北京高考英语阅读表达专项训练（含解析）
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阅读表达
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
When I was a kid, there was only one way my parents would let me stay home from school and that was if I had a high fever. Most of my friends could stay home due to a stomachache or a mild fever — but not me… I had to be dying in order to stay home. By the way, my parents are both doctors. My parents used to say that they were teaching me how to have a good work ethic (职业道德). I didn’t understand the connection until last week.
The other day I was on the train and sat behind a young man who was complaining to his friend about his life. He went on for twenty minutes about how his passion in life was to make movies, but he wouldn’t pursue it because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time because it would take years to make it big. He then admitted to thinking about buying stocks by borrowing money because he thought he could easily make six figures within one year. His friend agreed with him and said, “The stock is good because you can make tons of money and only work for a short time.”
I think they were indulging (沉溺) in the wildest fantasy. Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. The easier it looks, the more hours go into it. There is no excuse for laziness.
Looking at the two young men, all of a sudden I was having a flashback of being ten years old and watching the television show Fame.
In the show the dance teacher told her students, “If you want fame, fame costs and here’s how you start paying for it … in sweat.” Every time we watched that show, my dad would proudly say how right the teacher was because in order to succeed you have to work hard.
1．Why did the young man on the train give up his dream of making movies
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2．What will it take to make lots of money in a short time in author’s opinion
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3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event.
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4．Do you agree with the author’s opinion Give your reasons. (about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Nobody likes to feel anxious. Anxiety is among the most common and criticized of human emotions. Studies show that over 100 million people in the U.S. will suffer from an anxiety disorder in their lifetime. Rates, especially among the young, have been rising for the past decade. It seems, then, that our efforts to contain anxiety aren’t working.
As a clinical psychologist and neuroscience researcher, I believe that we mental health professionals have made a terrible mistake. Feeling anxious isn’t the problem. The problem is that we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety. That’s why it’s increasingly hard to know how to feel good.
This “bad” feeling isn’t a failure of mental health. It’s a triumph of human evolution: the ability to think about the uncertain future and prepare for it. The unpleasant emotion, for example, fear, signals that you may be in danger—from a predator, bully or speeding car—and readies your body and mind to fight or take flight.
Anxiety, by contrast, has nothing to do with present threats. Instead, it turns you into a mental time traveler, drawing your attention to what lies ahead. Will you succeed or fail in that interview for a job you desperately want Anxiety prompts your mind and body into action. Your worries force you to prepare thoroughly for the interview, while your heart races and pumps blood to your brain so that you stay sharp and focused, prepared to pursue your goals.
Research has also shown something that many scientists didn’t expect: higher levels of dopamine (多巴胺) when we’re anxious. We have long known that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable and also in anticipation of rewards. The fact that anxiety also boosts dopamine levels points to its role in making positive possibilities into reality.
Many of us feel overwhelmed by lasting anxiety and don’t see any benefit from it. We have come to believe that the best way to cope is to get rid of it. But treating anxiety like a disease prevents us from distinguishing between ordinary anxiety and anxiety disorders. We need to develop a new mindset about this misunderstood emotion. Anxiety can’t do its job unless it makes us uncomfortable, forcing us to sit up and pay attention. We don’t need to like anxiety—just to use it in the right way.
5．Why is it increasingly hard for us to know how to feel good
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6．How does anxiety help one in a job interview
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7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious.
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8．How do you cope with anxiety positively in your daily life (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
How do our food choices affect the environment
Producing the foods we eat has massive environmental impacts: it requires vast tracts of land and huge quantities of water. In addition to using land and water, food production results in greenhouse gas emissions—from the fossil fuels burned to run tractors and harvesters, for example, and from the gases released when cow manure decomposes(粪便分解) and from when cows burp and fart(打嗝和放屁). These emissions add up: scientists estimate that food production around the world causes up to 30% of all the greenhouse gases people release to the atmosphere each year.
Raising cows and sheep for meat has an especially large environmental footprint with regards to land use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Because of this, we wanted to find out: Would changing peoples’ diets have a significant environmental effect And if so, which diets are likely to be healthiest for ourselves and for the planet
We identified 14 diets that scientists have proposed as being more environmentally sustainable: these included vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian(鱼素者，吃鱼不吃肉的半素食主义者), and replacing red meat with pork and chicken, to name a few.
Overall, our review found that reducing meat intake generally resulted in less greenhouse gas emissions, less land use, and less water use. The environmental impact from switching to alternative diets varied greatly across the studies—some found changes of 70% less greenhouse gas emissions and land use, while others found only slight reductions or even increases.
The more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
Being conscious about both the environmental impacts and healthiness of the foods we eat is an important start. For most of us, following healthy guidelines for a balanced diet would go a long way to improving health and environmental sustainability.
9．What impacts does food production have on the environment
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10．In terms of our daily diet, what can we do to reduce environmental impacts
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11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat.
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12．Apart from what has been mentioned in the passage, what can we do to make our life more eco-friendly
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英语回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Many scientists believe our love of sugar may actually be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, leaving us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a particularly strong effect. In this way, it is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors suggest we all cut down on.
“It seems like every time I study an illness and search for the first cause, I find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up to 347 million have diabetes (糖尿病). Why “Sugar, we believe is one of the culprits, if not the major reason,” says Johnson.
Our bodies are designed to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food. But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us.
So what is the solution It’s obvious that we need to eat less sugar. The trouble is, in today’s world, it’s extremely difficult to avoid. From breakfast cereals (谷物) to after-dinner desserts, our foods are increasingly filled with it.
But there are those who are fighting back against sugar. Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit. Other schools are growing their own food in gardens, or building facilities (设施) like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise.
13．What is one of the reasons for high blood pressure
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14．Why did our bodies learn to store sugar as fat
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15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
—The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life.
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16．In your daily life, how do you fight against sugar (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Yuan Xin, who is now pursuing his doctoral degree, learned from a young age the only way for him to succeed was with his brain rather than brawn (体力).
At the age of three, a terrible accident cost Yuan his right arm. His parents didn’t send him to kindergarten but kept him home. The idea was to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education. They believed that knowledge can change one’s life.
When he entered primary school, he started receiving unwanted attention and some kids gave him nicknames. “I had doubts about myself then, but my parents told me to dismiss unfriendly noises and focus on learning,” he says. He buried his head in his books and, as a result, his academic performance stood out. It gradually brought him admiration and respect from people around him.
His academic strength saw him admitted to computer science of Wuhan University of Science and Technology. “I figured it was less demanding on the ‘hand’ and more about brainwork,” he says. However, he had his work cut out for him from the start. Before college, he hadn’t even touched a computer. He couldn’t make any sense of the first class, and had no clue about the keyboard. To catch up with the class, for the first term, Yuan spent his spare time studying and practicing in the computer room of the school library.
Yuan took every learning opportunity seriously and always followed up with his own actions. When he saw keyboards gathering dust and failing to work properly afterwards, he thought of setting up a protection cover over the keypads. He then spent half a year looking into the subject, consulting his professor and experimenting. Later he developed an idea and got a patent for it.
With his remaining hand, Yuan has come up with original designs and patents that have earned him more than 60 prizes and awards. “Although there might be many hard situations to face, I will make progress as long as I work for it,” he says.
17．Why did Yuan’s parents keep him home rather than send him to kindergarten
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18．How did Yuan respond to his classmates’ unfriendliness
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19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents.
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20．Among Yuan’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us Why (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
I’m a 34 year old man, married, live in a nice house, and have a successful career as an educational consultant. But my life was not always so great. I had a learning disability from an early age. I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help. Still, I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools.
My life improved remarkably when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words. I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay. Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.
I got my next lesson from rock climbing. It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start. I soon noticed it wasn’t a talent thing; it was practice. So I did it more. After about five years of climbing, I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall. I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.
Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. After two hard years, I was literate.
Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.
21．What made the author’s school days difficult
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22．Why did art give the author confidence
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23．What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4
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24．How does the author’s story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life Put it in your own words (no more than 50 words).
