(共86张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
头脑风暴·思维发散
Nature is colourful and magical.It is filled with myths and legends waiting for us to explore and find out what they are on earth or how they come to exist.Some amazing plants can catch bugs,even small animals for food.Somewhere there are still precious plant species living for billions of years.There are so many things like these mentioned above in the world.Perhaps some day you will find one of these.
Part 1 Starting out,Understanding ideas,
Using language
学习理解·语篇解构
核心知识·深入探究
备用讲义
语法专项指导
课时作业
学习理解·语篇解构
1.主题语境:人与自然——认识自然:物种起源。
2.语篇类型:记叙文。
3.课文内容分析:课文以时间及行程路线为线索,介绍了著名生物学家Charles
Darwin的发现之旅以及他基于此次旅行写成的《物种起源》一书。阅读本文,有
利于引导学生感受Darwin探索科学、追求真理之路的艰辛,学习其不畏困难、大
胆质疑、勇于探索的科学精神与创新精神。
语篇导读 先行把握
多维解读 深度剖析
A Journey of Discovery
distant
who
was
was
come to exist
were
evolved into
regarded as
fascinated
crowded with
similar to
重点词汇
1.The captain of the ship,the Beagle,wanted someone who would “profit
by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.
(教材第50页)
贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员,这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜
为人知的国度并从中受益”。
◆distant adj.遥远的;疏远的
核心知识·深入探究
FAST made by China has found many new distant pulsars in the universe.
中国天眼新发现了许多宇宙中遥远的脉冲星。
The mountains rolled away to a distant horizon.
群山向远处的地平线绵延而去。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①It was difficult to get to know her because she always kept everyone
a distance.
②Our destination is still some (distant) away.
③We can see a windmill the distance.
at
distance
in
2.Despite all this,his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the
most important scientific discoveries of all time.(教材第50页)
尽管如此,他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。
◆of all time有史以来
This is my favourite song of all time.
这是我一直以来最喜爱的一首歌。
The Spring Festival is one of the most beautiful holidays of all time.
春节一直是个最美好的节日之一。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①I think the work can be completed (提前).
②The weather in this area is usually fine,but (有时)
bad.
③The kids will be leaving home (马上).
④Many people regarded him as the best singer (有史
以来).
⑤ (到……的时候) you get there,the meeting will be
over.
ahead of time
at times
in no time
of all time
By the time
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship
was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
(教材第51页)
达尔文在南美洲度过一段时间后,他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。
(1)be crowded with挤满,充满
At summer weekends the beach is crowded with noisy trippers.
夏日周末,海滩上挤满了嘈杂的游客。
The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down.
这座城市挤满了失望的人们,他们对安顿下来毫无兴趣。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①He tried to squeeze himself onto the (crowd) bus.
②But at the same time,her heart was (fill) with compassion.
③His letter is so full implications that one has to read
between the lines.
crowded
filled
of
(2)sample n.样本,样品 v.抽样,取样
We’re giving away 2,000 free samples for promotion.
为了促销,我们正免费发放2 000份样品。
They sampled the population to find out the state of public opinion.
他们对民众进行了抽样调查,以了解民意。
Just before and an hour after each workout,the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
(2020年江苏卷,阅读理解C)
每次试验前后一个小时,科学家们都提取男性的血液和脂肪组织样本。
语境运用
单句语法填空
①The salesman brought some (sample) of his firm’s products.
②The goods (sample) were found quite satisfactory.
完成句子
③The interviews were given to (随机抽选出
的学生).
samples
sampled
a random sample of students
4.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other.
(教材第51页)
他注意到,有些不同物种的动物彼此间很相似。
◆be similar to与……相似
The accident was similar to the one that happened ten years ago.
这起事故和10年前发生的那起事故很相似。
The two houses are similar to each other in architectural style.
这两座房子在建筑风格上彼此相似。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①He was studying the complex (similar) and differences
between humans and animals.
②A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; .
(similar),a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted
area.(2020年天津卷,阅读理解C)
③The twin brothers are similar every respect.
④The climate in the south is different that in the north.
similarities
similarly
in
from
5.Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
(教材第51页)
也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化
◆adapt v.使适合,适应,改编
People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.
(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,阅读理解D)
在埃塞俄比亚高地的人们已经适应了在高海拔地区生活。
I’m writing in sincerity to ask you a favour regarding a play we adapted according to the textbook.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,书面表达)
我们根据教科书改编了一个剧本,现写信给你,诚心诚意地想请你帮个忙。
Most public facilities have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
大多数公共设施已经过特别改装,供残疾人使用。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①I bought my son an (adapt) for children of a play by
Shakespeare.
②This novel has been (adapt) for radio from the Russian
original.
③The music of the song has been adapted violin.
④This text is adapted a story in Chinese Literature.
⑤I find it very difficult to adapt myself the climate in the
high mountains.
adaptation
adapted
for
from
to
6.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,
which had arrived on the islands a long time before.(教材第51页)
达尔文猜想,这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来。很久以前,雀鸟的祖先来
到这片群岛。
◆suspect v.猜想,怀疑,觉得 n.犯罪嫌疑人
adj.不可信的,可疑的
The experts suspect that dinosaurs became extinct because of climate change.
专家们怀疑恐龙是由于气候变化而灭绝的。
The two detectives stood there for an hour watching for the suspect.
两个侦探在那里站了一个小时监视犯罪嫌疑人。
Some of the evidence they produced was highly suspect.
他们出示的证据中有些相当可疑。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①She has more intelligence than we (suspect) her to possess.
②Junk food is suspected doing harm to people’s health.
③The police have eliminated two (suspect) from their
investigation.
suspected
of
suspects
7.But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing that more and more
people started to believe his theory.(教材第51页)
然而达尔文的科学研究很有说服力,越来越多的人开始接受他的理论。
◆convincing adj.令人相信的,有说服力的
The radio play was so convincing that many people thought aliens were actually landing on the earth.
这个广播剧如此有说服力,以至于许多人认为外星人真的在地球上降落了。
He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green,
but he has no doubt about it.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷,阅读理解C)
他说,让人们相信海狸鼠的毛皮是环保的并不容易,但他对此毫不怀疑。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①He tried to convince them the safety of travelling by
airplane.
②We are (convince) that the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic
Games will be a great success.
