浙江高考英语概要写作专项训练（含解析）
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概要写作
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Online schools are becoming very popular today. Whether it is working professionals who cannot afford the time to go to a full-time college because of their huge workload or stay-at-home mums who have many duties and cannot join in a college, online schools are much enjoyed at all. And now, even regular students, who have the time to go to college, are going in for online education, as it leaves them with enough time to pursue other things, such as a part-time job or a hobby, along with studying. However, as with everything, there are both advantages and disadvantages of online schooling.
Let’s start with the positives. These schools cost much less. You don’t have to spend money on buying books or bus fees. Another advantage is the flexibility it provides. You can study at any time during the day. You can study wherever you want---in your house, at a cafe or even in a park.
Move on to the disadvantages of online schooling. Those students who always need a push from their teachers to do well, are very likely not to do well in online schools. And the greatest disadvantage going to school online is that there are many employers who prefer students with a traditional degree to those who have an online degree. The employers feel that students who go to full-time colleges are more knowledgeable compared to those who have online degrees. Since the very purpose of education is to land a person a good job, online degrees, many a time, do not serve this purpose.
No doubt that online schools offer the freedom which no regular college can provide. However how much the employers will value the degrees and whether a student can actually make his own study schedule and most importantly, stick to it, depend upon individuals( AA). So in the end, it can be rightly said, online schools are good for some, while others should give them a skip.
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2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total,25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
3．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.
How do the society become a throwaway one First of all, it is now easier to replace an object than to spend time and money repairing it. Thanks to modern technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and cheap, and it’s more convenient to get them delivered nowadays.
Another course is our love of disposable (一次性的) products. As busy people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives panies produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups and cameras, to name a few. It seems that disposable products have become a common part of our life.
Longing for new products also leads to the problem. We are used to buying new things and are always talked into buying something we don’t need. Advertisements persuade us that newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we throw away useful belongings to make room for new ones. To decrease the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. However, this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our belongings instead of throwing them away, we also need to rethink our attitudes towards spending. Repairing our belongings and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
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4．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing the right college can be a difficult task. There are thousands of colleges and universities for you to choose from and many are worthy of being considered. For each potential college, find out the success rate of students' getting their jobs, especially those related to your majors. Here are some strategies（策略）for you to make the right choice.
Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention. It can provide you with a large amount of information on job panies often prefer employees that perform well. Practice gives you the valuable experience and necessary opportunities. Some practical skills that you learn will really prepare yourself for the certain jobs. Besides, choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful since these teacher members can provide you with steps into the working world by practice.
School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. This type of information can be found easily on the Internet and in magazines. To the employers, graduates from high ranking colleges are often considered more reliable. They have a stronger ability to learn and are more likely to create wealth for the company. Sometimes it can even be a more important factor in looking for a job than the actual quality of education the college provides.
After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. Taking a look at the campus（校园）can change your attitude to a particular school. Plan your tour and then do some research on your own. It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. Meanwhile, you can speak to the students in the majors you're considering to know what the courses are like, what you'll learn, and what your expected outcome will be.
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5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five percent of the jobs that today's students will do in 2030 don't exist yet,the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager,app developer and cloud computing engineer,etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing Educational institutions are trying to answer that question."We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10,20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it," said Jenn Stringer,professor at the University of Californian,Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches they're taking.
Some experts argue that the four-year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way. They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school,get a job,and then return to school a few years later,the education system would offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.
Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago, largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap,some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.For example,the courses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students,a degree aside,some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.
Other institutions are trying to imitate the workplace within the traditional classroom. Several colleges have partnered with private companies,such as the software company Adobe, to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the"soft skills"such as teamwork and creativity.
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6．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days, football is one of the most popular sports in the world. Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon, we could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world! The history of the game goes back over two thousand years to Ancient China. It was then known as cuju(kick ball), a game using a ball of animal skins with hair inside. Goals were hung in the air. Football as we know it today started in Great Britain, where the game was given new rules.
That football is such a simple game to play is perhaps the basis of its popularity. It is also a game that is very cheap to play. You don't need expensive equipment; even the ball doesn't have to cost much money. All over the world you can see kids playing to their hearts 'content with a ball made of plastic bags; just like Pele did when he was a boy.
Another factor behind football's global popularity is the creativity and excitement on the field. It is fun enough to attract millions of people. You do not have to be a fan to recognize the skill of professional player-how they use their bodies to pass, score and defend can be amazing to see-or to feel the excitement of a game ending with a surprising twist.
