上海高考英语概要写作专项训练（含解析）
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概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Have you ever found yourself waiting the stop of your bus to arrive and have a stranger ask a commonplace question Perhaps you’ve stood in line waiting for a coffee and feel the need to just look over to the person next to you and ask about the weather.
This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
“Small talk may seem trivial(微不足道的), but it’s a natural way for people to connect. It may seem like a waste of time. But it serves a vital role in our social interactions. Big relationships are built on small talk.” Lindy Pegler, who has a master’s degree in psychology, wrote on Medium.
In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk. Often, we find ourselves making small talk with the same people on a regular ing up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. In a study cited by The New York Times, researchers found that having a healthy amount of acquaintances(相识的人) and maintaining these relationships contribute to one’s sense of belonging to a community.
So how does one start making small talk It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic. “First and foremost, small talk is an act of politeness,” Pegler noted. “Our small talk at our first meeting is our chance to show who we are,” she added.
Who knows where this can lead Nowadays, the small connections we make can lead to big results. You might find someone who has a common interest, or maybe even someone who turns out to be a close friend. There is one thing for sure: Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
So the next time you find yourself waiting for the bus or checking your watch while you wait in a line, take the opportunity to look up and talk to someone around you. After all, it takes a small connection to lead to a larger one.
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2．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cutting air pollution is on the agenda of all countries nowadays. In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades. In Canada, the government is planning to initiate policies for promoting the use of electric cars: a financial subsidy(补助)on purchase, low-interest rates on loans, etc. However, simply switching to electric cars doesn’t mean pollution-free cities. Emissions at different levels will still be caused when the electricity to run them is generated. Also, brakes, tyres and other components all create airborne particles(大气细颗粒物)pollution as they wear out.
A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions. According to the Economist, car-sharing is fashionable and trendy, but, when it comes to cutting emissions, “unreliable actually”. To make sure the cars come in handy and are always in good condition whenever and wherever a use needs to hit the road, more frequent road trips need to be made by lorries to transport these cars to the right parking spots and to auto repair centers for maintenance, causing extra emissions.
Across the cities around the world, as more people move to city centres, while young people especially are opting for other means of travel, researchers have recently made an inference that motor vehicle use in urban areas has already reached its peak and will decline. City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams. As users of London’s orbital M25 motorway will know, new roads rapidly fill with more traffic. In the US, studies have shown that building new roads can simply multiply the traffic, taking us back to the starting point.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
It’s no laughing matter
Much research has been conducted about why humans laugh and what they laugh at—not only by psychologists, but also by philosophers, for the study of laughter crosses many disciplines. So, why do we laugh
The general belief is that humans laugh as a social bonding mechanism. Studies have shown that humans are over 30 times more likely to laugh with others than alone. Even “laughing gas” works more effectively on a group of people than on a single person. We all know that laughter can be very infectious.
Some researchers believe that laughter in humans was born out of the relief our ancestors felt after danger had passed. If smiling in humans is considered an extension of the “fear” face in primates (灵长类动物), then laughter is a signal that the fear has gone. When we laugh, our “fight or flight” reaction to danger is temporarily switched off, further indicating that we now feel relaxed. So laughter is a way of discharging stress and anxiety.
Although laughter is universal, people don’t always laugh at the same things, and what people find funny often changes as they get older. Children find a lot to laugh about, as they are encountering so many things for the first time, which offers constant surprises. Teenagers often like jokes that adults find annoying, while adults often laugh at jokes about funny things in their own everyday lives. Furthermore, because a lot of our humor comes from a shared cultural background, countless jokes don’t cross language and cultural barriers, with the result that what’s funny in Australia may well not be in Austria.
Regardless of what different people find funny, people ought to laugh as much as they can. While we’re laughing, we increase the killer cells that destroy viruses. So, the next time someone tells you they nearly died laughing, tell them it’s far from the truth!
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4．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why we choose scrolling over sleeping
Imagine cozying up in your bed after a long day. You scroll through your favorite social media apps for what feels like ten minutes, but then you realize hours have passed. It’s now 2:30 am, and you know you need to get some sleep to wake up refreshed for work. But you just can’t get yourself to stop scrolling and turn in for the night. You promise yourself just five more minutes -- then it’s 3:00 am.
If you can relate to this scenario, you’re not alone. Now called “revenge bedtime procrastination,” the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities. Nowadays, some people feel guilty even for resting, so there is a strong desire for uninterrupted personal time.
Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives. If you are spending most of the day working for someone else, following someone else’s orders, and disciplining yourself into doing what you’re “supposed” to do, it is only natural to desire freedom — at least for the few quiet hours around midnight.
Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons. Parents of young children spend most of their day trying to balance work and childcare, so there is a powerful desire to spend some time alone, free of all obligations. For many parents, this is only possible at night when work hours are over and the kids are asleep. Likewise, college students with a demanding class schedule and workers who put in a lot of overtime may be particularly susceptible to bedtime procrastination.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fun Ways to Get a Mental Workout
Your grandfather is sitting in the living room working on a crossword puzzle on a Saturday morning. He thinks these word puzzles are fun, but he also does them for another reason — a mental workout.
The term “mental muscles” describes your brain’s ability to accomplish certain tasks. Like the muscles in your body, your brain’s “muscles” need exercise. While your brain works all the time, the work does not necessarily exercise your brain. In addition, sometimes your brain just needs time to relax and play. It is believed that brain games, like crossword puzzles, make your brain work while playing. They build your concentration by making you focus on certain skills for a long time. For example, when doing a Sudoku puzzle, you focus on organization. Other games that may improve brain power are jigsaw puzzles, mahjong and chess. They can help you to recognize patterns, solve problems and memorize information.
Games build your brain by making you think differently than you normally do. For example, crosswords use clues to help you fill in a grid with words. A crossword clue might be “a fruit with yellow skin.” Your answer must fit in the grid. The word for this clue has six boxes. To fill in those boxes, you need to answer the clue with the word “banana.” Other words in the puzzle share some of the same letters. Because of this, answers to previous clues help you find answers to other clues. Crosswords make you remember the words you know and also help you learn new words. Therefore, filling out crosswords builds vocabulary and memory.