③There is now (convince) evidence that smoking causes lung
cancer.
of
convinced
convincing
8.Today,On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important
works ever written.(教材第51页)
如今,《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。
◆regard v.把……看作,看待
Her work is very highly regarded.
她的工作受到高度评价。
Creativity is regarded both as a gift and as a skill.
创造力被认为既是一种天赋也是一种技巧。
But Wilson did not regard the accident as catastrophic.
(2020年江苏卷,完形填空)
但威尔逊并不认为这次事故是灾难性的。
归纳拓展
温馨提示
表示“把……看作……”的类似说法:consider...as...、treat...as...、look on/upon...as...、think of...as...、see...as...。
I have been on good terms with Li Hua and I look on him as my closest friend.
我和李华关系一直很好,我把他当作我最亲密的朋友。
They treat her as one of the family.
他们把她看成自己的家人。
These workers are considered as a high-risk group.
这些工人被视为高风险人群。
语境运用
完成句子
①不管天气如何,我们郊游的日期已定。
We’ve fixed the date for the outing and we’ll go .
the weather.
②她被认为是我最好的朋友。
She my best friend.
单句语法填空
③Call me if you have any problems (regard) your work.
regardless of
is regarded as
regarding
重点句式
It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.(教材第51页)
这本书直到1859年才出版,出版后立即引起轰动。
◆not...until...直到……才……
He didn’t go to bed until midnight.
直到半夜他才睡觉。
It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.
(2021年全国乙卷,语法填空)
直到二十世纪八十年代末,它才作为一个旅游概念被广泛接受。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①直到昨天我们才注意到这件事。
We this matter .
②这件事在她告诉我之前,我毫不知情。
I was in the dark about it .
③直到最近,他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游有关的活动。
did they encourage the development of
tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
did not notice
until yesterday
until she told me
Not until recently
长难句分析
1.What’s more,he had recently received a letter from his father
predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your
family”.(教材第50页)
并且在他刚收到的家书中,父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。
本句中,What’s more为句子的状语,主句中的letter与predict之间为主谓关系,因此predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”为现在分词结构作后置定语,修饰letter;在这一结构中,that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”为宾语从句。
语境运用
单句情境写作
①三年后,科学家们公布了他们的研究结果,表明慢跑通常能使人活得更久。
.
.
After three years,the scientists released their research showing that jogging can usually make people live much longer.
②由于天气不好,委员会不得不发出通知说演出被推迟了。
.
.
Due to the bad weather,the committee had to give an announcement saying that the performance was put off.
③考虑到身体状况,老教授拒绝了邀请,这意味着他将不参加这次会议。
.
Considering physical conditions,the elder professor refused the invitation meaning that he wouldn’t attend the meeting.
.
1835年,当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛的时候,达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种,但是其中最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
本句为主从复合句,其中when引导时间状语从句,Darwin saw a variety of new species,but it was the birds that interested him the most.为主句,but连接两个并列分句,第二个分句为强调句式,强调主语the birds。
2.When the Beagle reached the Gal pagos Islands in 1835,Darwin saw a
variety of new species,but it was the birds that interested him the
most.(教材第51页)
语境运用
单句情境写作
①他上班时没赶上早班车,但是他的同事帮助他及时地赶到了办公室。
.
.
When he went to work,he missed the early bus,but it was his colleague who helped him reach the office in time.
②当他准备参加一场重要的考试时,他发现自己的有效证件丢失了,但是警察帮他找
到了证件并及时把他送到了考场。
.
.
When he was going to take an important exam,he found that he had lost his valid certificate,but it was the police who helped him find the certificate and sent him to the exam room in time.
.
③当他和朋友计划暑假去旅游时,他们列出了许多想去的景点,但是其中最令他感兴
趣的是天安门广场。
.
.
When he and his friend planned to travel in the summer vocation,they listed many scenic spots they wanted to visit,but it was Tian’anmen Square that interested him the most.
.
备用讲义
1.And it all began with the journey on the Beagle.(教材第51页)
而这一切都开始于贝格尔号的探索之旅。
◆begin with 以……开始
The lecture made by the professor began with a beautiful song.
教授所做的讲座以一首动听的歌曲开始。
The party will begin with a dance.
晚会将以一支舞蹈开始。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①首先,请允许我把怀特先生介绍给你。
,let me introduce Mr White to you.
②制订计划要从调查研究入手。
To work out a plan,one has to investigations.
③昨天老师以听写开始他的课。
Yesterday the teacher a dictation.
To begin with
start/begin with
began his class with
2.The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.(教材
第53页)
平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。
◆blame v.把……归咎于,指责 n.(坏事或错事的)责任,指责
We shouldn’t blame him for making mistakes.
我们不应该因为犯错而责怪他。
The report discloses that human error was to blame for the accident.
报告披露这次事故是人为原因造成的。
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame on the alarm clock.
很多人发现早上起床很难,于是把责任推到闹钟上。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①这次事故怪不着司机。
The driver was not the accident.
②他们把通货膨胀大幅度增长归咎于石油价格的上涨。
They the rise in oil prices the big increase in
inflation.
③我们不能把这起事故归咎于天气。
We cannot the weather.
to blame for
blamed
on
blame the accident on
3.Earth is home to millions of different species.(教材第54页)
地球是数百万不同物种的家园。
◆be home to ……的发源地,……的所在地
Owned by the Hasell family since 1679,home to the International Marmalade
Festival.(2020全国Ⅱ,阅读理解A)
自1679年以来一直归哈塞尔家族所有,是国际果酱节的举办地。
His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.(2020新高考全国Ⅰ,完形填空)
他的努力使1,360英亩的天然土地成为许多动植物的家园。
Sichuan Province is home to giant pandas.
四川是大熊猫的故乡。
4.Look at the pictures of the species native to different regions of
China.(教材第55页)
看这些物种的图片,这些物种原产于中国的不同地区。
◆be native to 源于……的,原产于……
语境运用
一句多译
众所周知,大熊猫原产于中国。
①As we all know,the panda China.
②As we all know,China the panda.
is native to
is home to
5.By contrast,the largest animal species so far found on our planet is
the blue whale,which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and
weigh over 130,000 kilos.(教材第54页)
相比之下,在我们的星球上发现的最大的动物物种是蓝鲸,它可以长到近30米长,
体重超过13万千克。
◆by contrast 相比之下,与之相比
In America,by contrast,sales are down by 29%.