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
25．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past
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26．What did Berninger’s study published in 2009 focus on
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27．Decide which part is false and underline it and explain.
Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
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28．What’s your idea about spelling plays an important role in our daily life Explain why.( In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. Volunteers were showing up by the thousands and I also took part in what was the largest animal rescue operation ever.
A warehouse was turned into a rescue center near the habitat and hundreds of pools were built to hold about 100 oiled birds each. When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. Cleaning them all seemed like an impossible task. But we had to carry on like doctors in an emergency room. There was no time for doubt. Cleaning oil off a penguin wasn’t easy. Even with more than 12,500 volunteers, it took a month to bathe all 20,000 birds at the center.
While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. But we already had our hands full with 20,000 recovering birds. If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them.
One researcher came up with an idea: What if the penguins were temporarily moved out of harm’s way Experts decided to have a try. Volunteers rounded up the penguins and released them 500 miles away. The hope was that by the time the seabirds swam home, the oil would be gone. The plan worked! Another 20,000 penguins were saved.
The entire penguin rescue took about three months. More than 90% of the oiled penguins were successfully returned to the wild. Looking back on the rescue, I am still amazed by the work of the volunteers. What I could hardly believe was that we accomplished an impossible task.
29．What threatened the African penguins’ lives
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30．How did the author feel when walking into the rescue center
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31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
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32．What do you think of the rescue Give your reasons. (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Best Response to Criticism
When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. If you lack confidence or if you have no clear opinion about yourself, you may also feel pain and even accept the criticism as true. Living in this world, we have to deal with the opinions of others and keep ourselves safe from their negativity.
Sometimes, you will face genuine criticism from others. If you are too caught up in defensive attitude and not being open minded, you may not receive the criticism well and may not perceive the truth in it. When you are criticized, remember that your opinion of yourself is probably more genuine than the opinion of another who does not know you as much as you know about you.
Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. The truth is, in many respects, criticism is a reflection of the person who indulges in it rather than you. A critic’s criticism reveals more about him and his judgment rather than the object of his criticism.
Criticism is a personal opinion of the critic. It very much depends upon the person, his or her thinking, beliefs, knowledge, attitude and values. It is a product of his worldview, upbringing, values, beliefs, likes and dislikes, knowledge and ignorance. It also depends upon his relationship and attitude towards the person for whom the criticism is intended.
A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.
Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.
33．According to this passage, what is the natural reaction when one gets criticized
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34．Why do we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us
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35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
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36．How do you usually respond to criticism （In about 40 words）
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had to be a better portable drink solution and decided to innovate from something he saw in his own home: fruit infused (浸泡) water.
Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. “I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.
The bottle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allows the great tastes and natural sugars of the various fruits and vegetables you choose to come through the water, without any of the seeds or skins flowing through.
Tom is proud of his design and excited to be selling the Fun Bottle on his website and in stores, but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).
Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give other entrepreneurial youth, he says, “Prepare and have your family’s support. It is important to know from the beginning that there are a lot of highs and lows, and there is no such thing as overnight success.”
37．What did Tom witness at his own school
38．Where did Tom get the idea for the original model for the Fun Bottle
39．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
40．Among Tom’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us Why (In about 40 words)
参考答案：
1．Because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time.
2．A lot of effort, determination and time.
3．The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event. Because the author’s father thought that in order to succeed we have to work hard. In other words, we can rely on hard work.
4．I agree with the author’s opinion. I think success is due to our hard work. In order to succeed, we should put in a lot of effort, determination and time. It is impractical to gain without any labor.
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章结合作者的亲身经历告诉我们为了成功，我们要付出足够的努力，不要寄希望于某种不可思议的事件。
1．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段关键句“He went on for twenty minutes about how his passion in life was to make movies, but he wouldn’t pursue it because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time because it would take years to make it big. (他花了20分钟讲述了自己生活中对拍电影的热爱，但他不会去追求，因为他不知道自己是否能赚到足够的钱，也不想浪费时间，因为要想取得成功需要几年的时间。)”可知，年轻人放弃了拍电影的梦想，因为他不知道自己是否能赚到足够的钱，也不想浪费时间。故答案为Because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time.
2．考查推理判断。根据文章第三段关键句“Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. (如今，许多人没有意识到，当事情似乎立即发生时，这仅仅是因为我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，而不是由于某种不可思议的事件。)”可知，在作者看来，立即成功的前提是我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，由此可知，在作者看来，要在短时间内赚很多钱需要大量的努力、决心和时间。故答案为A lot of effort, determination and time.
3．考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段关键句“Every time we watched that show, my dad would proudly say how right the teacher was because in order to succeed you have to work hard. (每次我们看那个节目，我爸爸都会自豪地说老师是多么的正确，因为为了成功，你必须努力工作。)”可知，作者的父亲认为，为了成功，我们必须努力工作，由此可知，句子中“some miraculous event”部分是错误的，标下划线，因为父亲认为，成功并不是依靠一些奇迹般的事件，而是依靠努力工作。故答案为The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event. Because the author’s father thought that in order to succeed we have to work hard. In other words, we can rely on hard work.
4．开放题。答案不唯一，符合文意，能够正确表达出个人观点即可。例如：我同意作者的观点。根据文章第三段关键句“Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. (如今，许多人没有意识到，当事情似乎立即发生时，这仅仅是因为我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，而不是由于某种不可思议的事件)”可知，为了成功，我们应该付出大量的努力、决心和时间，不劳而获是不切实际的。故答案为I agree with the author’s opinion. I think success is due to our hard work. In order to succeed, we should put in a lot of effort, determination and time. It is impractical to gain without any labor.
5．Because we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety.
6．It prompts one’s mind and body into action and it helps him/her to stay sharp and focused in the interview, prepared to pursue his/her goals.
7．Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious.
Because dopamine is in higher levels when we are anxious.
8．版本一：We should develop a good mindset about this misunderstood emotion and try to use it in the right way in our daily life, which can help us get rid of it gradually.版本二： I’m usually anxious about the tons of work ahead. To deal with it, I make a checklist of the tasks in order of priority. Whenever I finish one, I’ll tick it off. In this way, anxiety pushes me forward and I translate it into productivity.
【导语】本文是篇说明文。焦虑已成为现在社会普遍存在的一种现象，人们将它视为糟糕的情绪。文章讲述了焦虑形成的原因、优缺点及如何应对焦虑的方法。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段“The problem is that we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety. That’s why it’s increasingly hard to know how to feel good. ”（问题是我们不知道如何建设性地应对焦虑。这就是为什么越来越难知道如何感觉良好。）可知，我们越来越不知道怎样感到快乐的原因是我们不知道如何建设性地去应对焦虑。故答案为：Because we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety.
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段“Anxiety prompts your mind and body into action. Your worries force you to prepare thoroughly for the interview, while your heart races and pumps blood to your brain so that you stay sharp and focused, prepared to pursue your goals.”（焦虑促使你的思想和身体付诸行动。你的担忧迫使你为面试做了充分的准备，你会心跳加速、大脑充血，这样你就会保持敏锐和专注，为达成目标做好充分准备。）可知，焦虑会促使人的思想和身体付诸行动，帮助他/她在面试中保持敏锐和专注、实现目标。故答案为：It prompts one’s mind and body into action and it helps him/her to stay sharp and focused in the interview, prepared to pursue his/her goals.
7．考查细节理解。根据第五段“Research has also shown something that many scientists didn’t expect: higher levels of dopamine (多巴胺) when we’re anxious.”（研究也显示了某些科学家们没想到的结果：当我们焦虑时，多巴胺水平更高。）可知，“but it is in lower levels when we are anxious”这一部分是错误的，按题目要求划线；原因就是根据文章的描述，研究所得结果是：当我们焦虑时，多巴胺水平更高。故答案为：Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious. Because dopamine is in higher levels when we are anxious.
