上海高考英语概要写作专项训练（word版 含解析）
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| 名称 | 上海高考英语概要写作专项训练（word版 含解析） |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 29.9KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-12-13 16:31:27 | ||
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文档简介
概要写作
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Some people are naturally outgoing, but other people have to practice to become outgoing. If you want to become outgoing, there are several strategies(策略)that you can use. Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
One of the easiest ways to present yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. For example, if you walk into a room and your friend is talking to someone else, make it a point to say hello and introduce yourself. The next time you see that person, you can say hello and, since you have already been introduced, you have built a bridge into future communication.
When you’re in a social situation, such as at a party, try to make eye contact with the other people there with a friendly smile. If the other person responds or smiles back at you，then go over to them and introduce yourself. That is usually a good sign for a possible conversation. If the person does not respond, let them go their way. There’s a difference between being “outgoing” and “pushy”. Another practical way to start a conversation with others is to use compliments(赞美). When you’re attracted by certain people, you're bound to notice little things that you appreciate. You can acknowledge these things with a sincere compliment.
Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is a good way to promote your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself. If you have never danced before but want to take a ballet lesson, try it out. Do your best to fight the inner voice telling that you can’t do something or defining(定义)yourself by what you think you should be doing instead. With each little victory, you’ll gain the confidence to step further and further outside your comfort zone.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Seniority in Promotion Is Not a Wise Business Practice
It's not always an easy decision for companies when it comes to filling managerial spots. In the past promoting an employee has been popularly handled by means of basic analysis of the employees' past performance nod seniority, In some cases, the individual's performance has been considered more important while in others the amount of time they have been with the company has been the deciding factor. Nevertheless, seniority is a standard that has never been left out, However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots.
Unlike experienced employees who have been with the company for a long time, new people are mare likely generate creative ideas. In rapidly changing markets, innovative and creative talents are sought by many companies in order to adapt to the market. To meet their needs, companies have more to gain by selecting outside employees since they are more willing to try new techniques and less afraid of breaking tradition when introducing new ideas. Thus, rather than promoting existing employees, it might be a wiser management decision to bring in outside talent.
An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion. Simply put no matter how long they have been with the company, employees have to contribute diligently to the organization if they want to move up the career ladder, As soon as people realize that the company could just as easily bring in a new person, employees will stop judging themselves against each other because they are no longer competing against their colleagues but everyone in the entire industry. As a result, they will begin to show more effort to bring the level of their work up to what they imagine is a much higher standard.
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3．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Natural perfume or artificial perfume
The use of perfume dates back to earliest times. The ancient Egyptians perfumed the bricks used to build their houses and temples, and wore perfumed fat in their hair.
These days, consumer demand for perfumed products is intense. In the home, from washing-up liquid to paper tissues, soap to shoe polish, fragrance is the common ingredient. Artificial leather is perfumed to make it smell like the real thing, and in Japan, some companies spray perfume through building’s air-conditioning system at key times of the working day.
To meet the demands of the perfume industry, scientific developments have made the companies use substitutes for some natural ingredients. Scientists have also discovered that natural and artificial materials are highly complementary and are acceptable to the consumer. Even the most expensive perfumes are in fact compounds of both natural and artificial ingredients. The French perfume manufacturers were among the first to blend artificial compound when they made the famous perfume Chanel No. 5 in 1923.
Producing natural oils is very expensive. For example, 1000 kilos of jasmine flowers make just one kilo of extract. Using artificial fragrance has reduced the costs of manufacture overall, although the chemical operations involved can be very time-consuming and costly-sixteen or seventeen chemical separations may be needed to produce the right result.
Nevertheless, the use of complex chemical to reproduce fragrance is likely to increase, as the artificial ingredients as well as natural oils gives perfume manufacturers more control over the production process, which is why many classic perfumes owe their characteristic top notes to fruits of science not nature.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Small Talk Necessary
What’s the first thing you do when you enter a crowded room You probably look around for a familiar face. When you can’t find one, you have two choices: you can stand alone, or you can walk up and speak to someone that you don’t know.
Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears. In order to prepare, it helps to learn the art of small talk.
Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances. With small talk, two or more people search for common interests and points of connection. If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
Mastering a few techniques will allow you to enter a room full of strangers with confidence.
When you walk up to a group, notice anyone trying to make eye contact with you because this is often a sign that the person is interested in talking. Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment. Your praise of someone’s scarf might lead to a discussion about favorite places to shop.
Radio host Terry Gross, who has interviewed thousands of people over the years, says one opening request works for her every time: “Tell me about yourself.” This approach gets the ball rolling because people enjoy talking about themselves.
Though small talk takes practice, it’s worth the effort and it’s the stimulus that can lead to deeper conversations.
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5．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
We have all heard the saying “You are what you eat.” But how many of us are willing to admit that the expression applies to us as well as to all those unidentified people out there Current research suggests that the majority of Americans have bad eating habits, and some of this is determined by our lifestyle, which demands that we eat quickly and inexpensively.