相比之下,美国的销售额下降了29%。
China,by contrast,has already been one of the best-developed tourist markets in the world.
与之相反的是,中国已是世界上最发达的旅游市场之一。
语法专项指导
过去完成时
语法原句再现
1.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his
degree.(教材第50页)
2.What’s more,he had recently received a letter from his father
predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your
family”.(教材第50页)
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship
was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
(教材第51页)
4.At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at
the same time,and had not changed since.(教材第51页)
5.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,
which had arrived on the islands a long time before.(教材第51页)
6.Over time,it had slowly evolved into many new species.(教材第51页)
7.Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had
evolved from lower forms of life.(教材第51页)
仔细阅读上述句子,理解其意思并注意句中加粗部分的“had+过去分词”结构,这
种用法被称为过去完成时。
语法知识点拨
语法梳理
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这里的过去时间可以用某个时间状语表示,也可以通过上下文表示。其用法如下:
1.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间
常用by、before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示,也可以暗含在上下文中。
I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
我们到剧院时戏已经开始了。
By the end of June they had treated over ten thousand patients.
到六月底,他们已经治疗了一万多名病人。
When he was in Beijing,he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候,游览了他儿时玩过的地方。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或
还要持续下去,常与for、since等词连用。
He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.
他在部队服务了十年,去年退役了。
He told me that he had known her since he was a child.他告诉我,他从小就认识她。
He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study.
他在去英国深造前,已学了八年英语。
3.在表示过去的句子中,出现常与完成时态连用的词,如:already、yet、since、
for、ever、never及表示次数的名词等时,常用过去完成时来表示。
When we got there,the basketball match had already started.
我们到那里时,篮球赛已经开始了。
The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been.
老人说他想去他从未去过的地方。
He thought that this was the first time he had seen her weep.
他心想,这还是他第一次看见她掉眼泪。
4.表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作的用法,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家里了。
5.过去完成时也用于hardly...when...(一……就……)、no sooner...than...
(一……就……)、“It was the first time + that从句”等一些固定句型中。
He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.
他刚离开房间,他们就议论起他来。
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tone.
他还是第一次用这样的语气跟我讲话。
6.表示意向的动词,如hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等在
表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿”“打算”“计划”“想法”“许诺”等时,用
过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.我们本希望你能来,但是你没来。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
我们本想早回来的,但他们不让我们走。
7.在一段情景连贯的文字中,先发生的事放在后面叙述时,要用过去完成时。
Tom flew home,but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家,但他的父
亲已经去世了。
温馨提示
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别:
(1)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的过去时间状语连用,但意思有明显区别。
试比较:
He had finished his homework by eight.
到八点钟的时候他已经完成家庭作业了。
He finished his homework at eight.
他在八点钟完成了家庭作业。
(2)主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中,既可用一般过去时,也可用过去完成时。但
两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较:
He said he was a soldier.
他说他是位军人。
He said he had been a soldier.
他说他曾当过兵。
(3)在含有before的主从复合句中,一般情况下,在从句中使用一般过去时,主句中使
用过去完成时。
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping.
杰克在出门购物前已经完成了家庭作业。
注意:before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系,故多数主从句均使用一般过去
时,而不使用过去完成时。
Some people left for home before the film ended.
电影尚未放完,有些人就起身回家了。
1.He hung them above the same table he (move) from Turin.
(2020年全国Ⅱ卷,完形填空)
真题体验
答案及剖析:
1.had moved 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作move发生在hung之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
had moved
2.A flood (hit) the area earlier that year and the damage it
caused (drive) away a number of birds.
(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷,完形填空)
答案及剖析:
2.had hit;had driven 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的两个并列的动作发生在caused之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
had hit
had driven
3.Instead of getting down to a new task as I (expect),he
examined the previous work again.(2020年江苏卷)
答案及剖析:
3.had expected 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作发生在examined之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
had expected
4.By about 6000 BC,people (discover) the best crops to
grow and animals to raise.(2020年浙江卷,语法填空)
答案及剖析:
4.had discovered 考查时态。“by+过去时间”意为“到……为止”,后面的句子用过去完成时,表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或结束的动作。故填had discovered。
had discovered
5.In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.
The artist’s reputation (make) him proud.
(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,语法填空)
答案及剖析:
5.had made 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作make发生在过去的过去,应使用过去完成时。
had made
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Hardly I (get) on the bus when it started to move.
2.One morning she told her children about a family she .
(visit) the day before.
3.He said he (work) in that factory since 1949.
4.He (hope) to spend the important day with us last Sunday,
but he was too busy then.
5.Our English teacher (teach) English in Guangxi for ten
years before he came to No.113 Middle School.
had
got
had visited
had worked
had hoped
had taught
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.当老人开始走回他家时,太阳已经躲在山后面了。
When the old man started to walk back to his house,the sun
itself behind the mountain.
2.我本来希望昨晚回来的,但没赶上火车。
I to be back last night,but I didn’t catch the train.
3.到去年年底,她已经写了许多书。
She a number of books by the end of last year.
4.他参军前在工厂工作了三年。
He in the factory for three years before he joined
the army.
5.在他十岁的时候,他已经完成了大学学业。
By the time he was ten years old,he university.
had already hidden
had hoped
had written
had worked
had completed
课时作业
基础进阶·情境运用
Ⅰ.语境填词
1.Alone in his room, he asked himself whether he was (blame).
2.The two groups of children have quite different .
(characteristic).
3.The classroom (clean) before we got there yesterday.
4.You are expected to answer call with immediate actions.
5.There will be a chance for parents (look) around the school.
to blame
characteristics
had been cleaned
the
to look
6.His name will live in history as one of the greatest bowlers .
all time.
7.We naturally associate the name of Darwin with the theory of .
(evolve).
8.Many well-known (geologist) have participated in the
survey of this area.
9.The beach is just within walking (distant) of my house.
10.The policeman suspected the man stealing the purse.
of
evolution
geologists
distance
of
Ⅱ.单句情境写作
1.The restaurant (总是挤满) customers at meal
times.
2.When he moved to France, his children (适应) the
change very well.
3.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, .
