birthweight than women who drank less coffee, the study found.
The findings should be reassuring for coffee drinkers, as long as they drink_____44_____. Further studies
will hopefully look deeper into the type and _____45_____ of coffee that brings the most health benefit.
31．A．definite B．creative C．ideal D．beneficial
32．A．average B．total C．overall D．besides
33．A．possibility B．cause C．reason D．potential
34．A．occurred B．operated C．counted D．awoke
35．A．adapt B．apply C．contribute D．donate
36．A．result B．risk C．remark D．resistance
37．A．without B．as well as C．apart at D．except for
38．A．While B．Since C．Despite D．When
39．A．prosper B．preserve C．promote D．protect
40．A．currently B．permanently C．accurately D．objectively
41．A．media B．instances C．systems D．data
42．A．with B．along C．among D．between
43．A．tended to B．pretended to C．regretted to D．intended to
44．A．for sure B．in moderation C．at all cost D．without hesitation
45．A．amount B．number C．quality D．deal
（2022·天津东丽·高二期末）Last year, hundreds of people spent a lot of money in climbing Qomolangma
even though they knew they would be challenged with different risks. For these people, climbing Qomolangma is
an experience, making some feel weak and others___46___．
George Mallory believed that what people get from this ___47___ is sheer joy. People eat and make money
to be able to___48___ life. Sadly, this climber lost his life in 1924 while climbing Qomolangma. Alan Arnette
believed that there were a thousand reasons to turn around and only one to ___49___ going. He added,“You
really have to focus on the one ___50___ that’s most important and unique to you. It depends on the physical and
mental ___51___ to push when you want to stop.”
With the majority of attempts ___52___ either in total success or failure, is there a scientific reason Recent
studies indicate that risk-taking may be part of human ___53___. Research also suggests that our desire to seek
risks can be connected to how much we expect to ___54___the result.
Therefore，it’s ___55___up to you whether you will take the risk of climbing Qomolangma.
46．A．powerful B．broad C．aware D．frank
47．A．charge B．failure C．adventure D．chapter
48．A．confirm B．enjoy C．hesitate D．earn
49．A．avoid B．keep C．stop D．forbid
50．A．risk B．gift C．accident D．reason
51．A．treatment B．cure C．toughness D．relief
52．A．living B．breaking C．looking D．resulting
53．A．nature B．wisdom C．mind D．disease
54．A．rise from B．benefit from C．suffer from D．recover from
55．A．totally B．vividly C．hardly D．effectively
（2022·上海·高二专题练习）What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is the largest of the five offshore plastic accumulation zones in the
world’s oceans. It is located halfway between Hawaii and California.
PLASTIC _____56_____
It is estimated that 1.15 to 2.41 million tonnes of plastic are entering the ocean each year from rivers. More
than half of this plastic is less _____57_____than the water, meaning that it will not sink once it encounters the
sea.
The strong and floating plastics show resiliency(韧性 ) in the marine environment, allowing them to be
transported over _____58_____distances. They persist at the sea surface as they make their way off shore,
transported by converging (汇聚的) currents and finally accumulating in the patch.
Once these plastics enter the gyre（环流）, they are unlikely to leave the area until they _____59_____into
smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life. As more and more plastics are discarded
into the environment, microplastic _____60_____in the GPGP will only continue to increase.
LOCATION
Due to seasonal and interannual variabilities of winds and currents, the GPGP’s location and shape are
constantly changing. Only floating objects that are _____61_____influenced by currents were likely to remain
within the patch.
By simulating concentration levels in the North Pacific, the researchers were able to follow the location of
the patch and found on average it orbits around 32°N and 145°W. However, the team observed seasonal
_____62_____from west to east and substantial variations in latitude（纬度）depending on the year.
IMPACT ON WILDLIFE
Plastic has increasingly become a very common substance in the ocean. Due to its size and color, animals
_____63_____the plastic for food, causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement（缠绕）risks and threatens their
overall behavior, health, and existence.
Studies have shown that about 700 species have encountered marine debris, and 92% of these
_____64_____are with plastic. 17% of the species affected by plastic are on the International Union for
Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.
IMPACT ON HUMANS AND SOCIETY
Once plastic enters the marine food web, there is a possibility that it will contaminate the human food chain
as well. Through a process called bioaccumulation, chemicals in plastics will enter the body of the animal
_____65_____on the plastic, and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the
_____66_____—making their way up the food web that includes humans. These chemicals that affected the
plastic feeders could then be _____67_____within the human as well.
_____68_____, yearly economic costs due to marine plastic are estimated to be between $6-19billion
USD．The costs _____69_____its impact on tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, and governmental cleanups. These
costs do not include the impact on human health and the marine ecosystem due to _____70_____research
available.
56．A．ACCUMULATION B．DRIFT C．FLOATING D．PROMOTION
57．A．light B．thick C．tiny D．dense
58．A．adjusted B．overdone C．deposited D．extended
59．A．upgrade B．degrade C．assemble D．disassemble
60．A．transportation B．estimation C．concentration D．location
61．A．predominantly B．rarely C．previously D．slightly
62．A．similarity B．shift C．boost D．figure
63．A．exchange B．substitute C．leave D．confuse
64．A．implications B．interactions C．interferences D．influences
65．A．resting B．feeding C．risking D．waiting
66．A．mariner B．prey C．tracker D．predator
67．A．present B．absent C．current D．reliable
68．A．Likewise B．However C．Moreover D．Therefore
69．A．result in B．remove from C．stem from D．bring about
70．A．insufficient B．adequate C．insignificant D．substantial
（ 2022· 河南 · 高二开学考试） What if an animal’s main food source is very scarce in the winter
The___71___may be hibernation (冬眠)，that is, a deep sleep which allows them to___72___the winter with little
or no food.
