【二轮精品】2014届高考英语《阅读理解》复习方案二轮权威课件（广东省专用，专题导读+真题典例+新题预测）：考情分析（含解析，含2013高考真题）
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| 名称 | 【二轮精品】2014届高考英语《阅读理解》复习方案二轮权威课件（广东省专用，专题导读+真题典例+新题预测）：考情分析（含解析，含2013高考真题） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2014-01-01 15:18:30 | ||
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课件67张PPT。广东省专用课件编辑说明 本课件是由精确校对的word书稿制作的“逐字编辑”课件，如需要修改课件，请双击对应内容，进入可编辑状态。
如果有的公式双击后无法进入可编辑状态，请单击选中此公式，点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可进入编辑状态。修改后再点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可退出编辑状态。专题八 人物型阅读理解
专题九 故事型阅读理解
专题十 时闻型阅读理解
专题十一 广告型阅读理解
专题十二 文化教育型阅读理解
目 录
第三模块 阅读理解与信息匹配 专题十三 史地自然型阅读理解
专题十四 社会生活型阅读理解
专题十五 科普知识型阅读理解
专题十六 阅读理解之信息匹配 返回目录 考情分析【考纲解读】
“侧重提高阅读能力”是高中英语教学大纲的明确规定。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素，还涉及非语言因素，即阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。返回目录 考情分析近三年信息匹配的主要目的是：考查考生通过快速阅读， 获取信息和处理信息的能力。
高考信息匹配题可能涉及的内容有：
(1)与人们的日常生活相关的信息，如求职、招聘、购物、餐饮、食品、电脑配置、手机选择、购车、购房等；
(2)与人们的休闲娱乐相关的信息，如旅游度假、电视频道的选择、电影信息、娱乐明星、运动健身等；
(3)与人们获取知识相关的信息，如网站搜索、选择适当的课程、大学专业的选择、各类书籍的选择等。返回目录 考情分析【命题透视】
以下是广东省近3年高考自主命题阅读理解部分的特点及对照：返回目录 考情分析返回目录 考情分析返回目录 考情分析返回目录 题型探究阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面：
(1)读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节(包括根据上下文推断生词的词义);
(2)既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；
(3)既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；
(4)既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；
(5)既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。返回目录 题型探究根据这五项要求，可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型：
? 探究一 细节理解型
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。返回目录 题型探究细节理解题主要的设题方式有：
(1) Which of the following statements is TRUE (NOT true)?
(2) Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage?
(3) What is the reason that…？
(4) What do we know about…？
(5) How did the people know the couple's problem?
(6) Why was the bike so important to the couple?返回目录 题型探究例1 [2013·北京卷]
Multitasking
People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluations by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can't focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.
返回目录 题型探究Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or impulsive (冲动) they were. They then evaluated the participants' multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to返回目录 题型探究report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behaviour, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it's going to lead to greater productivity, but because they're distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important，” Sanbonmatsu said.返回目录 题型探究Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn't find out whether people who start out less focused tend towards multitasking or whether people's recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seekers who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations，” said Paul返回目录 题型探究Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they're dangerous.”返回目录 题型探究67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask ________．
A．seek high productivity constantly
B．prefer handling different things when getting bored
C．are more focused when doing many things at a time
D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time返回目录 题型探究 68．When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they ________．
A．assessed the multitasking ability of the students
B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students
C．analyzed the effects of the participants' tricky mental tasks
D．measured the changes of the students' understanding ability返回目录 题型探究69．According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their ________．
A．limited power in calculation
B．interests in doing things differently
C．inability to concentrate on one task
D．impulsive desire to try new things返回目录 题型探究70．From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually ________．
A．drive very skillfully
B．go in for difficult tasks
C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers
D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behaviour返回目录 题型探究【要点综述】 这是一篇科普议论文，主要论证同时处理多重任务这一心理现象。犹太大学研究者发现，同时处理多重任务并不是出于提高生产率的目的，而是当事人容易分心而不能专心于所做的事情上。尽管来自加州大学的研究者提出了不同的看法，但确实证明同时处理多重任务者对于危险境地确实不太敏感。
67．D 细节理解题。根据第一段“…‘those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，’…”可知选D。返回目录 题型探究68．A 细节理解题。根据第二段“They then evaluated the participants‘ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task…”可知评估的是参与者的同时处理多重任务的能力。
69．C 细节理解题。根据第四段“…but because they‘re distractible…”可知，人们同时处理多重任务是因为他们容易分心，而不是高效。distractible “容易分心的，不专心的”，C项是对它的同义转换。
70．C 细节理解题。从最后一段“…are generally less sensitive to risky situations…”可知，同时处理多重任务者对于潜在危险不能及时做出反应。返回目录 题型探究? 探究二 主旨大意型
每篇文章都会有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。
主旨大意主要的设题方式有：
(1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?
