中考英语二轮复习:英语动词的分类

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名称 中考英语二轮复习:英语动词的分类
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更新时间 2022-12-10 15:17:27

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动词
  1) 表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。
  2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,
  分别是:实义动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 698681.htm" \t "_blank )(Notional Verb)、系动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 200953.htm" \t "_blank )(Link Verb)、助动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 78719.htm" \t "_blank )(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 190314.htm" \t "_blank )(Modal Verb)。
  实义动词还可以分成及物动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 231414.htm" \t "_blank )和不及物动词
  说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 428731.htm" \t "_blank ),例如:
  We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)
  He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。
  (has是助动词。)
  3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,
  分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 231422.htm" \t "_blank )(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
  说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
  She can dance and sing.
  她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
  She can sing many English songs.
  她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
  4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,
  分别是:限定动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 237652.htm" \t "_blank )(Finite Verb)、非限定动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 237969.htm" \t "_blank )(Non-finite Verb)例如:
  She sings very well.
  她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
  She wants to learn English well.
  她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化 ( http: / / baike. / view / 913053.htm" \t "_blank ),是非限定动词。
  说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式 ( http: / / baike. / view / 26732.htm" \t "_blank )(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
  5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,
  分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 200971.htm" \t "_blank )(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1282676.htm" \t "_blank )(Verbal Phrase)例如:
  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
  英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
  学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
  The young ought to take care of the old.
  年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
  6)动词有五种形态,
分别是:原形 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1413221.htm" \t "_blank )(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Form in Third Personal)、过去式 ( http: / / baike. / view / 901109.htm" \t "_blank )(Past Form)、过去分词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 235316.htm" \t "_blank )(Past Participle)、现在分词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 233390.htm" \t "_blank )(Present Participle)
实义动词(也称行为动词)
1,及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.
我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ”Harry asked.
哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久 ”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example.
白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.
原油含有许多有用的物质。
2,不及物动词
  本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
  Birds fly.鸟会飞。
  It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
  My watch stopped.我的表停了。
  She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3,兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
  a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
  Shall I begin at once 我可以立刻开始吗 (begin作不及物动词)
  She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
  When did they leave Chicago 他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
  They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
  b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
  Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well 这布经得起洗吗
4,与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
  a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 84281.htm" \t "_blank )。如:
  We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
  Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
  Do they agree to the plan 他们同意这个计划吗 (to不可省去)
  b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
  Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
实义动词的用法
实义动词词义完整,能独立作谓语,可分成:及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
1.及物动词要求有宾语
①Mr.Smith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday.
史密斯先生给了他的妻子20英镑过生日。
②He asked the teacher a few questions.
他向老师问了几个问题。
  ③We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。
④Children and young people like bright colors.
孩子和年轻人喜欢亮丽的颜色。
2.不及物动词不要求宾语
  ① Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 A.m. and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening .英国大部分商店九点开门,晚五点或五点半关门。
  ②George's father lives there.乔治的爸爸住在那里。
  ③Let's go home.我们回家吧。
  ④The examination ended at 11:30 A.m.考试上午十一点半结束。
3.特殊实义动词
  英语动词很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如
  close, begin, study, leave, work等。
  ①The post office closes at 9:00 p. m.邮局晚上9点关门。
  ②Close the window, please.请关窗。
  ③Shall we begin now 我们现在开始吗?
  ④ Bill began working as a sailor after he left school.比尔毕业后当水手。
  ⑤They left yesterday.他们昨天离开的。
  ⑥When did you leave Washington 你什么时候离开华盛顿的?
  ⑦The students study hard.这些学生学习努力。
  ⑧The students study English and German.这些学生学习英语和德语。
  ⑨He works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。
⑩He works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作这台机器。
系动词
系动词,亦称连系动词(Link Verb)。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
定义
  例如:He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(feel是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,
关于连系动词后接不定式
  ■ 连系动词 be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:
  1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。
  2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。
  ■ seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语:
  1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。
  2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。
  3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。
  4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
  5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。
  若所接不定式为to be,通常可以省略。
  ■ sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:
  误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉 to be)
  误:The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉 to be)
  连系动词look后有时也可接to be,但以省略to be为多。
分类
1)状态系动词
  用来表示主语性质或状态,只有be一词,例如:
  He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(表示主语的身份--性质)
  He is ill. 他病了。(表示主语的状态)
2)持续系动词
  用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
  He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
  This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
  用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
  He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
  He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
  感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
  This kind of cloth feels very soft.