Ways of hibernation___73___widely. Some animals store food in their burrows (洞穴 ) to eat when they
awake for short periods. Many___74___extra food in the fall while it is plentiful, which is___75___as body fat to
be used later for energy.
Hibernators have two kinds of___76___ ——regular white fat and special brown fat. The brown
fat___77___near the animal’s brain, heart and lungs. Its main___78___is to provide extra body heat. It also sends
a quick burst of___79___to warm these organs first when it’s time to wake up.
True hibernators go into such a deep sleep that they are difficult to____80____and may appear dead.
Their____81____goes down. Their breathing and heart beat slow significantly. ____82____hibernating
woodchuck’s heart rate____83____from 80 to 4 beats per minute, and its temperature____84____from 37°C to as
low as 4°C．Other hibernating animals don’t experience major____85____in temperature, heart rate or breathing.
They are usually the____86____sleepers, easily awakened. They may sleep during the____87____weather and
wake to wander and eat during milder weather.
If an animal lives in an area where the winter is mild, it may hibernate only____88____or not at all.
However, even when the____89____is severe, the animals may wake up for short periods every few weeks to use
their “toilet rooms” and eat if food is____90____
71．A．solution B．explanation C．preparation D．imagination
72．A．miss B．avoid C．escape D．survive
73．A．arise B．vary C．exist D．spread
74．A．produce B．waste C．eat D．plant
75．A．buried B．stored C．blocked D．discovered
76．A．blood B．fiber C．skin D．fat
77．A．forms B．suffers C．declines D．continues
78．A．truth B．choice C．function D．possibility
79．A．light B．energy C．activity D．emotion
80．A．wake up B．jump up C．stay slim D．fall asleep
81．A．pulse B．pressure C．movement D．temperature
82．A．For example B．However C．In short D．Thus
83．A．runs out B．turns up C．slows down D．goes back
84．A．disappears B．passes C．drops D．starts
85．A．benefits B．changes C．challenges D．accidents
86．A．dangerous B．peaceful C．heavy D．light
87．A．nicest B．mildest C．warmest D．severest
88．A．briefly B．abruptly C．normally D．permanently
89．A．stress B．warning C．weather D．problem
90．A．affordable B．available C．necessary D．abandoned
参考答案：
1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．B
15．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述了究竟是什么导致了孩子专横的的行为，原来是父母对他们的放纵，
对他们的要求不够严格，导致他们缺乏安全感。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们有强烈的决策需求，管理他们的环境，领导而不是跟随。A. attempt 尝
试；B. chances 机会；C. decisions 决定；D. money 钱。根据上文“Some children are natural-born bosses.”可知，
一些孩子天生是专横跋扈的，因此推断他们有强烈的决策需求。故选 C。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. change 改变；B. guide 引导；C. instruct 指示；教授；D. follow 跟随；
效仿。根据上文“Some children are natural-born bosses.”可知，一些孩子天生是专横跋扈的，因此推断他们
想要领导别人而不是跟随他人。故选 D。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后来，我看到斯蒂芬有两个新的，而他的兄弟在玩旧的。A. old 老的；
B. used 用过的；C. small 小的；D. new 新的。根据上文“Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, “operates under
the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine,” says his mother.( 斯蒂芬·杰克逊是一年级学生，他
的母亲说:“他的理论就是我的就是我的，你的也是我的。”)”可推断，斯蒂芬是一个专横的孩子，因此当妈
妈买了两个新的玩具光剑时，他都据为己有，而他的兄弟只能玩旧的。故选 D。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：审视整个大家庭，你可能会发现每一代都有一个专横的祖父母，阿姨，叔
叔或者表兄弟。A. Examine 检查，审查；B. View 观看；C. Look 看；D. Notice 注意。根据下文“you’ll probably
find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin”可知，审视大家庭你会发现每一代都有专横的亲戚。故选 A。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. aspect 方面；B. generation 世代；C. place 地方；D. level 水平。根据
上文“It’s an inheritable trait(这是一种可遗传的特征)”可知，这些专横的祖父母，阿姨，叔叔，表兄弟出现
在每一代中。故选 B。
6．考查连词词义辨析。句意：其他可能不那么专横的孩子，但当他们感觉到父母软弱、犹豫或彼此意见
不一致时，他们就会逐渐获得主导权。A. while 当……时候；B. even 甚至；C. though 尽管；D. when 当……
时候。根据句意此处用 when 引导时间状语从句，while 引导时间状语从句，接延续性动作。故选 D。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论是天生的性格还是在工作中形成的性格，太多的控制权掌握在年轻人