(2)The best headline for this newspaper article is ________．
(3)What is the topic of the text?
(4)The text is mainly about ________．
返回目录 题型探究(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)What would be the best title for the text?返回目录 题型探究例2 [2013·安徽卷节选]
Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less usable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
返回目录 题型探究Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺). Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall，but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too. In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.返回目录 题型探究You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.返回目录 题型探究63. The text is mainly about ________．
A．why paving roads reduces our water
B．how much we depend on water to live
C．why droughts occur more in dry climates
D．how human activity affects our water supply[解析] D 主旨大意题。根据题干中的关键词mainly about定位到全文的内容。文章第一段讲的是“铺设马路、停车场会导致地下水减少”，后三段讲述了“为了满足我们的用水需求，我们能做些什么”。所有这些讲的都是人类活动对地球水资源供给的影响。故选D。返回目录 题型探究例3 [2013·浙江卷节选]
A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people's attention. 返回目录 题型探究A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world. 返回目录 题型探究45．The last two paragraphs are mainly about________.
A．the history of advertising
B．the benefits of advertising
C．the early forms of advertising
D．the basic design of advertising[解析] C 段落大意题。从“A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message.”和“A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily.”知，最后两段主要讨论了古代商业广告的模式，所以选C项。返回目录 题型探究? 探究三 词义猜测型
历年高考都把词义猜测作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义进行猜测，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义进行猜测，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的猜测。返回目录 题型探究词义猜测题主要的设题方式有：
(1)The underlined words “took off” in Paragraph 2 mean “________”．
(2)What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?
(3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that “________”．
(4)Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph? 返回目录 题型探究(5)The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (Paragraph 6) most probably means “________”．
(6)By saying “We need them yesterday” (Paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots ________．返回目录 题型探究例4 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_ husband．
The underlined words “henpecked husband” probably mean a man who ________．
A．likes hunting B．is afraid of hens
C．loves his wife D．is afraid of his wife [解析] D 由上文信息“他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选择 D 项。返回目录 题型探究? 探究四 推理判断型
推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之音”。返回目录 题型探究推理判断题主要的设题方式有：
(1)It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(2)It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(3)It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(4)It implies that…
(5)Where would you most probably find this passage?
(6)What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?返回目录 题型探究例5 [2013·陕西卷]
About 30 years ago, I left Cuba for the United States with my son. After getting settled finally in Brunswick, New Jersey, I enrolled(注册) my son in kindergarten. Several weeks later, my son's teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher's office, an exchange of greetings was followed by his questions：“Is your son mentally retarded(弱智的)? Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability？”返回目录 题型探究Was he talking about my wonderful Scola ? No, no, it can't be. What a helpless, lonely moment! I told him that Scola was a quiet, sweet little boy, instead. I asked him why he was asking me all these questions.
My son could not follow the teacher's directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class. Didn't he know my son did not speak English yet?
