重难点01-5阅读理解之议论文-2023年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练
(新高考专用)
新高考阅读理解两年(2021-2022)之体裁和主题内容统计
年份 语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2022新高考卷 A篇 I卷 应用文 文学概论课程评分办法
II卷 应用文 儿童博物馆团体游
B篇 I卷 说明文 以实际行动减少食物浪费
II卷 记叙文 新型阅读体验
C篇 I卷 新闻报道 养鸡提升老年人幸福感
II卷 说明文 使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司机在开车
D篇 I卷 说明文 饮食变化带来发音变化
II卷 说明文 锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021新高考卷
A篇
I卷 应用文 罗马的四个旅馆
II卷 应用文 约克郡的四个活动
B篇
I卷 记叙文 介绍钢琴翻页的职业
II卷 记叙文 作者照顾老虎
C篇
I卷 说明文 湿地破坏，保护环境
II卷 记叙文 捐资助学
D篇
I卷 说明文 情商是品质还是技能
II卷 说明文 机器人监测牧牛的健康状况
两年阅读理解考得最多的文体是“说明文”，其次为“记叙文”，再次为“应用文”，而“议论文”则没有涉及。在“三新(新课标新教材新高考)”背景下，2023年是否要考“议论文”体裁的阅读理解，我们将拭目以待。不过，新高考两年未考，不等于将来不考。本着“未雨绸缪、有备无患”的精神，对于议论文的阅读理解解题我们还是要予以关注的。
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事情进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点明确且正确，论据充分，论证合乎逻辑，结构层次清晰。议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科。
议论文，有论点，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或前瞻性的观点。该类文章逻辑性非常强，命题人往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者想表达的意图等方面着手，考查考生的批判性思维和辩证思维的能力。
议论文常见的设题方式四种题型都有可能涉及到。主旨大意题主要考查考生对议论文全篇思想内容的理解；细节理解题虽然可以通过直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意选项中与文章的细微差别，避免扩大、缩小乃至于误读作者的本意；推理判断题和作者观点态度题的解答一般是建立在对议论文中心立场的基本把握上，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想内涵以及篇章结构。
一、抓论点，找论据
议论文体裁的阅读理解主要考查考生对论点及论据的把握。因此在解题时，考生应该抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章的首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后得出结论。考生还应该注意的是：作者在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句通常都是该段的主题句(也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾)。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。
二、析结构，理脉络
借助下列两个“了解”分析文章结构，以便厘清文章脉络。
1.了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)；
2.了解文章的论证结构和方法。从论证结构上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Put forward a question →Analyze the question→Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题(或得出结论)”的结构；Argument/Idea→ Evidence→Conclusion/Restating the idea即“论点、论据、结论/强调论点”的结构。从论证方法上讲，常用的论证方法有：归纳，即通过分析个别事物，寻找共同点，再得出结论；并列，即几个论据之间是平等的关系；递进，即几个论据之间是递进的关系；对照，即把两种事物加以对比，分析、说明，得出结论；驳论，即阐述别人的错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点。
三、细揣摩，善推理
体会文章语言特点，仔细揣摩作者写作态度，善于进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，考生应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体会。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
【经典考例1】(引用原题号，以下同)
(2021·全国高考甲卷D篇)Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12.What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club
A. They’re unfair. B. They’re conservative.
C. They’re objective. D. They’re strict.
13.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors’ concepts. D. Changes in people’s social positions.
15.What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【论证结构】
Part 1(Paragraphs 1-2)提出问题：提出了“什么样的人是天才？为什么会有天才？他们是谁？”等三个问题，并试图探索天才的本质。
Part 2(Paragraphs 3-4)分析问题：在过去，天才的认定受到性别、种族和信仰的影响。并举例说明社会观念对女孩子的思想和行为的影响。
Part 3(Paragraph 5)得出结论：在如今全球通讯得到改善的世界里，天才来自那些具有智慧、创造力、毅力和好运的人(天才有许多种类型，即天才的多样性)。
12.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认，故选A。
13.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情，故选D。
14.【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.(在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道，故选A。
15.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容和脉络结构可知，文章探讨了什么样的人是天才，天才的评价标准，分析了天才的评价标准不公平以及对女孩们的影响，呼吁世界需要“能改变世界的天才来自那些拥有‘智慧、创造力和毅力’和带有一点点好运的人。”文章的核心词为天才的评价标准，这与选项B相符，故选B.
