2023届高考英语二轮复习：名词性从句和定语从句对比学案（含答案）

一 总体分类
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句以及there be句型
定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
状语从句
分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。
二．名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句（that, whether, if 在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用 ）
1．主语从句
在主句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它位于主句的谓语动词之前。但实际使用中常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到主句之后。例如：
Who will go makes no difference.
It makes no difference who will go.
That she was able to come made us very happy.
It made us happy that she was able to come.
注意：由what, whoever, whatever, whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。
2．表语从句
位于主句中系动词之后，在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。例如：
One advantage of living in the country is that one can get close to nature.
His mother was ill and he had to look after her. That was why he was late.
表语从句常见于be动词之后，有时见于look之后；引导表语从句的连接词除前面所列的常用词之外，还可由because, as if/though引出。例如：
He was late. That was because he had to look after his sick mother.
(=The reason was that he had to look after his sick mother.)
It looks as if/though it is going to rain.
They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.
3．宾语从句
在主句中位于及物动词之后或少数介词之后、充当主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句中的that通常可以省略。例如：
I doubt whether/if he will be against the idea.
She will write a book on how young mother should raise their babies.
I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.
当及物动词后跟两个(或两个以上)的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省去，后面从句中的that通常不省去。如：
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
跟在一些表示情感意义的形容词（如afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed等）或确信意义的形容词（如certain, sure 等）后的从句通常也被当作宾语从句对待，其中that也可以省略。例如：
I’m not sure whether/if I can pass the exam successfully.
如果主句的谓语是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等常带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，其结构通常是“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。例如：
He thought it a pity that he missed the film.
We find it necessary that we (should) practise spoken English every day.
4．同位语从句
跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系，引导同位语从句最常用的是that，that在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。例如：
We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.
I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.
They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.
that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.
The suggestion (that/which) he raised at the meeting is very good.
对比发现上句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；下句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词raised的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，又因其在定语从句中充当宾语，故又可省略。
名词性从句难点把握 ：
1．名词性从句中的what和that
what和that的选用一直是学生学习的一个难点，正确选择的关键是看该从句结构是否相对完整、是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分而定。例如：
he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.
he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present.
The problem is we should do to protect the earth.
The fact is we should do something to protect the earth.
比较上面两组句子，不难发现，what在句中不仅引导从句，同时它本身在从句还充当了宾语的作用；没有了what，从句结构就不完整；而that只起引导从句的作用，本身在从句中不充当任何成分，that引导的是一个结构相对完整的陈述句。
2．名词性从句中的whether和if
在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中遇“是否”句用whether引导而不用if；在宾语从句中whether和if常可换用。例如：
the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
The problem is we finish the task on time.
The problem we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled.
I wonder the news is true.
但若有or not紧跟其后，不宜用if；介词后面的宾语从句也不用if引导。例如：
I wonder the news is true or not.（or not 放在句末，可用if）
I wonder or not the news is true. （or not 紧跟其后，不用if）
It depends on you want to do it or not.
3．名词性从句中的虚拟语气
表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词义出现时，不管是在哪一种从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+ 动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有insist, suggest, order, demand等。例如：
His suggestion was that a meeting (be) held immediately.
He made a suggestion that a meeting （be）held immediately.
三.定语从句：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子(按顺序来，看句中缺什么成分：主语，宾语，表/定语, 状语)
（一）．词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分　 用于限制从句或非限制性从句　　 只用于限制性从句
　　　　　 代替人　　　 　 代替物　　　　　　代替人或物
主语　 Who　　　　　　　 which　　　　　　　 that
主语　 Whom　　　　　　　which　　　　　　　 that
宾语　 Whose(=of whom)　 whose(=of which)
　　例１：This is the detective came from London.
　　例２：The book h I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
　　例３：The desk leg is broken is very old.
　　例４：This is the room Shakespeare was born in.
2．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
　　(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
　　(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
　　 We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
　　(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
　　 This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
（二）关系副词引导的定语从句
　　1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句
　　 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
　　2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因
　　That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
（三）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
　　1．二者差异比较
　　限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
　　2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
　　(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
　　3.　先行词与定语从句隔离
　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
　　1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
　　2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
（四）As在定语从句中的用法
　1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
　 （１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
　 （２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
　 （３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
　2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
　　as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
　　(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
　　(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
定语从句和名词性从句辨析练习
第一部分：基础题
a1. ______makes his shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
b2. —It ’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _______ we got lost on a rainy night.
A. which B. that C. what D. when
d3. See the flags on top of the building That was _______ we did this morning.