手中对孩子或家庭来说都不健康。A. character 性格；B. method 方法；C. means 方式；D. hobby 爱好。or
表示选择，空处与上文的 nature 属于同一范畴的词汇，character 与 nature 都表示“性格”，故选 A。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. happy 快乐的；B. healthy 健康的；C. harmful 有害的；D. useful 有
用的。根据下文“Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior”可知，恐惧是许多专横行为的根源，因此推断年
轻人有太多的控制权是不健康的。故选 B。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：提供保护是父母的职责。A. weakness 弱点；B. secret 秘密；C. protection 保
护；D. pressure 压力。根据上文“Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings
of weakness” and “a desire to feel safe.”(他在《从反抗到合作》(From Defiance to Cooperation)一书中说，孩
子们“暗地里有软弱的感觉”，“渴望获得安全感”。)”可知，孩子们实际上渴望安全感，因此推断父母应该
提供保护。故选 C。
10．考查介词词义辨析。句意：当一个“专横的孩子”在家里不懂得限制时，他在家庭之外将面临许多麻烦。
A. outside 在外边；B. from 从；C. upon 在……上面；D. inside 在里边。根据上文“When a “bossy child”
doesn’t learn limits at home”和下文“trouble keeping friends”可知，一个专横的孩子在家里没有学会限制，在
家庭外就会面对许多麻烦。故选 A。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，过于任性和不听话的孩子可能很难服从老师和教练，或者很难维持
朋友关系。A. helping 帮助；B. obeying 遵守；C. objecting 反对；D. finding 发现。根据上文“he is to face lots
of troubles”和下文“or trouble keeping friends”可知，过于任性和不听话的孩子很难服从老师和教练。故选
B。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为领头羊可能会很孤独，如果没有人喜欢你专横的方式。A. excellent
极好的；B. confident 自信的；C. lonely 孤独的；D. proud 自豪的。根据下文“if no one likes your bossy
ways”可知，没有人喜欢你专横的方式，作为领头羊会感到孤单。故选 C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我看到越来越多的父母放弃他们的权力。A. study 学习；B. decision 决定；
C. interest 兴趣；D. power 权力。根据下文“They bend too far”可知，父母放弃了自己的权力。故选 D。
14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们太让步了，因为他们不想像自己的父母那样严格。A. helpful 有好处
的；B. strict 严格的；C. polite 礼貌的；D. changeable 可改变的。根据上文“They bend too far”可知，父母让
步很多，不想自己像他们的父母那么严格。故选 B。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他们对自己的育儿技巧也缺乏信心。A. eager 渴望的；B. proud 骄傲的；
C. helpless 无助的；D. confident 自信的。根据上文“They bend too far”和下文“Their kids, in turn, feel more
anxious”可推断，父母让步很多，也对自己的育儿技巧缺乏信心，从而让孩子们更焦虑。故选 D。
16．B 17．A 18．C 19．D 20．A 21．C 22．A 23．D 24．B 25．C 26．B 27．D 28．
D 29．A 30．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了家中不同顺序出生的孩子所具有的一些特点、存在的问题以及
对他们将来的影响。
16．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，晚出生的孩子对艺术和户外相关的职业更感兴趣。A. In addition
此外；B. In contrast 比较起来；C. To be frank 说实话；D. To sum up 总之。结合上文“In two related studies
researchers found that only children—and to a certain extent first-born children — were more interested in
intellectual careers than later-born children.(在两项相关的研究中，研究人员发现，独生子女——在一定程度
上是长子——比后生的孩子对智力事业更感兴趣)”可知此处是在将长子或独生子女与晚出生的孩子进行对
比，故选 B。
17．考查动词短语辨析。句意：该研究的合著者、俄亥俄大学心理学教授 Frederick T. L. Leong 说，这些结
果符合我们在家庭出生顺序中的位置会影响我们的性格的理论。A. fit into 适合，符合；B. turn over 翻转；
C. lead to 导致；D. serve as 担任。根据后文“theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our
personality”指研究结果符合性格理论，故选 A。
18．考查副词词义辨析。句意：根据孩子的出生顺序，父母通常会对孩子提出不同的要求和期望。A. sensibly
明显地；B. initially 首先；C. typically 典型地，通常；D. patiently 耐心地。根据后文“place different demands
and have different expectations of children depending on their birth order.”指根据孩子的出生顺序，父母通常会
对孩子提出不同的要求和期望。故选 C。
19．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，父母可能非常保护独生子女，担心他们的人身安全。A. confident
自信的；B. demanding 苛刻的；C. ashamed 羞愧的；D. protective 保护的。根据后文“of only children and worry
about their physical safety”可知，父母可能非常保护独生子女，担心他们的人身安全。故选 D。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能就是为什么独生子女更有可能对学业表现出兴趣，而不是体育或
户外活动。A. outdoor 户外的；B. unknown 未知的；C. social 社会的；D. relaxing 令人放松的。根据上文“That
may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or”可知，独
生子女更有可能对学业表现出兴趣，而不是体育或户外活动。故选 A。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这通常会让他们感到特别，但缺点是，当朋友谈论他们的兄弟姐妹和家庭
生活时，他们可能会遭受嫉妒和孤独。A. difference 差异；B. purpose 目的；C. disadvantage 缺点；D. benefit
利益。后文“is that they may suffer from jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and