What are the commonest foods on the American menu Hamburgers and French fries, sugar-laden drinks; pies and whiffed cream, malts and ice-cream. Apart from an occasional broiled hamburger, all the things on that list are bad for us. And there are certain prophets of doom who predict that all those fat laden fast foods provide us with only one thing — a faster road to the grave.
On the other hand, there are those who claim that the basic fast-food meal contains all the nourishment you need. After all, there are meat, milk salad (if you have the extras), and break. And if you have a cheeseburger instead of a hamburger, you are doing yourself an extra favor by adding additional protein. What these good news gossips are overlooking is the usually pulpy bun: the excess of sugar in the maltose or Coke, and overdose of salt that is sprinkled on the hamburger to make palatable (美味的)
So, you decide to stay away from the hamburger joint, and buy your food from the supermarket. Are you any better off Not if you buy frozen or canned food. The experts tell us that canned and frozen vegetables contain sugar, as well as sorts of perspectives that are not doing anything to improve your health. Acceding to these people, the only way to be sure your food is good for you is to buy it and cook it fresh. And then, of course, you have to eat it and that creates another problem. The speed of today’s world has encouraged many of us to eat far too fast. We do not chew our food enough, and we eat on the run or we jump and start running the minute we finish eating.
6．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ann Grand: a visual thinker
Ann Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures. like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from ideo-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time. and the image visualized are always specific. For example. if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures. like the one in her old house. and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.
Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started.
Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Biographers (传记作家) gather information from many different sources. Legal documents and personal papers can reveal facts such as a person’s birthplace, income, number of children, and lifespan. Letters or a diary may contain valuable information about the person’s friends and activities, thoughts and feelings. All of these materials are called primary sources because they contain firsthand information ---- information that does not depend on the opinions or interpretations of others.
A biographer also checks secondary sources. The subject’s friends and relatives may be interviewed. If the subject died long ago, the biographer looks for anything written about him or her. Secondary sources supply secondhand information, and so a biographer must use them with care. The subject’s friends will want the biography to be favorable, while others may wish it to be unfavorable. The biographer must avoid both extremes. The biographer’s job is not to make readers like or dislike the subject, but to give as complete and truthful a picture of the person as possible. This means the biography should include both good and bad qualities, both accomplishments and mistakes. James Boswell, the author of a great biography of his friend Samuel Johnson, wrote, “And he will be seen as he really was; for I profess to write, not his panegyric (颂文), which must all praise, but his life, which, great and good as he was, must not be supposed to be entirely perfect.”
Much biographical writing falls short of Boswell’s standards. Ancient records of the deeds of kings and emperors were written to praise and flatter these rulers. Writers of saints’ (圣人) lives in the Middle Ages were often more interested in the moral message than the events of a life. Many 19th-century biographers did not reveal any improper or embarrassing details of their subjects’ lives. Though they may be interesting or inspiring, these works fail as biographies chiefly because their purpose is to point up a moral rather than describe an individual.
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8．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
An Extension of the Humans Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
As for the judgment, the Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
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9．Directions：Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Shift From Classroom to Career
For all the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job.
Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly.
Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they "learned" on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor's instructions." Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively.
Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee's success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform.
How can we better prepare young adults for the workplace It is suggested that students should do an internship while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital or government organization, for example, can help them gain experience and learn skills. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful.
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10．Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Read the world in 193 books
I used to think of myself as a person learned in books，but my bookshelves told a different story. Apart from a few Indian novels and an Australian book，my literature collection only consisted of British and American titles. Worse still，I hardly ever read anything in translation. My reading is limited to stories by English-speaking authors.
So，at the start of 2020，I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English. The response was amazing. Before I knew it，people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books from their home countries.Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition，several writers，like Turkmenistan's AkWelsapar and Panama's Juan David Morgan，sent me unpublished translations of their novels，giving me a rare opportunity to read works unavailable in Britain. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me，however，sourcing books was no easy task.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet's literary landscapes，extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling，I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered，book packing offered something that a physical traveler could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports，these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places，but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking.
One by one, the books from the countries on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise filled my heart with laughter，love，anger，hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me. At its best，I learned, fiction makes the world real.
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参考答案
1．Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself. Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. Starting conversations means trying to make eye contact with the other people with a friendly smile in a social situation and using compliments. A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是有些人天生外向，但有些人需要练习才能变得外向。如果你想变得外向，有几个策略你可以使用。“外向”包括学习如何向别人展示自己，开始对话，对自己更加自信。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
②One of the easiest ways to present yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. Another practical way to start a conversation with others is to use compliments(赞美).
③When you’re in a social situation, such as at a party, try to make eye contact with the other people there with a friendly smile.
④Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is a good way to promote your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself.
2.缜密构思
将第1和第2、3、4要点进行重组和整合。
3.遣词造句
Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends.
Starting conversations means trying to make eye contact with the other people with a friendly smile in a social situation and using compliments.