A puzzle that is too hard isn’t any fun. So pick out something that is fun for you, and enjoy building you brain. A game that doesn’t challenge you doesn’t makes your brain work hard enough. So choose a game that will improve a skill yow are working on.
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6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Brief History of Silk
Comfortable to wear whether the weather is hot or cold, silk is as popular today as it was 5,000 years ago when it was first manufactured. However, the history of silk has not always been as smooth as the fabric (织物) itself.
Today’s basic silk-production process has changed very little since it first began. The fabric comes from silkworms which, although tiny when born, grow rapidly in size. Indeed, on a strict diet of mulberry leaves, it is estimated that they increase in weight by 10,000% over the first six weeks of their life. When they are fully grown, the silkworms create a cocoon—a protective shell made of silk. They then crawl inside in order to prepare for their next stage of development. However, for commercial silk production, these cocoons are then boiled, killing the worm inside, to ensure that the silk is not damaged. After this, the silk is gathered and prepared. A single cocoon can produce between 300 and 900 metres of silk thread.
Although today silk is both grown and worn worldwide, the original production of silk was restricted to China. Likewise, in the sixth century, two monks managed to take some eggs all the way back to their native Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul, in Turkey). This was an event of great importance, since Europe was form that point able to manufacture its own silk.
Before the monks’ success in bringing the silkworms out of China, Europeans were dependent on merchants bringing the fabric from East Asia across the mountain roads of Central Asia and the Middle East. Indeed, so much silk was transported that this trade route became known as Silk Road.
Although man-made fibres (纤维) are cheaper and easier to manufacture, the beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Multicultural Education
The changing populations of students in American schools has brought come changes in what is taught in the schools as well.
One in three students in U.S. schools is a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, and one in five lives with a parent who was born outside the United States. Ethnic and racial minorities have criticized schools and textbooks for focusing too much on the literature and historical events of Anglo-Europeans or white males. They believe that schools have almost ignored the contributions of African Americans, Latinos, or Native Americans. Some have charged that American history has been told from the perspective of Anglo-Europeans, rather than exploring historical events from the various perspectives of those involved.
For example, the frontier movement west has been presented more from the perspective of descendants of white settlers than from the perspectives of the descendants oi the Native Americans who were moved in the process.
During the 1990s. schools began to seriously examine their curricula and to try to incorporate more varied cultural information and perspectives into education. These attempts to provide multicultural education have ranged from simply adding information and literature to the current textbooks and curricula, to more sweeping attempts to transform the basic curriculum into one which is more reflective of the diversity of the students who will study it.
At the most basic level, many schools celebrate African-American History Month or Hispanic Heritage Month, or they have international festivals which include dancing, singing, and foods from the native countries of their students. At a deeper level, many schools have adopted history or social studies textbooks which include more information about African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other minorities, or American literature texts that include poetry and fiction written by Americans of all ethnic backgrounds.
In some colleges, the traditional set of Western great books, sometimes called “the canon,” has been replaced by a much broader set of literary texts, reflecting the experiences and backgrounds of the students who will be reading them.
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Help migrant workers
There is nothing like going home. More so if it is for the Spring Festival family reunion. For a migrant worker it perhaps means even more. To be able to set out on a homeward journey with money from a year’s toil in his pocket is the best thing he can think of. Unfortunately, weeks preceding the Spring Festival have turned out to be hard times for migrant workers.
About 200 million migrant workers nationwide are something left behind by economic reforms and opening up due to their contributions in the past three decades. It is almost impossible to imagine life in these places without them. However, they still form a disadvantaged group. Their rights are violated in different forms. Among other things, unpaid salaries are the most painful of such violations that are likely to drive a migrant worker to desperate actions. Some have repeatedly climbed up chimneys threatening to jump to their death unless they get their defaulted salaries.
Objectively speaking, governments at various levels have done a great deal in helping these workers recover their defaulted salaries. They have taken measures to prevent employers from holding back payments to them. Yet, as the financial crisis bites deep, some small enterprises that are struck the most try to reduce their economic losses by laying off migrant workers or refusing to pay them. So it is particularly important for governments at all levels to do an even better job in helping villager-turned workers recover their unpaid salaries before the Spring Festival.
It is good news that quite a number of local governments have organized special task forces to conduct inspections in those labor-intensive enterprises to make sure they have paid their migrant workers in a timely manner. Construction commissions in almost all provinces have published hot lines for farmer-turned constructions workers to lodge complaints against their employers for withholding their salaries. Hopefully, these efforts will send more workers on a happy journey home for the Spring Festival with their salaries in their pockets. But we need to look for solutions that will work at all times. We need to put in place a mechanism that will effectively prevent employers from holding back salaries to workers.
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9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
After the sudden loss of her five-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, Natalia Spencer felt she needed to do something to honor the little girl. That strong wish inspired Spencer to start what she calls a “Walk of Love”, a 6,000-mile trek(长途旅行) along the British coastline.
“Elizabeth particularly loved the beach and the sea and we visited the seaside a lot. After she passed away, I went to the seaside and it was the first time that I had felt some comfort,” Spencer said. “I knew this was what I had to do. It was something I could do and it would make life more bearable.”
On Valentine’s Day, Spencer began walking Durdle Door in Dorset, England, the last beach she took Elizabeth to before she became ill. So far, Spencer has journeyed about 1,500 miles, walking through Dorset , Cornwall, Devon and the entire coast of Wales. Every day, except Saturday, Spencer walks 20 miles. Often locals join her; many times they share stories about losing their own children.
Everything changed for Spencer on Nov. 22, 2015. Spencer noticed Elizabeth was ill with what she thought was a chest infection. But the girl’s health worsened rapidly. Doctors diagnosed her with a life-threatening immune condition where the immune cells damage the tissues and organs. This caused Elizabeth’s organs to shut down and stopped the blood supply to her arms and legs. She was moved to Bristol Children’s Hospital where she spent 18 days on life support before passing away on Dec. 10.
After Elizabeth died, Spencer struggled. In January, a friend encouraged Spencer to go for a walk and the two ended up at the Gower Peninsula in Wales. While walking provides Spencer with time to grieve(悲伤), she’s also using the trip to raise ￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital.
Spencer expects to complete her walk next spring. She’d love to finish on Valentine’s Day, but doesn’t know if that is realistic.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn’t worry.
