专题一 名词(助考讲义学案)
2023届中考英语一轮复习学考全掌握
名词分类
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词
专用名词:国名、地名、人名、月份、节日、团体、机构名称等;
例如:China,Mary,Jim,America,England
普通名词:包括可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词又包括个体名词和集体名词;
个体名词:book,student,teacher,pen
集体名词:family,class,team,group
名词的数:
一、可数名词
可数名词有单、复数形式,包括个体名词和集体名词。可数名词的单复数变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化:
1.规则变化:简单来说就是通俗、易记、默认的变化规则,这个规则大家学会规律就容易掌握:
a.一般情况词尾直接加-s. eg. desk-desks bag-bags;
b.以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词,词尾加-es. eg. class-classes watch-watches;
c.以“辅音字母(除a, e, i, o, u以外的字母)+y”结尾的名词,先将y变为i,再加-es. eg. country-countries lady-ladies;
d.以f或fe结尾的名词,细分为三种规则,需要注意:
先将f或fe变为v,再加-es. eg. knife-knives thief-thieves;
词尾直接加-s. eg. belief-beliefs chief-chiefs;
以上两种形式都有. eg. scarf-scarfs/scarves handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves;
e.以-o结尾的名词,也细分为三种情况,大家可以记忆一下:
多在词尾加-es. eg. hero-heroes tomato-tomatoes;
以“元音(a, e, i, o, u)+o”结尾的名词,词尾加-s. eg. bamboo-bamboos radio-radios;
一些外来词、缩写词和专有名词,词尾都加-s. eg. piano-pianos kilo-kilos
2.不规则变化:一些集体名词的复数形式多为不规则变化,需要大家在平时多积累记忆。
a.变内部元音. eg. foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men;
b.词尾加-en. eg. child-children ox-oxen;
c.单复数同形. eg. sheep-sheep deer-deer means-means;
d.通常为复数形式. eg. glasses trousers scissors
e.“某国人”的复数形式,可分为三种,需要记忆.
单复数同形. eg. Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
词尾加-s. eg. American-Americans German-Germans
变man为men. eg. Englishman-Englishmen Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen
f.外来词的不规则形式(需牢记). eg. analysis-analyses phenomenon-phenomena medium-media criterion-criteria
3.名词单数变复数口诀(推荐牢牢掌握)
a.名词单数变复数,直接加-s的占多数;词尾若是s,x,ch,sh,直接加-es;
b.词尾若是f或fe,加-s之前要变ve;“辅音字母+y”,要把y变i;
词尾字母若是o,加-es的油tomato和potato。
e.还有一些不规则,下面咱来说一说:
oo常要变ee,foot-feet是一例;男人女人a变e,woman-women又一例;
还有一个要牢记,child的复数是children;
鹿(deer)和绵羊(sheep)是一家,单数复数无变化。
4.除了以上这些单复数变化规则,还有一些复合名词的单复数形式:
复合名词通常由名词、动词、副词、形容词以及介词组合而成,一般包含两个部分。复合名词的复数名词因词而已,需要分别识记。
a.以可数名词结尾的复合名词,多直接加-(e)s. eg. boyfriend-boyfriends greenhouse-greenhouses bookstore-bookstores blackboard-blackboards
b.以“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词,一般在名词部分后面加-(e)s. eg. passer-by--passers-by father-in-law--fathers-in-law
c.以“动词或过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词,一般在副词部分后面加-(e)s. eg. stand-by--stand-bys grown-up--grown-ups
d.由man,woman构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变为复数.eg. man doctor-men doctors woman teacher-women teachers
二、不可数名词
一般指物质名词、抽象名词等,通常没有复数形式,其前不用冠词a/an 或数词,但可用some,any,a lot of,a little等修饰。
1.不可数名词的数
(1)可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语
a lot of/lots of,some,much,a little,little,plenty of,a bit of,a large amount of+不可数名词
(2)数词+容器+of+不可数名词
a glass of water-two glasses of water(复数)
2.常用的不可数名词
food,meal,fish,chicken,pork,beef,mutton,drink,orange,milk,tea,coke,water,rice,bread,homework,news,paper,ice,rain,snow,wind,cloud,air,weather,maths,music,information,fun,work等。
注意:
①一般来说,一个动物,活着的时候是可数的,死了后其“肉”是不可数的。例如;some chickens一些鸡;some chicken一些鸡肉。
②有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时,意思有所变化。如:
Work 工作,works 著作;water 水,waters 水域; good 好处,goods货物,商品;等
③有些名词,既能作可数名问,又能作不可数名词,但其含义不同。如:
Beauty 可数名词:美人,不可数名词:美丽;life 可数名词:生命,生活,不可数名词:性命,人命;light 可数名词:电灯,不可数名词:光;等。
名词所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加's构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. 's所有格的构成
eg:the boy's father Jack's book
the teachers' room the twins' mother
the doctor's my uncle's (表示“某人家”,“店铺”,所有格后名词省略)
【注意】分别拥有和共同所有:
eg:Lily's and Lucy's rooms(莉莉和露西分别拥有一间房)
Lily and Lucy's room(莉莉和露西共同拥有一间房)
2.'s 所有格的用法
(1)表示时间
eg:today's newspaper,five weeks' holiday
(2)表示国家城市等地方的名词
eg:the country's plan,the world's population
(3)表示度量衡及价值
eg:a mile's journey,ten minutes' walk
3. of 所有格的用法
用于无生命的东西:
the legs of the chair,the cover of the book.