8．考查开放答题。根据最后一段“We have come to believe that the best way to cope is to get rid of it. ”（我们要相信最后的应对办法就是摆脱它。）和“We need to develop a new mindset about this misunderstood emotion.”（我们需要对这种让人误解的情绪有一个新的心态。）及“We don’t need to like anxiety—just to use it in the right way.”（我们不需要喜欢焦虑——只是用正确的方式使用它。）可以推测，在日常生活中，我们应该有一个良好的心态来看待焦虑，正确使用它，争取逐渐摆脱它。故答案为：We should develop a good mindset about this misunderstood emotion and try to use it in the right way in our daily life, which can help us get rid of it gradually.
9．Using land and water and resulting in greenhouse emission.
10．Reducing meat intake.
11．Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat. Because the more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier but not healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
12．We should have the save-energy consciousness and do something that we can, for instance using the bus rather than the car when you go out, re-using the things that can be recycled, reducing the use of plastic bags and so on.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了我们的食物选择为什么会影响环境。
9．考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句话“In addition to using land and water, food production results in greenhouse gas emissions—from the fossil fuels burned to run tractors and harvesters, for example, and from the gases released when cow manure decomposes(粪便分解) and from when cows burp and fart(打嗝和放屁). （除了使用土地和水之外，粮食生产还会产生温室气体排放——例如，拖拉机和收割机燃烧的化石燃料、牛粪分解时释放的气体以及奶牛打嗝和放屁时释放的气体）”可知，粮食生产对环境的影响主要包括使用土地和水以及产生温室气体排放。故答案为Using land and water and resulting in greenhouse emission.
10．考查细节理解。根据第四段的第一句话“Overall, our review found that reducing meat intake generally resulted in less greenhouse gas emissions, less land use, and less water use.（总的来说，我们的研究发现，减少肉类摄入量通常会减少温室气体排放，减少土地使用和水的使用）”可知，减少肉类摄入量就会减少对环境的影响。故答案为Reducing meat intake.
11．考查细节理解。根据第五段的句子“The more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.（由于蔬菜和水果的增加以及红肉和加工肉类消费的减少，更可持续的饮食通常被认为稍微健康一些。）”可知，纯素、素食、鱼素等饮食只是略微健康，而不是更健康。故答案为Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat. Because the more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier but not healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
12．本题是一道开放题，言之有理即可。该问题主语涉及到在生活中我们能做些什么使我们的生活更环保 根据生活常识，生活中我们可以做很多事来实现环保行为。例如外出时使用公共汽车而不是汽车，重复使用可以回收的东西，减少使用塑料袋等等。故答案为：We should have the save-energy consciousness and do something that we can, for instance using the bus rather than the car when you go out, re-using the things that can be recycled, reducing the use of plastic bags and so on.
13．Sugar.
14．Because we can have energy stored for when there is no food.
15．The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life.
Because most people have more than enough sugar that may be killing us. Besides, sugar is one of the culprits of high blood pressure
16．I fight against sugar by replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit and vegetables. I also grow my own food in gardens and keep exercising to maintain my sugar level in normal.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多科学家认为我们对糖的热爱实际上可能是一种上瘾，糖能够补充人体的能量，但同时也会引发一些疾病。
13．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up to 347 million have diabetes. Why “Sugar, we believe is one of the culprits, if not the major reason,” says Johnson.(全世界有三分之一的成年人患有高血压，多达3.47亿人患有糖尿病。为什么？“我们认为，糖是罪魁祸首之一，如果不是主要原因的话，”约翰逊说)”可知，糖是高血压的原因之一。故答案为Sugar.
14．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food (早期人类的食物通常很少，所以我们的身体学会了以脂肪的形式有效地储存糖分。这样，我们就储存了能量，以备没有食物时使用)”可知，我们的身体学会将糖储存为脂肪，因为我们可以在没有食物的情况下储存能量。故答案为Because we can have energy stored for when there is no food.
15．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“In this way, it is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors suggest we all cut down on.(这样看来，它实际上是一种上瘾的药物，医生建议我们都要减少使用)”以及第三段“But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us. (但今天，大多数人拥有的已经绰绰有余了。所以，曾经拯救我们的东西现在可能正在杀死我们)”可知，我们不应该在日常生活中多吃糖。故答案为The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life. Because most people have more than enough sugar that may be killing us. Besides, sugar is one of the culprits of high blood pressure.
16．开放性试题。根据文章最后一段“Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit. Other schools are growing their own food in gardens, or building facilities (设施) like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise.(许多学校正在用水果等更健康的食物取代含糖甜点。其他学校在菜园里种植自己的食物，或者建造像步道这样的设施，让学生和社区里的其他人可以锻炼身体)”可知，在日常生活中对抗糖，应该多吃蔬菜和水果 ，以及加强锻炼。故答案为I fight against sugar by replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit and vegetables. I also grow my own food in gardens and keep exercising to keep my sugar level in normal.
17．Because they wanted to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.
18．He had doubts about himself at first, but then buried his head in his books.
19．Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents.
Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to catch up with the class.
20．Optimism must be ranked number one among Yuan’s qualities. Because it can bring us mental power. If we aren’t optimistic, we couldn’t move on in our life confronting failures, miseries or sufferings. It is optimism that enables us to regain confidence, courage and hope. (44 words)
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了独臂博士袁鑫通过学习改变命运的励志故事。
17．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“His parents didn’t send him to kindergarten but kept him home. The idea was to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.(他的父母没有送他上幼儿园，而是让他呆在家里。这样做的目的是让他在家人的照顾下轻松地学习，更好地为进一步的教育做准备。)”可知，袁鑫的父母把他留在家里而不是送他去幼儿园，因为他们想让他在家人的照顾下轻松地学习，更好地为进一步的教育做准备。故答案是Because they wanted to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.
18．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段““I had doubts about myself then, but my parents told me to dismiss unfriendly noises and focus on learning,” he says. He buried his head in his books and, as a result, his academic performance stood out.(“当时我对自己也有过怀疑，但父母告诉我，不要理会不友好的噪音，专心学习。”他埋头读书，结果他的学习成绩很突出。)”可知，面对同学们的不友好，他起初怀疑自己，但后来埋头读书了。故答案是He had doubts about himself at first, but then buried his head in his books.
19．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“To catch up with the class, for the first term, Yuan spent his spare time studying and practicing in the computer room of the school library.(为了跟上进度，第一学期，袁鑫利用业余时间在学校图书馆的电脑室里学习和练习。)”可知，袁鑫在第一学期的业余时间都在电脑室努力学习和练习，因为他想赶上课程进度。故答案是Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents. Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to catch up with the class.
20．考查开放性试题。本题为开放性试题，言之有理即可。故答案是Optimism must be ranked number one among Yuan’s qualities. Because it can bring us mental power. If we aren’t optimistic, we couldn’t move on in our life confronting failures, miseries or sufferings. It is optimism that enables us to regain confidence, courage and hope. (44 words)（仅供参考）
21．His learning disability.
22．Because he could be smart and express himself with clay.
23．Being able to read and write.
24．We should not give up in face of difficulties. If we work hard, we will find a way out.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己面对学习障碍永不放弃，通过艺术、爬山等训练，终于能够阅读和写作的故事。故事启发我们，不应该在困难面前放弃。如果我们努力了，就会找到出路。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段“I had a learning disability from an early age.”（我从小就有学习障碍）可知，作者的学习障碍使他的学生生活变得困难。故回答为：His learning disability.
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.”（在这里，我学到了重要的一课：虽然我在语言上有残疾，但我仍然可以很聪明，用粘土很好地表达自己。我的信心也随之而来）可知，因为通过学习作者可以很聪明并且用粘土艺术表达自己。故回答为：Because he could be smart and express himself with clay.
23．考查词句猜测。根据倒数第二段“Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible.”（每天我都练习阅读和写作，我过去尽量避免阅读和写作）可知，经过两年艰苦的生活，我终于能够读和写了。由此猜测，划线部分意为“可以读写”。故回答为：Being able to read and write.
