2023届高考英语复习：高中关键语法考点讲解与练习学案（无答案）

强调结构
考点1. 强调句子的基本结构为：It is/was +被强调的部分+that+句子的其他部分。强调句子的任何成分，如时间状语、地点状语等，都用that引出的句子的其他部分，而不用when, where; 只有强调人时还可用who(whom).
1. _____ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.
A. That was from Stephen B. It was from Stephen that
C. It was Stephen whom D. It was Stephen that
2. _____ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.(1989.1 CET4)
A. During the 1960’s B. That it was in the 1960’s C. It was in the 1960’s D. It was in 1960’s
注意：It is/was…that 结构中的be动词只有时态的变化，没有数的变化，即不管被强调的部分是单数还是复数，一律用is/was. 被强调的部分是从原正常句子中为强调而提取出来的那一部分，因而要保持原来的形态，是代词的主格仍用主格，是代词的宾格仍用宾格。
3. About who many elements _____ make up most of the substances we meet in everyday life
A. it is that B. is it that C. it is which D. are it that
4. It was ____ who suggested that he go to New York in order to get a direct flight.
A. hers B. herself C. she D. her
5. _____ that I knew what kind of a country she is in.
A. It was not until did I come to China B. It was until I came to China
C. Not until I came to China D. It was until I came to China
考点2. 强调谓语：利用助动词do强调。助动词与动词原形同时出现在陈述句。
1. _____ come again
A. Do B. You C. You does D. Does
2.He _____ go there by himself.
A. did to B. did C. went D. do
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表达一种过于主观、计划、想法的语气态度。它用于时态方面往往是正常时态再套一层过去时，表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小，或表示愿望、请求及建议等。虚拟语气用于以下几个方面。
非真实的If条件句（即虚拟条件句）
1、形式和用法
1)对现在情况的虚拟假设：表示现在实际上并不存在的情况
were
形式：If + 主语 + Ved…， 主语 + should(would, could, might) + 动词原形
2) 对过去情况的虚拟假设：表示过去实际上并没有发生或已经发生了的事情
形式：If +主语 + had +过去分词，主语 + should(would, could, might) + have+过去分词
3) 对将来情况的假设：表示将来实现可能性不大的虚拟情况
should
形式：If + 主语+ were to +动词原形，主语 + should(would, could, might) + 动词原形
考点1、与现在事实相反的虚拟（说明：带★的为重要例句）
I____ talk that way if I were Peter.
A. didn’t B. won’t C. wouldn’t D. couldn’t
After the way she treated you, if I____ in your place, I should not return the call.
A. am B. were C. was D. will be
考点2、与将来事实相反的虚拟，其条件句形式为should do或were to do
If you ____see Jane, what would you tell her
A. will be going to B. were to C. are to D. ought to
★2. This kind of world is hard and dangerous. But if ____, you would become rich.
A. you would succeed B. you could succeed
C. you might succeed D. you should succeed
★3. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job, she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. (96.1)
A. have to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got
考点3. 与过去事实相反的虚拟
If the art dealer ____ the money, he would have bought the painting.
A. had had B. has C. had D. would have
Everything ____ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
would be destroyed B. would have been destroyed
C. will be destroyed D. will have been destroyed
★3. Millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ___ all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. had lost B. would have lost C. would lose D. should have lost
★4. If the whole operation ___ before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned
考点4.虚拟条件句的倒装
在if 从句中，如有were、should、had这三词，则可省去if，并将这三词置于句首进行倒装，但如有否定词则否定词not须留原位不能前置。
★1. Had he worked harder, he ___ the exams.
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D. could get through
2. ____ the work, he would do it some other way.
A. Was he doing B. Were he to do C. If he does D. If he is doing
★3. ____ there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.
A. Would B.Must C. Could D. Should
4. ____ you taken any precaution, the car would not have been damaged.
A. Have B. Should C. Had D.Were
★5. ____ for my illness I would have lend him a helping hand.
A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. hadn’t been
6. If it ___ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea.
A. isn’t B. wasn’t C. weren’t D. hadn’t been
考点5. 错综时间条件句：错综时间是只主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间， 这时，需要根据意思采用表示不用时间的东西形式。当if虚拟条件是与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时；主句表达的意思若同现在事实相反，则不能用would have done而视具体情况而定，注意主句中往往出现区别性时间状语。
If you ___ that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be sleepy now.
hadn’t watched B. didn’t watch C. haven’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched
2. If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we ___ a terrible time tomorrow.
would have B. shall have C. would have had D. should have had
3. If the weather had been more favorable, the crops ___ still better.
should have grown B. would be growing C. would be grown D.could be grown
4. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ____ our chairman now.
A. would have been B. must have been C. were D.would be
★5. ____ for the timely investment from the public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be
★6. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ___ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled C.won’t smile D. didn’t have smile
考点6.虚拟与真实句混用：当用but时，则but后的从句回到过去的现实中。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I ___ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D.was
I would have gone there, but I ___ no time.
had had B. have C.would have D. had
考点7. 含蓄虚拟：此种虚拟并非由if从句引出，而是由with, without, but for等介词组成或由but that, if it were not for, or, otherwise等连词引出，并且均表示对过去发生事情的虚拟。
1._____, we could not have finished the work on time.
A. If they do not help us B.Was it not for their help C. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help
★2. He was holding a consultation with his students. Otherwise he ____ over to help us.
A. had come B. would come C. would have come D. was coming
3. But that he came to help me, I ___.
A. can’t but succeed B. could not have succeeded C. couldn’t succeed D. didn’t succeed.
4. Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ___ they are today.
A. would never be B. could have been C. would never have been D. didn’t have
5. Nelson ____ the fight, with a little more training and a better manager.
A. would win B. had won C. could have won D. won
6. He told me how he had given me shelter and food without which I ____ of hunger.
A. will die B. would be died C. would die D. would have died
7. ____ the fog, we should have reached out destination in time.
A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for
考点8. with型虚拟：在wish, would rather, would sooner, would(just) as soon等表希望、宁愿的虚拟中，它们均 表达责备之意，其后接从句中多用过去时表示对现在事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
1. Look at those doves flying cross the sky in the strong light, I wish I ___ a piece of cloud giving them cool shade.
A. will B. am C. should be D. were
2. Jack wished that he ____ business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studied B. study C. had been studying D. had studied
3. I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. could have slept
★4. I’d just as soon ____ those important papers with you.
A.that you won’t take B. you not taking C. you didn’t take D. please don’t you take
5. I would rather I ___ to the party yesterday evening.
A. not go B. no to go C. had not gone D. wouldn’t have gone
★6. To be frank, I’d rather you ___ in the case.