He was angry：“Why hasn't your son been taught to speak English? Don't you speak English at home？”返回目录 题型探究No, I didn't speak English at home, I replied. I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months, and I didn't want him to forget his native language. Well, wrong answer! What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all times? “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country, never wanting to be a part of this society？”返回目录 题型探究Needless to say, I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people”. Then he told me the meeting was over, and I left.
As I had expected, my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over. He went on to graduate from college and got a job, earning close to six figures. He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted, contented life. And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的)．返回目录 题型探究Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others; it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.返回目录 题型探究57．The teacher asked the author to his office ________．
A．to discuss Scola's in-class performance
B．to get Scola enrolled in kindergarten
C．to find a language partner for Scola
D．to work out a study plan for Scola
58．What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Breaking B．Following.
C．Attending D．Disturbing.返回目录 题型探究59．The author's attitude towards being bilingual may best be described as ________．
A．critical B．casual
C．positive D．passive
60．This text is likely to be selected from a book of________．
A．medicine B．education
C．geography D．history返回目录题型探究【要点综述】 本文作者通过叙述自己儿子学习语言的过程和他最后的成功经历，说明了“双语”学习的重要性。
57．A 推理判断题。根据第二和第四段内容可知，学校老师让作者去学校的目的是为了探讨作者的儿子在学校的表现，选A。
58．D 词义猜测题。disrupting所在句子的意思是：他告诉“我”，“我”儿子经常不按老师的指令做，他经常干扰课堂。由此可知此处该词的意思是“干扰”，选D。返回目录题型探究59．C 推理判断题。通读最后一段可知作者对于“双语”学习持积极、肯定的态度，选C。
60．B 推理判断题。本文探讨的是关于孩子的教育问题，由此可以推断出本文选自教育类书刊，选B。返回目录 题型探究? 探究五 篇章结构型
最近两年，篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，已经成为了一种新颖而独立的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力； 考查考生对后文内容的预测能力； 考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。返回目录 题型探究篇章结构题主要的设题方式有：
(1)How is the passage organized?
(2)Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
(3)What will the author most probably talk about next?
(4)The author develops the passage mainly by ________．
(5)The first paragraph serves as a(n) ________．
(6)The example of…is given to show/illustrate that________．返回目录 题型探究例6 [2013·重庆卷节选]
In the mid-1700s，a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong，lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time，metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being，followed by the pneumatic tyre (充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路)．As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
返回目录 题型探究66．How is the last paragraph mainly developed?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following time order.
D．By making classifications.[解析] C 考查段落的组织方法。本文介绍轮子的演变历史。在写作手法上，该段看似举例，但这些例子均是按时间由远及近而叙述的，所以是按照时间顺序来组织文段的。故C项正确。返回目录 题型探究例7 [2013·重庆卷节选]
It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean，but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.It is filled with symbiotic existences，too; unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of sub-ocean vitality.And it has a返回目录 题型探究psychology.It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.返回目录 题型探究 71．In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to ________．
A．a beautiful and poetic place
B．a flesh and blood person
C．a wonderful world
D．a lovely animal[解析] B 写作方法题。该文通过诗词和拟人化的描写把大西洋比作有血有肉的人。 返回目录 应试点睛要想顺利完成高考英语阅读理解部分，学生必须具备《高中英语新课程标准》规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复习中，应该注意以下几点：返回目录 应试点睛一、 速读全文，了解大意知主题
阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60个词。考生必须在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic sentence)，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文，而速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这样就可以大致把握文章大意了。许多文章在第返回目录 应试点睛一段提出问题，中间段落进行分析、例证，在最后一段归纳结论，所以每段第一句话往往是主题句。抓主题句，是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。返回目录 应试点睛二、详读细节，理顺思路与脉络
文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事； 论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。考生可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。返回目录 应试点睛三、抓住主干，化解难句捕信息
要实现快速准确理解文章大意的目标，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型时才能够从容应对。比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童)，I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field返回目录 题型探究and is able to nurture talent.只要我们抓住了“element is society”就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。返回目录 应试点睛四、规律技巧，轻松应考走捷径
通过分析研究阅读理解历届考题，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨题、细节题、逻辑题、观点态度题、词义题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点规律及对应题型归纳如下： 返回目录 应试点睛1. 举例子、比喻处常考
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但偏倾于“推断性”题型。返回目录 应试点睛2. 引用人物论断处常考
作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。多以“推理性”题型出现，有时也出“细节事实性”题型。
3. 转折处与强对比处常考
一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词或短语来引导。强对比常由unlike, until, not so much…as等词或短语来引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X属性，但乙与甲不同，问乙有何属性？此类考点常出现在逻辑推理题型中，少数出现于其他题型中。返回目录 应试点睛4. 复杂句式处常考
复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系、文章段落之间关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。
5. 因果句处常考
命题者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在因果关系的试题，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一般以“推理性”题型和主旨大意题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词(组)有because, since, for，as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。返回目录 应试点睛6. 特殊标点符号处常考
具体来说，特殊标点符号包括：(1)破折号(表解释); (2)括号(表解释); (3)冒号(表解释); (4)引号(表引用)。题型一般有推理判断题、主旨大意题、细节事实题等。
7. 段首、段尾句处常考
在短文中，第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处； 有时某一段的段首或段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意题型。返回目录 应试点睛8. 最高级与绝对性词汇处常考
文中若出现must，all，only，anyone，always，never等绝对性词汇，或形容词、副词的最高级形式，那么它往往是考点，一般出“细节事实性”题型。因为这些地方概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。命题人以此为考点，可保证命题绝对正确。
以上分析基本上概括了历届考试中阅读理解题常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这些考点常出现的地方做些记号，这些做记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方，然后对照后面的题目，一一找到相返回目录 应试点睛对应的考点，再仔细分析、做题。这样就避免了“做一题，看一下整个段落，甚至全文”这一做法，从而节省了时间。
如果有的公式双击后无法进入可编辑状态，请单击选中此公式，点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可进入编辑状态。修改后再点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可退出编辑状态。专题八 人物型阅读理解
专题九 故事型阅读理解
专题十 时闻型阅读理解
专题十一 广告型阅读理解
专题十二 文化教育型阅读理解
目 录
第三模块 阅读理解与信息匹配 专题十三 史地自然型阅读理解
专题十四 社会生活型阅读理解
专题十五 科普知识型阅读理解
专题十六 阅读理解之信息匹配 返回目录 考情分析【考纲解读】
“侧重提高阅读能力”是高中英语教学大纲的明确规定。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素，还涉及非语言因素，即阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。返回目录 考情分析近三年信息匹配的主要目的是：考查考生通过快速阅读， 获取信息和处理信息的能力。
高考信息匹配题可能涉及的内容有：
(1)与人们的日常生活相关的信息，如求职、招聘、购物、餐饮、食品、电脑配置、手机选择、购车、购房等；
(2)与人们的休闲娱乐相关的信息，如旅游度假、电视频道的选择、电影信息、娱乐明星、运动健身等；
(3)与人们获取知识相关的信息，如网站搜索、选择适当的课程、大学专业的选择、各类书籍的选择等。返回目录 考情分析【命题透视】
以下是广东省近3年高考自主命题阅读理解部分的特点及对照：返回目录 考情分析返回目录 考情分析返回目录 考情分析返回目录 题型探究阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面：
(1)读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节(包括根据上下文推断生词的词义);
(2)既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；
(3)既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；
(4)既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；
(5)既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。返回目录 题型探究根据这五项要求，可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型：
? 探究一 细节理解型
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。返回目录 题型探究细节理解题主要的设题方式有：
(1) Which of the following statements is TRUE (NOT true)?
(2) Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage?
(3) What is the reason that…？
(4) What do we know about…？
(5) How did the people know the couple's problem?