  这种布手感很软。
  This flower smells very sweet.
  这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
  这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
  例如:
  He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
  She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
  表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
  His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
注意事项
  系动词本身有一定的词义,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与表语连用。复习系动词时,必须注意以下几个问题:
  1. be是最重要的系动词,主语不同,be的形式也不同,且有时态 ( http: / / baike. / view / 238614.htm" \t "_blank )的变化。
  通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等,后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 84281.htm" \t "_blank )短语、不定式 ( http: / / baike. / view / 345.htm" \t "_blank )、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。
  特别要注意“由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态 ( http: / / baike. / view / 135.htm" \t "_blank )的区别。
  前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态,通常没有由by引导的介词短语。
  如:The door was closed.
  后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 330413.htm" \t "_blank )所示动作的承受者,表示动作;句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。如:The door was closed by me.
  还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
  前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态,也可说明主语是什么。如:My job is teaching English.
  后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
  2. 要注意由行为动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 875187.htm" \t "_blank )转化成的系动词。
  表示人体感官的系动词有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,后面接形容词;
  表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词,become后面接单数名词时,名词前要用不定冠词,turn后面接单数名词时,名词前不用不定冠词;
  表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand lie,rest,stay等,后面接表示状态的形容词;
  表示判断的系动词有seem和appear,后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
  3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。 
  4. 要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实意动词的用法。
  系动词部分主要注意:其后要求接形容词,而不是副词做表语。遇到这种情况,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例:
  The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)
  The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语 ( http: / / baike. / view / 111834.htm" \t "_blank )。)
助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。构成时态,语态。 助动词是语法功能词,自身没有词义,不可单独使用,它没有对应的汉译,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
1定义
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
 a. 表示时态,例如:
  He is singing. 他在唱歌。
  He has got married. 他已结婚。
 b. 表示语态,例如:
  He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
 c. 构成疑问句,例如:
  Do you like college life 你喜欢大学生活吗?
  Did you study English before you came here 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
 d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
  I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
 e. 加强语气,例如:
  Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
  He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
1助动词am,is,are的用法
  1) am,is,are +现在分词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 233390.htm" \t "_blank ),构成进行时态,例如:
  They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
  English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
  2) am,is,are + 过去分词,构成被动语态 ( http: / / baike. / view / 135.htm" \t "_blank ),例如:
  The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
  English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
  3)am,is,are+ 动词不定式 ( http: / / baike. / view / 26732.htm" \t "_blank ),可表示下列内容:
  a. 用现在时表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
  He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
  We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
  说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
  b. 表示命令,例如:
  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
  c. 征求意见,例如:
  How am I to answer him  我该怎样答复他?
  Who is to go there  谁该去那儿呢?
  d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
  
2助动词have的用法
  1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1123151.htm" \t "_blank ),例:
  He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 
  上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
  2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例:
  I have been studying English for ten years.
  我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
  3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例:
  English has been taught in China for many years.
  中国教英语已经多年。
3助动词do 的用法
  1) 构成一般疑问句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 935953.htm" \t "_blank ),例如:
  Do you want to pass the CET  你想通过大学英语测试吗?
  Did you study German  你们学过德语 ( http: / / baike. / view / 9334.htm" \t "_blank )吗?
  2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
  I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
  He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
  3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
  Don't go there. 不要去那里。
  Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
  说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
  4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
  Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
  I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
  I do miss you. 我确实想你。
  5) 用于倒装句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 84467.htm" \t "_blank ),例如:
  Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
  Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
  只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
  说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
  6) 用作代动词,例如:
  ---- Do you like Beijing  --你喜欢北京吗?
  ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
  He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he
  他知道如何开车,对吧?
4助动词shall和will的用法
  shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时 ( http: / / baike. / view / 201104.htm" \t "_blank ),例如:
  I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
  He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
  说明:
   在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 190314.htm" \t "_blank ),试比较:
  He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
  He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
  shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿
  shall I turn on the light
  要开灯吗 ( 我把灯打开好吗 )
  shall he come to see you
  他要不要他来看你
  (比较: will he come to see you 他会不会来看你)
  shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词 表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等
5助动词should,would的用法
  1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
  我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
  比较:
  "What shall I do next week " I asked.