A. not to be involved B. not involved C. will not be involved D. were not involved
7. She says she’d rather he ___ tomorrow instead of today.
A. leaves B. left C.had left D. should leave
考点9、虚拟感叹与虚拟疑问
if only表示感叹、愿望时会引起虚拟，注意它与only if 的区别。if only 与 supposed/supposing/what if 功能相同，在其谓语动词的正常时态套一层过去时即可。过去发生的事虚拟用过去完成时，现在发生的虚拟用过去时，将来的虚拟用过去将来时。
supposed/supposing I accepted this offer 假如我接受这提议，你怎么办？
If only you hadn’t offend him then! 你当时没冒犯他就好了。
1. You are making a lot of noise. If only you ___ down.
A. will quiet B. have quitted C. would quiet D. should quiet
2. If only that photograph ____.
A. weren’t missing B. isn’t missing C. would not miss D. doesn’t miss
3. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
考点10.以免型虚拟
连词组in case, lest, for fear that, on condition that(在……条件下)等所连接从句的虚拟，谓语动词是should do（无论任何人称）， should也可省略。（常考形式）
1. You’d better keep a seat for her in case she ____.
A. coming B. should come C.is coming D. may come
★2. Every attention must be paid to him lest he ___ that he is inferior to my other guests.
A. felt B. feel C. would feel D. feels
3. He handle the instrument with care for fear that it _____ damaged.
A. were B. may be C. should be D. would be
考点11. 似乎，好像型虚拟
as if / as though 引出的虚拟，其后谓语动词的正常时态再套一层过去时。对过去发生的事情虚拟用过去完成时，对现在发生的虚拟用过去时， 将来的虚拟用过去将来时。
1. Dr.Beth worked hard as if he ____.
A. never had felt tired B. had never felt tired C. never felt tired D. never was tired
2. I feel as if I already ____ inside me all the medicine that could cure the illness.
A. had B. have C. be had D. being had
3. They operated the new computer as if they ____ skilled workers.
A. be B. had been C. was being D. had been being
考点12. It is (high, about) time 型虚拟， 表示该做…的时间，其后的谓语动词均用过去式，不得用完成式等其他形式。
1. It is time ____.
A. we should leave B. we leave C.should have left D. we left
2. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it about time ____
A. we are going home B. we went home C. we go home D. we can go home
3. It’s high time we ____ something to stop air pollution.
A. do B. would do C.did D. are doing
4. It’s high time that something _____ to prohibit selling fake commodities.
A. must be done B. was done. C. be done D. were done
考点13. 建议、命令、要求与主观评论型虚拟
表达建议、命令、请求及主观评论的从句， 无论是宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句或是主语从句，从句中的谓语动词均用should+动词原形，should可省略（常考形式），should 在此有应当、惊奇或不满之意。
一）宾语从句类
某些表示建议、要求、命令等意义的动词之后的that从句，从句中谓语动词用（should）+ 动词原形。
表示愿望的：desire、prefer（宁肯）
表示建议的：advise、move（提议）、propose、suggest、recommend
表示要求、请求的：ask、beg、insist、maintain、oblige、require、urge（强烈要求、极力主张）、vote（投票支持）
表示命令的：command、decree、dictate（命令）、direct（指示）、order、stipulate（规定）
表示决定的：decide、determine、resolve
其他：arrange、deserve、intend(意欲)、motion(示意)、promise、suppose等
1. He suggested ____ to tomorrow’s exhibition together.
A. us to go B. we went C. we shall go D. we go
2. Mike’s uncle insists ____ this hotel.
A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay.
★3. As Commander-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ____ for our defense.
A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken
4. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, ____ in New York for a few days more.
A. asks he stays B. ask he stays C. asks he to stay D. asks he stay
5. The police chief ordered that parking ____ on Main Street during the rush hours.
A. was prohibited B. is prohibited C. be prohibited D. be prohibiting
★6. Many scientists urged that nuclear energy ____ to peaceful uses.
A. be put B. would be put C. will be put D. were put
★7. We desire that the tour leader ___ us immediately of any change in plans.
A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed
8. In the past men generally preferred that their wives ____ at home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
二）同位语从句、表语从句
某些名词，特别是上面提到的表示建议、要求、命令等含义的动词相应的名词形式，在其同位语从句或其作主语的表语从句中，谓语动词要用与相应动词所要求的同样形式的虚拟语气，即“（should+）动词原形。
这些名词有（可和相应的动词放在一起记忆）：
advice, agreement, command, decision, decree(政令)，demand, desire, determination, insistence, motion(提议)，necessity, order, plan, preference等。
1. The mother flatly rejected my suggestion that she ____ her daughter the next week.
A. met B. meet C. be met D. has met
★2. The computer case designed by two engineers for use in outer space satisfies their requirement that it ____ strength and ____ light.
A. has, is B. have, is C. have, be D. has, being
★3. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ____ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
4. The angry teacher gave the order that nobody ____ the classroom before twelve.
A. would leave B. left C. had left D. leave
5. The suggestion that the mayor ____ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
A. would B. present C. presents D. ought to present
★6. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.
A. be put off B.was put off C.should put off D. is to put off
7. Their demand is that their wages ____ by 20%.
A. be increased B. is increased C. should increase D. is to increase
三）在主语从句中：
A．其结构通常为It is +形容词或建议、命令、要求动词的过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）。用于这种结构的形容词有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, compulsory（强制的）, concerned, crucial（紧要关头的），desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative（绝对必要的）, important, impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory(必须履行的)，only fair, referable, preferable, proper, reasonable, urgent, vital, willing等。
★1. It was proposed that the matter ____ discussed at the next meeting.
A. will be B. was C. would be D. be
★2. It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made.
A. not be started B. is not started C. will not be started D. is not to be started
3. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ____ after 11 o’clock at night.
A. were not played B. not be played C. is allowed D. should have been allowed
4. It is decided that no smoking ____ in the classroom.
A. be allowed B. will be allowed C. is allowed D. should have been allowed.
★5. It has been arranged that they ____ the following day.
A. were leaving B. had left C. leave D. left
★6. It was essential that the application forms ____ back before the deadline.
A.must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent
★7. It is vital that enough money ____ to fund the project.
A. is collected B. be collected C.must be collected D. can be collected
8. It is important that the hotel receptionist ____ that guests are registered correctly.
A. has made sure B. made sure C. must make sure D. make sure
9. It is necessary that a graduate student ____ a grade point average of “B” in his major field.
A. shall maintain B. will maintain C. maintain D. maintains
10. It is obligatory that every young man ____ in the armed forces.
A. serves B. served C. must serve D. should serve.
★11. I don’t think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience.