(被看作) one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4.When he called, I (已经完成) my homework.
5. (首先), I’ve to say you’re not alone when having
trouble communicating with strangers.
is always crowded with
adapted to
is regarded as
had finished
To begin with
话题延伸·素养升华
Ⅰ.阅读
A
Young trees don’t just grow;they develop a personality and learn more about their environment and how they should best behave in it.They also help each other out whenever there’s trouble.
Personality,just as among people,varies among trees.Some are anxious,some bold.On the author’s land,there are three oak trees growing close together.One of the oak trees always starts to shed its leaves two weeks earlier than the others.Since they all experience the same temperature,the same soil and the same length of day,such variables can’t be the explanation.So what’s happening
Well,this tree is simply more careful than the others.Whoever holds on to their leaves longer can do more photosynthesis (光合作用) and store more nutrients.
However,the longer a tree keeps its leaves,the higher the risk of injury.
Not only do trees make their own decisions,they also learn from their mistakes.A tree,for example,keeping its leaves too long during one year will never make this mistake again.This leads to several other conclusions:trees must notice the temperature and the length of the day and be able to save their experiences somewhere.Obviously,trees don’t have brains,but it is thought that in the sensitive tips of their roots they keep track of information and experiences.
But trees aren’t only clever when it comes to caring for themselves.They also support each other whenever there’s trouble by giving warnings and even taking care of sick and weak conspecifics with nutrients.For example,one time the author found a very old tree stump.Its insides had rotted a long time ago to topsoil.But the wood on the outside of the stump was still living.How was this possible Well,the stump was nourished by its neighbours with nutrients from the root system,and had been for at least 400 years!
Why do trees do such a thing It’s simple:it’s better together.
Trees need the forest;it protects them from storms,provides the right microclimate and warns them of attacks.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了树的智慧:每棵树都有它不同的个性,遇到困难时它们也会互相帮助。研究发现,树不但能自己做决定,还能从自己的错误中吸取教训。阅读本文,有利于学生了解大自然,保护大自然。
1.Why does the author mention the three oak trees
A.To illustrate trees can learn from experiences.
B.To show trees can make independent decisions.
C.To explain trees are quite supportive to each other.
D.To prove trees have the same personalities as humans.
答案及剖析:
1.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第二段的内容可推知,作者提及三棵橡树旨在说明树木可以自己做决定,故选B。
2.According to the text,which of the following best describes general
features of trees
A.Anxious and bold.
B.Smart and adventurous.
C.Helpful and well-behaved.
D.Adaptable and supportive.
答案及剖析:
2.D 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的内容可推知,树木适应能力强。根据第四段的内容可推知,树木之间互帮互助,故选D。
3.What does the underlined phrase “do such a thing” in the last
paragraph mean
A.Give warnings.
B.Depend on others.
C.Offer assistance.
D.Provide nutrients.
答案及剖析:
3.C 猜测短语题。考查学生在具体语境中推测短语意义的能力。根据第五段的第一句和其后的内容可知,该处表示“为什么树木要互相帮助 ”,故画线短语是指“提供帮助”,故选C。
B
Food storing is common in members of the crow (乌鸦) family.A new study tested the birds outside this naturally occurring behaviour, which may have evolved (进化) specifically because it gives crows a survival advantage.Some crow species are known to naturally use tools to recover food.So the researchers tested whether the birds could store and recover a tool so they could get it at their food after a gap of 17 hours — something we wouldn’t expect them to do naturally.But they were able to instantly select the tool out of a number of unnecessary items.
In another experiment, the researchers taught crows to select a token (礼品券) from a number of items so that they could then exchange for food.Again, the birds then showed that they could plan for the future using this new behaviour.This is different from all of the previous studies in future planning, which have focused on naturally occurring behaviour.
These studies have shown that animals can plan for the future — but they left an important question open for debate.Are animals only able to plan to use abilities that have evolved to give them a specific advantage, or can they flexibly and intelligently apply planning behaviour across various actions Most critics would say the former, as the animals were tested in naturally occurring behaviours.
But the new research provides the first evidence that animal species can plan for the future using behaviour that doesn’t typically occur in nature.This supports the view that at least some cognitive abilities in animals don’t evolve just in response to specific problems.Instead, it suggests that animals can apply these behaviours flexibly across problems in a similar way to humans.We need to investigate how flexible behaviour evolved.Then we might be able to see how the crows’ ability to plan for the future fits in with their broader cognitive powers.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍乌鸦存储和回收工具的本能,表明了乌鸦的特殊进化, 但是它们是怎样进化的还待进一步研究。阅读本文,有利于激发学生的好奇心,培养学生热爱科学、探索自然的兴趣。
4.What’s the new finding about some crows according to Paragraph 1
A.They can store food.
B.They can use tools to recover food.
C.They can store and recover tools.
D.They can select and store food.
答案及剖析:
4.C 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的“Some crow species are known to...a number of unnecessary items.”可知,对乌鸦的新发现是:它们可以存储和回收工具。故选C。
5.What do scientists think of the studies that animals can plan for the
future
A.They are controversial.
B.They are disappointing.
C.They are contradictory.
D.They are convincing.
答案及剖析:
5.A 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的第一句可知,科学家们关于动物可以为未来做计划的研究是有争议的。故选A。
6.What can be inferred about cognitive abilities in animals
A.They develop only with age.
B.It is unclear how they’ve evolved now.
C.No animals but crows benefit from them.
D.Planning for the future helps their evolution.
答案及剖析:
6.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据最后一段的倒数第二句可知,现在还不清楚它们是怎样进化的。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
Ways to Get Your Kids into Nature
Being in nature for kids has tremendous health benefits.There are many ways you can incorporate nature into your children’s lives, even if you live in the city.
Inspire curiosity by being curious yourself.A parent’s excitement can be spread to the children, and when you show respect for nature, your children follow suit.1. .“I don’t know!Let’s find out together.” is a wonderful way to get the ball rolling.Be open to a mutual adventure and allow your curious inner child to come out while you explore nature with your children.
2. .If you have to carpool (拼车) in the morning, turn off the devices instead and encourage your children to look out of the window.
The early morning fall skies are beautiful with colour and migrating birds.After all, even views of nature from the car window are calming and beneficial.