There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss.
After 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly.
The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.
Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’t remember even seeing it, that’s far more concerning.
When you forget entire experiences, it’s a red flag that something more serious may be involved. Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.
But even then, people shouldn’t panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants. Defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’s cognitive (认知的) reserve.
Read books, go to movies, take up new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.
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参考答案
1．Small talk plays an important part of daily life. We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要以“闲聊”为话题，讲述了其在日常生活中的重要性，以及如何开始闲聊。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
②In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk.
③Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
④The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
⑤So how does one start making small talk
⑥It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic.
⑦Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
2.缜密构思
将第②③④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Small talk plays an important part of daily life.
We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中and作为并列连词，连接前后两个要点并列句，which引导非限制性定语从句，表达较为高级。）
[高分句型2] Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.（运用一个主从复合句对原文第六段合第七段进行了概括，which引导非限制性定语从句，“start with”等短语用法比较高级。）
2．One possible version:
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings. Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution. Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions. Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说为了减少污染，城市规划者需要避免一些误解。首先，电动汽车不能解决这个问题，因为发电和汽车的零部件会造成污染。其次，汽车共享是一种不可靠的做法，因为汽车的运输会导致排放。最后，随着汽车使用量的下降，应该避免修建新的道路，因为它会造成更多的交通。
【详解】1 要点摘录①In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
②Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades.
③A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions.
④City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams.
2.缜密构思将第1点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.
Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution.
Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions.
Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语。）
[高分句型2]：Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.（运用了连词as引导的时间状语从句以及动名词作主语。）
3．It’s believed that people laugh to get each other closer, and are more likely to laugh within a group. Laugher is also considered a way to fight stress and anxiety. However, people may laugh at different things, which change with age and vary from culture to culture. Anyway, laughter does good to our health so we need to laugh more.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，心理学家，还有哲学家关于人类为什么笑以及他们笑什么，已经进行了很多研究。人们认为通过笑来拉近社交距离，在一个群体中更容易笑。笑也被认为是对抗压力和焦虑的一种方式。然而，引发人们笑的原因会随着年龄的增长而变化，也会因文化的不同而不同。无论如何，笑对我们的健康有好处，所以我们需要多笑。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Much research has been conducted about laugh-—not only by psychologists, but also by philosophers, for the study of laughter crosses many disciplines.
②The general belief is that humans laugh as a social bonding mechanism.
③So laughter is a way of discharging stress and anxiety.④Although laughter is universal, people don’t always laugh at the same things, and what people find funny often changes as they get older and varies with cultural backgrounds.
⑤ We ought to laugh as much as they can.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行整合，将第4、5两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句It's believed that laughing together can make people feel closer.
Whenever people feel relaxed or danger is removed, they laugh.
What makes people laugh varies with ages and cultural backgrounds.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It’s believed that people laugh to get each other closer, and are more likely to laugh within a group. 用一个主从复合句对第二段内容作了概括，使用了主语从句和be likely to do结构
[高分句型2]：Laugher is also considered a way to fight stress and anxiety. 运用了动词不定式作后置定语，概括了第三段内容。
[高分句型3]：However, people may laugh at different things, which change with age and vary from culture to culture.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括了第四段内容。使用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
4．Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life. The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们晚上不睡觉浏览社交媒体的原因。报复性拖延时间是重获生活控制权的一种自然尝试。为了休闲时间而牺牲睡眠是由于日常安排中缺乏自由时间造成的。尽管动机相同，但不同群体对报复性睡前拖延症的体验不同。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
②People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities.
③Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives.
④Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons.
2.缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life.
The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule.Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life, during which they can get rid of duty.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. 用被动语态对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．Considered as mental workouts, brain games provide fun ways to exercise your brain. Your concentration is built by focusing on certain tasks in these games, through which your brain power such as organization, recognition is improved. Playing brain games helps you to think differently. So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain. (58)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，脑力游戏被认为是脑力锻炼，它提供了锻炼大脑的有趣方法。你的注意力是通过专注于这些游戏中的特定任务而建立起来的，通过这些任务，你的大脑能力（如组织能力、识别能力）会得到提高。玩脑力游戏可以帮助你以不同的方式思考。所以，选择难度适中的有趣游戏，因为它们对你的大脑最有益。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①He thinks these word puzzles are fun, but he also does them for another reason — a mental workout. Like the muscles in your body, your brain’s “muscles” need exercise.
②For example, when doing a Sudoku puzzle, you focus on organization. Other games that may improve brain power are jigsaw puzzles, mahjong and chess. They can help you to recognize patterns, solve problems and memorize information.
③Games build your brain by making you think differently than you normally do.
④A game that doesn’t challenge you doesn’t makes your brain work hard enough. So choose a game that will improve a skill yow are working on.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Considered as mental workouts, brain games provide fun ways to exercise your brain.
Your concentration is built by focusing on certain tasks in these games, through which your brain power such as organization, recognition is improved.
Playing brain games helps you to think differently.
So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Playing brain games helps you to think differently.用动名词作主语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型2] So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain.运用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括。
6．版本一：Comfortable to wear, silk is as popular today as it was first manufactured. However it’s basic silk-production process has little changed since it was originally produced in China. With so much silk exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road. It is expected to be a large international market because the beauty of silk is difficult to match.
版本二：Silk has been popular for almost 5000 years, and its production hasn’t changed much. It is made from cocoons, protective shells created by silkworms. Before two monks brought silk to Europe in the 6th century, China used to be the only country that produced silk and Silk Road was the route through which silk was transported to other countries.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了丝绸的历史：丝绸缎优点、生产过程、出口以及丝绸之路的形成和未来广阔的市场。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Comfortable to wear whether the weather is hot or cold, silk is as popular today as it was 5,000 years ago when it was first manufactured.
②Today’s basic silk-production process has changed very little since it first began.
③Although today silk is both grown and worn worldwide, the original production of silk was restricted to China. Indeed, so much silk was transported that this trade route became known as Silk Road.
④the beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
2.缜密构思
将第①、②两个要点进行重组，将第③、④两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
However it’s basic silk-production process has changed little very little since it first began.
As a result of so much silk was exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road.
The beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
【点睛】[高分句型1] With so much silk exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road.运用一个with复合结构对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]It is expected to be a large international market because the beauty of silk is difficult to match. 用固定句型It is expected to be对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．One possible version:
Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s. The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，由于少数民族学生对课程标准和教科书内容等教育不公的不满，学校从90年代开始着手解决问题。提供多元文化教育的尝试包括在教科书中增加更多的信息和举办各种活动来反映学生的多样性。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Ethnic and racial minorities have criticized schools and textbooks for focusing too much on the literature and historical events of Anglo-Europeans or white males.
②During the 1990s. schools began to seriously examine their curricula and to try to incorporate more varied cultural information and perspectives into education.
③These attempts to provide multicultural education have ranged from simply adding information and literature to the current textbooks and curricula, to more sweeping attempts to transform the basic curriculum into one which is more reflective of the diversity of the students who will study it.
④At the most basic level, many schools celebrate African-American History Month or Hispanic Heritage Month, or they have international festivals which include dancing, singing, and foods from the native countries of their students.
⑤In some colleges, the traditional set of Western great books, sometimes called “the canon,” has been replaced by a much broader set of literary texts, reflecting the experiences and backgrounds of the students who will be reading them.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3和4、5四个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s.
The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s.运用since引导原因状语从句对原文第二段和第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.用动名词作宾语对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．A possible version
Migrant workers are usually denied their pay. Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group. Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries. Fortunately, governments are trying their best to help the farmer-turned workers and put in place effective protection mechanism for them.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，移徙工人通常被拒付工资。尽管他们得到了不断的帮助，但他们在经济改革开放中被忽视，权利受到侵犯，形成了弱势群体。有些人采取极端措施追讨拖欠的工资。幸运的是，各国政府都在尽力帮助农民工，并为他们建立有效的保护机制。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Migrant workers form a disadvantaged group and their rights are violated in different forms.
②Governments at various levels have done a great deal in helping these workers recover their defaulted salaries. They have taken measures to prevent employers from holding back payments to them.
③Unpaid salaries are likely to drive a migrant worker to desperate actions. Some have repeatedly climbed up chimneys threatening to jump to their death unless they get their defaulted salaries.
④It is good news that quite a number of local governments have organized special task forces to conduct inspections in those labor-intensive enterprises to make sure they have paid their migrant workers in a timely manner.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Migrant workers are usually denied their pay.
Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group.
Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries.
Fortunately, governments are trying their best to help the farmer-turned workers and put in place effective protection mechanism for them.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group.运用非谓语动词对原文第二段进行了概括。其中forming现在分词作状语表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries. 用动词不定式作目的状语，表达非常高级。
9．A possible version
To honor her daughter who recently died, Natalia Spencer started the 6,000-mile Walk of Love along the British coastline, which she wishes to finish next spring. She did this to make life more bearable and to raise￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital. The Walk provided her chances to share with the locals stories about losing children. (word count 58)
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍一个叫Natalia Spencer的人为了纪念自己死去的女儿参加了一个步行项目，缓解自己生活的同时，也为儿童医院筹钱，这次步行给她提供了与当地人分享关于失去小孩的故事的机会。（文章大意）
【详解】1. 要点摘录①After the sudden loss of her five-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, Natalia Spencer felt she needed to do something to honor the little girl.②That strong wish inspired Spencer to start what she calls a “Walk of Love”, a 6,000-mile trek(长途旅行) along the British coastline.③It was something I could do and it would make life more bearable.④Often locals join her; many times they share stories about losing their own children.
⑤While walking provides Spencer with time to grieve(悲伤), she’s also using the trip to raise ￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital⑥Spencer expects to complete her walk next spring.
2.缜密构思将第1、2、6这三个要点进行重组，将第3、5这两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The Walk provided her chances to share with the locals stories about losing children.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To honor her daughter who recently died, Natalia Spencer started the 6,000-mile Walk of Love along the British coastline, which she wishes to finish next spring.运用一个动词不定式短语作目的状语以及一个非限制性定语从句对第1、2、6这三个要点内容进行了概括，表达高级。
[高分句型2]：She did this to make life more bearable and to raise￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital. 用两个并列的动词不定式短语作目的状语对第第3、5这两个要点的内容进行了概括，表达精炼且全面。
10．A possible version:
People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow. However, signs of memory loss do not necessarily lead to the condition itself. Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了50岁及以上的人容易出现记忆力问题，因为脑细胞的变化影响了大脑内部的交流，血管的狭窄减少了血流。然而，记忆丧失的迹象并不一定会导致这种情况本身。无论如何，试着创造性地思考和积极锻炼有助于有效地保持大脑健康。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①After 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly.
②Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.
③There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants.
④Read books, go to movies, take up new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways.
⑤And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行释义，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow.
However, signs of memory loss do not necessarily lead to the condition itself.
Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively.
【点睛】[高分句型1] People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow. (运用了because引导的原因状语从句)
[高分句型2] Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively .(运用了动名词短语作主语)
1．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Have you ever found yourself waiting the stop of your bus to arrive and have a stranger ask a commonplace question Perhaps you’ve stood in line waiting for a coffee and feel the need to just look over to the person next to you and ask about the weather.
This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
“Small talk may seem trivial(微不足道的), but it’s a natural way for people to connect. It may seem like a waste of time. But it serves a vital role in our social interactions. Big relationships are built on small talk.” Lindy Pegler, who has a master’s degree in psychology, wrote on Medium.
In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk. Often, we find ourselves making small talk with the same people on a regular ing up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. In a study cited by The New York Times, researchers found that having a healthy amount of acquaintances(相识的人) and maintaining these relationships contribute to one’s sense of belonging to a community.
So how does one start making small talk It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic. “First and foremost, small talk is an act of politeness,” Pegler noted. “Our small talk at our first meeting is our chance to show who we are,” she added.
Who knows where this can lead Nowadays, the small connections we make can lead to big results. You might find someone who has a common interest, or maybe even someone who turns out to be a close friend. There is one thing for sure: Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
So the next time you find yourself waiting for the bus or checking your watch while you wait in a line, take the opportunity to look up and talk to someone around you. After all, it takes a small connection to lead to a larger one.