【经典考例2】
(2020·天津卷D篇)After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51.In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to _______.
A. propose a definition B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion D. present an argument
52.What does the example of Galileo tell us
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority. D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent
A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion.
54.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55.What could be the best tile or the passage
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement D. Never Too Late to Learn
【论证结构】
第1-2段：引出文章主题，作者通过观察发现有杰出成就的人都同时具有两种品质：好奇心和不满足，这两者比远大的抱负更重要。(论点)
第3-5段：人生来具有这两种品质，但是随着年龄增长逐渐丢失了它们，如果需要获得成就，就需要重新获得它们。(论据)
第6-8段：我们如何重新获得这两种品质。号召人们应该从现在开始努力。(结论)
【文章大意】经过多年对人性的观察，作者认为有两个品质造成了有成就的人和平庸的人之间的差异——好奇心和不满足。作者通过摆事实讲道理来论证自己的观点，并介绍了如何重拾好奇心和不满足。
51.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。作者用第一段引入主题：After years of observing human nature,(主题句)I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent.(进一步阐述主题句)I have never known an
outstanding man who lacked either.(进一步阐述主题句)And I have never known an average man who had both.(过渡句)The two belong together.由此可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点，故选D项。
52.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的“Galileo”定位到第二段，根据该段内容可知，好奇心和不满足这些驱策力比有抱负重要的多，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都有好奇心，并不满足追寻原因。由此推知，作者举伽利略的例子是为了告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望，故选D项。
53.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去童心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满，故选B项。
54.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.可知，作者针对缺乏特殊才能、无时间的理由并列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片等例子给予了逐一反驳，由此推断，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”，故选C项。
55.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。作者在第一段抛出自己的观点“人的好奇心和不满足造成了有成就的人和平庸的人之间的差异”，下文围绕这个观点展开，作者通过摆事实讲道理来论证自己的观点，并介绍了如何重拾好奇心和不满足感。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)为本文最佳标题。
(题目序号高考真题用原序号，其余仿新高考阅读理解D篇)
每篇答题时间不超过8分钟
Passage 1
(2022·北京卷D篇)Quantum(量子)computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype(炒作)that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
31.Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels _______.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32.What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34.Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns.(随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒)”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”(但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样)可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的，故选A。此题的难度主要在于sympathy和sympathetic在以往记忆中的语义单一化。
32.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”(他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法)”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心，故选C。
33.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”(但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”)”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool.酷的；C. Useful.有用的；D. Resistant.有抵抗力的，故选A。
34.【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype(炒作) that annoys Johnson.”(现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们‘治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火’)”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.(PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样)”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，故选D。
Passage 2
(2022·吉林省吉林市模拟预测)No business would welcome being compared to gambling(赌博). Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disorder”— in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm—gained recognition from the World Health Organization(WHO).
Are games really addictive Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.
However, supporters argue that games developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive. For one thing, the business-model has changed. In the old days games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to revenue(收益). For another, games-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos(赌场).
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.
32.What do we know from Paragraph 1
A. It is not suitable to compare video games to gambling.
B. Parents complain about their children’s addiction to gambling.
C. More doctors are against the use of the term “addicted”.
D. Gaming addiction was officially recognized as a disease.
33.What does the underlined words “moral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.
B. Trouble caused by someone’s immoral behavior.
C. Social progress caused by science and technology.
D. Panic due to the gap between the rich and the poor.
34.What do games developers do to make games attractive
A. They don’t charge players for in-game goods.
B. They adjust products based on received data.
C. They keep players’ video game machines updated.
D. They reward big spenders with a unique title.
35.In the last paragraph, the author aims to _______.