24．开放性试题。根据最后一段“Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.”（在经历了艺术、攀岩、阅读和写作的漫长过程之后，现在我已经到了人生的一个阶段，我知道我足够聪明，可以潜入一个完全未知、艰难但有趣的领域）可知，本文讲述了作者面对学习障碍永不放弃的故事，故事启发我们，不应该在困难面前放弃。如果我们努力了，就会找到出路。故回答为：We should not give up in face of difficulties. If we work hard, we will find a way out.
25．The usage of new technologies in teaching.
26．He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer.
27．Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas.
28．With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述的是随着现代科技的发展，书写渐渐被人们所忽视，但是Berninger的研究表明，书写在现代教学中应该占有一席之地，因为拼写能力与写作能力密切相关并且对孩子有更长久的影响,加强拼写有助于学生的发展。
25．考查细节理解。根据第一段“The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.(学生无休止地从黑板上抄字母和句子的做法已经成为过去。随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，手写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。然而，尽管今天的教育工作者在教学中使用越来越多的技术，许多人认为基本的书写技能仍然是学生成功的必要条件——无论是在学校还是在生活中。)” 可知，在教学中使用新技术让手写成为历史。故答案为The usage of new technologies in teaching.
26．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.(Berninger和她的同事进行了一项研究，考察学生完成各种写作任务的能力，包括用电脑和手写。这项发表于2009年的研究发现，当参与者用笔和纸写字时，他们写的文章更长，句子更完整，单词生成速度更快。)”可知Berninger在2009年发表的研究把重点放在手写和用电脑写作之间的区别上。故答案为He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer.
27．考查细节理解。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”以及第五段第一句“Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. (拼写可以帮助学生首先在脑海中把想法转换成单词，然后再将‘脑海中的单词转换成纸上、键盘上和屏幕上的符号’，研究称。)”可知拼写与思想是有联系的。故答案为Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas.
28．考查个人观点与语言表达。根据第一段第二句“With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill.(随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，书写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。)”可知现在人们工作学习中应用电脑、手机越来越常见，运用手写越来越少。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”可知书写有助于传达我们思想与文化，而且在想要表达时不会提笔忘字。故答案可表述为With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.
29．An oil spill.
30．The author felt shocked.
31．Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins.
32．I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者参与的一次挽救企鹅的志愿者活动。因为燃油的泄露，大量的非洲企鹅被困，命在且夕，志愿者们经过三个多月把它们带到了安全的地方，最后把企鹅放归野外。通过这篇文章，作者告诉我们众人拾柴火焰高，人类的力量是伟大的。
29．考查细节理解。由第一段中的“In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. (2016年夏天，MV Treasure号沉没，造成漏油。1300吨的燃油正流向非洲企鹅栖息地的中央。很快，石油覆盖了大约20000只企鹅。没有迅速的帮助，企鹅就没有生存的机会)”可知，由于石油泄露，非洲企鹅处于危险之中。故答案为：An oil spill.
30．考查推理判断。由第二段中的“When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. (当我走进中心时，我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。我本以为会进入鸣叫和吵闹声的大合唱。相反，这个中心听起来像一个图书馆。企鹅们鸦雀无声。我的心为那些痛苦的企鹅而痛)”可知，当作者走进救援中心时，作者原以为会听到企鹅的叫声，然而它们却鸦雀无声，作者感到震惊。故答案为：The author felt shocked.
31．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. (当志愿者们忙于给沾满油污的企鹅洗澡时，另一场危机正在发生。泄漏的石油开始向北移动。数以万计的企鹅在石油的路径上)”和If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them. (如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，我们就没有足够的资源来拯救它们)”可知，如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，志愿者们无法拯救油路上的所有企鹅，“could save”错误。故答案为：Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins.
32．考查开放答题。考生结合文本，合理发表自己观点，如：我认为这次救援非常成功和令人惊叹，因为志愿者们完成了一项不可能完成的任务。它不仅显示了“众人拾柴火焰高”的含义，也显示了人类的强大力量。故答案为：I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.
33．The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself.
34．Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are.
35．Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
1) According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)
2) According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful.
36．I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于不同的批评我们应该持有的方法。
33．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. ”（当有人批评你的时候，你的自然反应大多是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。）可知，当有人批评你的时候，人们的自然反应就是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。故答案为The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself.
34．考查细节理解。根据第三段前两句“Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. ”（然而，我们非常重视别人对我们的评价和看法。这是很自然的，因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。）可知，我们重视别人对我们的评价和看法是因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。故答案为Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are.
35．考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。据此可以判断，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful”；最后一段“Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.”（每一个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人。用它来改善你自己或你的人际关系。如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。）可知，每个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人，如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。据此可知，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“ According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)”，故答案为Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.原因在于：①According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)② According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful.
36．开放题。言之有理即可。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。因此我对不同的批评会有不同的反应。我会认真对待真正的批评，把它当作一个让自己变得更好的机会。然而，我会忽略那些意在伤害我的批评。故答案为I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.（34）
37．Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school.
38．Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option.
39．Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG.
40．I think the quality of perspicacity will be important, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school.
38．考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions ”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“ From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. ”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的Fun Bottle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了Fun Bottle的原始模型。故答案为Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option.
39．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是Fun Bottle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“all the profits”，应修改为“part of the profits”，故答案为Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG.
40．开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：I think the quality of perspicacity im is portant, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
When I was a kid, there was only one way my parents would let me stay home from school and that was if I had a high fever. Most of my friends could stay home due to a stomachache or a mild fever — but not me… I had to be dying in order to stay home. By the way, my parents are both doctors. My parents used to say that they were teaching me how to have a good work ethic (职业道德). I didn’t understand the connection until last week.
The other day I was on the train and sat behind a young man who was complaining to his friend about his life. He went on for twenty minutes about how his passion in life was to make movies, but he wouldn’t pursue it because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time because it would take years to make it big. He then admitted to thinking about buying stocks by borrowing money because he thought he could easily make six figures within one year. His friend agreed with him and said, “The stock is good because you can make tons of money and only work for a short time.”
I think they were indulging (沉溺) in the wildest fantasy. Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. The easier it looks, the more hours go into it. There is no excuse for laziness.
Looking at the two young men, all of a sudden I was having a flashback of being ten years old and watching the television show Fame.
In the show the dance teacher told her students, “If you want fame, fame costs and here’s how you start paying for it … in sweat.” Every time we watched that show, my dad would proudly say how right the teacher was because in order to succeed you have to work hard.
1．Why did the young man on the train give up his dream of making movies
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2．What will it take to make lots of money in a short time in author’s opinion
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3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event.
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4．Do you agree with the author’s opinion Give your reasons. (about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Nobody likes to feel anxious. Anxiety is among the most common and criticized of human emotions. Studies show that over 100 million people in the U.S. will suffer from an anxiety disorder in their lifetime. Rates, especially among the young, have been rising for the past decade. It seems, then, that our efforts to contain anxiety aren’t working.
As a clinical psychologist and neuroscience researcher, I believe that we mental health professionals have made a terrible mistake. Feeling anxious isn’t the problem. The problem is that we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety. That’s why it’s increasingly hard to know how to feel good.
This “bad” feeling isn’t a failure of mental health. It’s a triumph of human evolution: the ability to think about the uncertain future and prepare for it. The unpleasant emotion, for example, fear, signals that you may be in danger—from a predator, bully or speeding car—and readies your body and mind to fight or take flight.
Anxiety, by contrast, has nothing to do with present threats. Instead, it turns you into a mental time traveler, drawing your attention to what lies ahead. Will you succeed or fail in that interview for a job you desperately want Anxiety prompts your mind and body into action. Your worries force you to prepare thoroughly for the interview, while your heart races and pumps blood to your brain so that you stay sharp and focused, prepared to pursue your goals.
Research has also shown something that many scientists didn’t expect: higher levels of dopamine (多巴胺) when we’re anxious. We have long known that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable and also in anticipation of rewards. The fact that anxiety also boosts dopamine levels points to its role in making positive possibilities into reality.