What's more, football has become one of the best ways for people to communicate: it does not require words, but everyone understands it. It breaks down walls and brings people together on and off the field. Take, for example, the famous football game on Christmas Day 1914. World War I had broken out months before, but British and German soldiers put down their guns and played football together-one moment of peace to remember during years of conflict.
“Some people believe football is a matter of life and death, ...... “said Bill Shankly, the famous footballer and manager. “I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” This might sound funny, but one only has to think about the Earth to realize that our planet is shaped like a football.
7．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Teenagers' fitness is now a major concern and physical exercise is very important. It reduces stress and improves fitness. Exercise makes your body strong and helps you to keep the right body weight. Sports scientists offer the following advice to teenagers: First, find out your present level of fitness. Then you can design a programme that will help you become healthier.
There are three levels of fitness that need a change of lifestyle. ''Overweight'' means that the person gets very little exercise and often has a serious weight problem. ''Inactive'' means that the person does not join in many physical activities, but is not seriously overweight. ''Active'' refers to people who take part in sports and other physical activities, but do not have a high fitness level.
According to experts, overweight teenagers should work out to keep healthy. Ride a bike, play volleyball or basketball for a while, and go for a twenty-minute walk each day. All these will help to burn calories. Inactive teenagers should do similar activities, but add some bending and stretching exercises, such as push-ups and sit-ups, starting with twenty of each a day. Inactive people can take a little more exercise than overweight people because their bodies are stronger. The same rule is also suitable for active teenagers.
Experts also suggest one hour a week or more on running and other forms of intensive exercise, together with fifteen minutes a day spent on stretching and bending activities. They are really important in order to prevent injuries. Some weight-training and other body-strengthening exercises could also be planned in the programme in order to increase the person's strength.
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8．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft (手艺) no longer exists. One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability (持久性). “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and power planes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts (精确切割) on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material.
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9．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
When the pandemic started, some people were wondering if the internet could stand up to the rise in demand. The answer is not only a clear “yes” but this whole period made it even stronger.
How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse. We know that the internet available is changing a lot of things. Thanks to it, people were able to keep on working from their home, others were able to keep contact with their loved ones and friends and most found their entertainment relief through it. Had it not ever existed, people would have stayed at home and enjoyed their family or created more since they would have had more time on their hands.
But in today’s world, the internet has become the one link that unites us all. It is the reason why people were able to forget for minutes and hours at a time through the use of Internet. It is the reason why so many companies will survive and most probably grow stronger afterwards, since they were able to plan through Skype and Zoom. It is the reason why lovers did not fall into full depression, having to live away from their partner for a few months, since they were at least able to talk and see each other while sharing moments of their lives. There cannot be any doubts anymore: The internet is the one link that unites us all.
In the first three months of this year, internet use has grown by 25% in most major cities around the world. This number is reflected in the use of various applications and websites. One of the clearest jumps up is the use of video calls. This should not be surprising since it is used both for business and for personal purposes. PC Game stores have also seen a huge increase in their sales during this period. A bit more surprising maybe, is the increase of online grocery stores usage as the stores were breaking down under the demand.
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10．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Not all education can and should happen within the classroom. Sometimes, traveling is the best form of education, as students can get a number of personal and educational benefits from travel. From learning about other cultures first-hand to seeing where historical events took place with their own eyes, educational travel gives students the opportunity to deepen their understanding of art, science, history, and culture in many ways.
Educational becomes a whole new experience when students can see lots of tools and equipment for themselves by traveling to different places. The tools and equipment could be used by scientists decades or even centuries ago to make discoveries that make our modern world possible. Educational travel brings the materials off the pages and into reality, allowing students to connect themselves with them in a more meaningful way.
No matter where students go, it’s almost guaranteed that they’ll find some kind of food that is unique to that place or done better than anywhere else. If someone gets Chicago-style pizza in Chicago, they’re going to have a different tasting experience than they would if they were getting the same type of thing in, say, Texas. At the same time, getting chili in Texas would be a whole different experience from getting chili in New York or Chicago. Students can learn a lot about a culture by what they eat on a daily basis and what they consider a special meal, so it’s good to take a taste of the local food and learn through all of the senses.
Being away from family, home, and familiar ground is a courageous and independent adventure in its own right. Educational travel provides that opportunity to allow students to open their minds regarding how they choose to live life, which can be extraordinarily helpful in preparing students for college and adulthood. Traveling – with the combined social skills and perspectives(视角) it teaches – really allows students to better understand how they can operate on their own.