family life”提到遭到极度和孤独是缺点，故选 C。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：第一个孩子在第二个孩子出生之前都是独生子女的，这让他们从焦点转变
分享父母的关心。A. sharing 分享；B. keeping 保持；C. gaining 获得；D. wasting 浪费。根据上文“The first-born
is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre of attention, to
then”可知，第一个孩子在第二个孩子出生之前都是独生子女的，这让他们从焦点转变分享父母的关心。故
选 A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从成为家庭焦点的转变可能是一个相当大的冲击，因此塑造了第一个孩子
的人生观。A. feedback 反馈；B. prevention 防止；C. relief 安慰；D. change 改变。根据后文“from being the
focus of a family may be quite a shock and so shape the first-born’s outlook on life”可知，第一个孩子逐渐变得
不是家庭的焦点了，这是一种改变，故选 D。
24．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，长子长女可能试图通过在事业上取得成功来重新获得父母的关注和
认可。A. However 然而；B. Therefore 因此；C. Besides 此外；D. Otherwise 否则。结合前后文可知为因果
关系，应用 therefore。故选 B。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：的确，长子长女作为政治领导人的比例明显高于其他任何出生顺序的职
位。A. confusing 令人费解的；B. worthwhile 值得的；C. true 真实的；D. fine 好的。后文“that first-borns are
significantly more often found as political leaders than any other birth-order position.(长子长女作为政治领导人
的比例明显高于其他任何出生顺序的职位)”是客观事实，真实存在，故选 C。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在家里做最小的孩子有时是一种令人沮丧的经历，特别是如果孩子想要
被认真对待，像成年人一样对待。A. exciting 令人兴奋的；B. frustrating 令人沮丧的；C. common 共同的；
D. invaluable 极宝贵的。根据后文“experience especially if the child wants to be taken seriously and treated like an
adult”可知家里最小的孩子无法被当成成年人对待，这是令人沮丧。故选 B。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能是最后出生的孩子叛逆的一个迹象——这是受够了家里所有人对他
发号施令的结果。A. honour 荣誉；B. reward 奖励；C. risk 风险；D. sign 标志，迹象。根据上文“The last-born
is more likely than the other birth-order positions to take up dangerous sports.(最后出生的孩子比其他出生顺序
的孩子更有可能从事危险的运动)”可知，这可能是最后出生的孩子叛逆的一个迹象，故选 D。
28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，中间儿童有不同的问题。A. achievements 成就；B. advantages 优点；
C. hobbies 爱好；D. issues 问题。结合后文“Middle-child syndrome”可知，家中中间出生的孩子所存在的问
题，故选 D。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“排行中间的孩子综合症”可能意味着感觉自己夹在另外两个“更重要”的人
中间——一个哥哥或姐姐拥有所有的权利，被当作成年人对待，而一个弟弟或妹妹拥有所有的特权，被当
作被宠坏的孩子对待。A. sandwiched 夹在中间；B. connected 连接；C. distinguished 区别；D. stimulated 刺
激。根据后文“between two other “more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is
treated like an adult and a younger one who gets all the privileges”可知中间出生的孩子被夹在中间了，故选 A。
30．考查动词短语辨析。句意：中间出生的孩子必须学会与年长和年幼的孩子相处，这可能有助于他们成
为优秀的谈判者——在所有出生顺序中，他们最擅长与权威人物和地位较低的人打交道。A. working out 解
决；B. depending on 取决于；C. dealing with 处理；D. looking after 照顾。根据上文“this may contribute to them
becoming good negotiators”可知，中间出生的孩子必须学会与年长和年幼的孩子相处，这可能有助于他们成
为优秀的谈判者——在所有出生顺序中，他们最擅长与权威人物和地位较低的人打交道。故选 C。
31．D 32．C 33．B 34．A 35．C 36．B 37．B 38．A 39．C 40．A 41．D 42．C 43．
A 44．B 45．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了咖啡越来越多地获得科学家的认可。研究持续表明，这种饮料可
能对健康有一些有益的影响，但专家并不建议过多饮用咖啡，或提倡不喝咖啡的人开始引用咖啡。
31．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究持续表明，这种饮料可能对健康有一些有益的影响。A. definite 明
确的；B. creative 有创造性的；C. ideal 理想的；D. beneficial 有益处的。根据下文“coffee drinkers may enjoy
more health benefits than people who don’t drink the brew.”可知，喝咖啡的人可能比不喝咖啡的人享受更多的
健康益处，所以说这种饮料可能对健康有一些有益的影响。故选 D 项。
32．考查形容词和副词词义辨析。句意：总体来说，喝咖啡者可能比不喝咖啡的人享受更多的健康益处。
A. average 平均的；B. total 总计的；C. overall 总的说来；D. besides 另外。根据上文“researchers scanned nearly
220 studies on coffee”可知，研究人员看了近 220 项关于咖啡的研究，所以从这些研究中得出了结论，用副
词 overall(总的说来)对此结论进行总结。故选 C 项。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家了解到，与不喝咖啡的人相比，喝咖啡的人过早死于任何原因的可
能性低 17%。A. possibility 可能性；B. cause 原因；C. reason 理由；D. potential 潜能。根据下文“19% less likely
to die of heart disease and 18% less likely to develop cancer,”可知，此处是指死亡的原因。故选 B 项。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究小组发现，最大受益发生在每天喝大约三杯咖啡的人之中。A. occurred
发生；B. operated 操作；C. counted 计算；D. awoke 醒来。上文提到的数字“17%，19%和 18%”都是说喝咖
啡的人比不喝咖啡人所获得的好处更多，所以此处继续说明这种好处，即“最受益发生在每天喝大约三杯