Many of us feel overwhelmed by lasting anxiety and don’t see any benefit from it. We have come to believe that the best way to cope is to get rid of it. But treating anxiety like a disease prevents us from distinguishing between ordinary anxiety and anxiety disorders. We need to develop a new mindset about this misunderstood emotion. Anxiety can’t do its job unless it makes us uncomfortable, forcing us to sit up and pay attention. We don’t need to like anxiety—just to use it in the right way.
5．Why is it increasingly hard for us to know how to feel good
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6．How does anxiety help one in a job interview
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7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious.
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8．How do you cope with anxiety positively in your daily life (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
How do our food choices affect the environment
Producing the foods we eat has massive environmental impacts: it requires vast tracts of land and huge quantities of water. In addition to using land and water, food production results in greenhouse gas emissions—from the fossil fuels burned to run tractors and harvesters, for example, and from the gases released when cow manure decomposes(粪便分解) and from when cows burp and fart(打嗝和放屁). These emissions add up: scientists estimate that food production around the world causes up to 30% of all the greenhouse gases people release to the atmosphere each year.
Raising cows and sheep for meat has an especially large environmental footprint with regards to land use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Because of this, we wanted to find out: Would changing peoples’ diets have a significant environmental effect And if so, which diets are likely to be healthiest for ourselves and for the planet
We identified 14 diets that scientists have proposed as being more environmentally sustainable: these included vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian(鱼素者，吃鱼不吃肉的半素食主义者), and replacing red meat with pork and chicken, to name a few.
Overall, our review found that reducing meat intake generally resulted in less greenhouse gas emissions, less land use, and less water use. The environmental impact from switching to alternative diets varied greatly across the studies—some found changes of 70% less greenhouse gas emissions and land use, while others found only slight reductions or even increases.
The more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
Being conscious about both the environmental impacts and healthiness of the foods we eat is an important start. For most of us, following healthy guidelines for a balanced diet would go a long way to improving health and environmental sustainability.
9．What impacts does food production have on the environment
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10．In terms of our daily diet, what can we do to reduce environmental impacts
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11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat.
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12．Apart from what has been mentioned in the passage, what can we do to make our life more eco-friendly
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英语回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Many scientists believe our love of sugar may actually be an addiction. When we eat or drink sugary foods, the sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good. Then the good feeling goes away, leaving us wanting more. All tasty foods do this, but sugar has a particularly strong effect. In this way, it is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors suggest we all cut down on.
“It seems like every time I study an illness and search for the first cause, I find my way back to sugar,” says scientist Richard Johnson. One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up to 347 million have diabetes (糖尿病). Why “Sugar, we believe is one of the culprits, if not the major reason,” says Johnson.
Our bodies are designed to survive on very little sugar. Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food. But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us.
So what is the solution It’s obvious that we need to eat less sugar. The trouble is, in today’s world, it’s extremely difficult to avoid. From breakfast cereals (谷物) to after-dinner desserts, our foods are increasingly filled with it.
But there are those who are fighting back against sugar. Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit. Other schools are growing their own food in gardens, or building facilities (设施) like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise.
13．What is one of the reasons for high blood pressure
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14．Why did our bodies learn to store sugar as fat
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15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
—The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life.
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16．In your daily life, how do you fight against sugar (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Yuan Xin, who is now pursuing his doctoral degree, learned from a young age the only way for him to succeed was with his brain rather than brawn (体力).
At the age of three, a terrible accident cost Yuan his right arm. His parents didn’t send him to kindergarten but kept him home. The idea was to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education. They believed that knowledge can change one’s life.
When he entered primary school, he started receiving unwanted attention and some kids gave him nicknames. “I had doubts about myself then, but my parents told me to dismiss unfriendly noises and focus on learning,” he says. He buried his head in his books and, as a result, his academic performance stood out. It gradually brought him admiration and respect from people around him.
His academic strength saw him admitted to computer science of Wuhan University of Science and Technology. “I figured it was less demanding on the ‘hand’ and more about brainwork,” he says. However, he had his work cut out for him from the start. Before college, he hadn’t even touched a computer. He couldn’t make any sense of the first class, and had no clue about the keyboard. To catch up with the class, for the first term, Yuan spent his spare time studying and practicing in the computer room of the school library.
Yuan took every learning opportunity seriously and always followed up with his own actions. When he saw keyboards gathering dust and failing to work properly afterwards, he thought of setting up a protection cover over the keypads. He then spent half a year looking into the subject, consulting his professor and experimenting. Later he developed an idea and got a patent for it.
With his remaining hand, Yuan has come up with original designs and patents that have earned him more than 60 prizes and awards. “Although there might be many hard situations to face, I will make progress as long as I work for it,” he says.
17．Why did Yuan’s parents keep him home rather than send him to kindergarten
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18．How did Yuan respond to his classmates’ unfriendliness
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19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents.
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20．Among Yuan’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us Why (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
I’m a 34 year old man, married, live in a nice house, and have a successful career as an educational consultant. But my life was not always so great. I had a learning disability from an early age. I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help. Still, I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools.
My life improved remarkably when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words. I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay. Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.
I got my next lesson from rock climbing. It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start. I soon noticed it wasn’t a talent thing; it was practice. So I did it more. After about five years of climbing, I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall. I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.
Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. After two hard years, I was literate.
Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.
21．What made the author’s school days difficult
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22．Why did art give the author confidence
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23．What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4
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24．How does the author’s story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life Put it in your own words (no more than 50 words).
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
25．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past
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26．What did Berninger’s study published in 2009 focus on
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27．Decide which part is false and underline it and explain.
Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
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28．What’s your idea about spelling plays an important role in our daily life Explain why.( In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. Volunteers were showing up by the thousands and I also took part in what was the largest animal rescue operation ever.
A warehouse was turned into a rescue center near the habitat and hundreds of pools were built to hold about 100 oiled birds each. When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. Cleaning them all seemed like an impossible task. But we had to carry on like doctors in an emergency room. There was no time for doubt. Cleaning oil off a penguin wasn’t easy. Even with more than 12,500 volunteers, it took a month to bathe all 20,000 birds at the center.
While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. But we already had our hands full with 20,000 recovering birds. If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them.
One researcher came up with an idea: What if the penguins were temporarily moved out of harm’s way Experts decided to have a try. Volunteers rounded up the penguins and released them 500 miles away. The hope was that by the time the seabirds swam home, the oil would be gone. The plan worked! Another 20,000 penguins were saved.
The entire penguin rescue took about three months. More than 90% of the oiled penguins were successfully returned to the wild. Looking back on the rescue, I am still amazed by the work of the volunteers. What I could hardly believe was that we accomplished an impossible task.
29．What threatened the African penguins’ lives
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30．How did the author feel when walking into the rescue center
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31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
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32．What do you think of the rescue Give your reasons. (In about 40 words)
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
The Best Response to Criticism
When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. If you lack confidence or if you have no clear opinion about yourself, you may also feel pain and even accept the criticism as true. Living in this world, we have to deal with the opinions of others and keep ourselves safe from their negativity.
Sometimes, you will face genuine criticism from others. If you are too caught up in defensive attitude and not being open minded, you may not receive the criticism well and may not perceive the truth in it. When you are criticized, remember that your opinion of yourself is probably more genuine than the opinion of another who does not know you as much as you know about you.
Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. The truth is, in many respects, criticism is a reflection of the person who indulges in it rather than you. A critic’s criticism reveals more about him and his judgment rather than the object of his criticism.
Criticism is a personal opinion of the critic. It very much depends upon the person, his or her thinking, beliefs, knowledge, attitude and values. It is a product of his worldview, upbringing, values, beliefs, likes and dislikes, knowledge and ignorance. It also depends upon his relationship and attitude towards the person for whom the criticism is intended.
A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.
Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.
33．According to this passage, what is the natural reaction when one gets criticized
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34．Why do we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us
__________________________________________________
35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
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36．How do you usually respond to criticism （In about 40 words）
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阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids. He knew there had to be a better portable drink solution and decided to innovate from something he saw in his own home: fruit infused (浸泡) water.
Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option. From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. “I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.