Stop thinking about nature time as leisure time.Time in nature is an essential investment in your children’s health and well-being.If you view nature time as essential to good health, you will be more likely to engage in it.3. , nurturing creativity and wonder is part of your responsibility as parents.
Look at the stars.Visit your local observatory, and then drive out of the city some mornings or evenings for your own stargazing (天体观察) with a blanket and telescope.Observing the stars offers a deeper and wider understanding of the universe.4. .
Plant a small garden.5. .Bean and pea plants grow quickly and can be eaten when mature, so teach your children about food and the wonder of growth.
A.Limit electronic devices while driving
B.Encourage questions you don’t know the answers to
C.If you want to raise your healthy and well-balanced children
D.If you have the space, help your children plant a few vegetables
E.It will teach teamwork, pride in the community, and family
togetherness
F.If your child is interested, encourage him to get involved in the
community
G.Allow yourself to think about it, and talk to your children about
that wonder
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了让孩子融入自然的一些方法。阅读本文,有利于培养学生亲近自然、热爱自然的意识。
答案及剖析:
1.B 考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。根据空后一句,并与上文的“Inspire curiosity”呼应可推知,此处表示鼓励孩子一起探索你自己也不知道答案的问题,从而引起孩子的好奇心,故选B。
2.A 考查学生对平行信息之间的衔接关系的理解能力。根据空后一句可推知,开车时关掉电子设备,多看看窗外也是一种与自然接触的好方式,故选A。
3.C 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据空前一句和空后的内容可推知,如果想要培养出健康、明智的孩子,培养他们的创造力和好奇心也是父母的责任,故选C。
4.G 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据空前一句可推知,和孩子一起观察星空能够加深对自然界的理解,与G项呼应,故选G。
5.D 考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。根据空前的“Plant a small garden.”和空后一句可推知,此处作者建议父母开辟一个小菜园,帮孩子种点蔬菜,一起见证它们生长的奇迹,故选D。Unit 5 Revealing nature
Nature is colourful and magical.It is filled with myths and legends waiting for us to explore and find out what they are on earth or how they come to exist.Some amazing plants can catch bugs,even small animals for food.Somewhere there are still precious plant species living for billions of years.There are so many things like these mentioned above in the world.Perhaps some day you will find one of these.
Part 1 Starting out,Understanding ideas,Using language
1.主题语境:人与自然——认识自然:物种起源。
2.语篇类型:记叙文。
3.课文内容分析:课文以时间及行程路线为线索,介绍了著名生物学家Charles Darwin的发现之旅以及他基于此次旅行写成的《物种起源》一书。阅读本文,有利于引导学生感受Darwin探索科学、追求真理之路的艰辛,学习其不畏困难、大胆质疑、勇于探索的科学精神与创新精神。
A Journey of Discovery
答案:1.distant 2.who 3.was fascinated 4.was crowded with 5.come to exist 6.were similar to
7.evolved into 8.regarded as
1.The captain of the ship,the Beagle,wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.(教材第50页)
贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员,这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。
◆distant adj.遥远的;疏远的
FAST made by China has found many new distant pulsars in the universe.
中国天眼新发现了许多宇宙中遥远的脉冲星。
The mountains rolled away to a distant horizon.
群山向远处的地平线绵延而去。
单句语法填空
①It was difficult to get to know her because she always kept everyone a distance.
②Our destination is still some (distant) away.
③We can see a windmill the distance.
答案:①at ②distance ③in
2.Despite all this,his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.(教材第50页)
尽管如此,他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。
◆of all time有史以来
This is my favourite song of all time.
这是我一直以来最喜爱的一首歌。
The Spring Festival is one of the most beautiful holidays of all time.
春节一直是个最美好的节日之一。
完成句子
①I think the work can be completed (提前).
②The weather in this area is usually fine,but (有时) bad.
③The kids will be leaving home (马上).
④Many people regarded him as the best singer (有史以来).
⑤ (到……的时候) you get there,the meeting will be over.
答案:①ahead of time ②at times ③in no time ④of all time ⑤By the time
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.(教材第51页)
达尔文在南美洲度过一段时间后,他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。
(1)be crowded with挤满,充满
At summer weekends the beach is crowded with noisy trippers.
夏日周末,海滩上挤满了嘈杂的游客。
The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down.
这座城市挤满了失望的人们,他们对安顿下来毫无兴趣。
单句语法填空
①He tried to squeeze himself onto the (crowd) bus.
②But at the same time,her heart was (fill) with compassion.
③His letter is so full implications that one has to read between the lines.
答案:①crowded ②filled ③of
(2)sample n.样本,样品 v.抽样,取样
We’re giving away 2,000 free samples for promotion.
为了促销,我们正免费发放2 000份样品。
They sampled the population to find out the state of public opinion.
他们对民众进行了抽样调查,以了解民意。
Just before and an hour after each workout,the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.(2020年江苏卷,阅读理解C)
每次试验前后一个小时,科学家们都提取男性的血液和脂肪组织样本。
单句语法填空
①The salesman brought some (sample) of his firm’s products.
②The goods (sample) were found quite satisfactory.
完成句子
③The interviews were given to (随机抽选出的学生).
答案:①samples ②sampled ③a random sample of students
4.He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other.(教材第51页)
他注意到,有些不同物种的动物彼此间很相似。
◆be similar to与……相似
The accident was similar to the one that happened ten years ago.
这起事故和10年前发生的那起事故很相似。
The two houses are similar to each other in architectural style.
这两座房子在建筑风格上彼此相似。
单句语法填空
①He was studying the complex (similar) and differences between humans and animals.
②A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; (similar),a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.(2020年天津卷,阅读理解C)
③The twin brothers are similar every respect.
④The climate in the south is different that in the north.
答案:①similarities ②similarly ③in ④from
5.Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments (教材第51页)
也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化
◆adapt v.使适合,适应,改编
People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,阅读理解D)
在埃塞俄比亚高地的人们已经适应了在高海拔地区生活。
I’m writing in sincerity to ask you a favour regarding a play we adapted according to the textbook.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,书面表达)
我们根据教科书改编了一个剧本,现写信给你,诚心诚意地想请你帮个忙。
Most public facilities have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
大多数公共设施已经过特别改装,供残疾人使用。
单句语法填空
①I bought my son an (adapt) for children of a play by Shakespeare.
