2023届高三英语一轮复习之名词性从句课件（72张ppt）
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| 名称 | 2023届高三英语一轮复习之名词性从句课件（72张ppt） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-12-09 16:52:26 | ||
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文档简介
(共71张PPT)
名词性从句
目录
定义
连接词的用法
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
practice
每小结+最后
↓
在句中起的作用相当于名词的从句，主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。
That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.
He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
I’ll forever cherish the days when i studied abroad.
The doubt is who has got away with the document.
主语从句：从句做主语
宾语从句：从句做宾语
表语从句：从句做表语
同位语从句：从句做同位语
定 义
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
丛属连词：that; whether; if
That we need more equipment is obvious.
The limits of a person’s intelligence ,generally speaking , are fixed at birth, but whether he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.
that,whether, if 在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用；
that没有实际意义(可省略)，whether，if翻译成“是否”不能省略。
引导词的用法
引导词的用法
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
连接代词：what,whatever,which,whichever,who,whoever,whom,whose等。
What you said is right.
who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.
Some people believe whatever has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
连接代词在从句中既作特定成分，又有具体的含义，不能省略。
Whichever one of you breaks the windows will have to pay for it.
引导词的用法
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
连接副词：when, why, where, how, whenever, wherever等
Sometimes, how we show our gratitude to a person is reflected in the kind of food
we serve him or her.
When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.
He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
连接副词在从句做状语，又有具体的含义，不能省略
主语从句
①When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
②That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
③What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
延迟的飞机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。
影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。
①That the college will take in more new students is true.
一、that 引导的主语从句
that置于句首的主语从句
that从句做主语时，为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把that引导的主语从句后置
It is obvious that you’ve made a big mistake
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
注意：
It is necessary/imporant/surprising/unthinkable/unbeliecable/
incredible +that 从句中，常用的谓语动词；
常用should+动词原形，其中should可以被省略
It is necessary that a college student (should) master one or
two foreign languages.
necessary, right, unlikely, strange, natural, certain, clear, possible, obvious, important.
1.It+系动词+形容词+that从句
英译汉
2.It+系动词+名词（词组）+that从句
真遗憾，你昨天没参加讲座。
It is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.
pity/ honour/ shame/ wonder/ good news/no wonder/ fact
难怪你取得了这么大成功。
It is no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.
汉译英
It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It is suggested that 有人提议
It is advised that 有人建议
3.It+be+过去分词+that从句
It is thought that 人们认为
It is considered that 人们认为
It is well-known that 众所周知
It is hoped that人们希望
It is announced that据宣布
人们普遍认为，男孩比女孩更擅长理科
It is said that the professor has already succeed in carrying out this experiment
据说，这位教授已经成功进行了这项实验
据报道，在事故中没有乘客受伤
It is reported that no passengers were injured in the accident
It is generally considered that boys are better at science than girls.
汉译英
4.It + 动词（+宾语或状语）+that从句
It occurred to me that we should get in touch with the manager.
It happened that I was away when he called
我突然想起来我们应该与经理取得联系
他打电话时，我碰巧不在家
It happens that碰巧 It follows that接下来
It seems/appears that看来、似乎
It turns out that 结果……
汉译英
主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况
一般情况下，主语从句可用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置，也可将主语从句放在句首，大多数情况下两者可以互换。
在下列四种情况下主语从句不可提前而必须用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置。
a、It is said/believed/reported that……结构中主语不可提前。
It was reported that a war between the two countries broke out.
That a war between the two countries broke out was reported.
（正）
（错）
b、It happens/occurs……结构中主语不可提前。
It happens that I meet my old friend in the cinema.
（正）
（错）
That I meet my old friend in the cinema happens.
（正）
（错）
It occurred to me that I hadn’t locked the door.
That I hadn’t locked the door occurred to me.
Whether you buy it or not doesn’t matter.
c、It doesn’t matter ……结构中主语不可提前
Is that he has joined the army a fact
It doesn’t matter whether you buy it or not.
（正）
（错）
d、含主语从句的主从复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前
Is it a fact that he has joined the army
（正）
（错）
二、whether/if/wh-类引导的主语从句
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
It is unknown whether/if he has agreed to my plan.
What makes the book so extrordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
What the kid wanted was only a new schoolbag
whether引导主语从句可放句首，句末；
if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需要用it作形式主语。
wh-类连接词引导主语从句时，有时也可用it做形式主语；what引导主语从句时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循意义一致的原则。
It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.
What the kid wanted were some new books.
易混辨析 whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
④Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。
这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。
⑤It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.
主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。
1．It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
2．But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
3．It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually, providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.
检 测 回 收
whether
what
that
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
表语从句
用作表语的从句称为表语从句，表语从句放在系动词之后充当表语。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”
引导表语从句的that不可省略，表示“是否”时只能用whether不能用if。也可由疑问代词或疑问副词引导。
可以接表语从句的系动词有be、look、remain、seem等。
你犯错误的原因是你缺乏自信
疑惑的是谁偷走了文件
为什么不去市中心碰碰运气呢？那里是有最好的工作的地方。
The reason for your mistakes is that you lack confidence.
The doubt is who has got away with the document.
Why not try your luck downtown That’s where the best jobs are.