  "我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。)
  2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
  He said he would come. 他说他要来。
  比较:
  "I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
  变成间接引语,就成了:
  He said he would come. 
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。
情态动词
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态 ( http: / / baike. / view / 135.htm" \t "_blank )一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。
1分类
情态动词有五类:
 ①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),
 ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 698681.htm" \t "_blank ):need,dare
 ③可做情态动词又可做助动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 78719.htm" \t "_blank ):shall(should),will(would) ,ought to
 ④具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to
 ⑤情态动词表猜测
2位置
 情态动词有一定的词义,但并不完整,必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。
  I can see e here.
  我能看见你,过来吧。
  He must have been away.
  他一定走了。
  What can I do for you
  我能帮你吗?
  How dare you treat us like that!
  你怎能那样对待我们!
3特点
  情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1285424.htm" \t "_blank ),故没有被动语态。
  He could be here soon.
  他很快就来。
  We can't carry the heavy box.
  我们搬不动那箱子。
  I'm sorry I can't help you.
  对不起,我帮不上你。
  基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
  What have you been doing since (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
  I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
  You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
  除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
  1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
  We used to grow beautiful roses.
  I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
  2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
  They need not have been punished so severely.
  3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
  She dare not say what she thinks.
  4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 26625.htm" \t "_blank ):
  Still, she needn't have run away.
  5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
  Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something
  She told him he ought not to have done it.
  6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
  You should have washed the wound.
  Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
4用法
  首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
  用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形
  例句:I can read this sentence in English.
  我能用英语读这句话。
  情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
  We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
  May I have your name 我能知道你的名字吗?
  Shall we begin now 我们现在就开始吗?
  You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
  情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
  can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.
情态动词还有一个很重要的用法,即情态动词表推测——
 情态动词表推测的用法小结
  (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式
  1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might / could(也许,或许)。
  (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question
  他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
  (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
  屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
  2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。
  (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
  这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
  (2)He may not/might not know the scientist.
  他也许不认识那位科学家。
  3.疑问句中用can/could (能…… )。
  (1)Could he have finished the task
  他可能把任务完成了吗?
  (2)Can he be at home now
  他现在能在家吗?
  注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
  (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态
  1.对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
  (1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.
  5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
  (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
  她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
  2.对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
  (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.
  他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
  (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.
  这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
  (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony
  布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
  3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 235316.htm" \t "_blank )”。
  (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
  地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
  (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .
  门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
  (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book?
  难道他找到书了吗?
  注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气 ( http: / / baike. / view / 26751.htm" \t "_blank )意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如:
  (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
  现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)
  (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)
  她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
  (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虚拟)
  汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
5功能
  助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1114679.htm" \t "_blank )构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
  1) 构成否定式:
  He didn't go and neither did she.
  他没去,她也没去。
  The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
  会议可能直到五点才开始。
  2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
  Must you leave right now
  你一定要马上离开吗?
  You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you
  你已经学了五年法语,不是吗?
  3) 构成修辞倒装 ( http: / / baike. / view / 6811.htm" \t "_blank ):
  Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
  他无处得到他姐姐的任何消息。
  Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
  他刚到,她就开始抱怨起来。
  4) 代替限定动词词组:
  A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle
  B: Tom can.
  A: Shall I write to him
  B: Yes, do.
(1)can和could的用法
  1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如:
  Can you finish this work tonight
  你今晚能完成这项工作吗?
  Man can not live without air.
  人离了空气不能活。
  — Can I go now — Yes, you can.
  —我现在可以走了吗?—你可以。
  注意:①could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如:
  Could I come to see you tomorrow
  我明天能来看您吗?
  Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.)
  是的,你可以。(不,恐怕不行。)
  ②can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。如:
  I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
  我今下午不能来。
  2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)
  Can this be true
  这可能是真的吗?
  How can you be so careless!
  你怎么能这么粗心!
  This can not be done by him.
  这不可能是他做的。
  3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如:
  He can not have been to that town.
  他不可能去过那个镇。
  Can he have got the book
  他可能拥有这本书吗?
  4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.
  5. can not```too\enough表示"无论怎样``````也不过分","越``````越好"
  6.can 可以表示体力活脑力方面的能力,能够,能,会
  Can you finish the work in such a short time
  你能在那么短的时间内完成这项工作吗?
  7. can 表示许可、允许 , 在疑问句中表示要求,在否定句中表示不许,此时可以和may通用。
(2)may和might的用法
  1. 表示许可。
  表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you can't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如:
  You may drive the car.