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2．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cutting air pollution is on the agenda of all countries nowadays. In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades. In Canada, the government is planning to initiate policies for promoting the use of electric cars: a financial subsidy(补助)on purchase, low-interest rates on loans, etc. However, simply switching to electric cars doesn’t mean pollution-free cities. Emissions at different levels will still be caused when the electricity to run them is generated. Also, brakes, tyres and other components all create airborne particles(大气细颗粒物)pollution as they wear out.
A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions. According to the Economist, car-sharing is fashionable and trendy, but, when it comes to cutting emissions, “unreliable actually”. To make sure the cars come in handy and are always in good condition whenever and wherever a use needs to hit the road, more frequent road trips need to be made by lorries to transport these cars to the right parking spots and to auto repair centers for maintenance, causing extra emissions.
Across the cities around the world, as more people move to city centres, while young people especially are opting for other means of travel, researchers have recently made an inference that motor vehicle use in urban areas has already reached its peak and will decline. City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams. As users of London’s orbital M25 motorway will know, new roads rapidly fill with more traffic. In the US, studies have shown that building new roads can simply multiply the traffic, taking us back to the starting point.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
It’s no laughing matter
Much research has been conducted about why humans laugh and what they laugh at—not only by psychologists, but also by philosophers, for the study of laughter crosses many disciplines. So, why do we laugh
The general belief is that humans laugh as a social bonding mechanism. Studies have shown that humans are over 30 times more likely to laugh with others than alone. Even “laughing gas” works more effectively on a group of people than on a single person. We all know that laughter can be very infectious.
Some researchers believe that laughter in humans was born out of the relief our ancestors felt after danger had passed. If smiling in humans is considered an extension of the “fear” face in primates (灵长类动物), then laughter is a signal that the fear has gone. When we laugh, our “fight or flight” reaction to danger is temporarily switched off, further indicating that we now feel relaxed. So laughter is a way of discharging stress and anxiety.
Although laughter is universal, people don’t always laugh at the same things, and what people find funny often changes as they get older. Children find a lot to laugh about, as they are encountering so many things for the first time, which offers constant surprises. Teenagers often like jokes that adults find annoying, while adults often laugh at jokes about funny things in their own everyday lives. Furthermore, because a lot of our humor comes from a shared cultural background, countless jokes don’t cross language and cultural barriers, with the result that what’s funny in Australia may well not be in Austria.
Regardless of what different people find funny, people ought to laugh as much as they can. While we’re laughing, we increase the killer cells that destroy viruses. So, the next time someone tells you they nearly died laughing, tell them it’s far from the truth!
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4．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why we choose scrolling over sleeping
Imagine cozying up in your bed after a long day. You scroll through your favorite social media apps for what feels like ten minutes, but then you realize hours have passed. It’s now 2:30 am, and you know you need to get some sleep to wake up refreshed for work. But you just can’t get yourself to stop scrolling and turn in for the night. You promise yourself just five more minutes -- then it’s 3:00 am.
If you can relate to this scenario, you’re not alone. Now called “revenge bedtime procrastination,” the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities. Nowadays, some people feel guilty even for resting, so there is a strong desire for uninterrupted personal time.
Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives. If you are spending most of the day working for someone else, following someone else’s orders, and disciplining yourself into doing what you’re “supposed” to do, it is only natural to desire freedom — at least for the few quiet hours around midnight.
Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons. Parents of young children spend most of their day trying to balance work and childcare, so there is a powerful desire to spend some time alone, free of all obligations. For many parents, this is only possible at night when work hours are over and the kids are asleep. Likewise, college students with a demanding class schedule and workers who put in a lot of overtime may be particularly susceptible to bedtime procrastination.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fun Ways to Get a Mental Workout
Your grandfather is sitting in the living room working on a crossword puzzle on a Saturday morning. He thinks these word puzzles are fun, but he also does them for another reason — a mental workout.
The term “mental muscles” describes your brain’s ability to accomplish certain tasks. Like the muscles in your body, your brain’s “muscles” need exercise. While your brain works all the time, the work does not necessarily exercise your brain. In addition, sometimes your brain just needs time to relax and play. It is believed that brain games, like crossword puzzles, make your brain work while playing. They build your concentration by making you focus on certain skills for a long time. For example, when doing a Sudoku puzzle, you focus on organization. Other games that may improve brain power are jigsaw puzzles, mahjong and chess. They can help you to recognize patterns, solve problems and memorize information.
Games build your brain by making you think differently than you normally do. For example, crosswords use clues to help you fill in a grid with words. A crossword clue might be “a fruit with yellow skin.” Your answer must fit in the grid. The word for this clue has six boxes. To fill in those boxes, you need to answer the clue with the word “banana.” Other words in the puzzle share some of the same letters. Because of this, answers to previous clues help you find answers to other clues. Crosswords make you remember the words you know and also help you learn new words. Therefore, filling out crosswords builds vocabulary and memory.
A puzzle that is too hard isn’t any fun. So pick out something that is fun for you, and enjoy building you brain. A game that doesn’t challenge you doesn’t makes your brain work hard enough. So choose a game that will improve a skill yow are working on.
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6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Brief History of Silk
Comfortable to wear whether the weather is hot or cold, silk is as popular today as it was 5,000 years ago when it was first manufactured. However, the history of silk has not always been as smooth as the fabric (织物) itself.
Today’s basic silk-production process has changed very little since it first began. The fabric comes from silkworms which, although tiny when born, grow rapidly in size. Indeed, on a strict diet of mulberry leaves, it is estimated that they increase in weight by 10,000% over the first six weeks of their life. When they are fully grown, the silkworms create a cocoon—a protective shell made of silk. They then crawl inside in order to prepare for their next stage of development. However, for commercial silk production, these cocoons are then boiled, killing the worm inside, to ensure that the silk is not damaged. After this, the silk is gathered and prepared. A single cocoon can produce between 300 and 900 metres of silk thread.
Although today silk is both grown and worn worldwide, the original production of silk was restricted to China. Likewise, in the sixth century, two monks managed to take some eggs all the way back to their native Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul, in Turkey). This was an event of great importance, since Europe was form that point able to manufacture its own silk.
Before the monks’ success in bringing the silkworms out of China, Europeans were dependent on merchants bringing the fabric from East Asia across the mountain roads of Central Asia and the Middle East. Indeed, so much silk was transported that this trade route became known as Silk Road.