咖啡的人之中”。故选 A 项。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：其它研究也试图找出咖啡中的哪些成分有助于健康。 A. adapt 适应；B. apply
申请；C. contribute 有助于；D. donate 捐赠。根据下文“Those might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which
can combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory (抗炎的) compounds, which can reduce the 6 of chronic(慢
性的) diseases such as heart conditions and even nerve disorders like Alzheimer’s, 7 that of liver
diseases.”可知，咖啡中包含对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可以降低某些疾病的风险，所
以说“其它研究也试图找出咖啡中的哪些成分有助于健康”。故选 C 项。
36．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其中可能包括可以对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可以降低
心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神经疾病以及肝病的风险。A. result 结果；B. risk
风险；C. remark 评论；D. resistance 抵抗。根据上文“Those might include its antioxidants (抗氧化剂), which can
combat cancer, and anti-inflammatory(抗炎的) compounds,”可知，咖啡中可能包括抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及
抗炎化合物，这些物质都是能降低患病风险的。故选 B 项。
37．考查介词和连词词义辨析。句意：其中可能包括可以对抗癌症的抗氧化剂，以及抗炎化合物，它们可
以降低心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神经疾病以及肝病的风险。A. without 没有；
B. as well as 和；C. apart at 分开；D. except for 除了。此处“the the 6 of chronic(慢性的) diseases such
as heart conditions and even nerve disorders like Alzheimer’s”和“that of liver diseases”是并列关系，用 as well
as(和)连接，作 reduce 的宾语，即它们可以降低心脏病等慢性疾病的风险，甚至降低阿尔茨海默氏症等神
经疾病以及肝病的风险。故选 B 项。
38．考查连词和介词词义辨析和用法。句意：尽管研究结果支持适度饮用咖啡是一种相对健康的习惯，但
是一些专家表示，研究结果还不足以促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯，以期改善他们的健康。A. While 尽管；
B. Since因为；C. Despite尽管；D. When当……时候。根据句意可知，前后两句话是转折关系，用连词while(尽
管)引导让步状语从句；而 despite(尽管)是介词，不能引导状语从句。故选 A 项。
39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管研究结果支持适度饮用咖啡是一种相对健康的习惯，但是一些专家表
示，研究结果还不足以促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯，以期改善他们的健康。A. prosper 繁盛；B. preserve
保护；C. promote 促进；D. protect 保护。根据下文“in the hopes of improving their health.”可知，是带着期待
改善他们的健康的目的，所以这里应该是讨论“促进改变他们的喝咖啡的习惯”的问题。故选 C 项。
40．考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，该研究并没有证实，目前不喝咖啡的人应该开始每天加一两杯咖啡，
以降低健康风险。A. currently 目前地；B. permanently 永久地；C. accurately 准确地；D. objectively 客观地。
根据下文“that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee”可知提到“目前的咖啡饮用者”应该喝更多
的咖啡，所以此处应该是对“目前不喝咖啡的人”的研究，也就是对目前喝咖啡的人和目前不喝咖啡的人进
行分类研究。故选 A 项。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些数据也不支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡，以提高他们可能
获得的任何好处的观点。A. media 媒体；B. instances 例子；C. systems 系统；D. data 数据。根据上文“that people
who do not 10 drink coffee should start adding a cup or two a day in order to lower health
risk.”可知，这些研究结果中已提到了喝咖啡的数量，所以这些研究结果中提到的的“喝咖啡的数量”等，
也就是“这些数据”，它们不足以支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡。故选 D 项。
42．考查介词词义辨析。句意：该研究发现，唯一对健康的负面影响是女性，如果喝更多咖啡，她们出现
骨骼裂缝的风险略高。A. with 和；B. along 沿着；C. among 在……中（三者或以上）；D. between 在……中
（两者）。根据下文 “who were at slightly higher risk of developing cracks in the bones if they drank more
coffee.”可知，如果喝更多咖啡，她们出现骨骼裂缝的风险略高。这里的“they”是指上文提到的女性，所以
应该用 among women(在女性当中)表示“这种负面影响是在女性当中发生的”；而介词 between(在……中)是
表示在两者之中，among (在……中)是表示在三者以上之中，此处 women 泛指女性，所以要用 among。故
选 C 项。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究发现，与少喝咖啡的孕妇相比，多喝咖啡的孕妇往往有更高的流产率、
早产率更多，出生时体重较低的婴儿也更多。A. tended to 倾向于，往往；B. pretended to 假装；C. regretted
to 遗憾；D. intended to 打算。根据上文“The only negative health effects the review found were 12
women,”可知，该研究发现，唯一对健康的负面影响是女性。所以此处对这种负面影响继续举例子，用 tend
to(倾向于，往往)来表示这种负面影响的可能性。故选 A 项。
44．考查介词短语辨析。句意：这一发现应该让咖啡饮用者放心，只要他们适量饮用。A. for sure 确保；
B. in moderation 适中地；C. at all cost 不惜任何代价；D. without hesitation 毫不犹豫。根据上文“The 11
also do not support the idea that current coffee drinkers should drink even more coffee to enhance whatever
benefits they might be receiving.”可知，这些数据也不支持目前的咖啡饮用者应该喝更多的咖啡，所以在不
确定多喝有益时，要适量饮用。故选 B 项。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：进一步的研究有望更深入地了解最有益健康的咖啡的类型和数量。A. amount