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参考答案
1．Nowadays online schools are enjoying great popularity by people from all walks of life. Nevertheless, they have both strengths and weaknesses.(要点1)On one hand, online schools have the low cost and freedom that regular schools can’t offer.(要点2)On the other hand, those who lack self-discipline may do badly in online schools. Worse still, many employers don’t value online degrees(要点3)In brief, how to make use of online schools varies from person to person.(要点4)(73 words)
【分析】本文是概要写作。这是一篇说明文。文章分析了网络学校的优缺点。最后文章强调，如何使用在线学校因人而异。
【详解】本文是概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。
2．A possible version:
The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1) This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2) The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3) One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4) (71 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题。文章要求是写一篇60词左右的文章概要。
【详解】分四个要点：第一、出生率的下降也许是灾难，因为这样会缺少劳动力。The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1)
第二、中国要面对的这个人口问题会严重影响其经济增长。This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2)
第三、因为生活方式导致俄罗斯人早死也会导致其经济问题。The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3)
第四、一个解决方案就像美国一样增加移民以增加人口数量，这会弥补人口的衰减。One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
【点睛】使用高级句型如使用现在分词和过去分词作各种成分：...resulting in lack of young work force.作结果状语。problem facing China作定语。caused by people's way of life作death的定语。非限制性定语从句的使用：...immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
3．Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before. The main reasons are as follows: Firstly, to replace an object is easier than to repair it. Secondly, using disposable products becomes more and more common. Besides. People are in favor of new products, thus throwing away old ones. To solve this problem, apart from recycling materials, we should change our spending habits, repairing more rather than buying more.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的篇章多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个需要说明的主题或者要点，然后其他段落围绕这个主题进行展开，段落的结构布局也多采用总结结构，即作者提出本段的主题句，然后段落其他的拓展句将围绕主题句进行详细说明。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”表示的是这个问题就是因为人们比以前扔掉更多垃圾，所以全世界的国家有堆成山的垃圾，这引起了公众对我们生存环境的担忧。这是本篇文章要说明的对象和要点，紧接着其他段落将围绕着“人们乱丢东西的现象导致垃圾增多”进行展开。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”可以转换为“Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。如：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
104．Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help. (要点1) First, colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering. (要点2) Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about. (要点3) After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。
【详解】第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help.表示。
第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering.。
第三段给出第二个建议：School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. 学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about.
第四段给出第三个建议：After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. 在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. 和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。
即After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students.
第二步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
5．One possible version:
To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, colleges are taking various measures. (要点1) Firstly, life-long and adaptive learning model is expected to replace the present 4-year one. (要点2) Besides, additional training programs beneficial to acquiring practical job skills are provided for college students. (要点3) Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】第1步:根据文章内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。文章第一段用提问的方式引出主题：大学在帮助学生们适应不断变化的职场起到什么角色？所以本文的内容概要是为了帮助学生更好适应职场，大学采取了各种各样的措施。要点1要先写出文章目的。要点2第二段讲到第一点措施offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.终身和适应型学习模式预计会替换现在4年教育。要点3在第三段some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.有益于获得工作技能的格外的培训项目被提供给大学生。要点4.在最后一段：大学和公司合作把课堂营造成职场并加强学生全面能力。
第2步:根据写作要求,确定关键词(组) , 如: beneficial to 有益的； are provided for 被提供 Moreover 而且, some colleges cooperate with 合作；enhance students’ all round capabilities增强全面的技能. 等。
第3步:根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句,注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步:连句成文,注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】本文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, 和Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities.中都出现非谓语动词的运用，全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩。
6．Football enjoys universal popularity with a history tracing back to Ancient China and its modern rules originating from Great Britain. (要点1)Such popularity lies first in the simplicity and low cost of playing the game. (要点2)Creative football skills and exciting game atmosphere also contribute to its popularity. (要点3)Furthermore, football is a means of communication beyond words, powerful enough to dissolve barriers and promote peace. (要点4) Accordingly, football is more than just a sport. (要点5)(71 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了足球的历史可以追溯到古代中国，它的现代规则起源于英国。这种流行首先在于游戏的简单和低成本。创造性的足球技巧和激动人心的比赛气氛也有助于它的流行。此外，足球是一种超越语言的交流手段，它足以消除障碍，促进和平。因此，足球不仅仅是一项运动。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
7．Possible version 1:
Physical exercise plays a significant role in teenagers' fitness. Teenagers are advised to identify their fitness level to design a health programme.(要点1)
''Overweight'', ''inactive'' and '''active'' are the three levels of fitness that urge one to change his lifestyle. (要点2) In addition to calorie-burning exercises that overweight teenagers should do, inactive and active teenagers are advised to exercise more due to their strong bodies.(要点3) Furthermore, intensive exercise is vital to injury-prevention while body-strengthening exercises help build up one's physical strength.(要点4) (79 words)