A. offer a suggestion B. make a prediction C. give a warning D. put forward a solution
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇提到世卫组织把游戏成瘾列为一种疾病，就“游戏真的会让人上瘾吗”这个问题，介绍了心理学家们给出的不同的观点，作者也对此发表了忠告。
32.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“On January 1 this year, ‘gaming disorder’— in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm—gained recognition from the World Health Organization(WHO).(今年1月1日，‘游戏障碍’(这病)得到了世界卫生组织的认可。‘游戏障碍’指的是尽管会造成伤害，但仍无法控制地玩游戏)”可知，游戏上瘾被权威机构WHO认定为疾病，故选D项。
33.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据前一句“Are games really addictive Psychologists have different opinions.(游戏真的会让人上瘾吗？)”，划线词所在句“Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic.(那些不这么认为的人说，这只是又一次moral panic)”，其中another指代众多类似当中的另外一个，根据下一句“Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.(对于电视、摇滚乐、爵士乐、漫画书、小说，甚至是填字游戏，人们也给出了类似的警告，但事实证明，它们并没有人们想象的那么有害)”可知，当以上提及的电视、摇滚乐等出现在人们视野的时候，人们都认为它们对人类是有害的，并因此发出要抵制这些东西的警告，但是事实证明它们没有预想的那么有害，属于一场虚惊，只不过是人们的moral panic，可表达为“道德恐慌”，与A项“Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.(对某物危害性的错误判断)”，故选A项。
34.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“However, supporters argue that games developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive.(然而，支持者认为，游戏开发者有动机和手段来设计他们的产品，使其具有极大的吸引力)”，以及第五、六、七句“For another, games-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending.(另一方面，游戏开发者将心理学理论和数据结合起来，这有助于他们最大化游戏时间。智能手机和现代电子游戏机使用它们的永久互联网连接将游戏玩法数据传回给开发者。通过这种方式，游戏会不断调整产品以鼓励玩家消费)”可知，游戏开发者不但掌握游戏者心理，还实时掌握着游戏者的游戏数据，并根据这些数据对游戏进行调整，使游戏有新鲜感，使游戏者玩得停不下手，故选B项。
35.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句“The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing.(游戏行业应该意识到，在现实世界中，它存在一个问题，而且这个问题正在加剧)”，以及最后一句“Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.(无论如何，在公众的心目中与赌博放在一起，无论公平与否，都不会给这个行业带来任何好处)”可推知，作者在最后一段中向游戏业发出了警示：在现实世界中，游戏行业有着持续的问题，且人们将它与赌博业相提并论，这对这个行业发展无益，故选C项。
Passage 3
(2022·上海市复兴高级中学高三期中)We are encountering real-world examples of how AI can harm human relations. As digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri become popular, we are becoming accustomed to talking to them as though they were alive; writing in these pages last year, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses things to Google Assistant that she wouldn’t tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking to our devices about our secrets, what happens to our human marriages and friendships Designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better—but may not help us be self-reflective or think over painful truths. As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.
Besides, we will fight with some other challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to substantially reduce the exhaustion and distraction that put human drivers in danger, thus preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation. I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.
Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to remove from humans the power to make moral judgments(for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a crash is inevitable), they will also affect humans with whom they’ve had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.
Either way, we should be careful to launch new forms of AI without first taking such social spillovers—or externalities, as they’re often called—into account. We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.
32.What can be inferred about human relationships from the first paragraph
A. We will feel comfortable speaking to others online.
B. AI will lead to shallow inter-personal relationships.
C. AI will enable people to communicate more with others.
D. We will be more self-reflective in interaction thanks to AI.
33.In paragraph 2, the phrase “its decline” refers to the decline in _______.