A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends.运用一个动名词作主语，对第二段内容进行了概括，表达高级。
[高分句型2]：A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.运用that引导的定语从句对最后一段进行概括，表达非常高级。
2．One possible version:
Nowadays, more companies prefer to select outside employees in promotion instead of considering employees' past performance and seniority mainly for two reasons/advantages. One is that outside employees are more likely to produce creative ideas, which helps companies adapt to the market. The other is that it stops employees thinking their seniority guarantees a promotion, which helps enhancing employees' work level.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在过去，公司提拔员工是通过对员工过去的表现和资历的分析。然而，在当代的商业世界，为了适应市场的变化，为了满足他们的需要，公司更愿意选择并提拔外部员工。他们更愿意引入新思路和新技术，也不害怕打破传统。因此，与提拔现有员工相比，从外部引进员工可能是一个更明智的管理决策。
【详解】1 要点摘录①It's not always an easy decision for companies when it comes to filling managerial spots.
②However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots.
③Unlike experienced employees who have been with the company for a long time, new people are mare likely generate creative ideas.
④An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句In the contemporary business world, there is no need to consider employee’s seniority.
The most important things for a company are innovative and creative talents .
Outside employees are more likely to produce creative ideas, which helps companies adapt to the market.
It stops employees thinking their seniority guarantees a promotion, which helps enhancing employees' work level.
【点睛】[高分句型1] However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots. 运用一个复杂的主从复食句承接上文，引出下文。as引导原因状语从句。however 表示转折，引出文章主旨。
[高分句型2]：An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion.用that引导的表语从句写出了公司用外部员工的另一个理由。
3．The use of perfume has a very long history and today perfumed products are still widely used in people’s daily life. Because of the scientific developments, even the most famous perfume manufacturers like Chanel use artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product, which not only makes the cost lower but the process more controllable.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们从很久以前就开始使用香水了，如今人们对香水制品的需求不断攀升，为满足人们的需求，香水公司在制作香水时，会用合成材料替代部分自然原料，对生产商和消费者都有益处。（文章大意）
【详解】1 要点摘录①The use of perfume dates back to earliest times.②These days, consumer demand for perfumed products is intense.③Scientists have also discovered that natural and artificial materials are highly complementary and are acceptable to the consumer.④Producing natural oils is very expensive.
⑤Nevertheless, the use of complex chemical to reproduce fragrance is likely to increase, as the artificial ingredients as well as natural oils gives perfume manufacturers more control over the production process.2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句It's necessary to visit your favorite college campus before you apply to attend it.You will have less trouble if you try to visit the college.If you have no enough time or enough money to go, chat online with those people who are familiar with the college.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Because of the scientific developments, even the most famous perfume manufacturers like Chanel use artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product.运用一个介词短语作原因状语以及一个省略相同主语谓语的省略句作时间状语加主句对原文第一段和第二段内容进行了概括。其中because of表原因状语和省略句等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：even the most famous perfume manufacturer like Chanel uses artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product, which not only makes the cost lower but the process more controllable. 用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三四五段内容进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable. Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations. To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics. You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request. (57 words)
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了闲聊的必要性以及想正确地进行闲聊的方法。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary.
②Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears.
③Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances.
④If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
⑤Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
⑥Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment.
2.缜密构思
将1、2两个要点进行重组，二者为转折关系，将3、4两个要点进行整合，与前面两个要点形成因果关系。
3.遣词造句
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.
it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.
To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics.
You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.（用一个省略的让步状语从句对第二段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
[高分句型2]
Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.（用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
5．Many people have unhealthy eating habits. It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu. Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives. Currently, the situation is hard to solve.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。我们吃什么就是什么。美国人的快餐饮食很不健康。一些人认为快餐包含了我们需要的营养成分，但是他们却忽略了为了使食物更美味，这些食物还添加了许多调味剂。当下，使我们的饮食习惯与世界发展的速度相协调是很难的。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Current research suggests that the majority of Americans have bad eating habits, and some of this is determined by our lifestyle, which demands that we eat quickly and inexpensively.
②Apart from an occasional broiled hamburger, all the things on that list are bad for us.
③On the other hand, there are those who claim that the basic fast-food meal contains all the nourishment you need.
④What these good news gossips are overlooking is the usually pulpy bun: the excess of sugar in the maltose or Coke, and overdose of salt that is sprinkled on the hamburger to make palatable (美味的)
⑤And then, of course, you have to eat it and that creates another problem. The speed of today’s world has encouraged many of us to eat far too fast.
2. 缜密构思
将第①个要点进行总说，第②③④要点进行分说，第⑤要点作为总结。
3. 遣词造句
Many people have unhealthy eating habits.
It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu.
Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives.
Currently, the situation is hard to solve.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu.运用了that引导的主语从句表示美国人的饮食概况。
【高分句型2】
Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives. 运用了Though引导的让步状语从句以及which引导非限定性定语从句，对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations. Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。安·格兰德是一位视觉思考者。格兰德的大脑就像互联网搜索引擎一样，可以生成用户正在搜索的对象的几十幅图像。格兰德的头脑对细节也很敏感，这在她与牛的工作中很重要，并因此创造了许多设计。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Ann Grand is a visual thinker. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.
②Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations.
③Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3段要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations.
Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine.（运用了whose引导的非限制性定语从句）
[高分句型2]：Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle.（运用了so…that 引导的结果状语从句，以及that引导的限制性定语从句）
7．A biographer collects information from primary sources and secondary sources. The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject. As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully, (just as James Boswell did.) However, quite a few biographies fail to do so.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了传记作家的资料来源以及作为一名合格的传记作家，应该客观、完整、真实地描述主题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①All of these materials are called primary sources because they contain firsthand information ---- information that does not depend on the opinions or interpretations of others.
②A biographer also checks secondary sources.
③The subject’s friends and relatives may be interviewed. If the subject died long ago, the biographer looks for anything written about him or her.
④The biographer’s job is not to make readers like or dislike the subject, but to give as complete and truthful a picture of the person as possible.
⑤Much biographical writing falls short of Boswell’s standards.
2.缜密构思
将1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A biographer collects information from primary sources and secondary sources. The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject.
As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully.
However, quite a few biographies fail to do so.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject.（while连接并列的句子）
[高分句型2]
As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully, (just as James Boswell did.)（describing为动名词作宾语）
8．The internet can make up for my mental and emotional weaknesses. The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds. To some extent, the internet has enriched my memory and judgements. The internet makes me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说互联网正在拓展人类的思维，它积聚了许多思想。即使在目前的状态下，互联网也扩展了我的记忆和判断力，互联网让我在大大小小的事情上变得更聪明。此外，我可以通过在互联网上阅读其他人的反应来发现我对一个事件的反应是否足够合理。
【详解】1 要点摘录
It’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory.
As for the judgment, the Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.
Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
2.缜密构思
将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The internet can make up for our mental and emotional weaknesses.
The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds
The internet can make me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not.
[高分句型1] The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句的高级表达。
[高分句型2]：The internet can make me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not. 用whose引导的定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace. First, workplace circumstances are constantly changing and more uncertain. Besides, they are often required to think critically and make own decisions to solve problems. Finally, they have to interact and cooperate with workmates to achieve success. Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，许多大学毕业生发现很难适应职场生活。 首先，工作环境是不断变化的，更不确定； 此外，他们经常被要求批判性地思考，并做出自己的决定来解决问题； 最后，他们必须与同事互动和合作来获得成功。 最近建议学生做更多的志愿工作来应对这种转变。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①For all the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job.
②Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain.
③Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned" on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor's instructions."
④Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success.
⑤It is suggested that students should do an internship while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital or government organization, for example, can help them gain experience and learn skills.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组作为总说，将第2、3、4三个要点分别重组作为分说，将第5个要点重组作为建议和结语。
3.遣词造句
Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace.
First, workplace circumstances are constantly changing and more uncertain.
Besides, they are often required to think critically and make own decisions to solve problems.
Finally, they have to interact and cooperate with workmates to achieve success.
Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace.运用形式宾语it，不定式作真正宾语。
[高分句型2] Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.用不定式作目的状语。
10．One possible version:
The author’s literature collection was limited to stories from English-speaking authors, so in 2020 he stated to read 193 books from every UN-recognized country. He created a blog and many people helped him source the book. Through the process, he opened his mind and heart and changed his own thinking. The once exotic world became familiar and close to him.
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者觉得自己阅读的范围太窄，打算一年之内阅读世界各国的书籍。于是，设立了一个博客，寻求网友的帮助。最后在大家的帮助下，完成了目标。
【详解】1.要点摘录
（1）Apart from a few Indian novels and an Australian book，my literature collection only consisted of British and American titles.
（2）So，at the start of 2020，I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year.
（3）Before I knew it，people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help.
（4）I discovered，book packing offered something that a physical traveler could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes.
（5）Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me.
2.缜密构思：本文是记叙文，按照要点摘录里的（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、（5）条顺序摘写即可
3.遣词造句
So，at the start of 2020，I would like to challenge myself to try to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year.
As I wander around in the planet's literary landscapes，extraordinary things started to happen.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The author ‘s literature collection was limited to stories from English-speaking authors, so in 2020 he stated to read 193 books from every UN-recognized country. 运用主从复合句对原文的一、二两段作了概括。so引起的结果状语从句。
[高分句型2] Through the process, he opened his mind and heart and changed his own thinking. through引起方式状语，以及句子用了and并列的谓语动词来表示作者阅读这些书籍的收获。
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Some people are naturally outgoing, but other people have to practice to become outgoing. If you want to become outgoing, there are several strategies(策略)that you can use. Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
One of the easiest ways to present yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. For example, if you walk into a room and your friend is talking to someone else, make it a point to say hello and introduce yourself. The next time you see that person, you can say hello and, since you have already been introduced, you have built a bridge into future communication.
When you’re in a social situation, such as at a party, try to make eye contact with the other people there with a friendly smile. If the other person responds or smiles back at you，then go over to them and introduce yourself. That is usually a good sign for a possible conversation. If the person does not respond, let them go their way. There’s a difference between being “outgoing” and “pushy”. Another practical way to start a conversation with others is to use compliments(赞美). When you’re attracted by certain people, you're bound to notice little things that you appreciate. You can acknowledge these things with a sincere compliment.
Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is a good way to promote your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself. If you have never danced before but want to take a ballet lesson, try it out. Do your best to fight the inner voice telling that you can’t do something or defining(定义)yourself by what you think you should be doing instead. With each little victory, you’ll gain the confidence to step further and further outside your comfort zone.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Seniority in Promotion Is Not a Wise Business Practice
It's not always an easy decision for companies when it comes to filling managerial spots. In the past promoting an employee has been popularly handled by means of basic analysis of the employees' past performance nod seniority, In some cases, the individual's performance has been considered more important while in others the amount of time they have been with the company has been the deciding factor. Nevertheless, seniority is a standard that has never been left out, However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots.
Unlike experienced employees who have been with the company for a long time, new people are mare likely generate creative ideas. In rapidly changing markets, innovative and creative talents are sought by many companies in order to adapt to the market. To meet their needs, companies have more to gain by selecting outside employees since they are more willing to try new techniques and less afraid of breaking tradition when introducing new ideas. Thus, rather than promoting existing employees, it might be a wiser management decision to bring in outside talent.
An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion. Simply put no matter how long they have been with the company, employees have to contribute diligently to the organization if they want to move up the career ladder, As soon as people realize that the company could just as easily bring in a new person, employees will stop judging themselves against each other because they are no longer competing against their colleagues but everyone in the entire industry. As a result, they will begin to show more effort to bring the level of their work up to what they imagine is a much higher standard.
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3．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Natural perfume or artificial perfume
The use of perfume dates back to earliest times. The ancient Egyptians perfumed the bricks used to build their houses and temples, and wore perfumed fat in their hair.
These days, consumer demand for perfumed products is intense. In the home, from washing-up liquid to paper tissues, soap to shoe polish, fragrance is the common ingredient. Artificial leather is perfumed to make it smell like the real thing, and in Japan, some companies spray perfume through building’s air-conditioning system at key times of the working day.
To meet the demands of the perfume industry, scientific developments have made the companies use substitutes for some natural ingredients. Scientists have also discovered that natural and artificial materials are highly complementary and are acceptable to the consumer. Even the most expensive perfumes are in fact compounds of both natural and artificial ingredients. The French perfume manufacturers were among the first to blend artificial compound when they made the famous perfume Chanel No. 5 in 1923.
Producing natural oils is very expensive. For example, 1000 kilos of jasmine flowers make just one kilo of extract. Using artificial fragrance has reduced the costs of manufacture overall, although the chemical operations involved can be very time-consuming and costly-sixteen or seventeen chemical separations may be needed to produce the right result.
Nevertheless, the use of complex chemical to reproduce fragrance is likely to increase, as the artificial ingredients as well as natural oils gives perfume manufacturers more control over the production process, which is why many classic perfumes owe their characteristic top notes to fruits of science not nature.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Small Talk Necessary
What’s the first thing you do when you enter a crowded room You probably look around for a familiar face. When you can’t find one, you have two choices: you can stand alone, or you can walk up and speak to someone that you don’t know.
Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears. In order to prepare, it helps to learn the art of small talk.
Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances. With small talk, two or more people search for common interests and points of connection. If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
Mastering a few techniques will allow you to enter a room full of strangers with confidence.
When you walk up to a group, notice anyone trying to make eye contact with you because this is often a sign that the person is interested in talking. Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment. Your praise of someone’s scarf might lead to a discussion about favorite places to shop.
Radio host Terry Gross, who has interviewed thousands of people over the years, says one opening request works for her every time: “Tell me about yourself.” This approach gets the ball rolling because people enjoy talking about themselves.
Though small talk takes practice, it’s worth the effort and it’s the stimulus that can lead to deeper conversations.
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5．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
We have all heard the saying “You are what you eat.” But how many of us are willing to admit that the expression applies to us as well as to all those unidentified people out there Current research suggests that the majority of Americans have bad eating habits, and some of this is determined by our lifestyle, which demands that we eat quickly and inexpensively.
What are the commonest foods on the American menu Hamburgers and French fries, sugar-laden drinks; pies and whiffed cream, malts and ice-cream. Apart from an occasional broiled hamburger, all the things on that list are bad for us. And there are certain prophets of doom who predict that all those fat laden fast foods provide us with only one thing — a faster road to the grave.
On the other hand, there are those who claim that the basic fast-food meal contains all the nourishment you need. After all, there are meat, milk salad (if you have the extras), and break. And if you have a cheeseburger instead of a hamburger, you are doing yourself an extra favor by adding additional protein. What these good news gossips are overlooking is the usually pulpy bun: the excess of sugar in the maltose or Coke, and overdose of salt that is sprinkled on the hamburger to make palatable (美味的)
So, you decide to stay away from the hamburger joint, and buy your food from the supermarket. Are you any better off Not if you buy frozen or canned food. The experts tell us that canned and frozen vegetables contain sugar, as well as sorts of perspectives that are not doing anything to improve your health. Acceding to these people, the only way to be sure your food is good for you is to buy it and cook it fresh. And then, of course, you have to eat it and that creates another problem. The speed of today’s world has encouraged many of us to eat far too fast. We do not chew our food enough, and we eat on the run or we jump and start running the minute we finish eating.