Possible version 2:
Physical exercise is beneficial to teenagers' health. Teenagers are advised to figure out their fitness level and make a plan to keep fit. (要点1) There are three levels of physical states, namely ''Overweight'', ''Inactive'' and ''Active'', which urge a change of lifestyle. (要点2) According to different fitness levels, experts suggest teenagers do calorie-burning exercises, bending and stretching exercises. (要点 3)
Besides, intensive exercise and body-strengthening exercises are recommended to avoid injuries and build up one's strength. (要点 4) (73 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。文章主要讲述了青少年健康水平的三种分类，以及每种水平的青少年应该通过什么方式来保持健康。
【详解】通读全文，我们可以从以下四个方面对文章进行总结：体育锻炼对青少年的健康非常重要，所以青少年要了解自己的健康水平，并以此制定健康计划；超重、不活跃以及活跃是促使一个人改变生活方式的三个水平；除了超重的青少年要进行燃烧卡路里的运动外，不活跃和活跃的青少年也被建议做更多锻炼来增强体质；此外，为了避免受伤以及增强体力，密集型锻炼和增强体质的锻炼是必需的。
故本文可概括为：Physical exercise plays a significant role in teenagers' fitness. Teenagers are advised to identify their fitness level to design a health programme.(要点1) ''Overweight'', ''inactive'' and '''active'' are the three levels of fitness that urge one to change his lifestyle. (要点2) In addition to calorie-burning exercises that overweight teenagers should do, inactive and active teenagers are advised to exercise more due to their strong bodies.(要点3) Furthermore, intensive exercise is vital to injury-prevention while body-strengthening exercises help build up one's physical strength.(要点4) (79 words)
8．People who think highly of carpenters of ancient hold the view that craft is dead in modern society (要点1). However, carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay. (要点2)Additionally, modern carpenters are more knowledgeable and equipped with advanced tools.(要点3) Therefore, they are sure to produce craftsmanship better than, or at least as good as that made in the past. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作，要求考生根据所给关于木匠的内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于议论文，议论的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个论点，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个论点进行展开。如第一段的最后一句“There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.”作者先提出了很多人把建筑材料的质量与手工艺的质量混为一谈，中间论述，最后总结现代木匠可以比之前的老木匠做得一样好甚至更好。
2.组织语言，转换表达，合理合并观点。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句“Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.”和最后一段的主题句“The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material”可以转换合并为“carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文，如本文在转折时用了however作为衔接词，最后做总结的时候用了therefore。常见的衔接词有：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
9．The internet supports the rising demand and grew stronger confronting the pandemic. The life without internet would be then different but not better or worse since internet offers ease to work and connection but steals personal time. Nowadays the internet connects us all so that people forget about time and distance and companies maintain growth. In the first quarter of 2020, internet use has surged worldwide in terms of video calls, PC games and even online grocery stores.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个说明的主题，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个主题句进行展开。如第二段的第一句和第二句“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”表示的是我们的世界是如何在疫情之中缺少因特网的情况下生存的呢？答案很简单：不同地但是没有好坏。这是本段的主题句，紧接着其他拓展句就有无因特网的不同生活进行说明。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句是“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”，可以转换为“The life without internet would be different but not better or worse.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。如：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
10．Educational travel can provide students with a number of benefits.(要点1)First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real, which helps students deepen their learning.(要点2)Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel, thus helping them know about different cultures.(要点3)Third, educational travel encourages students to be more independent and braver, which does good to their future.(要点4)(60 words)
【分析】本篇考查的作文类型是概要写作。
【详解】文章的主要结构为总-分-总。主要讲教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处，并具体说明了这些好处是什么。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段讲述教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处。可以用到的词汇或句型有：provide sb. with sth., a number of, benefits等。第二段讲述教育旅行使书本上的材料真实，帮助学生加深他们的学习。可以用到的词汇或句式有：materials, deepen, help sb. do sth.等。第三段主要讲学生可以在他们的教育旅行中品尝各种食物，从而帮助他们了解不同的文化。可以用到的词汇或句式有：taste, various, know about, different cultures等。第四段讲了教育旅游鼓励学生更加独立和勇敢，这对他们的未来有好处。可以用到的词汇或句式有：encourage sb. to do sth., independent, do good to 等。
【高分句型一】First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real because educational travel helps students deepen their learning. 首先，教育性旅行使书中的材料变得真实，因为教育性旅行帮助学生加深了他们的学习。运用because引导原因状语从句。
【高分句型二】Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel so that educational travel can help them know about different cultures. 第二，学生可以在他们的教育旅游中品尝各种食物，这样教育旅游可以帮助他们了解不同的文化。运用so that引导目的状语从句。
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Online schools are becoming very popular today. Whether it is working professionals who cannot afford the time to go to a full-time college because of their huge workload or stay-at-home mums who have many duties and cannot join in a college, online schools are much enjoyed at all. And now, even regular students, who have the time to go to college, are going in for online education, as it leaves them with enough time to pursue other things, such as a part-time job or a hobby, along with studying. However, as with everything, there are both advantages and disadvantages of online schooling.