Although man-made fibres (纤维) are cheaper and easier to manufacture, the beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Multicultural Education
The changing populations of students in American schools has brought come changes in what is taught in the schools as well.
One in three students in U.S. schools is a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, and one in five lives with a parent who was born outside the United States. Ethnic and racial minorities have criticized schools and textbooks for focusing too much on the literature and historical events of Anglo-Europeans or white males. They believe that schools have almost ignored the contributions of African Americans, Latinos, or Native Americans. Some have charged that American history has been told from the perspective of Anglo-Europeans, rather than exploring historical events from the various perspectives of those involved.
For example, the frontier movement west has been presented more from the perspective of descendants of white settlers than from the perspectives of the descendants oi the Native Americans who were moved in the process.
During the 1990s. schools began to seriously examine their curricula and to try to incorporate more varied cultural information and perspectives into education. These attempts to provide multicultural education have ranged from simply adding information and literature to the current textbooks and curricula, to more sweeping attempts to transform the basic curriculum into one which is more reflective of the diversity of the students who will study it.
At the most basic level, many schools celebrate African-American History Month or Hispanic Heritage Month, or they have international festivals which include dancing, singing, and foods from the native countries of their students. At a deeper level, many schools have adopted history or social studies textbooks which include more information about African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other minorities, or American literature texts that include poetry and fiction written by Americans of all ethnic backgrounds.
In some colleges, the traditional set of Western great books, sometimes called “the canon,” has been replaced by a much broader set of literary texts, reflecting the experiences and backgrounds of the students who will be reading them.
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Help migrant workers
There is nothing like going home. More so if it is for the Spring Festival family reunion. For a migrant worker it perhaps means even more. To be able to set out on a homeward journey with money from a year’s toil in his pocket is the best thing he can think of. Unfortunately, weeks preceding the Spring Festival have turned out to be hard times for migrant workers.
About 200 million migrant workers nationwide are something left behind by economic reforms and opening up due to their contributions in the past three decades. It is almost impossible to imagine life in these places without them. However, they still form a disadvantaged group. Their rights are violated in different forms. Among other things, unpaid salaries are the most painful of such violations that are likely to drive a migrant worker to desperate actions. Some have repeatedly climbed up chimneys threatening to jump to their death unless they get their defaulted salaries.
Objectively speaking, governments at various levels have done a great deal in helping these workers recover their defaulted salaries. They have taken measures to prevent employers from holding back payments to them. Yet, as the financial crisis bites deep, some small enterprises that are struck the most try to reduce their economic losses by laying off migrant workers or refusing to pay them. So it is particularly important for governments at all levels to do an even better job in helping villager-turned workers recover their unpaid salaries before the Spring Festival.
It is good news that quite a number of local governments have organized special task forces to conduct inspections in those labor-intensive enterprises to make sure they have paid their migrant workers in a timely manner. Construction commissions in almost all provinces have published hot lines for farmer-turned constructions workers to lodge complaints against their employers for withholding their salaries. Hopefully, these efforts will send more workers on a happy journey home for the Spring Festival with their salaries in their pockets. But we need to look for solutions that will work at all times. We need to put in place a mechanism that will effectively prevent employers from holding back salaries to workers.
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9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
After the sudden loss of her five-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, Natalia Spencer felt she needed to do something to honor the little girl. That strong wish inspired Spencer to start what she calls a “Walk of Love”, a 6,000-mile trek(长途旅行) along the British coastline.
“Elizabeth particularly loved the beach and the sea and we visited the seaside a lot. After she passed away, I went to the seaside and it was the first time that I had felt some comfort,” Spencer said. “I knew this was what I had to do. It was something I could do and it would make life more bearable.”
On Valentine’s Day, Spencer began walking Durdle Door in Dorset, England, the last beach she took Elizabeth to before she became ill. So far, Spencer has journeyed about 1,500 miles, walking through Dorset , Cornwall, Devon and the entire coast of Wales. Every day, except Saturday, Spencer walks 20 miles. Often locals join her; many times they share stories about losing their own children.
Everything changed for Spencer on Nov. 22, 2015. Spencer noticed Elizabeth was ill with what she thought was a chest infection. But the girl’s health worsened rapidly. Doctors diagnosed her with a life-threatening immune condition where the immune cells damage the tissues and organs. This caused Elizabeth’s organs to shut down and stopped the blood supply to her arms and legs. She was moved to Bristol Children’s Hospital where she spent 18 days on life support before passing away on Dec. 10.
After Elizabeth died, Spencer struggled. In January, a friend encouraged Spencer to go for a walk and the two ended up at the Gower Peninsula in Wales. While walking provides Spencer with time to grieve(悲伤), she’s also using the trip to raise ￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital.
Spencer expects to complete her walk next spring. She’d love to finish on Valentine’s Day, but doesn’t know if that is realistic.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn’t worry.
There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss.
After 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly.
The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.
Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don’t remember even seeing it, that’s far more concerning.
When you forget entire experiences, it’s a red flag that something more serious may be involved. Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you’ve visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.
But even then, people shouldn’t panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants. Defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain’s cognitive (认知的) reserve.
Read books, go to movies, take up new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.
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参考答案
1．Small talk plays an important part of daily life. We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole. Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要以“闲聊”为话题，讲述了其在日常生活中的重要性，以及如何开始闲聊。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①This is small talk, and despite the name, it’s actually a big part of daily life.
②In fact, we spend a lot of our time making small talk.
③Coming up with small conversations is the foundation of these relationships.
④The benefits of such conversations can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
⑤So how does one start making small talk
⑥It can be as simple as complimenting one’s shirt, asking about their day or commenting on the traffic.
⑦Making small talk can brighten our day—even if it’s just a nice comment or thoughtful question.
2.缜密构思
将第②③④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Small talk plays an important part of daily life.
We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.
Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.