A. is assigned B. be assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned
★12. The board deemed it urgent that these files ____ right away.
A. had to be printed B. must be printed C. should have been printed D. should be printed
注意：此类形容词不管作that-从句的主语补足语还是宾语补足语，都采用同样的虚拟语气形式：(should+)动词原形
B. 在amazing, incredible (难以置信的), odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising, unthinkable (不可思议的) 等形容词后的that-从句中的一般用should表达惊奇、不满的语气，这时因为should本身有“竟然”的含义，should是这种语气的载体。这一类形容词后的从句可以有“should+动词原形”和“should + have +动词过去分词”两种形式，具体采用哪种形式要视所表达的时间而定。对现在事情的惊讶、不满用一般式，对过去事情的惊讶、不满则用完成式，should翻译为竟然。
1. It’s ridiculous that he ____ like that!
A. to behave B. behaving C. behaves D. should behave
2. It is very strange that he ____ without saying good-bye.
A. left B. should leave C. leave D. should have left
3. It is a shame that he ____ that poor little girl!
A. deceived B. should deceive C. deceive D. deceiving
非谓语动词
在英语中，不是用作句子谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种：不定式、分词和动名词。
动名词与不定式
动名词与不定式的比较
动名词多重视进程、不定式多重视结果
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
2. 动名词的逻辑主语泛指大家的行为，而不定式逻辑则指向句中某人
I scorn telling lies.我蔑视说谎。 I scorn to tell a lie.我不屑说谎。
3. 动名词多指经常性动作，不定式多指具体某次动作
I like swimming. I like to swim this afternoon.
考点1. 只能接动名词做宾语而不能用不定式作宾语的动词如下：46词
5A: admit anticipate acknowledge appreciate avoid
5C: consider complete can’t help can’t resist can’t stand
5D: delay deny detest discuss dislike
5E: enjoy escape evade excuse ensure
5F: fancy favor forgive finish forbid
5R: resist recall resent recollect risk
7P: pardon permit postpone prohibit practice propose prevent
3M: mind miss mention 3I: imagine involve include
1K: keep 1S: suggest 1U: understand
只能接动名词做宾语的动词词组
approve of doing sth.批准做某事 be afraid of doing sth 害怕做…
obtain from doing sth.戒除做某事 be aware of doing sth意识到做…
apologize for doing sth.为做某事道歉 contribute to doing对做某事有贡献
believe in doing信仰做事 be confident of doing sth
confess to doing sth坦白做了某事 devote to doing投身做
look forward to doing 期待做… adapt to doing适应做…
commit to doing承诺做… adjust to doing调整做… object to 反对做
dedicate…to doing致力于做… be accustomed to doing 习惯于… be used to doing习惯于…
考点2. 在特定句式中使用动名词
1. 1)It’s no use/good/help/sense/point/need talking to him. 2)There be no + Ving
There is no denying that women are playing more an important role than ever before.
There is no joking about this matter.这事开不得玩笑。
2. It’s no use ____ me not to worry.
A. you tell B. you telling C. for you to have told D. having told
3. There’s no need ____ until I’m reasonably sure when I’ll be able to go for my holiday.
A. to decide B. deciding C. to have decided D. being decided
考点3. 动名词表示的动作在谓语动词之前，须用完成式。动名词的逻辑主语是动词的接受者时，则用被动式。
1. The man in the corner confessed to ____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
2. In many countries the law forbids citizens to carry pistols or rifles without first ____ a special permit.
A. obtaining B. to obtain C. being obtained D. having obtained
3. Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks the traffic regulations.
A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. being fined D. to be fined
4. She resent ____ by her boss yesterday.
A. having been criticized B. being criticized C. criticizing D. having criticized
考点4. 1)接不定式和动名词意义区别较大的动词
trying doing试着做 ②mean doing意味着……
trying to do 尽力做…… mean to do…、
③ stop doing停止一直做的事 ④regret doing后悔做过……
Stop to do 停止做另一件事 regret to do…遗憾地去做……
⑤remember doing sth记得做过…… ⑥forget doing sth忘记做过……
Rememeber to do sth 记得要去做…… forget to do sth忘记要做……
⑦go on to do（做完某事）接着做另一件事 ⑧sb want to do想做某事
go on doing继续做某事 sb want doing 需要……（被动）
考点4.2)有些动词只能带动名词做宾语，但可带不定式做宾补。它们是：
admit doing sth advise doing sth
admit sb to do sth advise sb to do sth
admit to do sth错 advise to do sth 错
allow, consider, encourage, forbid, permit, recommend
注意：只有suggest doing不能用suggest to do(常考)
The teacher doesn’t permit ___ in class.
A. smoke B.to smoke C. smoking D. to have a smoke
2. Although my sister and his husband have ten children, they do not recommend other couples _____ families of this size.
A. to have B. to have had C.having D. to be having
考点5.少数词接动名词的主动形式表被动意思。这些词义往往是“应得，应受，需要”等意。它们是deserve, need, want, require它们的主语一般是物，deserve（主语既可是人也可是物）等。
1. Your hair wants ____, you’d better have it dune tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C.cutting D.being cut
2.The floor requires _____ immediately.
A. to wash B.washing C.wash D.being washed
3.“What happens to your shoes ”“They need _____.”
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.being washed
4. No one thought that John’s suggestion was worth _____.
A.to consider B.considering C.to be considered D. of consideration
考点6.有些揭示性动词只能接疑问不定式即带疑问词的不定式，这些词是：consider,discover,discuss,explain,find out,know,inquire,observe等。
1. There is more land in Australia than the government knows _____.
A. what to do with B.to do with it C.how to do D.to do it
2. We’ve settled that we’ll go to Whales, but we haven’t settled ____.
A. to get there B. getting there C. how to get there D. how getting there
3. I haven’t decided which hotel _____.
A. to stay B. is to stay at C. to stay at D. is for staying
4. I didn’t know ____ him or not.
A. whether to help B. if to help C. to help D. that if should help
5. ____ is what she wants to know.
A.who to do it B. whom to do it C. who does it do D. whom doing it
考点7. 不定式完成时表示过去为实现的动作时，有虚拟之意。这些动词意思常为“愿意、打算、计划”wish, intend, expect, plan, should like, would like, mean, love及be to do其后常结一个but分句。
1. I’d like ____ with you on your hike last weekend, but I was so busy.
A. going B. to go C. having gone D. to have gone
2. I ____ my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problem, too.
A. intend to limit B. intended to have limited C. intend to have limited D. intended to be limiting
3. “Did you give her salary ” “No, I ____ it to her, but I didn’t have time.”