英译汉
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.
It looks as if it is going to be fine.
3．because，why引导的表语从句
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.
(1)This is because...这是因为……(强调原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(强调结果)
From space，the earth looks blue.
This is because about seventy one percent of its surface is covered by water.
从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水所覆盖。
他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。
because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause(该结构常用that引导)。
常见的表语从句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that..(should+)动词原形.
It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.
It looks as if it is going to be fine.
My suggestion is that we (should ) have a discussion about this matter instead of just it aside.
The captain’s order was that we (should) start out immediately it got dawn.
The proposal of the UN is that a peace-keeping force (should) be sent to the area.
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
(3)what从句＋be＋that从句
最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。
(4)A is to B what C is to D A对于B就像C对于D一样
Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals.
1．Another reason is ________ many of today's young people believe it's
wrong to kill animals for food.
2．This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and
hope for the best.
3. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy
access to plcaes like shops and restaurants.
4. A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ships are built for.
5.By boat is the only way to get there, which is we arrived.
6.when we are choosing furniture, you only foucs on function while i think
more about the design. That’s we differ.
that
what
that
what
how
where
检 测 回 收
1.动词后的宾语从句
我不明白他是怎样买到一辆这么昂贵的轿车的。
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
As a new graduate, he doesn’t know what it takes to start a business here
请告诉我我们什么时候讨论我们的工作计划
我怀疑他是否会来参加我们的婚礼
I can’t see how he bought such an expensive car
Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.
I doubt whether he will come to the wedding.
大多数及物动词后可接宾语从句
宾语从句
有些动词短语也可以接宾语从句
常见的动词短语有：find out; point out; figure out; make sure/certain; keep/bear in mind
Can you figure out what the poet really mean in this poem
请查明那艘船什么时候起航开往纽约？
Please find out when the ship sails for New York
我们应当牢记：运动不但可以帮助我们增强我们的体质，而且还能发展我们的个性
We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.
当你上交试卷时前要确保试卷上一个错误也没有
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you hand them in.
可以用形式宾语it代替宾语从句
动词find,feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有宾语补足语时，需要用it做形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
I have made it a rule that i keep diaries.
有些动词或词组带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it，如hate，like，dislike，appreciate，see to， depend on 等， take it for granted中的it是位于动词短语中而不是从句前。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
Some students just take it for granted that they will pass the exam.
You may depend on it that they will support you.
若宾语从句是由wh-类词引导的，其后有to be 短语作宾补时，则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable
We all consider it to be unbelievable what you said
√
×
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
We discovered it to be valuable what we had learned.
√
×
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
Martha is always thinking of how she can do more for others.
一般情况下，介词后常用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
凯特对她在展览上看到的东西很感兴趣
Kate was interested in what she had seen at the exhibition.
我感谢你所有的事。
I thank for what you have done.
practice
一般情况下that宾语从句不能同介词搭配，只有在少数几个介词后可接that宾语从句
如：in、but、except、save、not with understanding。
已经形成固定的习惯搭配，in that（在于、由于）、but that（要不是……）、except/save that（除了）、not with understanding that（虽然）。
I will do my best notwithunderstanding that the result is unknown.
The composition is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.
The young man can’t do the job in that it is tough and complicated.
他们看上去很相似，除了其中一个稍高一点。
practice
他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在读书上
They look very similar except that one is a little taller
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
表示“情感”的形容词，如sure,certain,glad. pleased. happy, afraid. surprised, satisfied, sorry等后可接宾语从句
I’m very pleased that all of your family will come.
I’m sure that they’ll make it in spite of the terrible weather.
宾语从句中应注意的问题
（1）宾语从句的语序
表疑问的宾语从句需要陈述句语序
They couldn’t understand why i refused.
We are worried about what we should do next.
（2）宾语从句引导词that的省略
由that引导的宾语从句在一般情况下that可以省略，但是在下列情况下that常不可省略。
①一个动词带有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句，第一个that可省略，第二个和后面几个从句的that不可省略
Then the teacher began to talk to us about the French language, saying (that) it was the most beautiful tongue in the world, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.
接着老师开始告诉我们关于法语的一些事情，他说法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须保留这种语言，永远不能忘记。
②宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时
Tom told me that he would win.
③有it做形式宾语时
We all consider it important that children should take plenty of milk as they grow.
我们都认为孩子在长身体时喝很多牛奶是重要的。
④当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时
He said that studing English was very hard.
⑤主语中的状语置于宾语从句之前时
I realized at once that i had done wrong immediately she told me all about this.
⑥主语谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时
Everyone could say, i believe, that Tom was really afraid.
⑦宾语从句的状语置于该从句句首时
He told us that, if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be getting better.
⑧当主句中的谓语动词是固定词组时
Lisa has made up her mind that she will study hard for the scholarship.
⑨在agree, explain等动词后引导宾语从句时
He explained that what he really liked about the job was that it was healthy.
Finally, he agreed that i should do the work.
（3）宾语从句的否定转移
当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe ,suppose, imagine, guess, expect等，且宾语从句表示否定含义时，常把否定转移至主句
I don’t think that he is a good child.