A. drivers’ interaction with the cars
B. drivers’ exhaustion and distraction
C. our ability to cooperate with others while driving
D. our ability to deal with emergencies while driving
34.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of driverless cars
A. They may be better at making more judgments than human drivers.
B. They need to vary their speed to make contact with human drivers.
C. They may make human drivers in other cars drive more safely.
D. They need to force human drivers to concentrate in the car.
35.Which of the following is the writer most likely to agree with
A. Brake lights on the back of our car are installed mainly to warn us of danger.
B. We should figure out how new technology affects people before developing it.
C. It is hard to say why social spillovers will work in terms of self-driving cars.
D. More effort should be made to advance the hardware and software of driverless cars.
【语篇导读】这是一篇议论文。作者通过日常生活中Alexa和Siri的例子，提出自己的论点——人工智能会组织人们之间更深层次的交流。接着开始提出自己对于无人驾驶汽车的看法和担忧，并提出需要进一步提升无人驾驶汽车的软件和硬件，让它们更好、更安全地服务于人们。
32.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.(随着人工智能深入我们的生活，我们必须面对这样一种可能性，即它将阻止我们的情感和深层次的人际联系)”可知，作者认为人工智能会阻止我们和身边的人进行更深层次的联系。也就是说，人工智能会导致人与人之间的联系变得越来越肤浅、浅显，故选B项。
33.【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.(我担心，无人驾驶汽车夺走了我们锻炼这种能力的机会，可能会导致这种它的衰落)”可知，“its decline”指的是前文“this ability”的衰弱和下降。再根据前文“But what other effects might they have on people Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation.(但它们还会对人类产生什么影响呢 开车是一种非常现代的社会互动，需要高度的合作)”可知，“this ability”指的是“high levels of cooperation”，即开车时的合作能力，故选C项。
34.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.( 例如，在一辆以稳定不变速度行驶的自动驾驶汽车旁边驾驶了一段时间的司机可能会不太注意驾驶，因此，一旦他们行驶到只有人类司机占据的高速公路路段，发生事故的可能性就会增加。经验表明，与完全遵守交通法规行驶的自动驾驶汽车并排行驶实际上会提高人的表现)”可知，无人驾驶汽车能降低其他车辆中的司机出现交通事故的概率，也就是说它们能使人类驾驶员在其他车辆中更安全，故选C项。
35.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.(我们必须付出使自动驾驶汽车成为可能的硬件和软件所付出的同样努力，来管理人工智能对车外人员的潜在影响。毕竟，我们在你的车后面安装刹车灯不仅仅是，甚至主要是为了你的利益，而是为了你后面的人)”可知，作者认为对于自动驾驶汽车，我们应该努力提高它的硬件和软件，让它更加安全，故选D项。
Passage 4
(2022·湖南高三阶段练)As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm
Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.
Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic(变异的)capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public- and now personal- realm, rather than on generating new value.
Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.
If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment.
It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal. The exercise is simple but important, since it brings these costs out of the realm of speculation into the realm of meaningful discussion.
Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home.
What does this mean for offices in cities One of two things may happen: Employers pass these costs onto employees. This would be a form of expropriation(侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer. This represents a considerable transfer of value from employees to employers.
When employees are properly compensated, employers’ real estate savings will be modest. If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization(适应环境)of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.
