2023届高三英语二轮复习名词课件(共23张PPT)

(共23张PPT)
名词的基本用法
目录
一 名词的数
二 名词的句法功能
三 名词所有格
四 名词构词法
五 真题模拟题演练
1....He saved my ___44___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. …
【2022新高考II卷语法填空】
2.As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the 64 ___ （large）tea-producing country, China has a 65 _____ ___ （responsible）to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 【2022乙卷语法填空】
3. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62__________ (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
【2022新高考I卷语法填空】
son’s
largest
responsibility
polulations
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示单个人或物的名词 teacher, student, desk
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词 people, police
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词water, food
抽象名词 表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词happiness, action, absence, spirit, courage
专有名词 表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称China, Tom, the Times
名词的分类
一、名词的数
1．名词的单、复数形式
【规则变化】
种类 变化 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s book→books, pen→pens
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾 词尾加-es bus→buses，bench→benches，box→boxes，dish→dishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加-s
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i后加-es family→families，city→cities
以“元音字母＋y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys，boy→boys
以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe为v后加-es leaf→leaves，life→lives, knife→knives
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es hero→heroes, potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises
【不规则变化】
种类 例词
单复数同形 deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters, works, head（量词）
单数形式复数意义 people, police, cattle
复数形式单数意义 news, physics, politics
合成词变复数(主体名词变复数；无主体名词时词尾变复数) passer by→passers by，son in law→sons in law, looker on→lookers on, go between→go betweens, grown up→grown-ups
词形变化 man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria
2．特殊情况下名词复数的用法
(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式：
thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。
(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：
make preparations for为……做准备
take pains 尽力，刻苦
不可数名词
不可数名词的基本用法
不可数名词的量化
不可数名词的修饰
抽象名词具体化
没有复数形式，通常不可以和a/an连用或数词修饰
可用“基数词+量词+of+不可数名词”来衡量不可数名词的量，如a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶, three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶;a piece of news一条新闻, two pieces of news两条新闻
不可数名词可以用 the/ some/ much/a little/a lot of/ lots of/enough/plenty of/a great deal of等修饰
a surprise；a pity ；a success/failure；have a good knowledge of ；
3.不可数名词
常考的不可数名词
advice 建议 baggage/luggage 行李
change 零钱 furniture 家具
hair 头发 homework 家庭作业
information 信息 knowledge 知识
money 钱 news 新闻；消息
progress 进步 traffic 交通
equipment 设备 meat 肉
room 空间 luck 运气
music 音乐 housework 家务
fun 乐趣 wealth 财富
milk 牛奶 weather 天气
orange 橙汁 food 食物
work 工作 paper 纸
bread 面包 trouble 麻烦
air 空气 rubbish 垃圾
advice，baggage/luggage，change，furniture，hair，homework，information，knowledge，money，news，progress，traffic，equipment，meat，room，luck，music，housework，fun，wealth，milk，weather，orange，food，work，paper，bread，trouble，air
二、名词的句法功能
1、作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语
①Jack is to meet you at the airport.
②The affair remained a complete mystery.
③We made him monitor of our class.
④He is considered a good football player.
2、作定语
a．表示类别
air pollution；a tea cup；body language；road accidents；
a story book
b．表示身份、时间、地点等
Doctor Jack；Professor Li； an evening school；winter sleep； Beijing Stadium
c．表目的、用途、材料等
sports field；stone bridge；
3、作状语
名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。
⑤ The war lasted eight years.
Wait a minute.
4、作同位语
Smith, our monitor, left school last year.
三 、 名词的格
所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。
's所有格
of所有格
双重所有格
构成 例子
单数名词词尾通常加 's；复数名词词尾没有 s时，也要加 's the boy's schoolbag；the children's toys
以 s结尾的复数名词后直接加' teachers' office
以 s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或 's均可 my boss's/boss' plan；James'/James's eyes
合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加 's my brother in law's birthday
表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助 's表示所有关系 a week's holiday ；thirty minutes'
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加 's an hour and a half's walk
不定代词后接else时， 's加在else之后 somebody else's bag
's所有格
【注意】　
1. 并列的名词变所有格，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加 's；如果表示共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加 's。
Kate and Mary's room；Kate's and Mary's rooms
2.下列情况下，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：
①名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。
This bike is not mine， nor Tom's.
②表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop， house， home等常省去。
at the doctor's (office) ；at Mr Green's (house) 在格林先生家
2．of所有格
用法 例子
对于无生命的事物而言，通常用of所有格表示所属关系 the window of the room
表示主谓关系用of所有格 the arrival of the visitors
表示同位关系用of所有格 the city of Beijing
表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格 part of the problem；the majority of people
表示内容用of所有格 the cost of living；the news of success
当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the＋形容词”构成所有格时要借助of the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题；the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议
3．双重所有格
名词＋of＋名词 's
名词＋of＋名词性物主代词
用法 例子
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a，any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the another house of John's
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等 That dog of Tom's is really clever.
抽象名词具体化
(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事
(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历
(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事
(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事
(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事
(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)
另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preferencet，must等。
物质名词具体化
物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词
drink饮料 two drinks两杯饮料 rain雨 a heavy rain
一场大雨
coffee咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 paper 纸张 a paper一张报纸；一篇论文
tea茶 two teas 两杯茶 wind 风 a cold wind
一阵冷风
四、 名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)
后缀 ence exist--existence； coincident--coincidence
ance accept—acceptance； appear--appearance
tion produce—production; explore--exploration
sion express—expression; tense--tension
ment develop—development; argue--argument
ness blind—blindness; sad--sadness
age marry—marriage; carry--carriage
th warm—warmth; strong--strength
ure please—pleasure; depart--departure
dom wise—wisdom; free--freedom
1. Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___65_______ (protect).【2022年全国甲卷】
2. When the answer, was no, she, declined the ___________ （invite).【2022浙江 1月真题】
3. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we___________（human）are. 【2021新高考I卷】
4. A company _______________(represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights. 【2021新高考II卷】
5. Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and _____________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people.【2021全国甲卷】
protection
invitation
humans
representative
watchtowers
真题演练
7.Historical __________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 【2020山东卷】
8. ___________(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking.【2021全国乙卷】
9. Why do we dream？Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse________ (idea)．【2021北京卷】
10. In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their ___________ （marry）ceremony in 1842. 【2021浙江卷】
11. It is calculated by dividing a ____38____ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.【2021浙江卷1月】
accuracy
Activities
ideas
marriage
person’s
真题演练
12.The far side of the moon is of particular __________ (interesting) to scientists.【2020新课标I卷】
13.Chinese New Year is a ___________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 【2020新课标II卷】
14.Filled with __________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 【2020新课标III卷】
15.Now, lots of____________(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.【2020年北京卷】
16.Later，they learned to work with the __________ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas， making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.【2020浙江卷】
interest
celebration
curiosity
countries
seasons
真题演练