高考英语专题复习：虚拟语气学案（无答案）

虚拟语气
定义：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，只是说话人的一种主观愿望、假设、建议和推测等。
虚拟语气在具体从句中的应用：
一：If引导的条件状语从句
英语中条件状语从句有两类：一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况是可能发生的或实现的，就是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在或不大可能发生的，则是非真实条件句。
1. 真实条件句
　　真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。如：
　　If he doesn't come at 8：00, we won't wait for him.
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property.
2. 非真实条件句
　　⑴在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气。主要有以下几种情况：
　　
与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反 与将来事实相反
主句谓语 Should/would/could/might+have done would/could/should/might+do Would/could/might/should + do
If的从句谓语 had done did （be动词用were） did （be动词用were）/should do/ were to do
过去【例】：If we had found him earlier, we might have solved the problem easily.
现在【例】：If he smoked less, he wouldn't cough so much.
将来【例】：If you dropped the glass, it would break.
【练】
如果我昨天有足够的钱，我会买下这台电脑。
如果我现在有足够的钱，我会买下这台电脑。
如果我明天有足够的钱，我会买下这台电脑。
⑵ 省略if的条件句
　　在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中含有were，had或should，可以将if省略，而把这几个词放到主语之前，构成倒装结构。如：
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to come to my office.
他要是来了，让他来我办公室。
Were it necessary (=If it were necessary), I might go without delay. 【版权所有：21教育】
如果需要的话，我可以立即去。
Had Jack recognized his teacher (=________________________________), he would have run.
如果杰克认出了老师，他早就跑了。
注意：
　　① 句首不能用助动词的缩略否定式。如：
　　Were it not for the expense, I would travel by air. （正）
Weren't it for the expense, I would travel by air. （误）2·1·c·n·j·y
要不是考虑到费用，我将坐飞机旅行。
　　② 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：
Without air (=If there were no air), there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有空气，地球上就不会有生物。
【练】
1. （2016.浙江）Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _____since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
2. （2012.浙江）Had they known what was coming next, they ______ second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had
⑶错综条件句
　　当条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，可根据情况构成错综时间条件句。此时，主句和从句中的动词都根据各自所表示动作发生的时间，采用前面表格中的相应形式。如：【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
If we had not missed that train, we could be having supper at home now.
要是我们没有误了那辆火车，现在我们正在家里吃晚饭呢。
If we had listened to the doctor then, you would be all right now. 【出处：21教育名师】
如果我们当初听了医生的话，你的身体现在就好了。
【练】
假如他昨天告诉我解决方式，现在我就能知道该怎么办了。
_____________________________________________________________________
二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气常用在表示“要求、建议、命令或愿望”动词后的宾语从句中。
(1) 在动词wish后的宾语从句中表示与现在、过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
对现在情况的虚拟：wish+从句主语+did（过去式）/ were
　　表示目前不可能实现的愿望。如：
　　I wish I were as young as you. 我真希望像你一样年轻。
　　I wish I knew the answer. 我要是知道答案就好了。
　　
对过去情况的虚拟：wish+从句主语+had done（过去完成式）
表示过去不可能实现的愿望。如：
　　I wish I had gone to the party last night. 但愿我昨晚参加了聚会。
　　I wish I hadn't lost the chance. 我要是没有失去那个机会就好了。
　　I wish that I had never met him. 我希望从来没有见过他。
　　
对将来的主观愿望：wish+从句主语+would / might / could+动词原形
　　表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望。如：
　　I wish you would come to the hospital as soon as possible. 我希望你尽快到医院来。
　　I wish he might go with us to the theatre. 我希望他可以和我们一起去看戏。
　　Tom wishes it could stop raining. 汤姆希望雨能停。
(2) 在suggest（建议），demand，propose，insist（坚持做），command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。should可以省略。如：
　　Her mother insisted that she (should) stay at home. 她母亲坚持要她待在家里。
　　I suggest that we (should) discuss this question next time. 我建议我们下次讨论这个问题。
【练】　　
法院下令他交付罚款。________________________________________________________
　　
注意：
　　动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况，选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。
　① suggest作“建议”讲时，用虚拟语气；作“使想起，暗示”讲时，用陈述语气。如：
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 21（_________）·cn·jy·com
　　He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. （________）
　　
② insist作“坚决要求”时，用虚拟语气；作“坚持认为”时，用陈述语气。如：
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to one's health. 21·世纪*教育网
（________）
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.
（________）
　　
三、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
　　在表示“建议、劝告、命令”等含义的名词（advice，demand，desire，decision，idea，motion，request等）后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”。如：21*cnjy*com
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.
The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable. 21世纪教育网版权所有
教育要改革的建议是合理的。
【练】
The general issued an order that all soldiers __________(stand) by.
这个将军发布了所有士兵原地待命的命令。
【习题】
—Would you mind being charged for WeChat, Mary
—Certainly. I ________WeChat if I had to pay now.
A．would drop B．will drop C．will have dropped D．would have dropped
2. Volunteering is pleasant and there is so much more I could do if I ________ the time.
A．had had B．had C．would have D．could have had
3. My advice is _______ he _____ to go abroad for further education.
A．that, chooses B．that, chose
C．that, choose D．what, should choose
4. It is lucky we booked a room, or we ________ nowhere to stay now.
A．had B．have C．would have D．would have had
5. The young man insisted that he _________ nothing wrong and _________ free.
A．did; set B．had done; must be set
C．should do; should be set D．had done; be set