我认为他不是一个好孩子
（4）宾语从句的时态
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词时态的影响，因而在使用时要注意主从句两部分的时态一致。
①主句谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句谓语动词可用除过去完成时，过去完成进行时以外任何所需的时态。
I know that people’s handwriting changes as they get older.
Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games bagan
②主语谓语动词如果是一般过去时，从句谓语动词一般要用过去的某种时态。
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but i didn’t know which country he was in.
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
注 意
①如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，但宾语从句表达的是科学真理或自然规律的内容，那么从句中的谓语动词时态不受主句时态的限制
The teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.
②有时尽管主句中的谓语动词时态是一般过去时，但宾语从句中有绝对的表示过去的时间状语，此时从句中谓语动词扔用一般过去时（而不用过去完成时）
She told me that she bought a computer in 2005.
2．在whether/if连接的宾语从句中，whether/if意为“是否”，但在whether...or not结构中，或者whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，以及whether＋to do结构中和whether引导的从句作少数动词(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if来替换。
我不知道是否出发去北京。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
1．The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
2．What students do at college seems to matter much more than ________ they go.
3．I'm not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
4.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____
others actually understand.
5. -I wonder ____ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
- By working out every day.
what
where
who
what
how
检 测 回 收
直接引语&间接引语
引述别人的话一般有两种形式：一种是引用原话，放于括号内，即为直接引语；
一种是用自己的话进行转述，被转述的话不放于引号内，即为间接引语。
1.各种句式的转换
（1）直接引语为陈述句：转化为间接引语时用that引导，也可省略that，主句引述动词主要为say,tell,repeat,answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等。
The doctor said to me :” You should take plenty of water and eat more vegetables.”
The doctor told me that i should take plenty of water and eat more vegetables.
直接引语&间接引语
（2）直接引语为疑问句：间接引语必须用陈述句语序。
①
直接引语为一般疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+if/whether从句
He said: ＂Have you read this book ”
He asked me if/whether i had read that book.
He said to me，“Can you help me ”
He asked me whether/if I could help her
直接引语&间接引语
直接引语为特殊疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+wh-从句
“Why did you lie to your parents ” I said to him.
I asked him why he had lied to his parents.
直接引语为选择疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+whether...or...
“Are you happy or not ”I asked her.
I asked her whether she was happy or not.
直接引语&间接引语
直接引语为祈使句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked/told/ordered/begged/advised...+sb to do
He told me，“Stand still.”
He ordered me to stand still.
直接引语为感叹句
间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导
“What a beautiful flower it is.”she told him.
She told him what a beautiful flower it was
直接引语&间接引语
2.直接引语变间接引语的时候，在人称，时态，动词等方面需要根据具体的情景进行变化。
人称的变化
直接引语中的第一人称一般转化为第三人称。人称的转换要符合逻辑，具体情况具体对待。
I said to her，“I will drop out of school.”
I said to her,“You had better start out earlier.”
I said to you，“He is an honest person.”
→I told him that I would drop out of school.
→I told her that she had better start out earlier.
→I told you that he was an honest person.
时态的变化
如果主句为一般过去时，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态
“I am very glad to visit your school,” she said.
→She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said:” We are listening to the pop music.”
→Tome said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother said :” Have you finished your homework before you watch TV ”
→Mother asked me whether i had finished my homework before i watched TV
He asked the conductor ,” Where shall i get off ”
→He asked the conductor where he should get off
“Why did she refuse to go there ” the teacher asked.
→The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
指示代词，时间状语，地点状语，方向性动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
时间状语 now then
today that day
this evening that evening
yesterday the day before
the previous day
last night the night before
two days ago two days before
next week the next week
the following week
tomorrow the next day
the following day
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 bring take
come go
3.时态不需要变化的情况
（1）直接引语有确定的过去时间
He said,” The story took place in the 1930s.”
（2）只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间
The boy said, “ I found the dog just at the edge of the woods.”
（3）所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此加以强调
The reporter said ,” The war in the Middle East is now still on.”
→He said that the story took place in the 1930s
→The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the woods.
→The reporter said that the war in the Middle East is now still on.
（4）所转述的是自然现象，科学真理，名言警句等，并对此加以强调
“The earth moves around the sun”the teacher said to us.
（5）在when,while, since等引导的时间状语从句中
He said,” It is many years since he came to live there.
（6）直接引语中含有某些没有过去式的情态动词时，变为间接引语时可用原来形式，也可用其他适当表示法，但是要注意保持意义。
He said ,” You must be very fond of art.
→The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
→He said that it was many years since he came to live there.
→He said that i must be very fond of art.
（7）直接引语是习惯性行为
He said ,” I usually get up at 5:30 and go to school at 7:00.”
（8）直接引语中的状语....days ago 是从说话人说话时算起
He said ,” I met her three days ago.”
（9）直接引语中的动作或状态发生的时间未到
“I‘ll be coming tomorrow,” she said.
（10）直接引语中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气形式
I insisted,” You should give up smoking and drinking.
He said that he usually gets up at 5:30 and goes to school at 7:00.
He said that he met her three days before.
She said that she’ll be coming the next day.
I insisted that he should give up smoking and drinking.
同位语从句
什么是同位语？
对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词（词组）在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等。
We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
They each can get a chance to travel by air.