(6) Why was the bike so important to the couple?返回目录 题型探究例1 [2013·北京卷]
Multitasking
People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluations by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can't focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，” said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.
返回目录 题型探究Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked, how good they thought they were at it, and how sensation-seeking (寻求刺激) or impulsive (冲动) they were. They then evaluated the participants' multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.
Not surprisingly, the scientists said, most people thought they were better than average at multitasking, and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to返回目录 题型探究report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensation-seeking and impulsive behaviour, which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.
“People multitask not because it's going to lead to greater productivity, but because they're distractible, and they get sucked into things that are not as important，” Sanbonmatsu said.返回目录 题型探究Adam Gazzaley, a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not a member of the research group, said one limitation of the study was that it couldn't find out whether people who start out less focused tend towards multitasking or whether people's recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.
The findings do suggest, however, why the sensation-seekers who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations，” said Paul返回目录 题型探究Atchley, another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though they're dangerous.”返回目录 题型探究67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask ________．
A．seek high productivity constantly
B．prefer handling different things when getting bored
C．are more focused when doing many things at a time
D．have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time返回目录 题型探究 68．When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research, they ________．
A．assessed the multitasking ability of the students
B．evaluated the academic achievements of the students
C．analyzed the effects of the participants' tricky mental tasks
D．measured the changes of the students' understanding ability返回目录 题型探究69．According to Sanbonmatsu, people multitask because of their ________．
A．limited power in calculation
B．interests in doing things differently
C．inability to concentrate on one task
D．impulsive desire to try new things返回目录 题型探究70．From the last paragraph, we can learn that multitaskers usually ________．
A．drive very skillfully
B．go in for difficult tasks
C．fail to react quickly to potential dangers
D．refuse to explain the reasons for their behaviour返回目录 题型探究【要点综述】 这是一篇科普议论文，主要论证同时处理多重任务这一心理现象。犹太大学研究者发现，同时处理多重任务并不是出于提高生产率的目的，而是当事人容易分心而不能专心于所做的事情上。尽管来自加州大学的研究者提出了不同的看法，但确实证明同时处理多重任务者对于危险境地确实不太敏感。
67．D 细节理解题。根据第一段“…‘those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，’…”可知选D。返回目录 题型探究68．A 细节理解题。根据第二段“They then evaluated the participants‘ multitasking ability with a tricky mental task…”可知评估的是参与者的同时处理多重任务的能力。
69．C 细节理解题。根据第四段“…but because they‘re distractible…”可知，人们同时处理多重任务是因为他们容易分心，而不是高效。distractible “容易分心的，不专心的”，C项是对它的同义转换。
70．C 细节理解题。从最后一段“…are generally less sensitive to risky situations…”可知，同时处理多重任务者对于潜在危险不能及时做出反应。返回目录 题型探究? 探究二 主旨大意型
每篇文章都会有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。
主旨大意主要的设题方式有：
(1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?
(2)The best headline for this newspaper article is ________．
(3)What is the topic of the text?
(4)The text is mainly about ________．
返回目录 题型探究(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)What would be the best title for the text?返回目录 题型探究例2 [2013·安徽卷节选]
Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less usable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
返回目录 题型探究Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺). Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall，but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too. In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.返回目录 题型探究You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.返回目录 题型探究63. The text is mainly about ________．
A．why paving roads reduces our water
B．how much we depend on water to live
C．why droughts occur more in dry climates
D．how human activity affects our water supply[解析] D 主旨大意题。根据题干中的关键词mainly about定位到全文的内容。文章第一段讲的是“铺设马路、停车场会导致地下水减少”，后三段讲述了“为了满足我们的用水需求，我们能做些什么”。所有这些讲的都是人类活动对地球水资源供给的影响。故选D。返回目录 题型探究例3 [2013·浙江卷节选]
A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people's attention. 返回目录 题型探究A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world. 返回目录 题型探究45．The last two paragraphs are mainly about________.