【点睛】[高分句型1] We spend lots of time making small talk, and small talk is also the foundation of social relationships, which can actually contribute to our happiness and benefit our lives as a whole.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中and作为并列连词，连接前后两个要点并列句，which引导非限制性定语从句，表达较为高级。）
[高分句型2] Small talk starts with simple polite topics, which can brighten the day.（运用一个主从复合句对原文第六段合第七段进行了概括，which引导非限制性定语从句，“start with”等短语用法比较高级。）
2．One possible version:
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings. Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution. Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions. Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说为了减少污染，城市规划者需要避免一些误解。首先，电动汽车不能解决这个问题，因为发电和汽车的零部件会造成污染。其次，汽车共享是一种不可靠的做法，因为汽车的运输会导致排放。最后，随着汽车使用量的下降，应该避免修建新的道路，因为它会造成更多的交通。
【详解】1 要点摘录①In the efforts to build low-pollution cities, there are some traps city planners must avoid falling into.
②Many countries intend to accomplish the switch to electric cars in the next two decades.
③A number of city planners are counting on the car-sharing system to be a great contributor to the reduction of emissions.
④City planners need to catch up with this trend, instead of laying new roads to deal with traffic jams.
2.缜密构思将第1点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.
Firstly, electric cars can’t solve the problem, for the generation of electricity and the components of cars cause pollution.
Secondly, car sharing is an unreliable practice, as the transport of cars causes emissions.
Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To reduce pollution, city planners need to avoid some misunderstandings.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语。）
[高分句型2]：Lastly, as car use is in decline, building new roads should be avoided, for it create more traffic.（运用了连词as引导的时间状语从句以及动名词作主语。）
3．It’s believed that people laugh to get each other closer, and are more likely to laugh within a group. Laugher is also considered a way to fight stress and anxiety. However, people may laugh at different things, which change with age and vary from culture to culture. Anyway, laughter does good to our health so we need to laugh more.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，心理学家，还有哲学家关于人类为什么笑以及他们笑什么，已经进行了很多研究。人们认为通过笑来拉近社交距离，在一个群体中更容易笑。笑也被认为是对抗压力和焦虑的一种方式。然而，引发人们笑的原因会随着年龄的增长而变化，也会因文化的不同而不同。无论如何，笑对我们的健康有好处，所以我们需要多笑。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Much research has been conducted about laugh-—not only by psychologists, but also by philosophers, for the study of laughter crosses many disciplines.
②The general belief is that humans laugh as a social bonding mechanism.
③So laughter is a way of discharging stress and anxiety.④Although laughter is universal, people don’t always laugh at the same things, and what people find funny often changes as they get older and varies with cultural backgrounds.
⑤ We ought to laugh as much as they can.
2.缜密构思将第2、3两个要点进行整合，将第4、5两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句It's believed that laughing together can make people feel closer.
Whenever people feel relaxed or danger is removed, they laugh.
What makes people laugh varies with ages and cultural backgrounds.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It’s believed that people laugh to get each other closer, and are more likely to laugh within a group. 用一个主从复合句对第二段内容作了概括，使用了主语从句和be likely to do结构
[高分句型2]：Laugher is also considered a way to fight stress and anxiety. 运用了动词不定式作后置定语，概括了第三段内容。
[高分句型3]：However, people may laugh at different things, which change with age and vary from culture to culture.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括了第四段内容。使用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
4．Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life. The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了人们晚上不睡觉浏览社交媒体的原因。报复性拖延时间是重获生活控制权的一种自然尝试。为了休闲时间而牺牲睡眠是由于日常安排中缺乏自由时间造成的。尽管动机相同，但不同群体对报复性睡前拖延症的体验不同。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①the Sleep Foundation describes this phenomenon as the tendency “to sacrifice sleep for leisure time that is driven by a daily schedule lacking in free time.”
②People who spend most of their waking hours experience a severe lack of “me time” in which they can be free of responsibilities.
③Daphne Lee, the journalist whose viral tweet popularized the term, describes revenge bedtime procrastination as an attempt to regain control of our lives.
④Revenge bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by various groups, despite being motivated by the same reasons.
2.缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life.
The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule.Despite the same motivation, vengeful bedtime procrastination is experienced differently by different groups.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Retaliatory bedtime procrastination is a natural attempt to regain control of your life, during which they can get rid of duty.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性的定语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2]The sacrifice of sleep for leisure time is caused by the lack of free time in the daily schedule. 用被动语态对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
5．Considered as mental workouts, brain games provide fun ways to exercise your brain. Your concentration is built by focusing on certain tasks in these games, through which your brain power such as organization, recognition is improved. Playing brain games helps you to think differently. So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain. (58)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，脑力游戏被认为是脑力锻炼，它提供了锻炼大脑的有趣方法。你的注意力是通过专注于这些游戏中的特定任务而建立起来的，通过这些任务，你的大脑能力（如组织能力、识别能力）会得到提高。玩脑力游戏可以帮助你以不同的方式思考。所以，选择难度适中的有趣游戏，因为它们对你的大脑最有益。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①He thinks these word puzzles are fun, but he also does them for another reason — a mental workout. Like the muscles in your body, your brain’s “muscles” need exercise.
②For example, when doing a Sudoku puzzle, you focus on organization. Other games that may improve brain power are jigsaw puzzles, mahjong and chess. They can help you to recognize patterns, solve problems and memorize information.
③Games build your brain by making you think differently than you normally do.
④A game that doesn’t challenge you doesn’t makes your brain work hard enough. So choose a game that will improve a skill yow are working on.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Considered as mental workouts, brain games provide fun ways to exercise your brain.
Your concentration is built by focusing on certain tasks in these games, through which your brain power such as organization, recognition is improved.
Playing brain games helps you to think differently.
So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Playing brain games helps you to think differently.用动名词作主语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型2] So, choose fun games of moderate difficulty because they work best for your brain.运用because引导原因状语从句对最后一段进行了概括。
6．版本一：Comfortable to wear, silk is as popular today as it was first manufactured. However it’s basic silk-production process has little changed since it was originally produced in China. With so much silk exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road. It is expected to be a large international market because the beauty of silk is difficult to match.
版本二：Silk has been popular for almost 5000 years, and its production hasn’t changed much. It is made from cocoons, protective shells created by silkworms. Before two monks brought silk to Europe in the 6th century, China used to be the only country that produced silk and Silk Road was the route through which silk was transported to other countries.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了丝绸的历史：丝绸缎优点、生产过程、出口以及丝绸之路的形成和未来广阔的市场。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Comfortable to wear whether the weather is hot or cold, silk is as popular today as it was 5,000 years ago when it was first manufactured.