A. was to have given B. was given C. was to had given D. was to give
考点8. 省略不定式
8.1)感观动词省略不定式和使役动后用省略to的不定式，这些词如下：
see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel, look at, smell, know, make, have, let, help
He made me feel at ease. I’ve never known her tell lies.我从不知她说谎。
1. He listened to me ____ what Mr. Smith had said the day before.
A. to be repeated B. repeat C. to repeat D. repeating
2. My sister’s professor had her ____ paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.
A. rewritten B. to rewrite C. rewrite D. rewriting
8.2）一些固定词组，用省略to的不定式。
had better do…最好做…… would sooner do 宁愿做……
would rather do…宁可做…… might/may as well do 最好做……
rather than do好过做…… can’t help but do …=can’t help doing忍不住做……
can’t but do=have to do 不得不做……
★1. Since she is angry, we ____.
A. had better leaving her alone B. should leave her alone
C. might as well leave her alone D. had rather leave her alone
2. Tom can’t but ____ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing the project.
A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. asked
★3. “Have you gone to see the doctor ” “_____”.
A. I go B. I’m going C. I go to see D. I’m going to
8.3)不定式在做but, except和than宾语时，如介词前有实义动词do，则介词后跟省略to的不定式。如不是do的实义动词，则需带to; 但如用expect时，无论其前有无do, 其后都需用to do形式。
1. We didn’t do anything but ____ at home watching TV.
A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying
2. In the course of a day students do far more than just ____ classes.
A. attended B. attend C. to attend D. attending
3. It was so serious a matter that I had no alternative but ____ the police.
A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in
考点9. 不定式逻辑主语使用的介词for和of区别在It’s + adj + of/for + sb + to do句式中如果形容词时表示逻辑主语特征的则用of, 否则用for.
It is too difficult for me to study English. It was very nice of you to think so much of us.
表示逻辑主语特征的形容词常用：
Absurd荒唐的 considerate考虑周到的 foolish silly stupid bold勇敢的 brave wicked邪恶的 wise clever cruel careful grateful感激的 courageous有勇气的 nice careless kind rude无礼的 honest wrong right
1. It’s really kind ____.
A. of you saying so B. of you to say so C. for you saying so D. for you to say so
2. The coffee was too hot ____ to drink.
A. to him B. of him C. for him D. for to him
考点10. 不定式主动形式表被动意思。在以下两种情形中运用
1）当不定式与它修饰词有动宾关系，且与句子的主语有主谓关系时，主动形式可表被动意思。
I have a book to read. I have a meeting to attend.
如果没有主谓关系，则仍用被动式
“Are the clothes to be washed ” asked the maid.
2)在“动词+表语（或宾补）+不定式”结构中，不定式主动形式表被动；实际上可考虑为不定式起状语作用而非定语作用。
English is easy to learn but difficult to master. They found his lecture hard to understand.
1. The famous scientist was easy ____ along with.
A. to be got B. to get C. getting D. got
考点11. 不定式常与in order to, so as to连用，作目的状语：与so(或such)…as to连用，可做目的状语或结果状语。
He hurried through his work so as to(或in order to)catch the train.
She was so angry as to be unable to speak.
不定式也常与enough和too…to连用，做程度状语。
I don’t know him well enough to ask him for help但是all too, only too…加不定式不表示否定。
I’m only too pleased to help you.
Only to +不定式常常表示令人沮丧的结果。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.
I hurried to Professor Wang’s house only to find he was out.
1. The police inspector spoke to the little girl kindly ____ her.
A. not to frighten B. in order to not frighten C. so as not to frighten D. for not frightening
2. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _____.
A. noticed B. being noticed C. to be noticed D. to notice
3. He ran all the way up to the station ____ that the train had left fifteen minutes before.
A. only to find B. such as to find C. so as to find D. in order to find
4. For nearly four hours they waited for the decision only ____ to come again next day.
A. were told B. to be told C. were told D. being told
考点12. 作复合谓语结构的一部分：
be said(reported, known…)+不定式。此结构也可转换成：“It is said(reported, known…)that 句型
Shangxi Province is known to have rich coal reserves.(=It is known that Shanxi Province has rich coal reserves.)
seem(happen, appear, prove, tend等)+不定式
I happened to be out when she called.
be likely(certain, sure, willing, anxious, ready, bound, eager, reluctant等+不定式)
They are likely to succeed.
She is always ready to help others.
分 词
分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，其使用性质可相当于形容词和副词，常充当定语、状、补语和表语。现在分词与过去分词主要区别在于现在分词表主动和进行，过去分词表被动和完成或出于某种状态。
1. Our task as teachers was then perplexed, because we were always faced with contradictions.
A B C D
提示：B改为perplexing
2. You must follow the direction exactly and if you become ___ you must take time to go back again and reread them.
A. to confuse B. confusing C. confused D. confuse
考点1. 分词作定语：分词作定语既可前置也可后置。
1. The computers ____ in our factory will be exported.
A. producing B. to produced C. produced D. to be producing
2. Any student ____ in chess can apply for membership.
A. having a keen interest B. with keen interesting
C. who is keenly interesting D. when keenly interesting
3. There are several ____ leaves on the ground.
A. failing B. fallen C. to fall D. fell
★4. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ____.
A. to correct B. correcting C. having corrected D. being corrected
★5. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-support schools must be established in every town ____ 50 household or more.
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
6. The noise of the machines ____ can be clearly heard in our class room.
A. fixed B. being fixed C. to be fixed D. having been fixed
提示：A, B从语法角度无错误，但从逻辑角度看B更佳。
考点2. 分词作表语 He is making a story. 进行时
The cup was broken by Li Min. 被动态而非分词
The present situation is encouraging. The door remained locked. The cup was broken.
1. The music was so ____ that the audiences were ____ to death.
A. boring…bored B. bored…boring C. bored…bored D. boring…boring
考点3. 分词做状语相当于替代状语从句，表示原因、结果、让步、方式或伴随状况等；其中分词逻辑主语为主语。
1. ____ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.
A. Surround B. Surrounded C. Having surrounded D. To surround
提示：如C为Having been surrounded则可选。
2. ____ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.
A. Dissatisfying thoroughly B. To dissatisfy thoroughly
C. Being thoroughly dissatisfied D. To be thoroughly dissatisfied
3. This programme will examine the writer’s books in detail, ____ an introduction to his life.
A. following B. having followed C. being followed D. to be followed
4. Some passengers are reading the morning paper, others are talking with one another, ____ nervously for the train.
A. to wait B. waiting C. are writing D. being waited
5. ____ to continue his studies, James quitted school.