  你可以开这辆车。
  — Might I use your pen — No, you mustn't.
  —我可以用你的钢笔吗?—不,绝对不行。
  用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
  2. 用于祈使句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 46257.htm" \t "_blank )中表示祝愿。如:
  May you succeed!
  祝你成功!
  3. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。
  He may be very busy now.
  他现在可能非常忙。
  4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如:
  He may not have finished the work.
  他可能没有完成工作。
(3)must和have to的用法
  1. 表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些)如:
  You must come in time.
  你必须及时过来。
  回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don't have to。
  — Must we hand in our exercise books today
  — Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
  —我们今天必须交上练习册吗?
  —是的。(不,不必。)
  2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
  This must be your pen.
  这一定是你的钢笔。
  3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
  He must have been to Shanghai.
  他一定去过上海。
  4. have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同:
  ① must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要。如:
  The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
  这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。
  I had to work when I was your age.
  当我像你这么大时,我不得不工作。
  ② must一般只表现在,have则有更多的时态形式。
  ③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如:
  You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
  You don't have to go. 你不必去。
  ④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如:
  Must I clean all the room
  我一定要打扫整个房间吗?
  注意:have to也可拼做have got to。
  5. 表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感彩,偏偏、非要。
  Why must you always bother me
  为什么你总是来烦我?
(4)dare和need的用法
  1. need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如:
  You needn’t come so early.
  — Need I finish the work today
  — Yes, you must.
  注意:needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如:
  You needn't have waited for me.
  2. Dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 2066094.htm" \t "_blank )中,一般不用在肯定句中。如:
  How dare you say I'm unfair.
  He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he
  3. Dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to的不定式,在否定和疑问句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如:
  I dare to swim across this river.
  He does not dare (to) answer.
  Don't you dare (to) touch it!
  I wondered he dare (to) say that.
  He needs to finish it this evening.
(5)shall和should的用法
  一.Shall的用法:
  1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如:
  What shall we do this evening
  2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如:
  Shall we begin our lesson
  When shall he be able to leave the hospital
  3. Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如:
  You shall fail if you don't work harder. (警告)
  He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)
  He shall be punished. (威胁)
  二.Should的用法:
  1. Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如:
  You should go to class right away.
  Should I open the window
  Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子:
  ① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。
  ② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了。
  ③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。
  ④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。
  从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
  Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如:
  ⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。
  ⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。
  ⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来。
  此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如:
  ⑧ Why should you be so late today 你几天怎么来得这么晚?
  ⑨ — Where is Betty living — 贝蒂住在哪里?
  — How should I know — 我怎么会知道呢?
  ⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
  2. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如: She should have finished it.
  I should have helped her, but I never could.
  You should have started earlier.
(6)will和would的用法
  1. 表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。如:
  Would you pass me the book
  2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如:
  I will never do that again.
  They asked if we would do that again.
  The door won't open
  3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如:
  This will be the book you want.
  He will have arrived by now.
  The guests would have arrived by that time.
  I thought you would have finished this by now.
  4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:
  The wound would not heal.
  During the vacation he would visit me every week.
  5. 表料想或猜想。如:
  It would be about ten when he left home.
  What would she be doing there
  I thought he would have told you all about it.
(7)ought to的用法
  1. Ought to表示应该。如:
  You ought to take care of him.
  2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别:
  He must be at home by now. (断定他已到家)
  He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)
  This is where the oil must be. (比较直率)
  This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄)
  3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如:
  You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).
  这时,ought to和should可以互相换用。
  注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。如:
  Ought you smoke so much
  You oughtn't smoke so much.
  ought和should的区别:
  1.ought语气略强。
  2.should较常用。
  3.ought在美国英语中用的很少,而should却相当常用。
  4.ought属正式用语。
(8)used to,had better,would rather的用法
  1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语 ( http: / / baike. / view / 1929194.htm" \t "_blank )中,其形式可不变。如:
  He told us he used to play football when he was young.
  在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 190776.htm" \t "_blank )中,可有两种形式:
  疑问句
  Did you use to go to the same school as your brother
  Used you to go to the same school as your brother
  否定句
  I usedn't to go there.
  I didn't use to go there.
  Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't,但发音皆为['ju:snt]。
  否定疑问句
  Usen't you to be interested in the theatre
  Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre
  强调句
  I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
  I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
  其反意疑问句 ( http: / / baike. / view / 201301.htm" \t "_blank )或简略回答中,也有两种形式:
  She used to be very fat, didn't she (口语+常用)/ use(d)n't she (正式+过时)
  Did you use to play chess Yes, I did.
  Used you to get up early in the morning Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)
  2. Had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。如:
  — We had better go now.
  — Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better).
  Hadn't we better stop now (Had we better not stop now )
  I think I'd better be going. (用于进行时态,表“最好立即”)
  You had better have done that. (用于完成时态,表未完成动作)
  注:①had best与had better同意,但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。
  3. Would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。如:
  I'd rather not say anything.
  Would you rather work on a farm
  — Wouldn't you rather stay here
  — No, I would not. I'd rather go there.
  由于would rather表选择,因而后可接than。如:
  I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
  I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
  I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
  I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. (句中的'd rather不是情态动词,would在此是表愿望的实义动词)
(9)can (could), may (might)的用法
  can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
  Can you pass me the books
  你能给我递一下书吗
  Could you help me, please
  请问,你能帮助我吗
  What can you do
  你能干点什么呢
  Can you be sure
  你有把握吗
  can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示。
  He could help us at all.
  他完全可以帮助我们。
  With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.
  由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。
  may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。
  You may take the book home.
  你可以把书带回家去.
  May I come in
  我可以进来吗
  May I use your dictionary
  我可以用你的词典吗
  You may put on more clothes.
  你可以多穿点衣服.
  He said he might lend us some money.
  他说他可以借给我们一些钱。
  may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn't.
  might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式,一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑。
  He told me he might be here on time.
  他说他能按时间来。
  Might I borrow some money now.
  我可以借点钱吗
  He might be alive.
  他可能还活着。
(10)must, need, ought to, dare (dared)用法
  Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
  must 用来指一般现在时 ( http: / / baike. / view / 360594.htm" \t "_blank )和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
  I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。
  You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。
  Must I return the book tomorrow 我必须明天还书吗
  After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路,你一定困了。
  He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。
  He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day. 那天他要走是因为有人叫他。
  must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
  He must have told my parents about it.
  他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。
  He must have received my letter now.
  他现在一定收到我的信了。
  It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.
  已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了。
  must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要。
  You must do it now.
  你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)
  I have to go now.
  我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)
  need 需要 多用在否定式或疑问句中.
  Need I attend the meeting tomorrow
  我需要明天参加会议吗
  You need not hand in the paper this week.
  这一周你不必交论文。
  need 是一个情态动词, 他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样, 但 need 还可当作实义动词使用, 这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
  I need a bike to go to school.
  我上学需要一辆自行车。
  Do you need a dictionary
  你需要词典吗
  She needs a necklace.
  她需要一条项链。
  needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
  You needn't have taken it seriously.
  这件事情你不必太认真。
  dare 敢 多用在否定或疑问句中。
  The little girl dare not speak in public.
  小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。
  Dare you catch the little cat
  你敢抓小猫吗
  dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
  Do you dare to walk in the dark
  你敢黑夜走路吗?
  He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day.
  他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。
  have to , ought ,will ,Shall , should . ought 应当,应该 后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式 ( http: / / baike. / view / 26732.htm" \t "_blank )。
  You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.
  如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。
  You ought to bring the child here.
  你应该把孩子带来。
  ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
  You ought to have been here yesterday.
  你昨天就应该来。
  ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
  You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.
  你不应该把书带出阅览室。
  will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
  可用于各人称。
  I'll do my best to catch up with them.
  我要尽全力赶上他们。
  I'll never do it again, that's the last time.
  我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次。
  He said he would help me.
  他说他会帮助我。
  will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
  It's hot. Will you open the windows
  天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗
  Will you help me to work it out
  你能帮我解这道题吗
  Would you like some coffee?
  给你来点咖啡怎样?
  Shall, should表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。
  You should hand in the exercise book.
  你应该交作业本了。
  This should be no problem.
  这应该没问题。
  Shall we go now.
  我们现在可以走了吗
  Why should I meet him?
  为什么我要见他
  have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须。
  I have to go now.
  我现在得走了。
  I have to cook for my child.
  我得给孩子做饭。
  You must be here on time next time.
  你下次一定要按时来。
  We must go to get the timetable ourselves.
  我们一定要自己去拿时刻表。
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