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:
the book of the students sitting near the window
4. 双重所有格
a friend of my father's
several classmates of Tom's
a friend of mine
典例剖析
1.—Does Eric have a _________ at home
—Yes. He has a cute cat.
A. pet B. place C. flag D. piano
2.—Where are the pandas from
—________.
A. China B. Australia C. Japan D. South Africa
3.—Where’s your mum
—She’s washing the dishes in the ________.
A. classroom B. library C. kitchen D. hallway
4.Ms. Black is a teacher of ________. He and his classmates like her very much.
A. my brother’ B. my brother’s C. my brothers D. my brothers’
5.Please give me ________ and two ________ .
A. a bottle of apple juice; bread B. a bottle of apple juice; fruit cakes
C. an apple juice; bread D. two apple juice; fruit cakes
6.June 1st is___Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A.Women's B.Fathers' C.Teachers' D.Children's
7.They have many ________ in the bags.
A. knife B. knives C. knifes D. knifs
8.All the ________ teachers enjoy themselves on March 8th, because it is their own festival.
A. women B. man C. woman
9.They often take _________, and they do eye _________ every day.
A.exercise; exercises B.exercises; exercises
C.exercise; exercise D.exercises; exercise
10.Her name is Linda Green. ________ is her last name.
A. Linda B. Green C. Linda Green D. Green Linda
11.The population of Shanghai ____ thirteen million and there are seven million _____ in Hong Kong.
A. is, population B. are, people
C. is, people D. are, population
12.—Is ________ your ________, Alice
—Yes, it is.
A. these; pens B. this; pen C. that; pens D. those; pen
13.The man in brown is ________father.
A.Lucy’s and Lily’s B.Lucy’s and Lily
C.Lucy and Lily’s D.Lucy and Lily
14.Grandma is now at _____.
A. the doctor’s B. the doctors C. the doctor D. a doctor’s
15.To find out the __________, the reporter used to work in the restaurant.
A.event B.situation C.truth D.comment
答案以及解析
1.答案:A
解析:考查名词词义辨析。pet宠物;place地点;flag旗帜;piano钢琴,根据下文He has a cute cat.可知,上文是问"有宠物吗?"。故选A。
2.答案:A
解析:考查名词辨析。China中国:Australia澳大利亚:Japan 日本:South Africa南非。根据常识可知,熊猫是来自中国的。故选A。
3.答案:C
解析:A.classroom教室;B.library图书馆;C.kitchen厨房;D.hallway大厅;根据句意可知,妈妈在洗碗,那么自然在厨房。故选:C。
4.答案:B
解析:根据句意可知本题考查名词所有格,我哥哥的是单数,直接加's,my brother's。故选:B。
5.答案:B
解析:考查不可数名词的用法。apple juice“苹果汁”,是不可数名词;bread“面包”,是不可数名词。它们都不可以用基数词修饰,所以排除ACD选项,cake“蛋糕”,可数名词,可以用基数词修饰。故选B。
6.答案:D
解析:句意为:六月一日是儿童节。我妹妹每年那天都很开心。Women's Day意为妇女节;Father's Day意为父亲节;Teachers' Day 意为教师节;Children's Day意为儿童节。根据June 1st,故选D项。
7.答案:B
8.答案:A
解析:考查名词作定语。women是woman 的复数形式:man男人:woman 女人。根据“March 8th”可知,这一天是妇女节,所以这里应表示“女老师”,排除B。空后teachers是复数形式,作定语的woman也应变为复数women, 故选A。
9.答案:A
10.答案:B
解析:根据常识可知,西方国家的人名通常是名在前,姓在后;last name"姓",也就是Green是姓。故选:B。
11.答案:C
解析:句意:上海的人口数量是1300万,并且香港有700万人口。此题考查population做主语是第三人称单数,但是there be 句型有700万人前面用的是are,所以用people,故选C。
12.答案:B
解析:系动词is表明主语应该是单数,用this或者that,排除A和D;this或者that后面的名词要用单数形式,故而排除C。故选:B。
13.答案:C
解析:根据is和father可知只有一个房间,应该是两人共有的。表示两人共有的名词所有格是在后一个人名的后面加's。C。
14.答案:A
15.答案:C
解析:A.事件;B.情形;C.真相;D.评论。结合句意应该是弄清“真相”。故选:C。
2