Let’s start with the positives. These schools cost much less. You don’t have to spend money on buying books or bus fees. Another advantage is the flexibility it provides. You can study at any time during the day. You can study wherever you want---in your house, at a cafe or even in a park.
Move on to the disadvantages of online schooling. Those students who always need a push from their teachers to do well, are very likely not to do well in online schools. And the greatest disadvantage going to school online is that there are many employers who prefer students with a traditional degree to those who have an online degree. The employers feel that students who go to full-time colleges are more knowledgeable compared to those who have online degrees. Since the very purpose of education is to land a person a good job, online degrees, many a time, do not serve this purpose.
No doubt that online schools offer the freedom which no regular college can provide. However how much the employers will value the degrees and whether a student can actually make his own study schedule and most importantly, stick to it, depend upon individuals( AA). So in the end, it can be rightly said, online schools are good for some, while others should give them a skip.
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2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total,25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
3．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.
How do the society become a throwaway one First of all, it is now easier to replace an object than to spend time and money repairing it. Thanks to modern technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and cheap, and it’s more convenient to get them delivered nowadays.
Another course is our love of disposable (一次性的) products. As busy people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives panies produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups and cameras, to name a few. It seems that disposable products have become a common part of our life.
Longing for new products also leads to the problem. We are used to buying new things and are always talked into buying something we don’t need. Advertisements persuade us that newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we throw away useful belongings to make room for new ones. To decrease the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. However, this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our belongings instead of throwing them away, we also need to rethink our attitudes towards spending. Repairing our belongings and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
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4．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing the right college can be a difficult task. There are thousands of colleges and universities for you to choose from and many are worthy of being considered. For each potential college, find out the success rate of students' getting their jobs, especially those related to your majors. Here are some strategies（策略）for you to make the right choice.
Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention. It can provide you with a large amount of information on job panies often prefer employees that perform well. Practice gives you the valuable experience and necessary opportunities. Some practical skills that you learn will really prepare yourself for the certain jobs. Besides, choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful since these teacher members can provide you with steps into the working world by practice.
School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. This type of information can be found easily on the Internet and in magazines. To the employers, graduates from high ranking colleges are often considered more reliable. They have a stronger ability to learn and are more likely to create wealth for the company. Sometimes it can even be a more important factor in looking for a job than the actual quality of education the college provides.
After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. Taking a look at the campus（校园）can change your attitude to a particular school. Plan your tour and then do some research on your own. It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. Meanwhile, you can speak to the students in the majors you're considering to know what the courses are like, what you'll learn, and what your expected outcome will be.
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5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five percent of the jobs that today's students will do in 2030 don't exist yet,the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager,app developer and cloud computing engineer,etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing Educational institutions are trying to answer that question."We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10,20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it," said Jenn Stringer,professor at the University of Californian,Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches they're taking.
Some experts argue that the four-year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way. They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school,get a job,and then return to school a few years later,the education system would offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.
Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago, largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap,some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.For example,the courses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students,a degree aside,some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.
Other institutions are trying to imitate the workplace within the traditional classroom. Several colleges have partnered with private companies,such as the software company Adobe, to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the"soft skills"such as teamwork and creativity.
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6．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days, football is one of the most popular sports in the world. Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon, we could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world! The history of the game goes back over two thousand years to Ancient China. It was then known as cuju(kick ball), a game using a ball of animal skins with hair inside. Goals were hung in the air. Football as we know it today started in Great Britain, where the game was given new rules.
That football is such a simple game to play is perhaps the basis of its popularity. It is also a game that is very cheap to play. You don't need expensive equipment; even the ball doesn't have to cost much money. All over the world you can see kids playing to their hearts 'content with a ball made of plastic bags; just like Pele did when he was a boy.
Another factor behind football's global popularity is the creativity and excitement on the field. It is fun enough to attract millions of people. You do not have to be a fan to recognize the skill of professional player-how they use their bodies to pass, score and defend can be amazing to see-or to feel the excitement of a game ending with a surprising twist.
What's more, football has become one of the best ways for people to communicate: it does not require words, but everyone understands it. It breaks down walls and brings people together on and off the field. Take, for example, the famous football game on Christmas Day 1914. World War I had broken out months before, but British and German soldiers put down their guns and played football together-one moment of peace to remember during years of conflict.