A. Not wishing B. Not to wish C. Having not wished D. Wishing not
6. ____ economically, one gallon of oil will last at least two months.
A. Using B. Used C. Having used D. To be used
7. ____, they went swimming.
A. Being a hot day B. It was a hot day C. Due to a hot day D. The day being hot
8. The rocker will weigh about 200 tons when ____.
A. being completed B. completed C. completing D. have been completed
9. When ____ the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave no comment.
A. being asked to compare B. asked him to compare
C. asking him to compare D. asked to compare
10. If ___, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallon of a raw sewage each year.
A. fully occupied B. to fully occupy C. fully occupying D. to be occupied fully
11. ____ on a clear day far from the city crowds, the mountains gave home sense of infinite peace.
A. Walking B. When one is walking C. If walking D. When walking
12. A bean of light will not bend round corners unless ____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.
A. made B. being made C. having made D. to be made
13. When ____ at the door, she was given a warm welcome.
A. appear B. appeared C. appearing D. appears
考点4. 分词作宾补
1）许多感观动词，如：catch, see, listen to, hear, find, feel, smell, notice, watch和使役动词：make, have, get, leave, keep, want let等后接现在分词作补语表示正在进行的状态，后接省略不定式做补语省略to表示全过程，后接过去分词做补语表示被动态。
比较：I saw the man climbing the wall at 8 o’clock last night.
I saw the man climb the wall last night. I saw the man shot on the street.
I had the maid clean the room. I had them laughing all through the meal.
You will have yourself arrested if you break the law.
1. I’m going to the passport office ____.
A. to stamp my passport B. for stamping
C. to have stamped my passport D. to have my passport stamped
2. They’ll have you ____ if you don’t pay your taxes.
A. to be arrested B. arrest C. arrested D. being arrested
3. Don’t get your schedule ____; stay with us in this class.
A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change
★4. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on.
A. to be informed B. on informing C. informed D. informing
5. In Australia the Asians make their influence ____ in business large and small.
A. feeling B. feel C. felt D. to be felt
6. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C.having cultivated D. cultivating
7. If you want ____ you have to get the fund somewhere.
A. that the job is done B. the job done C. to have done the job D. the job that is done
8. You’ll see the product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
考点5. 如动词的逻辑主语与主句中的主语不一致，则涉及独立主格形式，在独立主格中，无谓语部分，只有分词。独立主格可带with也可不带with表示原因及伴随状况。
1. He ran towards me with two eager hands _____.
A. outstretching B. being outstretched C. outstretched D. outstretch
2. Without the sun’s light ____ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could net exist on the earth.
A. warms B. warming C. warm D. to warm
3. All flights ____ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
A. having cancelled B. having been cancelled
C. were cancelled D. have been cancelled
4. A new technique ____, the yield as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A. working out B. having worked out
C. having been worked out D. to have been worked out
5. ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A. Other things being equal B. Were others equal
C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
6. Weather ____, the picnic will be held as scheduled.
A. permits B. should permit C. will permit D. permitting
7. So many directors ___, the board meeting had to be put off.
A. were absent B. been absent C. had been absent D. being absent
8. ____, she went back to her room.
A. There was no cause for alarm B. Being no cause for alarm
C. There being no cause for alarm D. Without having no cause for
9. The speech ___, a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
10. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered
11. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school.
A. to be encouraged B. being encouraged C. been encouraged D. be encouraged
12. ___ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment.
A. Since B. For C. As D.With
13. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ___ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seat C. seated D. having been seated
从句篇
一个句子成为另一个句子的成份，此复句型句子称为复合从句。如从句替代的分别是名词、形容词或副词则相应称为名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。
一、名词性从句
名词性从句根据名词在句中可充当的成分来看分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。
考点1. 主语从句一从句充当复合句的主语，可由that或wh—形式引导。
1. ____ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.
A. It is nearly B. Nearly C. That nearly D. As
2. ____ is inconceivable that the boy might have stolen the money and field.
A. He B. This C. There D. It
3. In some countries, ____ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
4. ____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.
A. That B. What C. How D. Since
5. ____ that not all government officials are honest.
A. It seems to me B. In my opinion, I believe
C. My believing is D. I think in my mind
6. ____is of no concern to us.
A. It rains or not B. If it rains or not
C. Whether it rains or not D. Will it rain or not
考点2. 宾语从句 宾语从句可由that或wh-形式引导，that在句中也可省略。
★1. We consider _____ the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used.
A. that it necessary B. necessary that C. it necessary that D. necessary of it that
★2. You will see to _____ the engine doesn’t get out of order.
A. that B. it that C. however D. which
3. They don’t believe that land belongs to people but ____ people belong to land.
A. that B. when C. where D. how
4. I am doubtful _____ he is still alive.
A. that B. whether C. what D. when
5. I have no doubt ______ we shall be able to do something for you.
A. that B.if C.what D.whether
6. You can’t imagine______.
A. what did we have awful weather B.what weather awful did we have
C.what awful weather we did have D.what awful weather had we
7. I will give the dictionary to ______ wants to have it.
A. whomever B.someone C.whoever D.anyone
8. He has not changed at all ______ that he is no longer so talkative
A. but B.except C.despite D.apart
9. The Chicago Building was different ______ each of its stories was compete in itself.
A. from which B.from what C.in which D.in that
10. I have made it clear ______ I will never go back on my words.
A. when B.that C.where D.nowever
11. You may rely on ______ everything will be ready by Monday.’
A. that B.which C.it that D.if
12. “What did the teacher say to you just now ” she asked me ______.”
A. whether or not I finished my work B.did I finish my work of not
C.is my work finished or not D.if or not I have finished my work
考点3. 表语从句：从句在句中做表语that或wh-形式连词引导
Surprised me was ______ he couldn’t speak English.
That… that B. what … what C. Who… that D. What… that
Reading is to the mind ______ food is to the body.
What B. that C.which D.where
The reason I didn’t go to school that day was ______ ill.
due to B.that I fell C.because of falling D.because I fell
His first question war ______ Tom had arrived yet.