We two will go to see you.
The news that he will come is true.
名词作同位语
代词作同位语
数词作同位语
从句作同位语
1.同位语从句通常用that引导，that无词义也不作成分，但是不能省略，从句也要用陈述语序。同位语从句还可用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。一般if不引导同位语从句。
同位语从句的引导词
The report that he was going to resign was false.
The hope that he can come to life is very faint.
The fact that Beijing is the capital of China is known to all of us.
Where did you get the idea that I couldn’t come.
Have you heard the news that he will marry soon
2.接同位语从句的常见名词：belief, explanayion, idea, opinion, thought, truth,
question, problem, report, advice, word(消息), doubt, hope, news, promise, evidence等。
我不知道那个记者从哪里得到的消息。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.
我对自己做出承诺：今年，是我上高中的第一年，将会与以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.
我们已听说在我们的家长要在长江上修建一座新钢桥的消息
We’ve heard the news that a new steel bridge will be built over the Yangtze River in our hometown.
常见的后接同位语从句的名词
1．The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．This should serve as a warning _____ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when roads.
3.I made a promise to myself ______this year, my first year in high shcool, would be different.
4.--Is there any possibility______ you could pick me up at the airport
--No problem.
5.--Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday
--Yeah, but i have no idea _____ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
that
that
that
that
why
检 测 回 收
特殊讲解
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句的区别
所表达的内容不同
定语从句是用来说明名词的性质、特征、来源等；同位语从句则用来说明名词所表示的具体内容
The fact that he presented was a strong proof.
The fact that she hadn’t said anything surprised us all.
定语从句，说明fact的来源
同位语从句，说明fact的内容
that在句中所起的作用不同
that在定语从句中是关系代词，连接主句和从句，并代表先行词在从句中充当句子成分，当that在从句中做宾语时，可省略；
that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当任何成分，不可省略。
The news that/which/ we heard spread all over the city.
We expressed the hope that Mrs Smith would come to visit China the next year.
作修饰的名词不同
同位语从句修饰的名词数量有限，往往是含有某种信息的词，
如 message,news, fact, hope, desire, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, question, doubt, fear, truth, thought等，而定语从句修饰的先行词无限制
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
After this he is not the man that he used to be.
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
同位语从句
定语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
判断从句
The news that our team who the game excited us all.
The news that radio broadcast this morning is not true at all.
The new is that our team won the game ,是正确的，that引导的是同位语从句
不可改为The news was that the radio broadcast ....that引导的是定语从句
I will remember the time when i won the prize in the National Maths Competition forever.
定语从句
We haven’t settled the question when we should start.
同位语从句
1．Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
2．However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
3．And ________ we do now is to deal with the plastic that causes great damage to our sea life.
4．While visiting Hangzhou's West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills，you'll understand ________ it's been a great source of inspiration for artists，poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.
what
that
what
why
practice
语法填空解题“3步骤”
2．一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来
确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；
若缺少状语就用连接副词。
3．如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if;
如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。
1．根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是否是
名词性从句。
1．When we arrived at the park, we were amazed at that we saw.________________
2．Firstly, good social skills and strong organizing ability are that I have acquired in high school thanks to the experience of serving as monitor.________________
3．The next day, Lucy got a letter from Doug thanking her for recognizing which he had done and the importance of his job.________________
4．My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live._______________
5．My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________
that→what
that→what
which→what
that→where
how→what
技法2 短文改错解题技法
1．检查连接词是否误用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that与what，that与which，which与what，if与whether;
2．检查连接词是否漏掉或多余，以及使用连接代词时从句中是否存在多余的句子成分；
3．检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。
短文改错解题“3视角”
Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.________ (tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.________ (attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.________ (decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
Ⅰ.语法填空
traditional
Attracted
decision
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.________ (create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600,000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6._____ ___ a Chinese social media platform.
It
was created
on/by/through
“I became famous 7.________ (instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’”， Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
At present, the 70 year old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.________ (take) part in some social 10.________ (activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
taking
activities
which
instantly
One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.
Ⅱ.短文改错
One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.
Ⅱ.短文改错
1.他要来参加会议，这使我们每一个人都很兴奋
2.在一些国家妇女仍然受到不平等对待是不公平的
3.谁来负责这项工程还不确定
4.我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的动词好
一.英译汉（用名词性从句）
1.That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.
2.That in some countries women are still treated unequally is unfair.
3.Who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.
4.What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.
8.We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies.
5.他告诉我们他们会帮助我们完成整个工程的
6.你知道谁获得了一等奖吗？
7.他没告诉我会议在哪里开。
8.我们现在正讨论是否应该合并这三家公司
5.He told us that they would help us through the whole work.
6.Do you know who won the first prize
7.He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
1.Many parents come to ask their children are getting along well with other students in the new school.
2.I want to know you can come back at 8:00 tomorrow.
3. I have no idea university i shall apply for. All the six universities have my favourite major.
4. you come or not won’t make any differences.
5.You are saying that everything should be equal, and this is i agree.
6.It’s up to you to decide you’ll go there, by air or by train.
7.The reason why he failed is he was too careless.
8. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
二. 填空
whether/if
whether/if
which
whether
where
how
that
Whoever
Thank you
名词性从句
目录
定义
连接词的用法
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
practice
每小结+最后
↓
在句中起的作用相当于名词的从句，主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。
That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.
He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
I’ll forever cherish the days when i studied abroad.
The doubt is who has got away with the document.
主语从句：从句做主语
宾语从句：从句做宾语
表语从句：从句做表语
同位语从句：从句做同位语
定 义
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
丛属连词：that; whether; if
That we need more equipment is obvious.
The limits of a person’s intelligence ,generally speaking , are fixed at birth, but whether he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.
that,whether, if 在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用；
that没有实际意义(可省略)，whether，if翻译成“是否”不能省略。
引导词的用法
引导词的用法
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
连接代词：what,whatever,which,whichever,who,whoever,whom,whose等。
What you said is right.
who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.
Some people believe whatever has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
连接代词在从句中既作特定成分，又有具体的含义，不能省略。
Whichever one of you breaks the windows will have to pay for it.
引导词的用法
引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：丛属连词，连接代词，连接副词
连接副词：when, why, where, how, whenever, wherever等
Sometimes, how we show our gratitude to a person is reflected in the kind of food
we serve him or her.
When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.
He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
连接副词在从句做状语，又有具体的含义，不能省略
主语从句
①When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
②That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
③What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
延迟的飞机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。
影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。
①That the college will take in more new students is true.
一、that 引导的主语从句
that置于句首的主语从句
that从句做主语时，为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把that引导的主语从句后置
It is obvious that you’ve made a big mistake
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
注意：
It is necessary/imporant/surprising/unthinkable/unbeliecable/
incredible +that 从句中，常用的谓语动词；
常用should+动词原形，其中should可以被省略
It is necessary that a college student (should) master one or
two foreign languages.
necessary, right, unlikely, strange, natural, certain, clear, possible, obvious, important.
1.It+系动词+形容词+that从句
英译汉
2.It+系动词+名词（词组）+that从句
真遗憾，你昨天没参加讲座。
It is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.
pity/ honour/ shame/ wonder/ good news/no wonder/ fact
难怪你取得了这么大成功。
It is no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.
汉译英
It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It is suggested that 有人提议
It is advised that 有人建议
3.It+be+过去分词+that从句
It is thought that 人们认为
It is considered that 人们认为
It is well-known that 众所周知
It is hoped that人们希望
It is announced that据宣布
人们普遍认为，男孩比女孩更擅长理科
It is said that the professor has already succeed in carrying out this experiment
据说，这位教授已经成功进行了这项实验
据报道，在事故中没有乘客受伤
It is reported that no passengers were injured in the accident
It is generally considered that boys are better at science than girls.
汉译英
4.It + 动词（+宾语或状语）+that从句
It occurred to me that we should get in touch with the manager.
It happened that I was away when he called
我突然想起来我们应该与经理取得联系
他打电话时，我碰巧不在家
It happens that碰巧 It follows that接下来
It seems/appears that看来、似乎
It turns out that 结果……
汉译英
主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况
一般情况下，主语从句可用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置，也可将主语从句放在句首，大多数情况下两者可以互换。
在下列四种情况下主语从句不可提前而必须用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置。
a、It is said/believed/reported that……结构中主语不可提前。
It was reported that a war between the two countries broke out.
That a war between the two countries broke out was reported.
（正）
（错）
b、It happens/occurs……结构中主语不可提前。
It happens that I meet my old friend in the cinema.
（正）
（错）
That I meet my old friend in the cinema happens.
（正）
（错）
It occurred to me that I hadn’t locked the door.
That I hadn’t locked the door occurred to me.
Whether you buy it or not doesn’t matter.
c、It doesn’t matter ……结构中主语不可提前
Is that he has joined the army a fact
It doesn’t matter whether you buy it or not.
（正）
（错）
d、含主语从句的主从复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前
Is it a fact that he has joined the army
（正）
（错）
二、whether/if/wh-类引导的主语从句
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
It is unknown whether/if he has agreed to my plan.
What makes the book so extrordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
What the kid wanted was only a new schoolbag
whether引导主语从句可放句首，句末；
if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需要用it作形式主语。
wh-类连接词引导主语从句时，有时也可用it做形式主语；what引导主语从句时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循意义一致的原则。
It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.
What the kid wanted were some new books.
易混辨析 whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
④Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.
我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。
这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。
⑤It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.
主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。
1．It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
2．But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
3．It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually, providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.
检 测 回 收
whether
what
that
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
表语从句
用作表语的从句称为表语从句，表语从句放在系动词之后充当表语。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”
引导表语从句的that不可省略，表示“是否”时只能用whether不能用if。也可由疑问代词或疑问副词引导。
可以接表语从句的系动词有be、look、remain、seem等。
你犯错误的原因是你缺乏自信
疑惑的是谁偷走了文件
为什么不去市中心碰碰运气呢？那里是有最好的工作的地方。
The reason for your mistakes is that you lack confidence.
The doubt is who has got away with the document.
Why not try your luck downtown That’s where the best jobs are.
英译汉
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.
It looks as if it is going to be fine.
3．because，why引导的表语从句
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.
(1)This is because...这是因为……(强调原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(强调结果)
From space，the earth looks blue.