A．the history of advertising
B．the benefits of advertising
C．the early forms of advertising
D．the basic design of advertising[解析] C 段落大意题。从“A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message.”和“A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily.”知，最后两段主要讨论了古代商业广告的模式，所以选C项。返回目录 题型探究? 探究三 词义猜测型
历年高考都把词义猜测作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义进行猜测，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义进行猜测，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的猜测。返回目录 题型探究词义猜测题主要的设题方式有：
(1)The underlined words “took off” in Paragraph 2 mean “________”．
(2)What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?
(3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that “________”．
(4)Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph? 返回目录 题型探究(5)The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (Paragraph 6) most probably means “________”．
(6)By saying “We need them yesterday” (Paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots ________．返回目录 题型探究例4 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_ husband．
The underlined words “henpecked husband” probably mean a man who ________．
A．likes hunting B．is afraid of hens
C．loves his wife D．is afraid of his wife [解析] D 由上文信息“他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选择 D 项。返回目录 题型探究? 探究四 推理判断型
推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之音”。返回目录 题型探究推理判断题主要的设题方式有：
(1)It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(2)It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(3)It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…
(4)It implies that…
(5)Where would you most probably find this passage?
(6)What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?返回目录 题型探究例5 [2013·陕西卷]
About 30 years ago, I left Cuba for the United States with my son. After getting settled finally in Brunswick, New Jersey, I enrolled(注册) my son in kindergarten. Several weeks later, my son's teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher's office, an exchange of greetings was followed by his questions：“Is your son mentally retarded(弱智的)? Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability？”返回目录 题型探究Was he talking about my wonderful Scola ? No, no, it can't be. What a helpless, lonely moment! I told him that Scola was a quiet, sweet little boy, instead. I asked him why he was asking me all these questions.
My son could not follow the teacher's directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class. Didn't he know my son did not speak English yet?
He was angry：“Why hasn't your son been taught to speak English? Don't you speak English at home？”返回目录 题型探究No, I didn't speak English at home, I replied. I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months, and I didn't want him to forget his native language. Well, wrong answer! What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all times? “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country, never wanting to be a part of this society？”返回目录 题型探究Needless to say, I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people”. Then he told me the meeting was over, and I left.
As I had expected, my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over. He went on to graduate from college and got a job, earning close to six figures. He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted, contented life. And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的)．返回目录 题型探究Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others; it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.返回目录 题型探究57．The teacher asked the author to his office ________．
A．to discuss Scola's in-class performance
B．to get Scola enrolled in kindergarten
C．to find a language partner for Scola
D．to work out a study plan for Scola
58．What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Breaking B．Following.
C．Attending D．Disturbing.返回目录 题型探究59．The author's attitude towards being bilingual may best be described as ________．
A．critical B．casual
C．positive D．passive
60．This text is likely to be selected from a book of________．
A．medicine B．education
C．geography D．history返回目录题型探究【要点综述】 本文作者通过叙述自己儿子学习语言的过程和他最后的成功经历，说明了“双语”学习的重要性。
57．A 推理判断题。根据第二和第四段内容可知，学校老师让作者去学校的目的是为了探讨作者的儿子在学校的表现，选A。
58．D 词义猜测题。disrupting所在句子的意思是：他告诉“我”，“我”儿子经常不按老师的指令做，他经常干扰课堂。由此可知此处该词的意思是“干扰”，选D。返回目录题型探究59．C 推理判断题。通读最后一段可知作者对于“双语”学习持积极、肯定的态度，选C。
60．B 推理判断题。本文探讨的是关于孩子的教育问题，由此可以推断出本文选自教育类书刊，选B。返回目录 题型探究? 探究五 篇章结构型
最近两年，篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，已经成为了一种新颖而独立的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力； 考查考生对后文内容的预测能力； 考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。返回目录 题型探究篇章结构题主要的设题方式有：
(1)How is the passage organized?
