2023届中考英语二轮复习：英语句子结构与简单句句型

句子结构-五大简单句
Teaching Aims: 1) to know the sentence structures in English;
2) to know the different functions of different parts in the sentence.
简单句的五种基本句型
1. 主语+谓语 S+V
2. 主语+谓语+宾语 S+V+O
3. 主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补 S+V+O+C
4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物) S+V+O+O
5. 主语+系动词+表语 S+LV+P
英语句子当中的成分分为： 主、谓、宾、定、状、补 六类。
宾语：表示动词的对象、承受者或后果。
定语：用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
状语：句子重要修饰成分，是谓语的另一个附加成分，附加在谓语中心语
补语：起补充说明作用的部分，作用对象是主语和宾语，具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能。
1. 主语S+谓语Vi(不及物动词)
I see. I’ll try. Time flies.
He can swim. Who knows That depends.
Everybody smiled. Water flows.
The children are playing. Tim is sleeping.
She is crying. He is reading. It’s snowing.
该句型中的动词为不及物，不及物动词词义自身完全，不需要宾语补足其意义，但有些动词词义必须由一个状语（不能没有状语）进行补充。
Birds sing beautifully. He reads loudly. He went on holiday.
We go for a walk. They sit under the tree. Your sister dances beautifully.
Jim and Tom study together every day. She swims like a fish.
Her lecture lasted an hour. She is studying hard at the university.
There be句型也属于这一结构。There本身无词义常弱读，其后的动词be具有”存在”之义，所以是一实意动词。
There is a telephone in that room. There was a concert last night.
2. 主语S+谓语Vt(及物动词)+宾语(O)
这里的谓语为及物动词或者相当于一个及物动词的短语动词。
2.1 主语+谓语+名词（代词）
We love our country. I like music. I saw her.
Jane’s looking after the children. He knows everything. He loves poetry.
2.2 主语+谓语+动名词
She loves window shopping. I enjoy living here.
Jane’s looking after the children. I prefer standing.
2.3 主语+谓语+不定式
I want to help him. He decided to leave. We’re expecting to see you soon.
I pretended to be cheated. Soon he went to sleep.
2.4 主语+谓语+反身代词
I can’t express myself in English. Now I’ll introduce myself. I can support myself.
2.5 主语+谓语+that引导的宾语从句
I guess we’ll leave now. I don’t think (that) he is right.
I heard that you’re back.
2.6 主语+谓语+连接副（代）词引导的宾语从句
I don’t know what to do. Do you understand what I mean
I wonder how old he is. The teacher will explain how to do it.
He forgot who I was. I don’t care what they say.
3. 主语S +谓语VT +宾语O +宾补OC
I’ll make you clear.
3.1 主语+谓语+宾语（名词/代词）+ 宾补（名词）
We named our puppy Baby. He was found wounded.
They made him chairman.
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate.
3.2 主语+谓语+宾语（名词/代词）+ 宾补（形容词）
He painted the wall white. Please keep the room clean and tidy.
He never made me sad. I found the book easy. What made you angry
常用这句型的动词：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish, etc.
3.3 主语+谓语+宾语（名词/代词）+宾补（介词短语Prep Phrase）
She always keeps everything in good order.
What makes you in such a hurry
3.4 主语+谓语+宾语（名词/代词）+宾补（不定时）
I wish you to stay. I persuaded him to give up smoking.
Did he make you cry The teacher told us to study hard.
I’ll let him go. （不带to 的动词不定式go作宾语）
4. 主语S+谓语VT+间接宾语 In O （人）+ 直接宾语 D O （物/事）
I give you help.
4.1 S+ VT + N/Pron + N
I sent him a book. I bought May a book. He brought me a present.
I showed him my passport. I’ll tell you a story. Sissy teaches us English.
She gave me her telephone number. She gave a job to John.
He gave Sandy a pen yesterday. = He gave a pen to Sandy yesterday.
Father made me a kite= Father made a kite for me.
4.2 S+VT+N/Pron+ To/For-phrase
He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me. They didn’t offer any help to us.
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有: bring, throw, give, hand, lend, pass, read, sell, send, show, tell, teach, wish, write, refuse, pay, promise, permit, offer, owe, leave, allow, deny, grant, etc.
间接宾语前需要加For的常用动词有：make, cook, buy, play, sing, bring, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, order, paint, save, spare, etc.
4.3 S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-Clause/Wh-word+infinitive
He show me how to do it. He asked me what he should do.
4.4 S+VT+N/Pron+That-Clause
He told me that the film was great.
5. 主语S+谓语V /系动词lV +表语P/补语
We are Chinese.
除了Be系动词外，还有一些动词可以用作系动词，如：
表示感官的动词，处于某种状态。Feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem, etc.
E.g. The boy looks healthy. The roses look very beautiful and smell sweet.
This dish tastes very delicious. She appeared calm.
The medicine tastes awful. The report sounds true.
表示转变变化的动词，状态的改变 become, get, grow, turn, go, etc.
E.g. Her face turns red. The machine goes wrong.
The sea is growing calm. Gradually he became silent.
表示延续的动词，状态的延续 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest, etc.
E.g. It remains raining these days. They stayed awake to work.
This law holds good. Jenny kept silent.
表示瞬时的动词come, fall, set, cut, occur, etc.
E.g. Your dream will certainly come true.
表语的功能是表述主语的特征状态身份等。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。
主+系+名词（代词） He is a boy. This is mine. He became king when he was a child.
We remain friends. She is beautiful. Are you busy
主+系+副词 Class is over. Are you there Is anybody in
He is in good health. The show is from seven till ten.
They appear out of breath.