This is because about seventy one percent of its surface is covered by water.
从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水所覆盖。
他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。
because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause(该结构常用that引导)。
常见的表语从句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that..(should+)动词原形.
It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.
It looks as if it is going to be fine.
My suggestion is that we (should ) have a discussion about this matter instead of just it aside.
The captain’s order was that we (should) start out immediately it got dawn.
The proposal of the UN is that a peace-keeping force (should) be sent to the area.
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
(3)what从句＋be＋that从句
最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。
(4)A is to B what C is to D A对于B就像C对于D一样
Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals.
1．Another reason is ________ many of today's young people believe it's
wrong to kill animals for food.
2．This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and
hope for the best.
3. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy
access to plcaes like shops and restaurants.
4. A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ships are built for.
5.By boat is the only way to get there, which is we arrived.
6.when we are choosing furniture, you only foucs on function while i think
more about the design. That’s we differ.
that
what
that
what
how
where
检 测 回 收
1.动词后的宾语从句
我不明白他是怎样买到一辆这么昂贵的轿车的。
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
As a new graduate, he doesn’t know what it takes to start a business here
请告诉我我们什么时候讨论我们的工作计划
我怀疑他是否会来参加我们的婚礼
I can’t see how he bought such an expensive car
Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.
I doubt whether he will come to the wedding.
大多数及物动词后可接宾语从句
宾语从句
有些动词短语也可以接宾语从句
常见的动词短语有：find out; point out; figure out; make sure/certain; keep/bear in mind
Can you figure out what the poet really mean in this poem
请查明那艘船什么时候起航开往纽约？
Please find out when the ship sails for New York
我们应当牢记：运动不但可以帮助我们增强我们的体质，而且还能发展我们的个性
We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.
当你上交试卷时前要确保试卷上一个错误也没有
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you hand them in.
可以用形式宾语it代替宾语从句
动词find,feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有宾语补足语时，需要用it做形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
I have made it a rule that i keep diaries.
有些动词或词组带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it，如hate，like，dislike，appreciate，see to， depend on 等， take it for granted中的it是位于动词短语中而不是从句前。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
Some students just take it for granted that they will pass the exam.
You may depend on it that they will support you.
若宾语从句是由wh-类词引导的，其后有to be 短语作宾补时，则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable
We all consider it to be unbelievable what you said
√
×
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
We discovered it to be valuable what we had learned.
√
×
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
Martha is always thinking of how she can do more for others.
一般情况下，介词后常用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
凯特对她在展览上看到的东西很感兴趣
Kate was interested in what she had seen at the exhibition.
我感谢你所有的事。
I thank for what you have done.
practice
一般情况下that宾语从句不能同介词搭配，只有在少数几个介词后可接that宾语从句
如：in、but、except、save、not with understanding。
已经形成固定的习惯搭配，in that（在于、由于）、but that（要不是……）、except/save that（除了）、not with understanding that（虽然）。
I will do my best notwithunderstanding that the result is unknown.
The composition is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.
The young man can’t do the job in that it is tough and complicated.
他们看上去很相似，除了其中一个稍高一点。
practice
他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在读书上
They look very similar except that one is a little taller
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
动词+宾语从句； 介词+宾语从句； 形容词+宾语从句
表示“情感”的形容词，如sure,certain,glad. pleased. happy, afraid. surprised, satisfied, sorry等后可接宾语从句
I’m very pleased that all of your family will come.
I’m sure that they’ll make it in spite of the terrible weather.
宾语从句中应注意的问题
（1）宾语从句的语序
表疑问的宾语从句需要陈述句语序
They couldn’t understand why i refused.
We are worried about what we should do next.
（2）宾语从句引导词that的省略
由that引导的宾语从句在一般情况下that可以省略，但是在下列情况下that常不可省略。
①一个动词带有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句，第一个that可省略，第二个和后面几个从句的that不可省略
Then the teacher began to talk to us about the French language, saying (that) it was the most beautiful tongue in the world, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.
接着老师开始告诉我们关于法语的一些事情，他说法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须保留这种语言，永远不能忘记。
②宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时
Tom told me that he would win.
③有it做形式宾语时
We all consider it important that children should take plenty of milk as they grow.
我们都认为孩子在长身体时喝很多牛奶是重要的。
④当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时
He said that studing English was very hard.
⑤主语中的状语置于宾语从句之前时
I realized at once that i had done wrong immediately she told me all about this.
⑥主语谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时
Everyone could say, i believe, that Tom was really afraid.
⑦宾语从句的状语置于该从句句首时
He told us that, if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be getting better.
⑧当主句中的谓语动词是固定词组时
Lisa has made up her mind that she will study hard for the scholarship.
⑨在agree, explain等动词后引导宾语从句时
He explained that what he really liked about the job was that it was healthy.
Finally, he agreed that i should do the work.
（3）宾语从句的否定转移
当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe ,suppose, imagine, guess, expect等，且宾语从句表示否定含义时，常把否定转移至主句
I don’t think that he is a good child.
我认为他不是一个好孩子
（4）宾语从句的时态
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词时态的影响，因而在使用时要注意主从句两部分的时态一致。
①主句谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句谓语动词可用除过去完成时，过去完成进行时以外任何所需的时态。
I know that people’s handwriting changes as they get older.
Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games bagan
②主语谓语动词如果是一般过去时，从句谓语动词一般要用过去的某种时态。
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but i didn’t know which country he was in.
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
注 意
①如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，但宾语从句表达的是科学真理或自然规律的内容，那么从句中的谓语动词时态不受主句时态的限制
The teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.
②有时尽管主句中的谓语动词时态是一般过去时，但宾语从句中有绝对的表示过去的时间状语，此时从句中谓语动词扔用一般过去时（而不用过去完成时）
She told me that she bought a computer in 2005.
2．在whether/if连接的宾语从句中，whether/if意为“是否”，但在whether...or not结构中，或者whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，以及whether＋to do结构中和whether引导的从句作少数动词(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if来替换。
我不知道是否出发去北京。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
1．The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
2．What students do at college seems to matter much more than ________ they go.
3．I'm not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
4.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____
others actually understand.
5. -I wonder ____ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
- By working out every day.
what
where
who
what
how
检 测 回 收
直接引语&间接引语
引述别人的话一般有两种形式：一种是引用原话，放于括号内，即为直接引语；
一种是用自己的话进行转述，被转述的话不放于引号内，即为间接引语。
1.各种句式的转换
（1）直接引语为陈述句：转化为间接引语时用that引导，也可省略that，主句引述动词主要为say,tell,repeat,answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等。
The doctor said to me :” You should take plenty of water and eat more vegetables.”
The doctor told me that i should take plenty of water and eat more vegetables.
直接引语&间接引语
（2）直接引语为疑问句：间接引语必须用陈述句语序。
①
直接引语为一般疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+if/whether从句
He said: ＂Have you read this book ”
He asked me if/whether i had read that book.
He said to me，“Can you help me ”
He asked me whether/if I could help her
直接引语&间接引语
直接引语为特殊疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+wh-从句
“Why did you lie to your parents ” I said to him.
I asked him why he had lied to his parents.
直接引语为选择疑问句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked（sb）+whether...or...
“Are you happy or not ”I asked her.
I asked her whether she was happy or not.
直接引语&间接引语
直接引语为祈使句
间接引语基本句式：主语+asked/told/ordered/begged/advised...+sb to do
He told me，“Stand still.”
He ordered me to stand still.
直接引语为感叹句
间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导
“What a beautiful flower it is.”she told him.
She told him what a beautiful flower it was
直接引语&间接引语
2.直接引语变间接引语的时候，在人称，时态，动词等方面需要根据具体的情景进行变化。
人称的变化
直接引语中的第一人称一般转化为第三人称。人称的转换要符合逻辑，具体情况具体对待。
I said to her，“I will drop out of school.”
I said to her,“You had better start out earlier.”
I said to you，“He is an honest person.”
→I told him that I would drop out of school.
→I told her that she had better start out earlier.
→I told you that he was an honest person.
时态的变化
如果主句为一般过去时，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态
“I am very glad to visit your school,” she said.
→She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said:” We are listening to the pop music.”
→Tome said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother said :” Have you finished your homework before you watch TV ”
→Mother asked me whether i had finished my homework before i watched TV
He asked the conductor ,” Where shall i get off ”
→He asked the conductor where he should get off
“Why did she refuse to go there ” the teacher asked.
→The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
指示代词，时间状语，地点状语，方向性动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
时间状语 now then
today that day
this evening that evening
yesterday the day before
the previous day
last night the night before
two days ago two days before
next week the next week
the following week
tomorrow the next day
the following day
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 bring take
come go
3.时态不需要变化的情况
（1）直接引语有确定的过去时间
He said,” The story took place in the 1930s.”
（2）只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间
The boy said, “ I found the dog just at the edge of the woods.”
（3）所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此加以强调
The reporter said ,” The war in the Middle East is now still on.”
→He said that the story took place in the 1930s
→The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the woods.
→The reporter said that the war in the Middle East is now still on.
（4）所转述的是自然现象，科学真理，名言警句等，并对此加以强调
“The earth moves around the sun”the teacher said to us.
（5）在when,while, since等引导的时间状语从句中
He said,” It is many years since he came to live there.
（6）直接引语中含有某些没有过去式的情态动词时，变为间接引语时可用原来形式，也可用其他适当表示法，但是要注意保持意义。
He said ,” You must be very fond of art.
→The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
→He said that it was many years since he came to live there.
→He said that i must be very fond of art.
（7）直接引语是习惯性行为
He said ,” I usually get up at 5:30 and go to school at 7:00.”
（8）直接引语中的状语....days ago 是从说话人说话时算起
He said ,” I met her three days ago.”
（9）直接引语中的动作或状态发生的时间未到
“I‘ll be coming tomorrow,” she said.
（10）直接引语中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气形式
I insisted,” You should give up smoking and drinking.
He said that he usually gets up at 5:30 and goes to school at 7:00.
He said that he met her three days before.
She said that she’ll be coming the next day.
I insisted that he should give up smoking and drinking.
同位语从句
什么是同位语？
对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词（词组）在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等。
We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
They each can get a chance to travel by air.
We two will go to see you.
The news that he will come is true.