The bottle is made with a strainer (滤网) that allows the great tastes and natural sugars of the various fruits and vegetables you choose to come through the water, without any of the seeds or skins flowing through.
Tom is proud of his design and excited to be selling the Fun Bottle on his website and in stores, but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).
Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. When asked what advice he’d give other entrepreneurial youth, he says, “Prepare and have your family’s support. It is important to know from the beginning that there are a lot of highs and lows, and there is no such thing as overnight success.”
37．What did Tom witness at his own school
38．Where did Tom get the idea for the original model for the Fun Bottle
39．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
40．Among Tom’s qualities, which one(s) do you think will be important for us Why (In about 40 words)
参考答案：
1．Because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time.
2．A lot of effort, determination and time.
3．The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event. Because the author’s father thought that in order to succeed we have to work hard. In other words, we can rely on hard work.
4．I agree with the author’s opinion. I think success is due to our hard work. In order to succeed, we should put in a lot of effort, determination and time. It is impractical to gain without any labor.
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章结合作者的亲身经历告诉我们为了成功，我们要付出足够的努力，不要寄希望于某种不可思议的事件。
1．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段关键句“He went on for twenty minutes about how his passion in life was to make movies, but he wouldn’t pursue it because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time because it would take years to make it big. (他花了20分钟讲述了自己生活中对拍电影的热爱，但他不会去追求，因为他不知道自己是否能赚到足够的钱，也不想浪费时间，因为要想取得成功需要几年的时间。)”可知，年轻人放弃了拍电影的梦想，因为他不知道自己是否能赚到足够的钱，也不想浪费时间。故答案为Because he had no clue if he could make enough money and he didn’t want to waste time.
2．考查推理判断。根据文章第三段关键句“Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. (如今，许多人没有意识到，当事情似乎立即发生时，这仅仅是因为我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，而不是由于某种不可思议的事件。)”可知，在作者看来，立即成功的前提是我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，由此可知，在作者看来，要在短时间内赚很多钱需要大量的努力、决心和时间。故答案为A lot of effort, determination and time.
3．考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段关键句“Every time we watched that show, my dad would proudly say how right the teacher was because in order to succeed you have to work hard. (每次我们看那个节目，我爸爸都会自豪地说老师是多么的正确，因为为了成功，你必须努力工作。)”可知，作者的父亲认为，为了成功，我们必须努力工作，由此可知，句子中“some miraculous event”部分是错误的，标下划线，因为父亲认为，成功并不是依靠一些奇迹般的事件，而是依靠努力工作。故答案为The author’s father thought that in order to succeed we can rely on some miraculous event. Because the author’s father thought that in order to succeed we have to work hard. In other words, we can rely on hard work.
4．开放题。答案不唯一，符合文意，能够正确表达出个人观点即可。例如：我同意作者的观点。根据文章第三段关键句“Many people these days don’t realize that when things seem to happen immediately, it is only because a lot of effort, determination and time have gone into them and it isn’t due to some miraculous (不可思议的) event. (如今，许多人没有意识到，当事情似乎立即发生时，这仅仅是因为我们为之付出了大量的努力、决心和时间，而不是由于某种不可思议的事件)”可知，为了成功，我们应该付出大量的努力、决心和时间，不劳而获是不切实际的。故答案为I agree with the author’s opinion. I think success is due to our hard work. In order to succeed, we should put in a lot of effort, determination and time. It is impractical to gain without any labor.
5．Because we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety.
6．It prompts one’s mind and body into action and it helps him/her to stay sharp and focused in the interview, prepared to pursue his/her goals.
7．Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious.
Because dopamine is in higher levels when we are anxious.
8．版本一：We should develop a good mindset about this misunderstood emotion and try to use it in the right way in our daily life, which can help us get rid of it gradually.版本二： I’m usually anxious about the tons of work ahead. To deal with it, I make a checklist of the tasks in order of priority. Whenever I finish one, I’ll tick it off. In this way, anxiety pushes me forward and I translate it into productivity.
【导语】本文是篇说明文。焦虑已成为现在社会普遍存在的一种现象，人们将它视为糟糕的情绪。文章讲述了焦虑形成的原因、优缺点及如何应对焦虑的方法。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段“The problem is that we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety. That’s why it’s increasingly hard to know how to feel good. ”（问题是我们不知道如何建设性地应对焦虑。这就是为什么越来越难知道如何感觉良好。）可知，我们越来越不知道怎样感到快乐的原因是我们不知道如何建设性地去应对焦虑。故答案为：Because we don’t understand how to respond constructively to anxiety.
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段“Anxiety prompts your mind and body into action. Your worries force you to prepare thoroughly for the interview, while your heart races and pumps blood to your brain so that you stay sharp and focused, prepared to pursue your goals.”（焦虑促使你的思想和身体付诸行动。你的担忧迫使你为面试做了充分的准备，你会心跳加速、大脑充血，这样你就会保持敏锐和专注，为达成目标做好充分准备。）可知，焦虑会促使人的思想和身体付诸行动，帮助他/她在面试中保持敏锐和专注、实现目标。故答案为：It prompts one’s mind and body into action and it helps him/her to stay sharp and focused in the interview, prepared to pursue his/her goals.
7．考查细节理解。根据第五段“Research has also shown something that many scientists didn’t expect: higher levels of dopamine (多巴胺) when we’re anxious.”（研究也显示了某些科学家们没想到的结果：当我们焦虑时，多巴胺水平更高。）可知，“but it is in lower levels when we are anxious”这一部分是错误的，按题目要求划线；原因就是根据文章的描述，研究所得结果是：当我们焦虑时，多巴胺水平更高。故答案为：Research has shown that dopamine soars when an experience is pleasurable, but it is in lower levels when we are anxious. Because dopamine is in higher levels when we are anxious.
8．考查开放答题。根据最后一段“We have come to believe that the best way to cope is to get rid of it. ”（我们要相信最后的应对办法就是摆脱它。）和“We need to develop a new mindset about this misunderstood emotion.”（我们需要对这种让人误解的情绪有一个新的心态。）及“We don’t need to like anxiety—just to use it in the right way.”（我们不需要喜欢焦虑——只是用正确的方式使用它。）可以推测，在日常生活中，我们应该有一个良好的心态来看待焦虑，正确使用它，争取逐渐摆脱它。故答案为：We should develop a good mindset about this misunderstood emotion and try to use it in the right way in our daily life, which can help us get rid of it gradually.
9．Using land and water and resulting in greenhouse emission.
10．Reducing meat intake.
11．Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat. Because the more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier but not healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
12．We should have the save-energy consciousness and do something that we can, for instance using the bus rather than the car when you go out, re-using the things that can be recycled, reducing the use of plastic bags and so on.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了我们的食物选择为什么会影响环境。
9．考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句话“In addition to using land and water, food production results in greenhouse gas emissions—from the fossil fuels burned to run tractors and harvesters, for example, and from the gases released when cow manure decomposes(粪便分解) and from when cows burp and fart(打嗝和放屁). （除了使用土地和水之外，粮食生产还会产生温室气体排放——例如，拖拉机和收割机燃烧的化石燃料、牛粪分解时释放的气体以及奶牛打嗝和放屁时释放的气体）”可知，粮食生产对环境的影响主要包括使用土地和水以及产生温室气体排放。故答案为Using land and water and resulting in greenhouse emission.
10．考查细节理解。根据第四段的第一句话“Overall, our review found that reducing meat intake generally resulted in less greenhouse gas emissions, less land use, and less water use.（总的来说，我们的研究发现，减少肉类摄入量通常会减少温室气体排放，减少土地使用和水的使用）”可知，减少肉类摄入量就会减少对环境的影响。故答案为Reducing meat intake.
11．考查细节理解。根据第五段的句子“The more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.（由于蔬菜和水果的增加以及红肉和加工肉类消费的减少，更可持续的饮食通常被认为稍微健康一些。）”可知，纯素、素食、鱼素等饮食只是略微健康，而不是更健康。故答案为Diets like vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and the like are considered more environmentally sustainable and healthier due to the absence of red meat. Because the more sustainable diets were generally considered slightly healthier but not healthier due to increased vegetable and fruit and reduced red and processed meat consumption.