If B.that C.whether D.what
考点4. 同位语从句：仅用that 和whether引导同位语从句，that 在句中不做任何成份。
1The mere fact ______ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.
what B.which C.that D.why
2. Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A. what B.which C.whose D.that
3. There is little doubt ______ her advice is of great value to us.
A. that B.whether C.why D.if
4. The question ______ we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
A. that B.whether C.where D.how
二． 形容词性从句：形容词性从句又称为定语从句，分为限定性和非限定性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句对主句来说必不可少，非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句相隔，可有可无。
考点5. 引导定语从句的关系词有：
Who(先行词是人，在从句中做主语) when(先行词是时间词，在从句中做时间状语)
Whom(先行词是人，在从句中做宾语) where(先行词是地点词，在从句中做地点状语)
Which(先行词是物，在从句中做主语或宾语) how（先行词是方式名词，在从句中做方式状语）
whose（先行词是人或物，在从句中做定语，相当于先行词所有格）
that（先行词是人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语）why(先行词是reason, 在从句中做原因状语)
This is the girl ______ has been highly praised.
of whom the painting B.the painting of whose C.who painting D.whose painting
She is too stubborn that she never listens to the advice______.
that I gave to her B.i give it to her
C. Which I give to her D. What I give to her
Now we can fly to Tokyo. There was a time ______ we had to take a boat.
Which B.when C.why D.as
There are few areas in the world ______ be grown.
where can the plant B.where the plant can
C.the plant that can D.that the plant
The hours ______ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television-people undoubtedly affect their relationships wine real-life people.
in which B.on which C.when D.that
We need a chairman______ .
whom everyone has confidence B.in who everyone has confidence
C.in that everyone has confidence D.in whom everyone has confidence
Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers ______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
whose B.which C.that D.what
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ______ his arguments in favor of the new theory.
to be based on B.to base on C.which to base on D. On which to base
9. You will need two trees about ten feet apart, from ______ to suspend your tent.
A.there B.them C.which D.where
10. The fire started on the fist floor of the hospital ______ is elderly and weak.
A. many of whose patients B.many of which patients
C.many of its patients D.many of whom
考点6. that 和which的区别
先行词有限定词all, any, every, some, (a)few, a(little), much, no, nothing, anything时，常用that取代which.
先行词被序数词，最高级或the only/next/same/very修饰时，常用that取代which
先行词是并列的人和物是，用that取代which
They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited.
4) 当关系代词在从句中做表语时，用that取代which
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was.
5) 定语从句是there be句型时，用that取代which,并且常省略
The number of mistakes (that ) there are in his homework is surprising.
I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me.
all that B.all which C.all what D.all whatever
Everything ______ remains can be divided between you.
What B.which C.that D.whose
His youngest son ______ is now working at Chinese Academy of science.
who is twenty-five B.that is twenty-five
C.who is twenty-five D.who is twenty-five age
You are the very man ______I have been looking for.
Who B.whom C.that D.which
Which was the first steamship ______ crossed the Atlantic
Which B.that C.what D.whose
All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessarities of life.
what is needed B.that thing needded
C.for our needs D.that is needed
Much ______ I have read has been nonsense.
Which B.as C.that D.which
The only thing is wrong with this is what my brother said to me the other day.
Which B.what C.when D.where
Do you remember the day ______he fell off his bike
Which B.that C.when D.where
Government reports, examinations and most business letters are the main situation ______formal language is used.
in which B.at what C.on which D.in that
The time is not far away ______modern communications will become widespread in china’s vast countryside.
As B.when C.until D.before
考点7. 定语从句中的否定关系代词but和比较关系代词than
but 代替人或物相当于that/which…not,总与具有否定意义的主句连用，总用于双重否定句式中。
There is none of us but knows (who don’t know) the sun is larger than the moon. 没人不知道太阳比月亮大。
2） 比较关系代词than相当于than that
There are more casualties than(than that) were reported. 伤亡人员比报道的多。
There is on material ______ deform more or less under force.
but will B.but will not C.whichever will D. Which will
考点8. as 引导的定语从句
As 引导的限制性定语从句通常用在一下两种结构中：such…as the … same…as
This is not such a good engine ______ I expected.
Which B.what C.as D.like
It wasn’t such a good dinner ______ she had promised us.
That B.which C.what D.as
Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ______ teas is poured into a cup from a teapot.
in the same way like B.in the same way C.in the same way which D.in the same way as
考点9. 非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句不可由that引出，而由wh-型和as关系词引出。 Which和as 也常指代前面的整个句子。As和which的区别：（1）as 引导引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的整个句子，which引导非限制性定语从句，既可以指代整个句子，又可以指代某个先行词。（2）as引导的非限制性定语从句，位置可以放在主句前，后，中，或插在主句中，which引导的非限制性定语从句，只能放在主句后。
The size of the audience, ______ , was over twenty thousand.
whom we had expected B.as we had expected
C.what we had expected D.we had expected that
I have to book ahead for concerts, ______ are usually held in London.
That B.waht C.they D.which
He spoke confidently, ______impressed me most.
so that B.that C.which D.in which
An investigation was made into the accident, ______ fifty people were killed.
in which B.where C.when D.for that
Language is a city to the building of ______ every human being brought a stone.
Which B.that C.it D.this
He picked up the apples, ______ were badly bruised.
some which B.some C.some of those D.some of which
As ______ announced in today’s papers, the Shanghai Export commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.
Being B.is C.to be D.been
Things, ______ is often the case, will turn out to be contrary to one’s wishes.
as B.which C.that D.it
提示：先行词不定词thing不能用which链接，只能用as；非限定性从句需用wh-型连词或as连接。
三，副词性从句： 副词在句子成份中总是充当时间，地点，原因，结果等状语，如果副词由一个从句替代而形成的复合句就叫副词性从句状语从句。
考点1. 时间状语从句：1）引导时间状语从句的常见连词有：when, as, while, before, after, till/until, (ever)since, as soon as 等。 2）no sooner… than, hardly/scarcely barely/ (only)just /… when表示“…就…”它们置于句首，主句用倒装语序。3）某些时间词组如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, each time, every time 也可以引导时间状语从句。
They reached the center of the city, they stopped the care at a bar.
before a mile or so when B. For a mile or so after
C. Farther than a mile or so D. A mile or so before
2. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes I heard voices.
A.as B.when C.after D.while
3. Tom likes to go to movies Mary prefers to go swimming.
A.at the same time B.as soon as C.because D.while
4. I was about to to this morning the telephone rang.
A.when B.while C.as D.as soon as
5. He had no sooner finished his speech stormy applause broke out.
A.when B.than C.before D.then
6. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, something occurred which attracted my attention.
A.unless B.until C.when D.while
7. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true is comes to classroom tests.
A.when B.since C.before D.after
8. They decided to chase the cow away it did more damage.
A.unless B.until C.before D.although
9. A man escaped from the prison last night, it was long time the guards discovered what had happened.
A.before B.until C.since D.when
10. “It is a long time I saw you last.” “Yes, and it will be a time we see each other again.”
A.when…when B.since…before C.before…since D.then…then
11. “When did he leave the classroom ” “He lefe you turned back to write to write on the blackboard.”