6．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ann Grand: a visual thinker
Ann Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures. like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from ideo-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time. and the image visualized are always specific. For example. if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures. like the one in her old house. and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.
Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started.
Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs.
7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Biographers (传记作家) gather information from many different sources. Legal documents and personal papers can reveal facts such as a person’s birthplace, income, number of children, and lifespan. Letters or a diary may contain valuable information about the person’s friends and activities, thoughts and feelings. All of these materials are called primary sources because they contain firsthand information ---- information that does not depend on the opinions or interpretations of others.
A biographer also checks secondary sources. The subject’s friends and relatives may be interviewed. If the subject died long ago, the biographer looks for anything written about him or her. Secondary sources supply secondhand information, and so a biographer must use them with care. The subject’s friends will want the biography to be favorable, while others may wish it to be unfavorable. The biographer must avoid both extremes. The biographer’s job is not to make readers like or dislike the subject, but to give as complete and truthful a picture of the person as possible. This means the biography should include both good and bad qualities, both accomplishments and mistakes. James Boswell, the author of a great biography of his friend Samuel Johnson, wrote, “And he will be seen as he really was; for I profess to write, not his panegyric (颂文), which must all praise, but his life, which, great and good as he was, must not be supposed to be entirely perfect.”
Much biographical writing falls short of Boswell’s standards. Ancient records of the deeds of kings and emperors were written to praise and flatter these rulers. Writers of saints’ (圣人) lives in the Middle Ages were often more interested in the moral message than the events of a life. Many 19th-century biographers did not reveal any improper or embarrassing details of their subjects’ lives. Though they may be interesting or inspiring, these works fail as biographies chiefly because their purpose is to point up a moral rather than describe an individual.
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8．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
An Extension of the Humans Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
As for the judgment, the Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
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9．Directions：Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Shift From Classroom to Career
For all the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job.
Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly.
Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they "learned" on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor's instructions." Less time needs to be spent in school on testing, says one recent report, and more on helping students to analyze information, solve problems, and communicate their ideas effectively.
Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. In other words, if an employee has to work with others to complete a given project, that employee's success not only depends on his hard work and expertise, but also on how well his colleagues perform.
How can we better prepare young adults for the workplace It is suggested that students should do an internship while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital or government organization, for example, can help them gain experience and learn skills. Doing these will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful.
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10．Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Read the world in 193 books
I used to think of myself as a person learned in books，but my bookshelves told a different story. Apart from a few Indian novels and an Australian book，my literature collection only consisted of British and American titles. Worse still，I hardly ever read anything in translation. My reading is limited to stories by English-speaking authors.
So，at the start of 2020，I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English. The response was amazing. Before I knew it，people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books from their home countries.Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition，several writers，like Turkmenistan's AkWelsapar and Panama's Juan David Morgan，sent me unpublished translations of their novels，giving me a rare opportunity to read works unavailable in Britain. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me，however，sourcing books was no easy task.
But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet's literary landscapes，extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling，I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered，book packing offered something that a physical traveler could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports，these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places，but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking.
One by one, the books from the countries on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise filled my heart with laughter，love，anger，hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me. At its best，I learned, fiction makes the world real.
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参考答案
1．Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself. Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. Starting conversations means trying to make eye contact with the other people with a friendly smile in a social situation and using compliments. A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是有些人天生外向，但有些人需要练习才能变得外向。如果你想变得外向，有几个策略你可以使用。“外向”包括学习如何向别人展示自己，开始对话，对自己更加自信。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
②One of the easiest ways to present yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. Another practical way to start a conversation with others is to use compliments(赞美).
③When you’re in a social situation, such as at a party, try to make eye contact with the other people there with a friendly smile.
④Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is a good way to promote your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself.
2.缜密构思
将第1和第2、3、4要点进行重组和整合。
3.遣词造句
Being “outgoing” involves learning how to present yourself to others, starting conversations, and being more confident in yourself.
Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends.
Starting conversations means trying to make eye contact with the other people with a friendly smile in a social situation and using compliments.
A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Presenting yourself is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends.运用一个动名词作主语，对第二段内容进行了概括，表达高级。
[高分句型2]：A good way to promote your confidence is to do something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable.运用that引导的定语从句对最后一段进行概括，表达非常高级。
2．One possible version:
Nowadays, more companies prefer to select outside employees in promotion instead of considering employees' past performance and seniority mainly for two reasons/advantages. One is that outside employees are more likely to produce creative ideas, which helps companies adapt to the market. The other is that it stops employees thinking their seniority guarantees a promotion, which helps enhancing employees' work level.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在过去，公司提拔员工是通过对员工过去的表现和资历的分析。然而，在当代的商业世界，为了适应市场的变化，为了满足他们的需要，公司更愿意选择并提拔外部员工。他们更愿意引入新思路和新技术，也不害怕打破传统。因此，与提拔现有员工相比，从外部引进员工可能是一个更明智的管理决策。
【详解】1 要点摘录①It's not always an easy decision for companies when it comes to filling managerial spots.