②This novel has been (adapt) for radio from the Russian original.
③The music of the song has been adapted violin.
④This text is adapted a story in Chinese Literature.
⑤I find it very difficult to adapt myself the climate in the high mountains.
答案:①adaptation ②adapted ③for ④from
⑤to
6.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,which had arrived on the islands a long time before.(教材第51页)
达尔文猜想,这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来。很久以前,雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛。
◆suspect v.猜想,怀疑,觉得 n.犯罪嫌疑人
adj.不可信的,可疑的
The experts suspect that dinosaurs became extinct because of climate change.
专家们怀疑恐龙是由于气候变化而灭绝的。
The two detectives stood there for an hour watching for the suspect.
两个侦探在那里站了一个小时监视犯罪嫌疑人。
Some of the evidence they produced was highly suspect.
他们出示的证据中有些相当可疑。
单句语法填空
①She has more intelligence than we (suspect) her to possess.
②Junk food is suspected doing harm to people’s health.
③The police have eliminated two (suspect) from their investigation.
答案:①suspected ②of ③suspects
7.But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.(教材第51页)
然而达尔文的科学研究很有说服力,越来越多的人开始接受他的理论。
◆convincing adj.令人相信的,有说服力的
The radio play was so convincing that many people thought aliens were actually landing on the earth.
这个广播剧如此有说服力,以至于许多人认为外星人真的在地球上降落了。
He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green,but he has no doubt about it.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷,阅读理解C)
他说,让人们相信海狸鼠的毛皮是环保的并不容易,但他对此毫不怀疑。
单句语法填空
①He tried to convince them the safety of travelling by airplane.
②We are (convince) that the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games will be a great success.
③There is now (convince) evidence that smoking causes lung cancer.
答案:①of ②convinced ③convincing
8.Today,On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written.(教材第51页)
如今,《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。
◆regard v.把……看作,看待
Her work is very highly regarded.
她的工作受到高度评价。
Creativity is regarded both as a gift and as a skill.
创造力被认为既是一种天赋也是一种技巧。
But Wilson did not regard the accident as catastrophic.(2020年江苏卷,完形填空)
但威尔逊并不认为这次事故是灾难性的。
表示“把……看作……”的类似说法:consider...as...、treat...as...、look on/upon...as...、think of...as...、see...as...。
I have been on good terms with Li Hua and I look on him as my closest friend.
我和李华关系一直很好,我把他当作我最亲密的朋友。
They treat her as one of the family.
他们把她看成自己的家人。
These workers are considered as a high-risk group.
这些工人被视为高风险人群。
完成句子
①不管天气如何,我们郊游的日期已定。
We’ve fixed the date for the outing and we’ll go the weather.
②她被认为是我最好的朋友。
She my best friend.
单句语法填空
③Call me if you have any problems (regard) your work.
答案:①regardless of ②is regarded as ③regarding
It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.(教材第51页)
这本书直到1859年才出版,出版后立即引起轰动。
◆not...until...直到……才……
He didn’t go to bed until midnight.
直到半夜他才睡觉。
It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.
(2021年全国乙卷,语法填空)
直到二十世纪八十年代末,它才作为一个旅游概念被广泛接受。
完成句子
①直到昨天我们才注意到这件事。
We this matter .
②这件事在她告诉我之前,我毫不知情。
I was in the dark about it .
③直到最近,他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游有关的活动。
did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
答案:①did not notice;until yesterday ②until she told me ③Not until recently
1.What’s more,he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.(教材第50页)
并且在他刚收到的家书中,父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。
本句中,What’s more为句子的状语,主句中的letter与predict之间为主谓关系,因此predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”为现在分词结构作后置定语,修饰letter;在这一结构中,that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”为宾语从句。
单句情境写作
①三年后,科学家们公布了他们的研究结果,表明慢跑通常能使人活得更久。
②由于天气不好,委员会不得不发出通知说演出被推迟了。
③考虑到身体状况,老教授拒绝了邀请,这意味着他将不参加这次会议。
答案:①After three years,the scientists released their research showing that jogging can usually make people live much longer.
②Due to the bad weather,the committee had to give an announcement saying that the performance was put off.
③Considering physical conditions,the elder professor refused the invitation meaning that he wouldn’t attend the meeting.
2.When the Beagle reached the Gal pagos Islands in 1835,Darwin saw a variety of new species,but it was the birds that interested him the most.(教材第51页)
1835年,当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛的时候,达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种,但是其中最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
本句为主从复合句,其中when引导时间状语从句,Darwin saw a variety of new species,but it was the birds that interested him the most.为主句,but连接两个并列分句,第二个分句为强调句式,强调主语the birds。
单句情境写作
①他上班时没赶上早班车,但是他的同事帮助他及时地赶到了办公室。
②当他准备参加一场重要的考试时,他发现自己的有效证件丢失了,但是警察帮他找到了证件并及时把他送到了考场。
③当他和朋友计划暑假去旅游时,他们列出了许多想去的景点,但是其中最令他感兴趣的是天安门广场。
答案:①When he went to work,he missed the early bus,but it was his colleague who helped him reach the office in time.
②When he was going to take an important exam,he found that he had lost his valid certificate,but it was the police who helped him find the certificate and sent him to the exam room in time.
③When he and his friend planned to travel in the summer vocation,they listed many scenic spots they wanted to visit,but it was Tian’anmen Square that interested him the most.
1.And it all began with the journey on the Beagle.(教材第51页)
而这一切都开始于贝格尔号的探索之旅。
◆begin with 以……开始
The lecture made by the professor began with a beautiful song.
教授所做的讲座以一首动听的歌曲开始。
The party will begin with a dance.
晚会将以一支舞蹈开始。
完成句子
①首先,请允许我把怀特先生介绍给你。
,let me introduce Mr White to you.
②制订计划要从调查研究入手。
To work out a plan,one has to investigations.
③昨天老师以听写开始他的课。
Yesterday the teacher a dictation.
答案:①To begin with ②start/begin with ③began his class with
2.The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.(教材第53页)
平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。
◆blame v.把……归咎于,指责 n.(坏事或错事的)责任,指责
We shouldn’t blame him for making mistakes.
我们不应该因为犯错而责怪他。
The report discloses that human error was to blame for the accident.