12．本题是一道开放题，言之有理即可。该问题主语涉及到在生活中我们能做些什么使我们的生活更环保 根据生活常识，生活中我们可以做很多事来实现环保行为。例如外出时使用公共汽车而不是汽车，重复使用可以回收的东西，减少使用塑料袋等等。故答案为：We should have the save-energy consciousness and do something that we can, for instance using the bus rather than the car when you go out, re-using the things that can be recycled, reducing the use of plastic bags and so on.
13．Sugar.
14．Because we can have energy stored for when there is no food.
15．The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life.
Because most people have more than enough sugar that may be killing us. Besides, sugar is one of the culprits of high blood pressure
16．I fight against sugar by replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit and vegetables. I also grow my own food in gardens and keep exercising to maintain my sugar level in normal.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多科学家认为我们对糖的热爱实际上可能是一种上瘾，糖能够补充人体的能量，但同时也会引发一些疾病。
13．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“One-third of adults worldwide have high blood pressure, and up to 347 million have diabetes. Why “Sugar, we believe is one of the culprits, if not the major reason,” says Johnson.(全世界有三分之一的成年人患有高血压，多达3.47亿人患有糖尿病。为什么？“我们认为，糖是罪魁祸首之一，如果不是主要原因的话，”约翰逊说)”可知，糖是高血压的原因之一。故答案为Sugar.
14．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Early humans often had very little food, so our bodies learned to be very efficient in storing sugar as fat. In this way, we had energy stored for when there was no food (早期人类的食物通常很少，所以我们的身体学会了以脂肪的形式有效地储存糖分。这样，我们就储存了能量，以备没有食物时使用)”可知，我们的身体学会将糖储存为脂肪，因为我们可以在没有食物的情况下储存能量。故答案为Because we can have energy stored for when there is no food.
15．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“In this way, it is in fact an addictive drug, one that doctors suggest we all cut down on.(这样看来，它实际上是一种上瘾的药物，医生建议我们都要减少使用)”以及第三段“But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing that once saved us may now be killing us. (但今天，大多数人拥有的已经绰绰有余了。所以，曾经拯救我们的东西现在可能正在杀死我们)”可知，我们不应该在日常生活中多吃糖。故答案为The sugar enters our blood and affects parts of our brain that make us feel good, so we should eat more in daily life. Because most people have more than enough sugar that may be killing us. Besides, sugar is one of the culprits of high blood pressure.
16．开放性试题。根据文章最后一段“Many schools are replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit. Other schools are growing their own food in gardens, or building facilities (设施) like walking tracks so students and others in the community can exercise.(许多学校正在用水果等更健康的食物取代含糖甜点。其他学校在菜园里种植自己的食物，或者建造像步道这样的设施，让学生和社区里的其他人可以锻炼身体)”可知，在日常生活中对抗糖，应该多吃蔬菜和水果 ，以及加强锻炼。故答案为I fight against sugar by replacing sugary desserts with healthier food like fruit and vegetables. I also grow my own food in gardens and keep exercising to keep my sugar level in normal.
17．Because they wanted to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.
18．He had doubts about himself at first, but then buried his head in his books.
19．Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents.
Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to catch up with the class.
20．Optimism must be ranked number one among Yuan’s qualities. Because it can bring us mental power. If we aren’t optimistic, we couldn’t move on in our life confronting failures, miseries or sufferings. It is optimism that enables us to regain confidence, courage and hope. (44 words)
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了独臂博士袁鑫通过学习改变命运的励志故事。
17．考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“His parents didn’t send him to kindergarten but kept him home. The idea was to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.(他的父母没有送他上幼儿园，而是让他呆在家里。这样做的目的是让他在家人的照顾下轻松地学习，更好地为进一步的教育做准备。)”可知，袁鑫的父母把他留在家里而不是送他去幼儿园，因为他们想让他在家人的照顾下轻松地学习，更好地为进一步的教育做准备。故答案是Because they wanted to ease him into learning with family care and better prepare him for further education.
18．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段““I had doubts about myself then, but my parents told me to dismiss unfriendly noises and focus on learning,” he says. He buried his head in his books and, as a result, his academic performance stood out.(“当时我对自己也有过怀疑，但父母告诉我，不要理会不友好的噪音，专心学习。”他埋头读书，结果他的学习成绩很突出。)”可知，面对同学们的不友好，他起初怀疑自己，但后来埋头读书了。故答案是He had doubts about himself at first, but then buried his head in his books.
19．考查细节理解。根据文章第四段“To catch up with the class, for the first term, Yuan spent his spare time studying and practicing in the computer room of the school library.(为了跟上进度，第一学期，袁鑫利用业余时间在学校图书馆的电脑室里学习和练习。)”可知，袁鑫在第一学期的业余时间都在电脑室努力学习和练习，因为他想赶上课程进度。故答案是Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to develop his ideas and get patents. Yuan spent his spare time in his first term working hard in the computer room because he wanted to catch up with the class.
20．考查开放性试题。本题为开放性试题，言之有理即可。故答案是Optimism must be ranked number one among Yuan’s qualities. Because it can bring us mental power. If we aren’t optimistic, we couldn’t move on in our life confronting failures, miseries or sufferings. It is optimism that enables us to regain confidence, courage and hope. (44 words)（仅供参考）
21．His learning disability.
22．Because he could be smart and express himself with clay.
23．Being able to read and write.
24．We should not give up in face of difficulties. If we work hard, we will find a way out.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己面对学习障碍永不放弃，通过艺术、爬山等训练，终于能够阅读和写作的故事。故事启发我们，不应该在困难面前放弃。如果我们努力了，就会找到出路。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段“I had a learning disability from an early age.”（我从小就有学习障碍）可知，作者的学习障碍使他的学生生活变得困难。故回答为：His learning disability.
22．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.”（在这里，我学到了重要的一课：虽然我在语言上有残疾，但我仍然可以很聪明，用粘土很好地表达自己。我的信心也随之而来）可知，因为通过学习作者可以很聪明并且用粘土艺术表达自己。故回答为：Because he could be smart and express himself with clay.
23．考查词句猜测。根据倒数第二段“Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible.”（每天我都练习阅读和写作，我过去尽量避免阅读和写作）可知，经过两年艰苦的生活，我终于能够读和写了。由此猜测，划线部分意为“可以读写”。故回答为：Being able to read and write.
24．开放性试题。根据最后一段“Having gone through the long process with art, rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I’ve got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.”（在经历了艺术、攀岩、阅读和写作的漫长过程之后，现在我已经到了人生的一个阶段，我知道我足够聪明，可以潜入一个完全未知、艰难但有趣的领域）可知，本文讲述了作者面对学习障碍永不放弃的故事，故事启发我们，不应该在困难面前放弃。如果我们努力了，就会找到出路。故回答为：We should not give up in face of difficulties. If we work hard, we will find a way out.
25．The usage of new technologies in teaching.
26．He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer.
27．Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas.
28．With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述的是随着现代科技的发展，书写渐渐被人们所忽视，但是Berninger的研究表明，书写在现代教学中应该占有一席之地，因为拼写能力与写作能力密切相关并且对孩子有更长久的影响,加强拼写有助于学生的发展。
25．考查细节理解。根据第一段“The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.(学生无休止地从黑板上抄字母和句子的做法已经成为过去。随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，手写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。然而，尽管今天的教育工作者在教学中使用越来越多的技术，许多人认为基本的书写技能仍然是学生成功的必要条件——无论是在学校还是在生活中。)” 可知，在教学中使用新技术让手写成为历史。故答案为The usage of new technologies in teaching.
26．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.(Berninger和她的同事进行了一项研究，考察学生完成各种写作任务的能力，包括用电脑和手写。这项发表于2009年的研究发现，当参与者用笔和纸写字时，他们写的文章更长，句子更完整，单词生成速度更快。)”可知Berninger在2009年发表的研究把重点放在手写和用电脑写作之间的区别上。故答案为He focused on the differences between writing by hand and on a computer.