“Some people believe football is a matter of life and death, ...... “said Bill Shankly, the famous footballer and manager. “I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” This might sound funny, but one only has to think about the Earth to realize that our planet is shaped like a football.
7．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Teenagers' fitness is now a major concern and physical exercise is very important. It reduces stress and improves fitness. Exercise makes your body strong and helps you to keep the right body weight. Sports scientists offer the following advice to teenagers: First, find out your present level of fitness. Then you can design a programme that will help you become healthier.
There are three levels of fitness that need a change of lifestyle. ''Overweight'' means that the person gets very little exercise and often has a serious weight problem. ''Inactive'' means that the person does not join in many physical activities, but is not seriously overweight. ''Active'' refers to people who take part in sports and other physical activities, but do not have a high fitness level.
According to experts, overweight teenagers should work out to keep healthy. Ride a bike, play volleyball or basketball for a while, and go for a twenty-minute walk each day. All these will help to burn calories. Inactive teenagers should do similar activities, but add some bending and stretching exercises, such as push-ups and sit-ups, starting with twenty of each a day. Inactive people can take a little more exercise than overweight people because their bodies are stronger. The same rule is also suitable for active teenagers.
Experts also suggest one hour a week or more on running and other forms of intensive exercise, together with fifteen minutes a day spent on stretching and bending activities. They are really important in order to prevent injuries. Some weight-training and other body-strengthening exercises could also be planned in the programme in order to increase the person's strength.
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8．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft (手艺) no longer exists. One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability (持久性). “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and power planes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts (精确切割) on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material.
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9．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
When the pandemic started, some people were wondering if the internet could stand up to the rise in demand. The answer is not only a clear “yes” but this whole period made it even stronger.
How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse. We know that the internet available is changing a lot of things. Thanks to it, people were able to keep on working from their home, others were able to keep contact with their loved ones and friends and most found their entertainment relief through it. Had it not ever existed, people would have stayed at home and enjoyed their family or created more since they would have had more time on their hands.
But in today’s world, the internet has become the one link that unites us all. It is the reason why people were able to forget for minutes and hours at a time through the use of Internet. It is the reason why so many companies will survive and most probably grow stronger afterwards, since they were able to plan through Skype and Zoom. It is the reason why lovers did not fall into full depression, having to live away from their partner for a few months, since they were at least able to talk and see each other while sharing moments of their lives. There cannot be any doubts anymore: The internet is the one link that unites us all.
In the first three months of this year, internet use has grown by 25% in most major cities around the world. This number is reflected in the use of various applications and websites. One of the clearest jumps up is the use of video calls. This should not be surprising since it is used both for business and for personal purposes. PC Game stores have also seen a huge increase in their sales during this period. A bit more surprising maybe, is the increase of online grocery stores usage as the stores were breaking down under the demand.
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10．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Not all education can and should happen within the classroom. Sometimes, traveling is the best form of education, as students can get a number of personal and educational benefits from travel. From learning about other cultures first-hand to seeing where historical events took place with their own eyes, educational travel gives students the opportunity to deepen their understanding of art, science, history, and culture in many ways.
Educational becomes a whole new experience when students can see lots of tools and equipment for themselves by traveling to different places. The tools and equipment could be used by scientists decades or even centuries ago to make discoveries that make our modern world possible. Educational travel brings the materials off the pages and into reality, allowing students to connect themselves with them in a more meaningful way.
No matter where students go, it’s almost guaranteed that they’ll find some kind of food that is unique to that place or done better than anywhere else. If someone gets Chicago-style pizza in Chicago, they’re going to have a different tasting experience than they would if they were getting the same type of thing in, say, Texas. At the same time, getting chili in Texas would be a whole different experience from getting chili in New York or Chicago. Students can learn a lot about a culture by what they eat on a daily basis and what they consider a special meal, so it’s good to take a taste of the local food and learn through all of the senses.
Being away from family, home, and familiar ground is a courageous and independent adventure in its own right. Educational travel provides that opportunity to allow students to open their minds regarding how they choose to live life, which can be extraordinarily helpful in preparing students for college and adulthood. Traveling – with the combined social skills and perspectives(视角) it teaches – really allows students to better understand how they can operate on their own.