报告披露这次事故是人为原因造成的。
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame on the alarm clock.
很多人发现早上起床很难,于是把责任推到闹钟上。
完成句子
①这次事故怪不着司机。
The driver was not the accident.
②他们把通货膨胀大幅度增长归咎于石油价格的上涨。
They the rise in oil prices the big increase in inflation.
③我们不能把这起事故归咎于天气。
We cannot the weather.
答案:①to blame for ②blamed;on ③blame the accident on
3.Earth is home to millions of different species.(教材第54页)
地球是数百万不同物种的家园。
◆be home to ……的发源地,……的所在地
Owned by the Hasell family since 1679,home to the International Marmalade Festival.(2020全国Ⅱ,阅读理解A)
自1679年以来一直归哈塞尔家族所有,是国际果酱节的举办地。
His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.(2020新高考全国Ⅰ,完形填空)
他的努力使1,360英亩的天然土地成为许多动植物的家园。
Sichuan Province is home to giant pandas.
四川是大熊猫的故乡。
4.Look at the pictures of the species native to different regions of China.(教材第55页)
看这些物种的图片,这些物种原产于中国的不同地区。
◆be native to 源于……的,原产于……
一句多译
众所周知,大熊猫原产于中国。
①As we all know,the panda China.
②As we all know,China the panda.
答案:①is native to ②is home to
5.By contrast,the largest animal species so far found on our planet is the blue whale,which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos.(教材第54页)
相比之下,在我们的星球上发现的最大的动物物种是蓝鲸,它可以长到近30米长,体重超过13万千克。
◆by contrast 相比之下,与之相比
In America,by contrast,sales are down by 29%.
相比之下,美国的销售额下降了29%。
China,by contrast,has already been one of the best-developed tourist markets in the world.
与之相反的是,中国已是世界上最发达的旅游市场之一。
过去完成时
1.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.(教材第50页)
2.What’s more,he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.(教材第50页)
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.(教材第51页)
4.At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed since.(教材第51页)
5.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,which had arrived on the islands a long time before.(教材第51页)
6.Over time,it had slowly evolved into many new species.(教材第51页)
7.Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life.(教材第51页)
仔细阅读上述句子,理解其意思并注意句中加粗部分的“had+过去分词”结构,这种用法被称为过去完成时。
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这里的过去时间可以用某个时间状语表示,也可以通过上下文表示。其用法如下:
1.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用by、before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示,也可以暗含在上下文中。
I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚饭前就把作业做完了。
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
我们到剧院时戏已经开始了。
By the end of June they had treated over ten thousand patients.
到六月底,他们已经治疗了一万多名病人。
When he was in Beijing,he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候,游览了他儿时玩过的地方。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或还要持续下去,常与for、since等词连用。
He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.
他在部队服务了十年,去年退役了。
He told me that he had known her since he was a child.他告诉我,他从小就认识她。
He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study.
他在去英国深造前,已学了八年英语。
3.在表示过去的句子中,出现常与完成时态连用的词,如:already、yet、since、for、ever、never及表示次数的名词等时,常用过去完成时来表示。
When we got there,the basketball match had already started.
我们到那里时,篮球赛已经开始了。
The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been.
老人说他想去他从未去过的地方。
He thought that this was the first time he had seen her weep.
他心想,这还是他第一次看见她掉眼泪。
4.表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作的用法,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家里了。
5.过去完成时也用于hardly...when...(一……就……)、no sooner...than...(一……就……)、“It was the first time + that从句”等一些固定句型中。
He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.
他刚离开房间,他们就议论起他来。
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tone.
他还是第一次用这样的语气跟我讲话。
6.表示意向的动词,如hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等在表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿”“打算”“计划”“想法”“许诺”等时,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.我们本希望你能来,但是你没来。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
我们本想早回来的,但他们不让我们走。
7.在一段情景连贯的文字中,先发生的事放在后面叙述时,要用过去完成时。
Tom flew home,but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家,但他的父亲已经去世了。
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别:
(1)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的过去时间状语连用,但意思有明显区别。试比较:
He had finished his homework by eight.
到八点钟的时候他已经完成家庭作业了。
He finished his homework at eight.
他在八点钟完成了家庭作业。
(2)主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中,既可用一般过去时,也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较:
He said he was a soldier.
他说他是位军人。
He said he had been a soldier.
他说他曾当过兵。
(3)在含有before的主从复合句中,一般情况下,在从句中使用一般过去时,主句中使用过去完成时。
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping.
杰克在出门购物前已经完成了家庭作业。
注意:before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系,故多数主从句均使用一般过去时,而不使用过去完成时。
Some people left for home before the film ended.
电影尚未放完,有些人就起身回家了。
1.He hung them above the same table he (move) from Turin.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷,完形填空)
2.A flood (hit) the area earlier that year and the damage it caused (drive) away a number of birds.(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷,完形填空)
3.Instead of getting down to a new task as I (expect),he examined the previous work again.(2020年江苏卷)
4.By about 6000 BC,people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.(2020年浙江卷,语法填空)
5.In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.The artist’s reputation (make) him proud.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷,语法填空)
答案及剖析:
1.had moved 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作move发生在hung之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
2.had hit;had driven 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的两个并列的动作发生在caused之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
3.had expected 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作发生在examined之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。
4.had discovered 考查时态。“by+过去时间”意为“到……为止”,后面的句子用过去完成时,表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或结束的动作。故填had discovered。
5.had made 考查时态。根据句意可知,此处描述的动作make发生在过去的过去,应使用过去完成时。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Hardly I (get) on the bus when it started to move.
2.One morning she told her children about a family she (visit) the day before.
3.He said he (work) in that factory since 1949.
4.He (hope) to spend the important day with us last Sunday,but he was too busy then.
5.Our English teacher (teach) English in Guangxi for ten years before he came to No.113 Middle School.
答案:1.had;got 2.had visited 3.had worked 4.had hoped 5.had taught
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.当老人开始走回他家时,太阳已经躲在山后面了。
When the old man started to walk back to his house,the sun itself behind the mountain.
2.我本来希望昨晚回来的,但没赶上火车。
I to be back last night,but I didn’t catch the train.
3.到去年年底,她已经写了许多书。
She a number of books by the end of last year.
4.他参军前在工厂工作了三年。
He in the factory for three years before he joined the army.