A.the time B.until C.the minute D.before
考点2. 地点状语从句由where, wherever, every where 等引导。
I have kept the portrait ______I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.
Which B.where C.whether D.when
2. Earthworms exist ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
A.however B.and C.wherever D.but
考点3. 原因状语从句
其引导连词有because, as, since , for, now that, seeing(that),considering(that),in (that)表原因语气强弱because>since(既定事实)>as（既定意实）>for(加以解释，常在逗号后的分句)
______human beings depend to a great extend on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.
Unless B. As for as C. Since D. Tough
The fuel must have been finished, ______ the engine stopped.
Since B.As C.Because D.For
______he is ill, he’s likely not to come.
Seen that B.Seeing that C.So D.When
______you are familiar with the author’s ideas, try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can.
Now that B.Ever since C.So that D.As long as
Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.
in that B.for that C.with that D. as that
考点4. 条件状语从句：分为真实条件和非真实（虚拟）条件状语从句，其引导连词有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that, providing/provided/given that, only if 等….
You will have to pay a fine ______ you return those books to the library immediately.
If B.for fear that C.lest D.unless
We are sure to do the work well, ______ we don’t lose heart.
Unless B.however C.as long as D. Even though
3. I’d get it for you ______ I would remember who last borrow the book.
A.now that B.except that C.considering that D. on condition that
4. He will surely finish the job on time ______ he’s left to do it his own way.
A.in that B.so long as C.in case D.as far as
★5. Excuse me. If your call is not too urgent, do you mind ______ mine first
A.i maked B.if I make C.me to make D.that I make
考点5. 结果状语从句：连词常用so/such… that, 修饰名词用such, 修饰形容词用so
He is such a good man that every girl likes him. He is so good that every girl likes him.
I took no notice of him, he flew into a rage.
for that B.so that C.in that D.but hat
Please remind me of the meeting tomorrow I forget it.
in case B.or C.in any case D.but
He spoke confidently, impressed me most.
so that B.that C.which D.in which
He did his homework carefully for fear that he .
makes a mistake B.made a mistake
C.would make a mistake D.make a mistake
考点7. 让步状语从句：由thought, although/even if/ while as, wh- ever(however, whatever), no matter wh-(what, who, which, how, when, where)等连词引导
1.It could still carry twice the load ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses.
A.even though B.in spite of C.despite of D. however then
2.______As it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A.there two mountains are as high B. High as these two mountains are
C. Though very high these two mountains D. As these two mountains are high enough
3. The old said” ______,they can grow higher.”
A.There two mountains are as high B.High as these two mountains are
C.Though very high these two mountains D.As these two mountains are high enough
I’ve already told you I’m going to buy it, ______ .
however much it costs B.how much does it cost
C.however does it cost much D. No matter how it costs
考点8. 方式状语从句：由as, just as(…so), just so much as, as if.
Rather is so aircrafts and ships, ______ eyes are to human body.
such…as B. just like… as C. such as… so D. Just as… so
Jean worked just so much______ .
like what she was told B.as she was told to
C.as to what she tries to do D. like she was told to do
I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught.
Like B.what C.such D.as
He talked ______ he had been to America many times.
however much it costs B.how much does it cost
C.however does it cost much D. No matter how it costs
考点9. 比较状语从句：用as…as, not as/so…as, more than, the more…the more来连接。
The dress is prettier, but it costs ______that one.
twice as many as B.as much as twice C.as twice as D. Twice as much as
2. “How much is this book ” “the new edition is ______ expensive than the old one.”
A.fewer B.much more C.less D.a little
3. The taller the container ______ at the bottom.
A.the greater will the water pressure be B. the water pressure will be greater
C.the greater will be the water D.the greater the water pressure will be
主谓一致
主谓一致指的是谓语动词必须在人称，数和性上保持一致。在判定一个句子主谓是否一致时，要遵循下列三原则：即语法一致，意义一致和人称一致的
考点1. 集合名词作主语：如表示整体则用单数，表示个体成员则用复数。 常见的集合名词army, audience, association board, class, club, crew, faculty, family, firm, generation jury, public, staff, team, union, personnel, group, couple, party, crowd, committee等。
例如：The football team consists of 20 players.
The football team is having lunch now.
The public ______ generous in their contribution to he earthquake victims.
Is B.are C.was D.has been
The committee______ , and it has decided to dismiss him.
were met B. Have met C.has met D.was met
My family ______ very interested in playing bowls, which very much in fashion now.
is…is B.are…are C.is…are D.are…is
考点2. 总是复数名词的集合名词：folk, people, police, youth, militia, cattle, poultry,
Cattle ______ in the field.
Grazes B.is grazing C.was grazing D.are grazing
考点3. 单复数同形的名词作主语，需根据上下文及修饰语来确定谓语形式，这类常见名词有deer, fish, means, sheep, species, series, works, head quarters.
例如： The species of rose is very rare.
The species of fish are numerous.
Every means ______ tried but without much result,
has been B.have been C.are D.is
These deer ______ small compared with other species of deer.
Are B.is C.do D.does
考点4. all, most, enough, half, the last, the rest, none等作主语动词形式取决于其所代表的名词， 既可以是单数也可能是复数形式。
All’s well ______
end well B.well end C.ends well D.ending well
When enough of the tree______ chopped away, the tree falls.
has B.have C.had D.having
Although his many examples were all right, the remainder ______ not exact.
is Bare Cows D.having
考点5. “many a, more than one+ 复数名词”构成主语，谓语用单数形式。
many a boy tried, but few ______ succeeded.
have…have B.have… has C.has…has D.has…have
考点6. 分数或百分数+of 构成主语的主谓一致：谓语形式取决于of后接名词，可单形可复形。
Four-fifths of the crop ______
are ruined B.was ruined C.were ruined D.have been ruined
Three-fourths of the buildings ______
was destroyed B.is destroyed C.were destroyed D.has been destroyed
考点7. “one of+复数名词或代词+定语从句”结构中的主谓一致，修饰词中有only则用单数，否则应当用复数：
A number of + 复数 许多 VS the number of + 单数 …的数目
A variety of + 复数 各种各样 VS the variety of + 单数…的品种
1． He is one of the students who ______ the examination.