数量；B. number 数字；C. quality 质量；D. deal 交易。根据上文“The findings should be reassuring for coffee
drinkers, as long as they drink 14 .”可知，在不确定多喝有益时，建议适量饮用咖啡，所以下一步的
研究将有望更深入地了解最有益健康的咖啡的类型和数量。故选 A 项。
46．A 47．C 48．B 49．B 50．D 51．C 52．D 53．A 54．B 55．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了去年，数百人在攀登珠穆朗玛峰上花了很多钱，尽管他们知道
他们将面临不同的风险。 对这些人来说，攀登珠穆朗玛峰是一种体验，让一些人感到软弱，而另一些人
感到强大。最近的研究表明，冒险可能是人类本性的一部分。 研究还表明，我们寻求风险的欲望与我们
期望从结果中获益的程度有关。
46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对这些人来说，攀登珠穆朗玛峰是一种体验，让一些人感到软弱，而另
一些人感到强大。A. powerful 强大的；B. broad 宽的；C. aware 意识到的；D. frank 坦率的。根据上文“For
these people, climbing Qomolangma is an experience, making some feel weak and others”可知此处前后为对比，
表示攀登珠穆朗玛峰让一些人感到软弱，而另一些人感到强大。故选 A。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：乔治·马洛里认为，人们从这次冒险中得到的是纯粹的快乐。A. charge 费
用；B. failure 失败；C. adventure 冒险；D. chapter 章节。此处指上文提到的攀登珠穆朗玛峰这种冒险。故
选 C。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们吃饭和赚钱是为了能够享受生活。A. confirm 确定；B. enjoy 享受，欣
赏；C. hesitate 犹豫；D. earn 赚得。根据上文“People eat and make money to be able to”可知，人们吃饭和赚
钱是为了能够享受生活。故选 B。
49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：艾伦·阿奈特相信有一千个理由回头，但只有一个理由继续前进。A. avoid
避免；B. keep 保持；C. stop 停止；D. forbid 禁止。根据上文“there were a thousand reasons to turn around and
only one to”可知，有一千个理由回头，但只有一个理由继续前进。故选 B。
50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你必须专注于一个对你来说最重要、最独特的原因。A. risk 风险；B. gift
礼物；C. accident 事故；D. reason 理由。结合上文“there were a thousand reasons to turn around and only one
to”可知，此处指最重要、最独特的原因。故选 D。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你想停下来的时候，这取决于你的身体和精神的韧性。A. treatment 治疗；
B. cure 治愈；C. toughness 坚韧；D. relief 减轻。结合常识，攀登珠穆朗玛峰需要的是身体和精神上的韧性。
故选 C。
52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数的尝试要么成功要么失败，这有科学原因吗？A. living居住；B. breaking
打破；C. looking 看；D. resulting 导致。根据后文“either in total success or failure”此处指尝试的结果，那么
成功要么失败。故选 D。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究表明，冒险可能是人类本性的一部分。A. nature 自然；B. wisdom
智慧；C. mind 思维；D. disease 疾病。根据后文“our desire to seek risks can be connected”可知冒险是人类本
性的一部分。故选 A。
54．考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究还表明，我们寻求风险的欲望与我们期望从结果中获益的程度有关。
A. rise from 升起；B. benefit from 受益于；C. suffer from 遭受；D. recover from 恢复。根据上文“Research also
suggests that our desire to seek risks can be connected to how much we expect to”可知，我们寻求风险的欲望与
我们期望从结果中获益的程度有关。故选 B。
55．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，是否冒险攀登珠峰完全取决于你自己。A. totally 完全地；B. vividly
生动地；C. hardly 几乎不；D. effectively 有效地。根据后文“up to you whether you will take the risk of climbing
Qomolangma”指是否冒险攀登珠峰完全取决于你自己。故选 A。
56．A 57．D 58．D 59．B 60．C 61．A 62．B 63．D 64．B 65．B 66．D 67．A 68．
C 69．C 70．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了世界五大海洋塑料堆积区中最大的一个，即大太平洋垃圾带
(GPGP)。讲述了它的位置、形成的过程以及带来的消极影响。
56．考查名词词义辨析。句意：塑料积累。A. ACCUMULATION 聚集；B. DRIFT 漂流；C. FLOATING 漂
浮；D. PROMOTION 推销。根据下文的“They persist at the sea surface as they make their way off shore,
transported by converging (汇聚的) currents and finally accumulating in the patch.”（当它们离开海岸的时候，
它们会一直停留在海面上，被汇聚的洋流输送，最终在这片海域聚集。）可知，是塑料离开海岸，被汇聚
的洋流输送，聚集在海域上。故选 A。
57．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些塑料中有一半以上的密度小于水，这意味着它们一旦遇到大海就不
会下沉。A. light 轻的；B. thick 厚的；C. tiny 狭小的；D. dense 密度大的。根据后文的“meaning that it will not
sink once it encounters the sea.”（意思是它一旦遇到大海就不会沉没。），可知这些塑料密度小于水，遇到海
水不会下沉。故选 D。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种坚固而漂浮的塑料在海洋环境中表现出韧性，使它们能够被输送到很
远的地方。A. adjusted 调整；B. overdone 过多；C. deposited 放置；D. extended 波及，延伸。根据前文中的
“The strong and floating plastics show resiliency(韧性) in the marine environment.”（这种坚固而漂浮的塑料在
海洋环境中表现出韧性）可知，这些塑料由于其韧性，能够漂浮至很远的地方。故选 D。
59．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦这些塑料进入环流，它们就不太可能离开这个区域，直到它们在阳光、
海浪和海洋生物的作用下降解成更小的微塑料。A. upgrade 升级；B. degrade 降解；C. assemble 集合；D.