27．考查细节理解。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”以及第五段第一句“Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. (拼写可以帮助学生首先在脑海中把想法转换成单词，然后再将‘脑海中的单词转换成纸上、键盘上和屏幕上的符号’，研究称。)”可知拼写与思想是有联系的。故答案为Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It has no linking with ideas.
According to the passage, it is connected with ideas.
28．考查个人观点与语言表达。根据第一段第二句“With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phones, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill.(随着电脑和智能手机等新技术的出现，书写已经成为一种怀旧的技能。)”可知现在人们工作学习中应用电脑、手机越来越常见，运用手写越来越少。根据第四段第二句“‘Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.’Berninger said.(‘拼写使大脑的一些思考部分变得活跃，这有助于我们获取词汇、单词的含义和概念。它让我们的书面语言与思想联系起来。’Berninger说。)”可知书写有助于传达我们思想与文化，而且在想要表达时不会提笔忘字。故答案可表述为With the development of technologies, computers and smart phones are becoming more and more common. People have been accustomed to using them to work and study instead of the basic writing style and spelling skills. Characters is a form of showing our emotion, but sometimes we can’t remember how to write them. I strongly advocate using handwriting more instead of computers help to pass down the charm of Chinese characters.
29．An oil spill.
30．The author felt shocked.
31．Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together.
Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins.
32．I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者参与的一次挽救企鹅的志愿者活动。因为燃油的泄露，大量的非洲企鹅被困，命在且夕，志愿者们经过三个多月把它们带到了安全的地方，最后把企鹅放归野外。通过这篇文章，作者告诉我们众人拾柴火焰高，人类的力量是伟大的。
29．考查细节理解。由第一段中的“In the summer of 2016, the ship MV Treasure sunk, creating an oil spill. Thirteen hundred tons of fuel oil were flowing right in the middle of the African Penguins’ habitat. Soon the oil covered about 20,000 penguins. Without swift help, the seabirds would have no chance of survival. (2016年夏天，MV Treasure号沉没，造成漏油。1300吨的燃油正流向非洲企鹅栖息地的中央。很快，石油覆盖了大约20000只企鹅。没有迅速的帮助，企鹅就没有生存的机会)”可知，由于石油泄露，非洲企鹅处于危险之中。故答案为：An oil spill.
30．考查推理判断。由第二段中的“When walking into the center, I couldn’t believe my ears. I had expected to walk into a chorus of honking and squawking (尖声叫). Instead, the center sounded like a library. The penguins were dead silent. My heart ached for the painful birds. (当我走进中心时，我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。我本以为会进入鸣叫和吵闹声的大合唱。相反，这个中心听起来像一个图书馆。企鹅们鸦雀无声。我的心为那些痛苦的企鹅而痛)”可知，当作者走进救援中心时，作者原以为会听到企鹅的叫声，然而它们却鸦雀无声，作者感到震惊。故答案为：The author felt shocked.
31．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“While volunteers were busy bathing the oiled penguins, another crisis was developing. Oil from the spill had started moving north. Tens of thousands of penguins were in the oil’s path. (当志愿者们忙于给沾满油污的企鹅洗澡时，另一场危机正在发生。泄漏的石油开始向北移动。数以万计的企鹅在石油的路径上)”和If any more birds were oiled, we wouldn’t have enough resources to save them. (如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，我们就没有足够的资源来拯救它们)”可知，如果有更多的企鹅被石油污染，志愿者们无法拯救油路上的所有企鹅，“could save”错误。故答案为：Volunteers could save the penguins in the oil’s path because they cleaned the polluted habitat together. Because if any more birds were oiled, volunteers wouldn’t have enough resources to save the penguins.
32．考查开放答题。考生结合文本，合理发表自己观点，如：我认为这次救援非常成功和令人惊叹，因为志愿者们完成了一项不可能完成的任务。它不仅显示了“众人拾柴火焰高”的含义，也显示了人类的强大力量。故答案为：I think that the rescue was very successful and amazing, because the volunteers completed an impossible task. It not only showed the meaning of “More hands produce a stronger flame”, but also the great power of mankind.
33．The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself.
34．Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are.
35．Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.
1) According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)
2) According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful.
36．I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于不同的批评我们应该持有的方法。
33．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“When someone criticizes you, your natural reaction is mostly to feel bad about it or defend yourself. ”（当有人批评你的时候，你的自然反应大多是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。）可知，当有人批评你的时候，人们的自然反应就是感觉不好或者为自己辩护。故答案为The natural reaction when one gets criticized is to feel bad about it or defend oneself.
34．考查细节理解。根据第三段前两句“Yet, we give so much importance to what others say and what they think about us. It is natural because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are. ”（然而，我们非常重视别人对我们的评价和看法。这是很自然的，因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。）可知，我们重视别人对我们的评价和看法是因为我们更喜欢被别人认可和接受，或者至少因为我们是谁而被尊重和认可。故答案为Because we prefer to be approved and accepted by others, or at least respected and acknowledged for who we are.
35．考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。据此可以判断，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful”；最后一段“Every criticism helps you know about you or those who engage in it. Use it to improve yourself or your relationships. If you understand this truth, you will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.”（每一个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人。用它来改善你自己或你的人际关系。如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。）可知，每个批评都会帮助你了解你自己或者那些参与其中的人，如果你明白这个道理，你就会接受批评作为一种祝福和一个机会，成为一个更好的人与更好的意识。据此可知，所给提示句的后半部分“it is not helpful for us”是错误的，可以更改为“ According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)”，故答案为Since every criticism is a personal opinion of the critic, it is not helpful for us.原因在于：①According to the passage, every criticism helps us know about us or those who engage in it. (If we understand this truth, we will accept criticism as a blessing and an opportunity to become a better person with better awareness.)② According to the passage, a criticism which is based upon true discernment and purity of perception and judgment is helpful.
36．开放题。言之有理即可。根据文章倒数第二段“A criticism which is not based upon true discernment（识别能力）and purity of perception and judgment should not be considered true criticism. You can ignore it or use it to know the people who criticize.”（不是基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评不应被视为真正的批评。你可以忽略它，也可以用它来了解批评你的人。）可知，基于真正的洞察力和纯粹的知觉和判断的批评才可以被视为是真正的批评，这样的批评是有帮助意义的。因此我对不同的批评会有不同的反应。我会认真对待真正的批评，把它当作一个让自己变得更好的机会。然而，我会忽略那些意在伤害我的批评。故答案为I would respond differently to different criticism. I would take true criticism seriously and take it as a chance to make myself better. However, I would ignore the criticism that is meant to hurt.（34）
37．Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school.
38．Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option.
39．Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG.
Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG.
40．I think the quality of perspicacity will be important, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tom witnessed the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids at his own school.
38．考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tom watched his mum make healthy fruit infusions ”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“ From observing his mum and from his desire to give kids better drink options, he came up with his original model for the Fun Bottle. ”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的Fun Bottle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了Fun Bottle的原始模型。故答案为Tom got the idea from observing his mum make healthy fruit infusions but then struggle for a take-along option.
39．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“but this 15-year-old is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others. It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks; and also Tom donates part of the profits to the Organisation for a Healthier Generation (OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是Fun Bottle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“all the profits”，应修改为“part of the profits”，故答案为Tom is most proud of the opportunities that Fun Bottle presents to others because he not only provides healthy alternatives to sugary drinks but also donates all the profits to the OHG. Tom donates part of the profits to the OHG.
40．开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tom, a 15-year-old inventor and entrepreneur (创业者), witnessed at his own school the widespread consumption of sugary drinks by kids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““I wanted to come up with a healthy, natural way for people to drink when on the go. A big part of my mission is to get people of all ages off sugary drinks,” Tom explains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：I think the quality of perspicacity im is portant, because this insight can help us constantly find our own shortcomings in our lives, which in turn can help us improve ourselves.(31)