2023年广东省广州市中考英语二轮专题：构词法

2023年广东省广州市中考英语二轮专题：构词法
构词法
　◆知识点 派生法
通过在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。
后缀(改变词性改变词义) 例子
1. 动词 ＋ er/or →名词 write v．写→writer n．作者； visit v. 参观→ visitor n．参观者
2. 动词 ＋ (t)ion/sion →名词 invent v．发明→invention n．发明；decide v．决定→ decision n．决定
3. 动词 ＋ ing/(e)d →形容词 interest v．使感兴趣→interesting/interested adj.有趣的/感兴趣的
4. 名词 ＋ ful →形容词 help n．帮助→helpful adj.有助的；use n．使用→ useful adj.有用的
5. 动词 ＋ able →形容词 comfort v．使舒适→comfortable adj.舒适的
6. 名词 ＋ en →形容词 wool n．羊毛→woolen adj.羊毛的
7. 名词 ＋ y →形容词 luck n．运气→ lucky adj.运气好的
8. 名词 ＋ less →形容词 care n．小心 →careless adj.粗心的；help n．帮助 →helpless adj.无助的
9. 名词 ＋ ly →形容词 friend n. 朋友→friendly adj.友好的；love n. 爱→lovely adj.可爱的
10. 名词 ＋ ish →形容词 fool n. 愚人，傻瓜→foolish adj.愚蠢的
11. 名词 ＋ ous →形容词 danger n．危险→dangerous adj.危险的
12. 名词 ＋ al →形容词 tradition n. 传统→traditional adj. 传统的
13. 名词 ＋ ist →名词 science n．科学→scientist n．科学家
14. 形容词 ＋ ly →副词 slow adj. 慢的→slowly adv. 慢地
15. 形容词 ＋ ness →名词 ill adj. 有病的→illness n. 疾病
16. 形容词 ＋ ity →名词 real adj. 真的，真实的→reality n. 现实
17. 形容词 ＋ ize/ise →动词 real adj. 真的，真实的→realize v．了解， 实现
18. 动词 ＋ ive →形容词 act v. 行为，行动 →active adj. 积极的
19. 动词 ＋ ress →名词 act v. 行动，扮演→actress n. 女演员
20. 动词 ＋ ment →名词 develop v．发展→development n．发展
前缀(一般只改变词义不改变词性) 例子
1. un- (不/非，表示否定) happy adj. 高兴的→ unhappy adj. 不高兴的；
2. im- (不/无，表示否定) possible adj. 可能的→impossible adj. 不可能的； polite adj. 礼貌的→impolite adj. 不礼貌的
3. dis-(不/非，表示否定) honest adj. 诚实的→dishonest adj.不诚实的； agree v. 同意→disagree v. 不同意
4. mis- (表示错误) understand v．理解→misunderstand v. 误解
5. re- (再，重复) tell v. 告诉→retell v. 重述；build v. 建造→rebuild v. 重建
6. tele- (远) phone n. 电话→telephone n. 电话机； vision n. 视野→television n. 电视机
7. kilo- (千) meter n. 米→kilometer n．千米
　◆知识点 转化法
无须借助词缀，就实现词性的转化。
词性转化 例子
1. 名词→动词 rain n．雨→rain v．下雨；shop n. 商店→shop v．购物
2. 形容词→动词 last adj.最后的→last v．持续；tidy adj.整洁的→ tidy v．使整洁
3. 形容词→名词 light adj.明亮的→light n．灯
4. 动词→名词 stop v．停止→stop n．车站
5. 词形改变的转化 live v．生活→life n．生活；save v．救→safe adj.安全的
　◆知识点 合成法
通过词汇与词汇的合成构成新词。
词汇合成 例子
1. 名词 ＋ 名词→名词 book(书)＋ shop(商店)→bookshop书店
2. 形容词 ＋ 名词→名词 black(黑色的)＋ board(木板)→blackboard黑板
3. 介词 ＋ 名词→名词/形容词 under(在下面)＋ ground(地面)→underground地下的；地铁
4. 名词 ＋ 过去分词→形容词 man(人)＋ made(做)→ man-made人造的
5. 副词 ＋ 名词→副词 down(在下)＋ stairs(楼梯)→downstairs在楼下
6. 从两个词中各取一部分组成新词 smoke(烟)＋fog(雾)→smog烟雾
⊙实战训练
(　　)1.(2022 定西模拟)Which of the following prefix(前缀) means“doing again”？
A．en- B．dis-
C．un- D．re-
(　　)2.(2022 盐城二模)Which of the following words is formed like “unimportant”？
A．incorrect B．afternoon
C．scientist D．hopeful
(　　)3.(2022 苏州一模)Which of the following words is formed like “dishonest”？
A．important B．international
C．Uncomfortable D．interviewer
(　　)4.Which of the following is NOT a compound word(复合词)
A．helpless B．wartime
C．hard-working D．blackboard
(　　)5.The word “retell” means “to tell again”； “reuse” means “to use again”； “ ” probably means “to play again”．
A．replay B．misplay
C．display D．interplay
分层突破
依据构词法，用所给单词的适当形式完成句子，使句子通顺、正确
1．I'll do my homework more (care) next time.
2．Everyone knows these books are (harm) to children. They shouldn't be sold at any bookstore.
3．He seemed very (happy). He got a D in the English test.
4．Peter is very (help). I'm sure he will come to take care of your baby when he's asked to.
5．The twin sisters used to be (act)in Hollywood.
6．Your pet dog is so (love) that all of us like to play with it.
7．It has been snowing (heavy) for a whole day.
8．Have you made your (decide) yet
9．The weather in April is (change), so you'd better take more clothes with you.
10．You cannot eat so much fast food, because it is (healthy).
11．Be sure to let me know whenever you are in (dangerous).
12．The plane landed (safe) at last after flying in the storm for about one hour.
13．Many people became (home) after the fire.
14．(lucky), we won the basketball match through the efforts of every player.
15．I helped the old man to show my (kind).
16．Nothing is (possible) if you set your mind to it.
17．My mother is very (forget) though she is only forty.
18．No one else can dance more (beautiful) than the girl in red.
19．The music sounded quite (wonder) while the dance was terrible.
20．The song was so (enjoy) that she didn't notice the telephone ring.
21．With the (develop) of e-book technology, probably an e-book library will appear.
22．That's (usual) for the girl to be late today. She is always the first to get to school.
23．Many (visit) come to Disneyland every day.
24．I can't find my wallet. It has (appear)!
25．Nobody will believe you since you are so (honest).
26．I was (surprise) to meet Jane in a foreign country.
27．We all found the film very (interest).
28．Who can tell me the (high) of the Himalaya
29．There is no short-cut(捷径) to (succeed).
30．She has gained much (weigh) because she keeps eating but never exercises.