disassemble 分散。根据后文的“into smaller microplastics under the effects of sun, waves and marine life.”可知，
这些塑料会在阳光、海浪和海洋生物的作用下降解成更小的微塑料。故选 B。
60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着越来越多的塑料被丢弃到环境中，GPGP 中的微塑料浓度只会继续增
加。A. transportation 交通；B. estimation 估计；C. concentration 浓度；D. location 位置。根据前文的“As more
and more plastics are discarded into the environment.”（随着越来越多的塑料被丢弃到环境中），可知越来越多
的塑料被扔到海洋中，塑料在海洋中的浓度会不断增加。故选 C。
61．考查副词词义辨析。句意：只有主要受洋流影响的漂浮物体才有可能留在区域内。A. predominantly 主
要地；B. rarely 稀少地；C. previously 之前地；D. slightly 稍微地。根据前文的“Once these plastics enter the
gyre（环流） , they are unlikely to leave the area until they_____5_____into smaller microplastics under the
effects of sun, waves and marine life. ”可知，一旦这些塑料垃圾进入到了洋流中，它们不太可能离开这区域，
直到它们降解成更小的微塑料。因此这些主要被洋流影响的塑料垃圾一直仍然在这个区域中，故选 A。
62．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究小组观察到季节从西到东的变化，以及纬度的重大变化取决于
年份。A. similarity 相似性；B. shift 转变；C. boost 增加；D. figure 数字。根据前文的“Due to seasonal and
interannual variabilities of winds and currents.”可知，由于风和洋流的季节性和年际变化，所以研究小组观察
到了季节性的变化。故选 B。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：由于塑料的大小和颜色，动物把塑料错当作食物，导致营养不良；这会带
来纠缠的风险，并威胁到他们的整体行为、健康和存在。A. exchange 交换；B. substitute 代替；C. leave 离
开；D. confuse 弄错。根据后文的“causing malnutrition; it poses entanglement（缠绕）risks and threatens their
overall behavior, health, and existence.”可知，一些动物会把塑料错认为食物，误食它们最终导致营养不良等
风险。故选 D。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，约 700 种物种遇到过海洋垃圾，其中 92%的互动是与塑料产生
的。A. implications 牵连；B. interactions 互动；相互影响；C. interferences 干扰；D. influences 影响。根据
前文的“about 700 species have encountered marine debris”可知，92%的动物都遇到过塑料，故与塑料产生互
动。故选 B。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦塑料进入海洋食物网，它也有可能污染人类的食物链。通过一个被称
为生物积累的过程，塑料中的化学物质会进入以塑料为食的动物的身体，当食用者成为猎物时，化学物质
会传递给捕食者——在包括人类在内的食物网中一路上升。A. resting 休息；B. feeding 喂养；C. risking 冒
险；D. waiting 等待。根据后文“and as the feeder becomes prey, the chemicals will pass to the _____11_____”可
知，空前应与 and 后的内容相并列。当食用者成为猎物的时候，化学物质会传递给捕食者。之前的过程应
该是塑料中的化学物质会进入以塑料为食的动物的身体。故选 B。
66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. mariner 水手；B. prey 猎物；C. tracker 跟踪者；D. predator 捕食
者。根据前文“as the feeder becomes prey”可知，化学物质进入以塑料为食的动物的身体中，捕食者在猎捕
它们。化学物质就会进入到捕食者的身体中。故选 D。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些影响那些吃塑料的动物们的化学物质同时也可能会一直存留在人类
体内。A. present 出席的，存在于；B. absent 缺席的，不存在的；C. current 当前的；D. reliable 可靠的。根
据前文的 “ the chemicals will pass to the _____11_____—making their way up the food web that includes
humans.”可知，化学物质（微塑料）会进入到包括人类在内的食物网中，人类在捕食了吃了塑料的海洋生
物后，这些化学物质也会存在于人类身体中。故选 A。
68．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，海洋塑料每年造成的经济损失估计在 60 - 190 亿美元之间。A. Likewise
同样地；B. However 然而；C. Moreover 此外；D. Therefore 因此。根据后文的“yearly economic costs due to
marine plastic are estimated to be between $6-19billion USD.”并结合上文讲述塑料对人类的影响可知，此处是
补充阐述海洋塑料带来的经济危害，与前文构成递进关系。故选 C。
69．考查动词短语辨析。句意：其成本来自其对旅游业、渔业和水产养殖业以及政府清理的影响。A. result
in 导致；B. remove from 移除；C. stem from 源自于；D. bring about 产生。根据后文的“its impact on
tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, and governmental cleanups.”可知，海洋垃圾的经济损失来自于其对旅游业、
渔业和水产养殖业以及政府清理方面造成的影响。故选 C。
70．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些成本不包括由于现有研究不足而对人类健康和海洋生态系统造成的
影响。A. insufficient 不充足的；B. adequate 足够的；C. insignificant 不重要的；D. substantial 大量的。根据
前文的“the impact on human health and the marine ecosystem”可知，由于研究的不充足，海洋垃圾对人类健
康和海洋生态系统造成的影响还无法计算，因此不能包括其中。故选 A。
71．A 72．D 73．B 74．C 75．B 76．D 77．A 78．C 79．B 80．A 81．D 82．A 83．
C 84．C 85．B 86．D 87．D 88．A 89．C 90．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物冬眠的原因、方式和冬眠期间动物体内发生的变化等。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：解决办法可能是冬眠，也就是说，深度睡眠可以让它们在很少或没有食物
的情况下度过冬天。A. solution 解决方案；B. explanation 解释；C. preparation 准备；D. imagination 想象。
根据第一句话“What if an animal’ s main food source is very scarce in the winter ”和下文的“with little or no
food”可知，第二句话是针对第一句的问题给出的解决办法。故选 A 项。
72．考查动词词义辨析。句意：解决办法可能是冬眠，也就是说，深度睡眠可以让它们在很少或没有食物
的情况下度过冬天。A. miss 错过；B. avoid 避开；C. escape 逃走；D. survive 生存。根据句中的“deep