A.has passed B.were passed C.have passed D.have been passed
2. Tom is the only one of the staff members who ______ to be promoted.
A. is going B.are going C.has been D.has been going
3. A number of cars______ in front of the building.
A. is parked B.are parked C.has parked D.was parked
4. The number of private colleges______
A. are increasing B.have been increased
C.have increased D.has increased
5. George is one of the brightest students who ______ able to carry out his campaign pledge.
A. is graduated B.had graduated C.were D.was
6. He was the only one of the candidates who ______ able to carry out his campaign pledge.
A. have been B.has been C.were D.was
7. There a Varity of toys ______on sale in that shop.
A. are B.is C.be D.was
8. The variety of goods ______on sale in that shop surpring.
A.be B.are C.is D.were
考点8. 主语就近原则的并列结构：not only…but also, either….or, neither…nor 等结构应当采用主语就近原则。
1.Not only they but also I ______ interested in such kind of things..
is B.are C.am D.was
Neither Bill nor his parents ______ at home.
is B.are C.has D.was
Neither the children nor the mother lost ______ confidence.
their B.them C.her D.its
考点9. 用“and”连接的两个名词作主语，遵循意义一致的原则。
1.Honesy and generosity ______ the virtues that make him popular with girls.
A. were B.was C.are D.is
2.Each soldier and sailor ______ given a gun.
A.werr B.was C.have been D.are
3. The linebacker and captain of the team ____ most valuable player.
A. have been selected B. has been selected C. have selected D. has selected
4. If law and order ____ not preserved, neither the citizen nor his properly is safe.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
5. Every man and every woman ____ required to vote for the candidate last month.
A. is B. were C. are D. was
考点10. 介词结构不影响主语的单复数：主语后带有as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, rather than, more than, 谓语形式不考虑介词结构的影响。
1. A doctor, together with two nurses, _____ sent to that far—way mountain village to help the sick people.
A. have B. have been C. has D. has been
2. Internet, as well as prospects, ____ in important when one looks for a job.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
3. She ate bread and butter for breakfast, and ____ her favorite food.
A. they are B. which are C. it is D. which is
考点11. 平行结构的一致性：平行结构的两部分应用相似。
1. Having no money but _____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A. not to want anyone B. not wanting anyone C. wanted no one D. to want no one
2. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _____ at the beginning.
A. which is B. which was C. they have D. it is
3. Jean had not realized how long the magzine was or _____.
A. its reading difficulty B. its difficulty in reading
C. that is was so difficult to read D. how difficult it was to read
考点12. There be 的就近原则：be动词单复数，取决于靠其最近的名词单复数。
★1. There _____ one or two things I’d like to do tonight.
A. is B. has been C. have been D. are
2. There _____ never been hard feelings between the families living on this block.
A. had B. have C. is D. were
3. Another five weeks _____ necessary for us to finish the work.
A. are B. were C. is D. will have been
4. Twenty eight times eighty three _____ two thousand, two thousand and twenty four.
A. will make B. makes C. had made D. have made
倒装
倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种，全部倒装即是将谓语全置于主语之前，而部分倒装是将谓语的一部分置于主语前。
（一）全部倒装
考点1. 谓语为表示位置转移动作的词的倒装：位置转移动作词有come、go、stand、lie、exist而又以：thus、hence、in、out、away、off、up、down等词开头，句子为全倒装。如主语为代词则不倒装。
1. We waited and waited. _____ we had been looking forwatd to
A. The hour then came B. Then did the hour come C. Then the hour came D. Then came the hour
2. _____ about economics for you to read.
A. There the book is B. Here is a book C. Here a book is D. A book is
考点2. 句首为地点的介词、副词或词组，常全倒装。
★1. When I came in that evening, the door of Cookey’s sitting — room was open and ____, stamping of feet and television music.
A. it through came laughter B. laughter came through it
C. come laughter through it D. through it came laughter
★2. _____ who had arrested him three times for drug—taking.
A. Before the police man B. Before the policeman John stood
C. Before John the policeman stood D. Before John stood the policeman
3. To the north of the city _____ a small island.
A. lain B. lies C. was there D. there lays
(二)部分倒装
考点3. only引导的状语或强调句子状语置于句首时部分倒装。
1. Only after I had known him for some time ____ to appreciate his real worth.
A. did I begin B. I began C. do I begin D. had I began
2. Only under special circumstances ____ to take make—up test.
A. Freshmen are permitted B. permitted are freshmen
C. are freshmen permitted D. are permitted freshman
★3. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ____ come to a sound conclusion.
A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can
4. Many a time ____ that test.
A. we have tried B. did we have tried C. did we tried D. have we tried
5. Often _____ foreign language is useful in every field.
A. our teacher tells us B. our teacher does tell us
C. does our teacher tell us that D. have our teacher told us that
考点4. 否定词开头的倒装：1）当前后两分句均含否定意义，后面分句用nor(neither)连接时，部分倒装。2）以hardly, scarely, never, few, at on time, by no means(决不)，no longer, no more等词开头句中，用部分倒装。
★1. On no account _____ to anyone.
A. my name must be mentioned B. must my name mention
C. my name must mention D. must my name be mentioned
2. Seldom _____ any mistakes during my past five years of service here.
A. would I make B. should I make C. I would make D. did I make
★3. Not until he returned to school _____ that he failed the exam.
A. that he knew B. did he knew C. did he know D. he didn’t know
4. “The English fellow’s songs are very poetic.”
“____ the words to the songs, but also he composes the music.”
A. He also writes B. Although he writes C. Not only does he write D. Not only he writes
5. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one ____ the proposal.
A. they did not discuss B. did they discuss C. do they discuss D. would they discuss
6. Not only ____ about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
A. the customer complained B. when the customer complained
C. did the customer complain D. the customer did complain
7. Never before ____ so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale.
A. man has been B. has man been C. will be man D. man is
★8. Not until the 19th and 20th centuries _____ its ripest fruit and its lethal poisons.
A. modern nationalism produce B. when modern nationalism in Europe produced
C. did modern nationalism produce D. modern nationalism had produced
9. _____ got on the train when it started to move.
A. Rarely B. No sooner I had C. Scarcely had I D. No sooner had I
10. On no account _____ rudeness from his employees.
A. the manager will tolerate B. will the manager tolerate
C. the manager will not tolerate D. the manager tolerates
11. Not until the game had begun _____ at the sports ground.
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived
★12. We have been told that under no circumstances ____ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A. may we use B. we may use C. we should use D. did we use
考点5. 在“as”和 “be” 引导的让步状语从句中，要用倒装语序。
例：Tired as he was, he continued to work.
A little boy as he is, he has done a good job.
Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high ranking official.
1. The business of each day, _____ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
A. it being B. be it C. was it D. it was
2. All substances, _____ , take up space.
A. whether are liquid or soled B. whether are they liquid or solid
C. be they liquid or solid D. on matter they are solid or liquid
3. _____ , electrons are still smaller.
A. As small atoms are B. As atoms are small
C. Small as atoms are