名词作同位语
代词作同位语
数词作同位语
从句作同位语
1.同位语从句通常用that引导，that无词义也不作成分，但是不能省略，从句也要用陈述语序。同位语从句还可用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。一般if不引导同位语从句。
同位语从句的引导词
The report that he was going to resign was false.
The hope that he can come to life is very faint.
The fact that Beijing is the capital of China is known to all of us.
Where did you get the idea that I couldn’t come.
Have you heard the news that he will marry soon
2.接同位语从句的常见名词：belief, explanayion, idea, opinion, thought, truth,
question, problem, report, advice, word(消息), doubt, hope, news, promise, evidence等。
我不知道那个记者从哪里得到的消息。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.
我对自己做出承诺：今年，是我上高中的第一年，将会与以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.
我们已听说在我们的家长要在长江上修建一座新钢桥的消息
We’ve heard the news that a new steel bridge will be built over the Yangtze River in our hometown.
常见的后接同位语从句的名词
1．The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．This should serve as a warning _____ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when roads.
3.I made a promise to myself ______this year, my first year in high shcool, would be different.
4.--Is there any possibility______ you could pick me up at the airport
--No problem.
5.--Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday
--Yeah, but i have no idea _____ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
that
that
that
that
why
检 测 回 收
特殊讲解
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句的区别
所表达的内容不同
定语从句是用来说明名词的性质、特征、来源等；同位语从句则用来说明名词所表示的具体内容
The fact that he presented was a strong proof.
The fact that she hadn’t said anything surprised us all.
定语从句，说明fact的来源
同位语从句，说明fact的内容
that在句中所起的作用不同
that在定语从句中是关系代词，连接主句和从句，并代表先行词在从句中充当句子成分，当that在从句中做宾语时，可省略；
that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当任何成分，不可省略。
The news that/which/ we heard spread all over the city.
We expressed the hope that Mrs Smith would come to visit China the next year.
作修饰的名词不同
同位语从句修饰的名词数量有限，往往是含有某种信息的词，
如 message,news, fact, hope, desire, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, question, doubt, fear, truth, thought等，而定语从句修饰的先行词无限制
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
After this he is not the man that he used to be.
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
同位语从句
定语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
判断从句
The news that our team who the game excited us all.
The news that radio broadcast this morning is not true at all.
The new is that our team won the game ,是正确的，that引导的是同位语从句
不可改为The news was that the radio broadcast ....that引导的是定语从句
I will remember the time when i won the prize in the National Maths Competition forever.
定语从句
We haven’t settled the question when we should start.
同位语从句
1．Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
2．However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
3．And ________ we do now is to deal with the plastic that causes great damage to our sea life.
4．While visiting Hangzhou's West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills，you'll understand ________ it's been a great source of inspiration for artists，poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.
what
that
what
why
practice
语法填空解题“3步骤”
2．一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来
确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；
若缺少状语就用连接副词。
3．如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if;
如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。
1．根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是否是
名词性从句。
1．When we arrived at the park, we were amazed at that we saw.________________
2．Firstly, good social skills and strong organizing ability are that I have acquired in high school thanks to the experience of serving as monitor.________________
3．The next day, Lucy got a letter from Doug thanking her for recognizing which he had done and the importance of his job.________________
4．My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live._______________
5．My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________
that→what
that→what
which→what
that→where
how→what
技法2 短文改错解题技法
1．检查连接词是否误用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that与what，that与which，which与what，if与whether;
2．检查连接词是否漏掉或多余，以及使用连接代词时从句中是否存在多余的句子成分；
3．检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。
短文改错解题“3视角”
Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.________ (tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.________ (attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.________ (decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
Ⅰ.语法填空
traditional
Attracted
decision
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.________ (create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600,000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6._____ ___ a Chinese social media platform.
It
was created
on/by/through
“I became famous 7.________ (instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’”， Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.
At present, the 70 year old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.________ (take) part in some social 10.________ (activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
taking
activities
which
instantly
One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.
Ⅱ.短文改错
One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.
Ⅱ.短文改错
1.他要来参加会议，这使我们每一个人都很兴奋
2.在一些国家妇女仍然受到不平等对待是不公平的
3.谁来负责这项工程还不确定
4.我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的动词好
一.英译汉（用名词性从句）
1.That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.
2.That in some countries women are still treated unequally is unfair.
3.Who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.
4.What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.
8.We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies.
5.他告诉我们他们会帮助我们完成整个工程的
6.你知道谁获得了一等奖吗？
7.他没告诉我会议在哪里开。
8.我们现在正讨论是否应该合并这三家公司
5.He told us that they would help us through the whole work.
6.Do you know who won the first prize
7.He didn’t tell me where the meeting would be held.
1.Many parents come to ask their children are getting along well with other students in the new school.
2.I want to know you can come back at 8:00 tomorrow.
3. I have no idea university i shall apply for. All the six universities have my favourite major.
4. you come or not won’t make any differences.
5.You are saying that everything should be equal, and this is i agree.
6.It’s up to you to decide you’ll go there, by air or by train.
7.The reason why he failed is he was too careless.
8. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
二. 填空
whether/if
whether/if
which
whether
where
how
that
Whoever
Thank you