②However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots.
③Unlike experienced employees who have been with the company for a long time, new people are mare likely generate creative ideas.
④An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句In the contemporary business world, there is no need to consider employee’s seniority.
The most important things for a company are innovative and creative talents .
Outside employees are more likely to produce creative ideas, which helps companies adapt to the market.
It stops employees thinking their seniority guarantees a promotion, which helps enhancing employees' work level.
【点睛】[高分句型1] However, in the contemporary business world, the importance of seniority in promotion is being destroyed as a growing number of companies look outside of their organizations when trying to fill top managerial spots. 运用一个复杂的主从复食句承接上文，引出下文。as引导原因状语从句。however 表示转折，引出文章主旨。
[高分句型2]：An additional advantage to this new system is that it prevents employees from feeling that they only need to wait for their seniority to provide them with a promotion.用that引导的表语从句写出了公司用外部员工的另一个理由。
3．The use of perfume has a very long history and today perfumed products are still widely used in people’s daily life. Because of the scientific developments, even the most famous perfume manufacturers like Chanel use artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product, which not only makes the cost lower but the process more controllable.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，人们从很久以前就开始使用香水了，如今人们对香水制品的需求不断攀升，为满足人们的需求，香水公司在制作香水时，会用合成材料替代部分自然原料，对生产商和消费者都有益处。（文章大意）
【详解】1 要点摘录①The use of perfume dates back to earliest times.②These days, consumer demand for perfumed products is intense.③Scientists have also discovered that natural and artificial materials are highly complementary and are acceptable to the consumer.④Producing natural oils is very expensive.
⑤Nevertheless, the use of complex chemical to reproduce fragrance is likely to increase, as the artificial ingredients as well as natural oils gives perfume manufacturers more control over the production process.2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句It's necessary to visit your favorite college campus before you apply to attend it.You will have less trouble if you try to visit the college.If you have no enough time or enough money to go, chat online with those people who are familiar with the college.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Because of the scientific developments, even the most famous perfume manufacturers like Chanel use artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product.运用一个介词短语作原因状语以及一个省略相同主语谓语的省略句作时间状语加主句对原文第一段和第二段内容进行了概括。其中because of表原因状语和省略句等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：even the most famous perfume manufacturer like Chanel uses artificial materials to substitute natural ingredients when producing their product, which not only makes the cost lower but the process more controllable. 用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三四五段内容进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable. Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations. To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics. You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request. (57 words)
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了闲聊的必要性以及想正确地进行闲聊的方法。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary.
②Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears.
③Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances.
④If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
⑤Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
⑥Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment.
2.缜密构思
将1、2两个要点进行重组，二者为转折关系，将3、4两个要点进行整合，与前面两个要点形成因果关系。
3.遣词造句
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.
it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.
To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics.
You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.（用一个省略的让步状语从句对第二段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
[高分句型2]
Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.（用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
5．Many people have unhealthy eating habits. It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu. Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives. Currently, the situation is hard to solve.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。我们吃什么就是什么。美国人的快餐饮食很不健康。一些人认为快餐包含了我们需要的营养成分，但是他们却忽略了为了使食物更美味，这些食物还添加了许多调味剂。当下，使我们的饮食习惯与世界发展的速度相协调是很难的。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Current research suggests that the majority of Americans have bad eating habits, and some of this is determined by our lifestyle, which demands that we eat quickly and inexpensively.
②Apart from an occasional broiled hamburger, all the things on that list are bad for us.
③On the other hand, there are those who claim that the basic fast-food meal contains all the nourishment you need.
④What these good news gossips are overlooking is the usually pulpy bun: the excess of sugar in the maltose or Coke, and overdose of salt that is sprinkled on the hamburger to make palatable (美味的)
⑤And then, of course, you have to eat it and that creates another problem. The speed of today’s world has encouraged many of us to eat far too fast.
2. 缜密构思
将第①个要点进行总说，第②③④要点进行分说，第⑤要点作为总结。
3. 遣词造句
Many people have unhealthy eating habits.
It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu.
Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives.
Currently, the situation is hard to solve.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It is commonly seen that high-fat food is listed on the American menu.运用了that引导的主语从句表示美国人的饮食概况。
【高分句型2】
Though some people hold the belief that the basic fast-food meal contains the nutrition we need, it is also made of some ingredients which are full of food additives. 运用了Though引导的让步状语从句以及which引导非限定性定语从句，对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
6．Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations. Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。安·格兰德是一位视觉思考者。格兰德的大脑就像互联网搜索引擎一样，可以生成用户正在搜索的对象的几十幅图像。格兰德的头脑对细节也很敏感，这在她与牛的工作中很重要，并因此创造了许多设计。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Ann Grand is a visual thinker. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.
②Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations.
③Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3段要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations.
Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine.（运用了whose引导的非限制性定语从句）
[高分句型2]：Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle.（运用了so…that 引导的结果状语从句，以及that引导的限制性定语从句）
7．A biographer collects information from primary sources and secondary sources. The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject. As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully, (just as James Boswell did.) However, quite a few biographies fail to do so.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了传记作家的资料来源以及作为一名合格的传记作家，应该客观、完整、真实地描述主题。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①All of these materials are called primary sources because they contain firsthand information ---- information that does not depend on the opinions or interpretations of others.
②A biographer also checks secondary sources.
③The subject’s friends and relatives may be interviewed. If the subject died long ago, the biographer looks for anything written about him or her.
④The biographer’s job is not to make readers like or dislike the subject, but to give as complete and truthful a picture of the person as possible.
⑤Much biographical writing falls short of Boswell’s standards.
2.缜密构思
将1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A biographer collects information from primary sources and secondary sources. The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject.
As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully.
However, quite a few biographies fail to do so.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
The former contain firsthand information about the subject’s life, while the latter supply other people’s opinions about the subject.（while连接并列的句子）
[高分句型2]
As a qualified biographer, he should be objective in describing the subject completely and truthfully, (just as James Boswell did.)（describing为动名词作宾语）
8．The internet can make up for my mental and emotional weaknesses. The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds. To some extent, the internet has enriched my memory and judgements. The internet makes me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说互联网正在拓展人类的思维，它积聚了许多思想。即使在目前的状态下，互联网也扩展了我的记忆和判断力，互联网让我在大大小小的事情上变得更聪明。此外，我可以通过在互联网上阅读其他人的反应来发现我对一个事件的反应是否足够合理。
【详解】1 要点摘录
It’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory.
As for the judgment, the Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.
Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
2.缜密构思
将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The internet can make up for our mental and emotional weaknesses.
The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds
The internet can make me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not.
[高分句型1] The Internet is like my memory because the internet contains many minds.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句的高级表达。
[高分句型2]：The internet can make me clever to deal with matters, with whose help I can check whether my reactions to an event are reasonable or not. 用whose引导的定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
9．One possible version:
Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace. First, workplace circumstances are constantly changing and more uncertain. Besides, they are often required to think critically and make own decisions to solve problems. Finally, they have to interact and cooperate with workmates to achieve success. Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，许多大学毕业生发现很难适应职场生活。 首先，工作环境是不断变化的，更不确定； 此外，他们经常被要求批判性地思考，并做出自己的决定来解决问题； 最后，他们必须与同事互动和合作来获得成功。 最近建议学生做更多的志愿工作来应对这种转变。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①For all the years spent in school preparing to enter the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job.
②Writer and editor Joseph Lewis believes that most of our school experiences are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain.
③Another problem is that in school, many students spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned" on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor's instructions."
④Finally, in the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success.
⑤It is suggested that students should do an internship while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital or government organization, for example, can help them gain experience and learn skills.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组作为总说，将第2、3、4三个要点分别重组作为分说，将第5个要点重组作为建议和结语。
3.遣词造句
Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace.
First, workplace circumstances are constantly changing and more uncertain.
Besides, they are often required to think critically and make own decisions to solve problems.
Finally, they have to interact and cooperate with workmates to achieve success.
Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Many college graduates find it hard to adapt to life in the workplace.运用形式宾语it，不定式作真正宾语。
[高分句型2] Students are advised to do more volunteering work to deal with this transition.用不定式作目的状语。
10．One possible version:
The author’s literature collection was limited to stories from English-speaking authors, so in 2020 he stated to read 193 books from every UN-recognized country. He created a blog and many people helped him source the book. Through the process, he opened his mind and heart and changed his own thinking. The once exotic world became familiar and close to him.
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者觉得自己阅读的范围太窄，打算一年之内阅读世界各国的书籍。于是，设立了一个博客，寻求网友的帮助。最后在大家的帮助下，完成了目标。
【详解】1.要点摘录
（1）Apart from a few Indian novels and an Australian book，my literature collection only consisted of British and American titles.
（2）So，at the start of 2020，I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year.
（3）Before I knew it，people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help.
（4）I discovered，book packing offered something that a physical traveler could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes.
（5）Lands that had once seemed exotic and remote became close and familiar to me.
2.缜密构思：本文是记叙文，按照要点摘录里的（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、（5）条顺序摘写即可
3.遣词造句
So，at the start of 2020，I would like to challenge myself to try to read a book from every country of all 193 UN-recognized states in a year.
As I wander around in the planet's literary landscapes，extraordinary things started to happen.
【点睛】[高分句型1] The author ‘s literature collection was limited to stories from English-speaking authors, so in 2020 he stated to read 193 books from every UN-recognized country. 运用主从复合句对原文的一、二两段作了概括。so引起的结果状语从句。
[高分句型2] Through the process, he opened his mind and heart and changed his own thinking. through引起方式状语，以及句子用了and并列的谓语动词来表示作者阅读这些书籍的收获。