②Today’s basic silk-production process has changed very little since it first began.
③Although today silk is both grown and worn worldwide, the original production of silk was restricted to China. Indeed, so much silk was transported that this trade route became known as Silk Road.
④the beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
2.缜密构思
将第①、②两个要点进行重组，将第③、④两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
However it’s basic silk-production process has changed little very little since it first began.
As a result of so much silk was exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road.
The beauty of silk is difficult to match, and there is always likely to be a large international market.
【点睛】[高分句型1] With so much silk exported abroad, the trade route became known as Silk Road.运用一个with复合结构对原文第三段和第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]It is expected to be a large international market because the beauty of silk is difficult to match. 用固定句型It is expected to be对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
7．One possible version:
Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s. The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，由于少数民族学生对课程标准和教科书内容等教育不公的不满，学校从90年代开始着手解决问题。提供多元文化教育的尝试包括在教科书中增加更多的信息和举办各种活动来反映学生的多样性。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Ethnic and racial minorities have criticized schools and textbooks for focusing too much on the literature and historical events of Anglo-Europeans or white males.
②During the 1990s. schools began to seriously examine their curricula and to try to incorporate more varied cultural information and perspectives into education.
③These attempts to provide multicultural education have ranged from simply adding information and literature to the current textbooks and curricula, to more sweeping attempts to transform the basic curriculum into one which is more reflective of the diversity of the students who will study it.
④At the most basic level, many schools celebrate African-American History Month or Hispanic Heritage Month, or they have international festivals which include dancing, singing, and foods from the native countries of their students.
⑤In some colleges, the traditional set of Western great books, sometimes called “the canon,” has been replaced by a much broader set of literary texts, reflecting the experiences and backgrounds of the students who will be reading them.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3和4、5四个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s.
The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Since the minority group students have been complaining about the injustice of education, such as the curricula standards and contents of textbooks, schools have tried to fix the problem since the 1990s.运用since引导原因状语从句对原文第二段和第四段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]The attempts of providing multicultural education include adding more information to the textbooks and holding various activities to reflect the diversity of students.用动名词作宾语对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．A possible version
Migrant workers are usually denied their pay. Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group. Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries. Fortunately, governments are trying their best to help the farmer-turned workers and put in place effective protection mechanism for them.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，移徙工人通常被拒付工资。尽管他们得到了不断的帮助，但他们在经济改革开放中被忽视，权利受到侵犯，形成了弱势群体。有些人采取极端措施追讨拖欠的工资。幸运的是，各国政府都在尽力帮助农民工，并为他们建立有效的保护机制。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Migrant workers form a disadvantaged group and their rights are violated in different forms.
②Governments at various levels have done a great deal in helping these workers recover their defaulted salaries. They have taken measures to prevent employers from holding back payments to them.
③Unpaid salaries are likely to drive a migrant worker to desperate actions. Some have repeatedly climbed up chimneys threatening to jump to their death unless they get their defaulted salaries.
④It is good news that quite a number of local governments have organized special task forces to conduct inspections in those labor-intensive enterprises to make sure they have paid their migrant workers in a timely manner.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Migrant workers are usually denied their pay.
Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group.
Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries.
Fortunately, governments are trying their best to help the farmer-turned workers and put in place effective protection mechanism for them.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite their continued help, they are neglected by economic reform and opening up, rights violated, thus forming a disadvantaged group.运用非谓语动词对原文第二段进行了概括。其中forming现在分词作状语表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Some resort to extreme measures to recover their defaulted salaries. 用动词不定式作目的状语，表达非常高级。
9．A possible version
To honor her daughter who recently died, Natalia Spencer started the 6,000-mile Walk of Love along the British coastline, which she wishes to finish next spring. She did this to make life more bearable and to raise￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital. The Walk provided her chances to share with the locals stories about losing children. (word count 58)
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍一个叫Natalia Spencer的人为了纪念自己死去的女儿参加了一个步行项目，缓解自己生活的同时，也为儿童医院筹钱，这次步行给她提供了与当地人分享关于失去小孩的故事的机会。（文章大意）
【详解】1. 要点摘录①After the sudden loss of her five-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, Natalia Spencer felt she needed to do something to honor the little girl.②That strong wish inspired Spencer to start what she calls a “Walk of Love”, a 6,000-mile trek(长途旅行) along the British coastline.③It was something I could do and it would make life more bearable.④Often locals join her; many times they share stories about losing their own children.
⑤While walking provides Spencer with time to grieve(悲伤), she’s also using the trip to raise ￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital⑥Spencer expects to complete her walk next spring.
2.缜密构思将第1、2、6这三个要点进行重组，将第3、5这两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The Walk provided her chances to share with the locals stories about losing children.
【点睛】[高分句型1] To honor her daughter who recently died, Natalia Spencer started the 6,000-mile Walk of Love along the British coastline, which she wishes to finish next spring.运用一个动词不定式短语作目的状语以及一个非限制性定语从句对第1、2、6这三个要点内容进行了概括，表达高级。
[高分句型2]：She did this to make life more bearable and to raise￡100,000 for the Bristol Children’s Hospital. 用两个并列的动词不定式短语作目的状语对第第3、5这两个要点的内容进行了概括，表达精炼且全面。
10．A possible version:
People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow. However, signs of memory loss do not necessarily lead to the condition itself. Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了50岁及以上的人容易出现记忆力问题，因为脑细胞的变化影响了大脑内部的交流，血管的狭窄减少了血流。然而，记忆丧失的迹象并不一定会导致这种情况本身。无论如何，试着创造性地思考和积极锻炼有助于有效地保持大脑健康。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①After 50, it’s quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly.
②Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.
③There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants.
④Read books, go to movies, take up new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways.
⑤And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行释义，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow.
However, signs of memory loss do not necessarily lead to the condition itself.
Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively.
【点睛】[高分句型1] People aged 50 and over tend to develop memory problems, because changes in brain cells have affected brain’s communication within, and that the narrowing of vessels reduces the blood flow. (运用了because引导的原因状语从句)
[高分句型2] Anyway, trying to think creatively and getting physically active help to keep your brain healthy effectively .(运用了动名词短语作主语)