sleep”和“the winter with little or no food”可知，此处指的是深度睡眠可以让动物在很少或没有食物的情况下
度过冬天，生存下来。故选 D 项。
73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：冬眠的方式千差万别。A. arise 出现；B. vary 变化，不同；C. exist 存在；
D. spread 散布。空格处的句子是本段的主题句。而下文的两个句子是解释的动物两种不同的冬眠方式。故
选 B 项。
74．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多动物在秋天食物充足的时候会吃更多的食物，这些食物会作为身体脂
肪储存起来，以供日后补充能量 A. produce 生产；B. waste 浪费；C. eat 吃；D. plant 种植。根据空格后的“extra
food in the fall while it is plentiful”可知，在秋天食物充足的时候，这些动物会吃更多的食物。故选 C 项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多动物在秋天食物充足的时候会吃更多的食物，这些食物会作为身体脂
肪储存起来，以供日后补充能量。A. buried 掩埋；B. stored 储存；C. blocked 阻挡；D. discovered 发现。根
据空格后的“as body fat to be used later for energy”可知，动物吃的这些食物会作为身体脂肪储存起来，以供
日后补充能量。故选 B 项。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：冬眠动物有两种脂肪，普通的白色脂肪和特殊的棕色脂肪。A. blood 血液；
B. fiber 纤维；C. skin 皮肤；D. fat 脂肪。根据空格前的“two kinds of”和空格后的“regular white fat and special
brown fat”可知，此处说的是两种脂肪。故选 D 项。
77．考查动词词义辨析。句意：棕色脂肪在动物的大脑、心脏和肺附近形成。A. forms 形成；B. suffers 遭
受；C. declines 拒绝；D. continues 继续。根据空格后的“near the animal’s brain, heart and lungs”可知，此处
指的是棕色脂肪在动物身上近形成的位置。故选 A 项。
78．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它的主要功能是提供额外的体热。A. truth 真相；B. choice 选择；C. function
功能；D. possibility 可能性。根据下文的“to provide extra body heat”可知，此处说的是棕色脂肪的功能。故
选 C 项。
79．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在该醒来的时候，它还会发送快速爆发的能量来首先温暖这些器官。A. light
灯；B. energy 能量；C. activity 活动；D. emotion 情绪。根据下文的“to warm these organs first when it’ s time
to wake up”可知，此处是说动物体内能量的作用。故选 B 项。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：真正的冬眠动物睡得很沉，很难醒来，甚至看起来像死了一样。A. wake up
醒醒；B. jump up 跳起来；C. stay slim 保持苗条；D. fall asleep 入睡。根据空格前的“such a deep sleep”和空
格后的“may appear dead”可知，此处说的是这些动物很难醒来。故选 A 项。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们的体温下降。A. pulse 脉冲；B. pressure 压力；C. movement 运动；D.
temperature 温度。根据句意和该句子的谓语动词 go down 可知，此处一定说的是冬眠动物的体温。故选 D
项。
82．考查介词短语和副词辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C
下降到 4°C。A. For example例如；B. However然而；C. In short简言之；D. Thus因此。根据空格后的“hibernating
woodchuck’s heart rate”可知，作者是以冬眠的土拨鼠为例来说明问题。故选 A 项。
83．考查短语辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C 下降到
4°C。A. runs out 用完了；B. turns up 出现；C. slows down 慢下来；D. goes back 追溯。根据空格前的“heart
rate”和空格后的“from 80 to 4 beats per minute”可知，此处说的是冬眠的土拨鼠的心跳放慢。故选 C 项。
84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，冬眠的土拨鼠的心率从每分钟 80 次下降到 4 次，温度从 37°C 下降
到 4°C。A. disappears 消失；B. passes 通过；C. drops 下降；D. starts 开始。根据空格前的“temperature”和空
格后的“from 80 to 4 beats per minute”可知，此处说的是冬眠的土拨鼠的体温下降。故选 C 项。
85．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他冬眠动物在温度、心率或呼吸方面没有重大变化。A. benefits 好处；
B. changes 变化；C. challenges 挑战；D. accidents 事故。根据空格前的“Other hibernating animals don’t
experience major”可知，此处说的是其它冬眠动物和冬眠的土拨鼠不同，在温度、心率或呼吸方面没有重大
变化。故选 B 项。
86．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们通常是浅睡者，很容易被唤醒。A. dangerous 危险的；B. peaceful
和平的；C. heavy 重的；D. light 睡得不沉的。根据下文的“easily awakened”可知，这些动物冬眠时睡得很
浅。故选 D 项。
87．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们可能在最恶劣的天气里睡觉，在较温和的天气里醒来闲逛和进食。
A. nicest 好的；B. mildest 温和的；C. warmest 温暖的；D. severest 极为恶劣的。根据句意和下文的“milder
weather”可知，空格处的单词应该和 milder 是反义词。故选 D 项。
88．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果一种动物生活在冬季温和的地区，它可能只会短暂冬眠或根本不冬眠。
A. briefly 短暂地；B. abruptly 突然；C. normally 正常情况下；D. permanently 永久地。根据上文的“If an animal
lives in an area where the winter is mild”和空格后的“or not at all”可知，此处是说在冬季温和的地区，一些动
物可能只会短暂冬眠或根本不冬眠。故选 A 项。
89．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，即使在天气恶劣的时候，动物们也可能每隔几周醒来一小段时间，
用它们的“厕所”，如果有食物就吃。A. stress 压力；B. warning 警告；C. weather 天气；D. problem 问题。
根据句中的“however”和空格后的形容词“severe”可知，该句子和上一句是转折关系，when 引导的时间状语
从句还应该说的是天气情况。故选 C 项。
90．考查词形容词义辨析。句意：然而，即使在天气恶劣的时候，动物们也可能每隔几周醒来一小段时间，
用它们的“厕所”，如果有食物就吃。A. affordable 负担得起的；B. available 可用的；C. necessary 必要的；
D. abandoned 被抛弃的。根据第二段的句中“Some animals store food in their burrows ( 洞穴) to eat when they
awake for short periods.”可知，有些冬眠动物是在洞穴里储存食物的，然后等醒来后吃。所以，此处是说，
这些动物醒来以后，如果有吃的，他们就吃。故选 B 项。