32.What does the author say about working from home
A. It will become the norm sooner or later.
B. It requires employees to adapt promptly.
C. It benefits employers at the expense of employees.
D. It will force cities to transform their infrastructure.
33.Why do some people oppose working from home
A. It discourages team spirit. B. It undermines traditional values.
C. It invades employees’ privacy. D. It negatively impacts productivity.
34.Why did the author run the estimates for Montreal
A. To provide convincing data for serious discussion.
B. To illustrate the ongoing change in working patterns.
C. To show the impact of remote working on productivity.
D. To exemplify how remote working affects the economy.
35.What is the author’s opinion on working from home
A. It should be avoided if possible. B. It is only a temporary measure.
C. It can reduce companies’ real estate costs. D. It may affect employees’ corporate loyalty.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是如果在家办公成为常态，谁会受益。
32.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.(雇主们辩称，当员工从办公室转移到家庭工作时，他们可以在房地产方面节省相当多的资金。然而，这些节省来自于将成本转嫁给工人)”可知，在家工作以牺牲员工的利益为代价让雇主受益，故选C。
33.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.(尽管雇主们得到了远程工作倡导者的一致支持，但也有人指出了远程工作带来的孤独感、生产力下降和效率低下)”可知，有些人反对在家工作是因为这会对生产力产生负面影响，故选D。
34.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第四段的“It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal.(这还意味着要有专门用于工作的私人空间：这些空间必须有暖气、清洁、维护和费用。这取决于很多因素，但为了说明，我对蒙特利尔进行了一些估算)”可知，作者要对蒙特利尔进行估算是为了为严肃的讨论提供有说服力的数据，故选A。
35.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.(如果节省的成本不多，那么在办公室工作的许多优势——比如活跃的氛围、快速的沟通、团队建设和新员工的适应能力——将鼓励雇主搁置远程工作的想法，并像2013年的雅虎一样，鼓励员工大部分时间在公司办公空间工作)”可知，作者对在家工作的看法是如果可能的话，应该避免这样做，故选A。重难点01-5阅读理解之议论文-2023年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练
(新高考专用)
新高考阅读理解两年(2021-2022)之体裁和主题内容统计
年份 语篇 卷别 体裁 主题内容
2022新高考卷 A篇 I卷 应用文 文学概论课程评分办法
II卷 应用文 儿童博物馆团体游
B篇 I卷 说明文 以实际行动减少食物浪费
II卷 记叙文 新型阅读体验
C篇 I卷 新闻报道 养鸡提升老年人幸福感
II卷 说明文 使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司机在开车
D篇 I卷 说明文 饮食变化带来发音变化
II卷 说明文 锻炼对于心脏的好处
2021新高考卷
A篇
I卷 应用文 罗马的四个旅馆
II卷 应用文 约克郡的四个活动
B篇
I卷 记叙文 介绍钢琴翻页的职业
II卷 记叙文 作者照顾老虎
C篇
I卷 说明文 湿地破坏，保护环境
II卷 记叙文 捐资助学
D篇
I卷 说明文 情商是品质还是技能
II卷 说明文 机器人监测牧牛的健康状况
两年阅读理解考得最多的文体是“说明文”，其次为“记叙文”，再次为“应用文”，而“议论文”则没有涉及。在“三新(新课标新教材新高考)”背景下，2023年是否要考“议论文”体裁的阅读理解，我们将拭目以待。不过，新高考两年未考，不等于将来不考。本着“未雨绸缪、有备无患”的精神，对于议论文的阅读理解解题我们还是要予以关注的。
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事情进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点明确且正确，论据充分，论证合乎逻辑，结构层次清晰。议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科。
议论文，有论点，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或前瞻性的观点。该类文章逻辑性非常强，命题人往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者想表达的意图等方面着手，考查考生的批判性思维和辩证思维的能力。
议论文常见的设题方式四种题型都有可能涉及到。主旨大意题主要考查考生对议论文全篇思想内容的理解；细节理解题虽然可以通过直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意选项中与文章的细微差别，避免扩大、缩小乃至于误读作者的本意；推理判断题和作者观点态度题的解答一般是建立在对议论文中心立场的基本把握上，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想内涵以及篇章结构。
一、抓论点，找论据
议论文体裁的阅读理解主要考查考生对论点及论据的把握。因此在解题时，考生应该抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章的首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后得出结论。考生还应该注意的是：作者在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句通常都是该段的主题句(也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾)。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。
二、析结构，理脉络
借助下列两个“了解”分析文章结构，以便厘清文章脉络。
1.了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)；
2.了解文章的论证结构和方法。从论证结构上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Put forward a question →Analyze the question→Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题(或得出结论)”的结构；Argument/Idea→ Evidence→Conclusion/Restating the idea即“论点、论据、结论/强调论点”的结构。从论证方法上讲，常用的论证方法有：归纳，即通过分析个别事物，寻找共同点，再得出结论；并列，即几个论据之间是平等的关系；递进，即几个论据之间是递进的关系；对照，即把两种事物加以对比，分析、说明，得出结论；驳论，即阐述别人的错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点。
三、细揣摩，善推理
体会文章语言特点，仔细揣摩作者写作态度，善于进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，考生应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体会。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
【经典考例1】(引用原题号，以下同)
(2021·全国高考甲卷D篇)Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12.What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club
A. They’re unfair. B. They’re conservative.
C. They’re objective. D. They’re strict.
13.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors’ concepts. D. Changes in people’s social positions.
15.What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【经典考例2】
(2020·天津卷D篇)After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51.In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to _______.
A. propose a definition B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion D. present an argument
52.What does the example of Galileo tell us
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority. D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent
A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion.
54.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55.What could be the best tile or the passage
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement D. Never Too Late to Learn
(题目序号高考真题用原序号，其余仿新高考阅读理解D篇)
每篇答题时间不超过8分钟
Passage 1
(2022·北京卷D篇)Quantum(量子)computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype(炒作)that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin(幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
31.Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels _______.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32.What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34.Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
Passage 2
(2022·吉林省吉林市模拟预测)No business would welcome being compared to gambling(赌博). Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disorder”— in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm—gained recognition from the World Health Organization(WHO).