A. when B. which C. where D. What
c4. —Could you do me a favor
—It depends on _______ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
c5. These shoes look very good. I wonder _______.
A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost
b6. Doris' success lies in the fact _______ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.
A. which B. that C. when D. why
a7. Mary wrote an article on _______ the team had failed to win the game.
A. why B. what C. who D. that
a8. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom
A. that B. what C. as D. which
b9. —Why does she always ask you for help
—There is no one else _______, is there
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
10. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _______ it is rough or smooth.
A. / B. whether C. how D. what
b11. Danny left word with my secretary _______ he would call again in the afternoon.
A. who B. that C. as D. which
c12. Mum is coming. What present _______ for your birthday
A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got
c13. The way he did it was different ________ we were used to.
A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which
a14. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _______ it was 20 years ago, _______ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
b15. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ________ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
第二部分：强化题
c1. We haven’t settled the question of _______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
c2. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
a3. There is much chance _______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
b4. Please remind me _______ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
A. where B. when C. how D. what
b5. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _______ we gave some bells and glasses.
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
6. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _______ he was a man of action. A. which B. that C. what D. whether
7. _______ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever
8. I just wonder that makes him so excited.
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
9. _______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger , more prosperous economy.
A. As B. That C. This D. It
10. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class _______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A. why B. that　 　 C. where D. because
11. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _______ he thought was not enough.
A. where B. how C. what D. which
12. He noticed that the straight part of the dance was different in the afternoon from _______ it had been in the morning. A. that B. where C. what D. which
13. I’d like to work with _______ is honest and easy to get on with.
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. no matter who
14. When you are reading, make a note of _______ you think is of great importance.
A. which B. that C. what D. when
15. —Can we get everything ready by the weekend
—It all depends on _______ we can get Mr. Green’s cooperation.
A. that B. what C. whether D. if
基础题
1. A 此题考察what引导名词性从句的用法。在此题中what引导主语从句，同时在从句中充当主语。
2. B 通过对句子的分析可知，believe it or not是插入语，在此句中that引导的是the story的同位语从句。
3. D 通过对句子的分析可知，此题需要选一词来引导表语从句，而从句中的明显缺少宾语，故只能what用来充当。
4. C 介词on后面宾语从句不完整，同时从句缺少主语，故只能由what来充当。
5. C wonder后面的从句是疑问句应用陈述语序。即：特殊疑问词+主语+谓语动词。
6. B 此句主句完整，从句也完整，故用that引导构成与the fact的同位语从句。
7. A why在它引导的从句中充当原因状语，从句在主句里充当介词on的宾语。
8. B what在它引导的从句中充当主语，同时整个从句可看成是idea的同位语从句，来说明idea的具体内容。
9. B 本题考查定语从句以及固定短语turn to 的用法，关系代词因为在后面定语从句中做宾语因此省略掉，turn to sb 求助于某人。
10. B 本题根据意思以及后面与or 的搭配关系可判断该处是“是否”，whether 引导宾语从句。
11. B 本题考查名词性从句中的同位语从句，根据下文可知Danny留下的口信的内容，that 引导名词性从句。
12. C 本题考查双重疑问句，疑问词＋do you think/believe/expect＋句子的其他成分（句子用称述句语序）。
13. C 本题考查固定短语 be different from同时也考查名词性从句中的宾语从句，介词from后是宾语从句，但从句中be used to 后面少宾语，且根据上文是我们过去习惯的方法，这用what 符合语意。
14. A 本题考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句，后面表语从句不完整，it was 后面还缺少表语，根据意思是“20年前的 样子”，后面一个句子是对20年前的补充说明，是一个非限制性定语从句，20年前学校设备条件不好，when 在定语从句中作时间状语。
15. B 本题考查名词性从句的同位语，doubt 后的同位语根据意思没有怀疑故选择that 引导，that在从句中不充当成分。
强化题
1. C whether引导的从句构成与名词the question的同位语。(原答案似乎有误)
2. C 主句完整,同时从句也不缺成分。根据句意可看出that引导的从句构成与a warm thought的同位语。
3. A that引导同位语从句，具体说明chance（可能性）的内容。
4. B 句意：请提醒我他说他将什么时候走。
5. B 因先行词是natives，故淘汰A和D。
常见不及物动词：
work,live,study,stand,agree,talk,disagree,stay,appear,come,go,get,fall,look,remain,rise,seem,turn,die,end,last,happen,fail,lie,sit,spread,appear,apologize,arrive,born,absent
Spend vi 花费vt 度过
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