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参考答案
1．Nowadays online schools are enjoying great popularity by people from all walks of life. Nevertheless, they have both strengths and weaknesses.(要点1)On one hand, online schools have the low cost and freedom that regular schools can’t offer.(要点2)On the other hand, those who lack self-discipline may do badly in online schools. Worse still, many employers don’t value online degrees(要点3)In brief, how to make use of online schools varies from person to person.(要点4)(73 words)
【分析】本文是概要写作。这是一篇说明文。文章分析了网络学校的优缺点。最后文章强调，如何使用在线学校因人而异。
【详解】本文是概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。
2．A possible version:
The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1) This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2) The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3) One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4) (71 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题。文章要求是写一篇60词左右的文章概要。
【详解】分四个要点：第一、出生率的下降也许是灾难，因为这样会缺少劳动力。The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1)
第二、中国要面对的这个人口问题会严重影响其经济增长。This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2)
第三、因为生活方式导致俄罗斯人早死也会导致其经济问题。The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3)
第四、一个解决方案就像美国一样增加移民以增加人口数量，这会弥补人口的衰减。One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
【点睛】使用高级句型如使用现在分词和过去分词作各种成分：...resulting in lack of young work force.作结果状语。problem facing China作定语。caused by people's way of life作death的定语。非限制性定语从句的使用：...immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
3．Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before. The main reasons are as follows: Firstly, to replace an object is easier than to repair it. Secondly, using disposable products becomes more and more common. Besides. People are in favor of new products, thus throwing away old ones. To solve this problem, apart from recycling materials, we should change our spending habits, repairing more rather than buying more.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的篇章多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个需要说明的主题或者要点，然后其他段落围绕这个主题进行展开，段落的结构布局也多采用总结结构，即作者提出本段的主题句，然后段落其他的拓展句将围绕主题句进行详细说明。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”表示的是这个问题就是因为人们比以前扔掉更多垃圾，所以全世界的国家有堆成山的垃圾，这引起了公众对我们生存环境的担忧。这是本篇文章要说明的对象和要点，紧接着其他段落将围绕着“人们乱丢东西的现象导致垃圾增多”进行展开。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”可以转换为“Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。如：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
104．Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help. (要点1) First, colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering. (要点2) Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about. (要点3) After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。
【详解】第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help.表示。
第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering.。
第三段给出第二个建议：School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your potential employers. 学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about.
第四段给出第三个建议：After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. 在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. 和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。
即After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students.
第二步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
5．One possible version:
To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, colleges are taking various measures. (要点1) Firstly, life-long and adaptive learning model is expected to replace the present 4-year one. (要点2) Besides, additional training programs beneficial to acquiring practical job skills are provided for college students. (要点3) Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】第1步:根据文章内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。文章第一段用提问的方式引出主题：大学在帮助学生们适应不断变化的职场起到什么角色？所以本文的内容概要是为了帮助学生更好适应职场，大学采取了各种各样的措施。要点1要先写出文章目的。要点2第二段讲到第一点措施offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.终身和适应型学习模式预计会替换现在4年教育。要点3在第三段some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.有益于获得工作技能的格外的培训项目被提供给大学生。要点4.在最后一段：大学和公司合作把课堂营造成职场并加强学生全面能力。
第2步:根据写作要求,确定关键词(组) , 如: beneficial to 有益的； are provided for 被提供 Moreover 而且, some colleges cooperate with 合作；enhance students’ all round capabilities增强全面的技能. 等。
第3步:根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句,注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步:连句成文,注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】本文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, 和Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities.中都出现非谓语动词的运用，全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩。
6．Football enjoys universal popularity with a history tracing back to Ancient China and its modern rules originating from Great Britain. (要点1)Such popularity lies first in the simplicity and low cost of playing the game. (要点2)Creative football skills and exciting game atmosphere also contribute to its popularity. (要点3)Furthermore, football is a means of communication beyond words, powerful enough to dissolve barriers and promote peace. (要点4) Accordingly, football is more than just a sport. (要点5)(71 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了足球的历史可以追溯到古代中国，它的现代规则起源于英国。这种流行首先在于游戏的简单和低成本。创造性的足球技巧和激动人心的比赛气氛也有助于它的流行。此外，足球是一种超越语言的交流手段，它足以消除障碍，促进和平。因此，足球不仅仅是一项运动。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
7．Possible version 1:
Physical exercise plays a significant role in teenagers' fitness. Teenagers are advised to identify their fitness level to design a health programme.(要点1)