Are games really addictive Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.
However, supporters argue that games developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive. For one thing, the business-model has changed. In the old days games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to revenue(收益). For another, games-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos(赌场).
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, whether it is fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.
32.What do we know from Paragraph 1
A. It is not suitable to compare video games to gambling.
B. Parents complain about their children’s addiction to gambling.
C. More doctors are against the use of the term “addicted”.
D. Gaming addiction was officially recognized as a disease.
33.What does the underlined words “moral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.
B. Trouble caused by someone’s immoral behavior.
C. Social progress caused by science and technology.
D. Panic due to the gap between the rich and the poor.
34.What do games developers do to make games attractive
A. They don’t charge players for in-game goods.
B. They adjust products based on received data.
C. They keep players’ video game machines updated.
D. They reward big spenders with a unique title.
35.In the last paragraph, the author aims to _______.
A. offer a suggestion B. make a prediction C. give a warning D. put forward a solution
Passage 3
(2022·上海市复兴高级中学高三期中)We are encountering real-world examples of how AI can harm human relations. As digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri become popular, we are becoming accustomed to talking to them as though they were alive; writing in these pages last year, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses things to Google Assistant that she wouldn’t tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking to our devices about our secrets, what happens to our human marriages and friendships Designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better—but may not help us be self-reflective or think over painful truths. As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.
Besides, we will fight with some other challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to substantially reduce the exhaustion and distraction that put human drivers in danger, thus preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation. I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.
Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to remove from humans the power to make moral judgments(for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a crash is inevitable), they will also affect humans with whom they’ve had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.
Either way, we should be careful to launch new forms of AI without first taking such social spillovers—or externalities, as they’re often called—into account. We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.
32.What can be inferred about human relationships from the first paragraph
A. We will feel comfortable speaking to others online.
B. AI will lead to shallow inter-personal relationships.
C. AI will enable people to communicate more with others.
D. We will be more self-reflective in interaction thanks to AI.
33.In paragraph 2, the phrase “its decline” refers to the decline in _______.
A. drivers’ interaction with the cars
B. drivers’ exhaustion and distraction
C. our ability to cooperate with others while driving
D. our ability to deal with emergencies while driving
34.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of driverless cars
A. They may be better at making more judgments than human drivers.
B. They need to vary their speed to make contact with human drivers.
C. They may make human drivers in other cars drive more safely.
D. They need to force human drivers to concentrate in the car.
35.Which of the following is the writer most likely to agree with
A. Brake lights on the back of our car are installed mainly to warn us of danger.
B. We should figure out how new technology affects people before developing it.
C. It is hard to say why social spillovers will work in terms of self-driving cars.
D. More effort should be made to advance the hardware and software of driverless cars.
Passage 4
(2022·湖南高三阶段练)As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm
Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.
Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic(变异的)capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public- and now personal- realm, rather than on generating new value.
Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.
If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment.
It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal. The exercise is simple but important, since it brings these costs out of the realm of speculation into the realm of meaningful discussion.
Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home.
What does this mean for offices in cities One of two things may happen: Employers pass these costs onto employees. This would be a form of expropriation(侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer. This represents a considerable transfer of value from employees to employers.
When employees are properly compensated, employers’ real estate savings will be modest. If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization(适应环境)of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.
32.What does the author say about working from home
A. It will become the norm sooner or later.
B. It requires employees to adapt promptly.
C. It benefits employers at the expense of employees.
D. It will force cities to transform their infrastructure.
33.Why do some people oppose working from home
A. It discourages team spirit. B. It undermines traditional values.
C. It invades employees’ privacy. D. It negatively impacts productivity.
34.Why did the author run the estimates for Montreal
A. To provide convincing data for serious discussion.
B. To illustrate the ongoing change in working patterns.
C. To show the impact of remote working on productivity.
D. To exemplify how remote working affects the economy.
35.What is the author’s opinion on working from home
A. It should be avoided if possible. B. It is only a temporary measure.
C. It can reduce companies’ real estate costs. D. It may affect employees’ corporate loyalty.