(2)Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
(3)What will the author most probably talk about next?
(4)The author develops the passage mainly by ________．
(5)The first paragraph serves as a(n) ________．
(6)The example of…is given to show/illustrate that________．返回目录 题型探究例6 [2013·重庆卷节选]
In the mid-1700s，a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong，lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time，metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being，followed by the pneumatic tyre (充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路)．As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
返回目录 题型探究66．How is the last paragraph mainly developed?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following time order.
D．By making classifications.[解析] C 考查段落的组织方法。本文介绍轮子的演变历史。在写作手法上，该段看似举例，但这些例子均是按时间由远及近而叙述的，所以是按照时间顺序来组织文段的。故C项正确。返回目录 题型探究例7 [2013·重庆卷节选]
It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean，but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.It is filled with symbiotic existences，too; unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of sub-ocean vitality.And it has a返回目录 题型探究psychology.It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.返回目录 题型探究 71．In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to ________．
A．a beautiful and poetic place
B．a flesh and blood person
C．a wonderful world
D．a lovely animal[解析] B 写作方法题。该文通过诗词和拟人化的描写把大西洋比作有血有肉的人。 返回目录 应试点睛要想顺利完成高考英语阅读理解部分，学生必须具备《高中英语新课程标准》规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复习中，应该注意以下几点：返回目录 应试点睛一、 速读全文，了解大意知主题
阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60个词。考生必须在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic sentence)，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没有必要研读全文，而速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这样就可以大致把握文章大意了。许多文章在第返回目录 应试点睛一段提出问题，中间段落进行分析、例证，在最后一段归纳结论，所以每段第一句话往往是主题句。抓主题句，是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。返回目录 应试点睛二、详读细节，理顺思路与脉络
文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事； 论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。考生可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。返回目录 应试点睛三、抓住主干，化解难句捕信息
要实现快速准确理解文章大意的目标，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型时才能够从容应对。比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童)，I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field返回目录 题型探究and is able to nurture talent.只要我们抓住了“element is society”就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。返回目录 应试点睛四、规律技巧，轻松应考走捷径
通过分析研究阅读理解历届考题，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨题、细节题、逻辑题、观点态度题、词义题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点规律及对应题型归纳如下： 返回目录 应试点睛1. 举例子、比喻处常考
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但偏倾于“推断性”题型。返回目录 应试点睛2. 引用人物论断处常考
作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。多以“推理性”题型出现，有时也出“细节事实性”题型。
3. 转折处与强对比处常考
一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词或短语来引导。强对比常由unlike, until, not so much…as等词或短语来引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X属性，但乙与甲不同，问乙有何属性？此类考点常出现在逻辑推理题型中，少数出现于其他题型中。返回目录 应试点睛4. 复杂句式处常考
复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系、文章段落之间关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。
5. 因果句处常考
命题者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在因果关系的试题，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一般以“推理性”题型和主旨大意题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词(组)有because, since, for，as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。返回目录 应试点睛6. 特殊标点符号处常考
具体来说，特殊标点符号包括：(1)破折号(表解释); (2)括号(表解释); (3)冒号(表解释); (4)引号(表引用)。题型一般有推理判断题、主旨大意题、细节事实题等。
7. 段首、段尾句处常考
在短文中，第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处； 有时某一段的段首或段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意题型。返回目录 应试点睛8. 最高级与绝对性词汇处常考
文中若出现must，all，only，anyone，always，never等绝对性词汇，或形容词、副词的最高级形式，那么它往往是考点，一般出“细节事实性”题型。因为这些地方概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。命题人以此为考点，可保证命题绝对正确。
以上分析基本上概括了历届考试中阅读理解题常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这些考点常出现的地方做些记号，这些做记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方，然后对照后面的题目，一一找到相返回目录 应试点睛对应的考点，再仔细分析、做题。这样就避免了“做一题，看一下整个段落，甚至全文”这一做法，从而节省了时间。