''Overweight'', ''inactive'' and '''active'' are the three levels of fitness that urge one to change his lifestyle. (要点2) In addition to calorie-burning exercises that overweight teenagers should do, inactive and active teenagers are advised to exercise more due to their strong bodies.(要点3) Furthermore, intensive exercise is vital to injury-prevention while body-strengthening exercises help build up one's physical strength.(要点4) (79 words)
Possible version 2:
Physical exercise is beneficial to teenagers' health. Teenagers are advised to figure out their fitness level and make a plan to keep fit. (要点1) There are three levels of physical states, namely ''Overweight'', ''Inactive'' and ''Active'', which urge a change of lifestyle. (要点2) According to different fitness levels, experts suggest teenagers do calorie-burning exercises, bending and stretching exercises. (要点 3)
Besides, intensive exercise and body-strengthening exercises are recommended to avoid injuries and build up one's strength. (要点 4) (73 words)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作。文章主要讲述了青少年健康水平的三种分类，以及每种水平的青少年应该通过什么方式来保持健康。
【详解】通读全文，我们可以从以下四个方面对文章进行总结：体育锻炼对青少年的健康非常重要，所以青少年要了解自己的健康水平，并以此制定健康计划；超重、不活跃以及活跃是促使一个人改变生活方式的三个水平；除了超重的青少年要进行燃烧卡路里的运动外，不活跃和活跃的青少年也被建议做更多锻炼来增强体质；此外，为了避免受伤以及增强体力，密集型锻炼和增强体质的锻炼是必需的。
故本文可概括为：Physical exercise plays a significant role in teenagers' fitness. Teenagers are advised to identify their fitness level to design a health programme.(要点1) ''Overweight'', ''inactive'' and '''active'' are the three levels of fitness that urge one to change his lifestyle. (要点2) In addition to calorie-burning exercises that overweight teenagers should do, inactive and active teenagers are advised to exercise more due to their strong bodies.(要点3) Furthermore, intensive exercise is vital to injury-prevention while body-strengthening exercises help build up one's physical strength.(要点4) (79 words)
8．People who think highly of carpenters of ancient hold the view that craft is dead in modern society (要点1). However, carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay. (要点2)Additionally, modern carpenters are more knowledgeable and equipped with advanced tools.(要点3) Therefore, they are sure to produce craftsmanship better than, or at least as good as that made in the past. (要点4)
【分析】这是一篇概要写作，要求考生根据所给关于木匠的内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于议论文，议论的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个论点，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个论点进行展开。如第一段的最后一句“There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.”作者先提出了很多人把建筑材料的质量与手工艺的质量混为一谈，中间论述，最后总结现代木匠可以比之前的老木匠做得一样好甚至更好。
2.组织语言，转换表达，合理合并观点。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句“Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.”和最后一段的主题句“The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material”可以转换合并为“carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文，如本文在转折时用了however作为衔接词，最后做总结的时候用了therefore。常见的衔接词有：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
9．The internet supports the rising demand and grew stronger confronting the pandemic. The life without internet would be then different but not better or worse since internet offers ease to work and connection but steals personal time. Nowadays the internet connects us all so that people forget about time and distance and companies maintain growth. In the first quarter of 2020, internet use has surged worldwide in terms of video calls, PC games and even online grocery stores.
【分析】这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个说明的主题，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个主题句进行展开。如第二段的第一句和第二句“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”表示的是我们的世界是如何在疫情之中缺少因特网的情况下生存的呢？答案很简单：不同地但是没有好坏。这是本段的主题句，紧接着其他拓展句就有无因特网的不同生活进行说明。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句是“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”，可以转换为“The life without internet would be different but not better or worse.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。如：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
10．Educational travel can provide students with a number of benefits.(要点1)First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real, which helps students deepen their learning.(要点2)Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel, thus helping them know about different cultures.(要点3)Third, educational travel encourages students to be more independent and braver, which does good to their future.(要点4)(60 words)
【分析】本篇考查的作文类型是概要写作。
【详解】文章的主要结构为总-分-总。主要讲教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处，并具体说明了这些好处是什么。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段讲述教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处。可以用到的词汇或句型有：provide sb. with sth., a number of, benefits等。第二段讲述教育旅行使书本上的材料真实，帮助学生加深他们的学习。可以用到的词汇或句式有：materials, deepen, help sb. do sth.等。第三段主要讲学生可以在他们的教育旅行中品尝各种食物，从而帮助他们了解不同的文化。可以用到的词汇或句式有：taste, various, know about, different cultures等。第四段讲了教育旅游鼓励学生更加独立和勇敢，这对他们的未来有好处。可以用到的词汇或句式有：encourage sb. to do sth., independent, do good to 等。
【高分句型一】First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real because educational travel helps students deepen their learning. 首先，教育性旅行使书中的材料变得真实，因为教育性旅行帮助学生加深了他们的学习。运用because引导原因状语从句。
【高分句型二】Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel so that educational travel can help them know about different cultures. 第二，学生可以在他们的教育旅游中品尝各种食物，这样教育旅游可以帮助他们了解不同的文化。运用so that引导目的状语从句。