5.在他十岁的时候,他已经完成了大学学业。
By the time he was ten years old,he university.
答案:1.had already hidden 2.had hoped 3.had
written 4.had worked 5.had completed
课时作业(九) Unit 5 Part 1
Ⅰ.语境填词
1.Alone in his room, he asked himself whether he was (blame).
2.The two groups of children have quite different (characteristic).
3.The classroom (clean) before we got there yesterday.
4.You are expected to answer call with immediate actions.
5.There will be a chance for parents (look) around the school.
6.His name will live in history as one of the greatest bowlers all time.
7.We naturally associate the name of Darwin with the theory of (evolve).
8.Many well-known (geologist) have participated in the survey of this area.
9.The beach is just within walking (distant) of my house.
10.The policeman suspected the man stealing the purse.
答案:1.to blame 2.characteristics 3.had been cleaned 4.the 5.to look 6.of 7.evolution 8.geologists 9.distance 10.of
Ⅱ.单句情境写作
1.The restaurant (总是挤满) customers at meal times.
2.When he moved to France, his children (适应) the change very well.
3.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, (被看作) one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4.When he called, I (已经完成) my homework.
5. (首先), I’ve to say you’re not alone when having trouble communicating with strangers.
答案:1.is always crowded with 2.adapted to 3.is regarded as 4.had finished 5.To begin with
Ⅰ.阅读
A
Young trees don’t just grow;they develop a personality and learn more about their environment and how they should best behave in it.They also help each other out whenever there’s trouble.
Personality,just as among people,varies among trees.Some are anxious,some bold.On the author’s land,there are three oak trees growing close together.One of the oak trees always starts to shed its leaves two weeks earlier than the others.Since they all experience the same temperature,the same soil and the same length of day,such variables can’t be the explanation.So what’s happening Well,this tree is simply more careful than the others.Whoever holds on to their leaves longer can do more photosynthesis (光合作用) and store more nutrients.However,the longer a tree keeps its leaves,the higher the risk of injury.
Not only do trees make their own decisions,they also learn from their mistakes.A tree,for example,keeping its leaves too long during one year will never make this mistake again.This leads to several other conclusions:trees must notice the temperature and the length of the day and be able to save their experiences somewhere.Obviously,trees don’t have brains,but it is thought that in the sensitive tips of their roots they keep track of information and experiences.
But trees aren’t only clever when it comes to caring for themselves.They also support each other whenever there’s trouble by giving warnings and even taking care of sick and weak conspecifics with nutrients.For example,one time the author found a very old tree stump.Its insides had rotted a long time ago to topsoil.But the wood on the outside of the stump was still living.How was this possible Well,the stump was nourished by its neighbours with nutrients from the root system,and had been for at least 400 years!
Why do trees do such a thing It’s simple:it’s better together.Trees need the forest;it protects them from storms,provides the right microclimate and warns them of attacks.
1.Why does the author mention the three oak trees
A.To illustrate trees can learn from experiences.
B.To show trees can make independent decisions.
C.To explain trees are quite supportive to each other.
D.To prove trees have the same personalities as humans.
2.According to the text,which of the following best describes general features of trees
A.Anxious and bold.
B.Smart and adventurous.
C.Helpful and well-behaved.
D.Adaptable and supportive.
3.What does the underlined phrase “do such a thing” in the last paragraph mean
A.Give warnings.
B.Depend on others.
C.Offer assistance.
D.Provide nutrients.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了树的智慧:每棵树都有它不同的个性,遇到困难时它们也会互相帮助。研究发现,树不但能自己做决定,还能从自己的错误中吸取教训。阅读本文,有利于学生了解大自然,保护大自然。
答案及剖析:
1.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第二段的内容可推知,作者提及三棵橡树旨在说明树木可以自己做决定,故选B。
2.D 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的内容可推知,树木适应能力强。根据第四段的内容可推知,树木之间互帮互助,故选D。
3.C 猜测短语题。考查学生在具体语境中推测短语意义的能力。根据第五段的第一句和其后的内容可知,该处表示“为什么树木要互相帮助 ”,故画线短语是指“提供帮助”,故选C。
B
Food storing is common in members of the crow (乌鸦) family.A new study tested the birds outside this naturally occurring behaviour, which may have evolved (进化) specifically because it gives crows a survival advantage.Some crow species are known to naturally use tools to recover food.So the researchers tested whether the birds could store and recover a tool so they could get it at their food after a gap of 17 hours — something we wouldn’t expect them to do naturally.But they were able to instantly select the tool out of a number of unnecessary items.
In another experiment, the researchers taught crows to select a token (礼品券) from a number of items so that they could then exchange for food.Again, the birds then showed that they could plan for the future using this new behaviour.This is different from all of the previous studies in future planning, which have focused on naturally occurring behaviour.
These studies have shown that animals can plan for the future — but they left an important question open for debate.Are animals only able to plan to use abilities that have evolved to give them a specific advantage, or can they flexibly and intelligently apply planning behaviour across various actions Most critics would say the former, as the animals were tested in naturally occurring behaviours.
But the new research provides the first evidence that animal species can plan for the future using behaviour that doesn’t typically occur in nature.This supports the view that at least some cognitive abilities in animals don’t evolve just in response to specific problems.Instead, it suggests that animals can apply these behaviours flexibly across problems in a similar way to humans.We need to investigate how flexible behaviour evolved.Then we might be able to see how the crows’ ability to plan for the future fits in with their broader cognitive powers.
4.What’s the new finding about some crows according to Paragraph 1
A.They can store food.
B.They can use tools to recover food.
C.They can store and recover tools.
D.They can select and store food.
5.What do scientists think of the studies that animals can plan for the future
A.They are controversial.
B.They are disappointing.
C.They are contradictory.
D.They are convincing.
6.What can be inferred about cognitive abilities in animals
A.They develop only with age.
B.It is unclear how they’ve evolved now.
C.No animals but crows benefit from them.
D.Planning for the future helps their evolution.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍乌鸦存储和回收工具的本能,表明了乌鸦的特殊进化, 但是它们是怎样进化的还待进一步研究。阅读本文,有利于激发学生的好奇心,培养学生热爱科学、探索自然的兴趣。
答案及剖析:
4.C 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的“Some crow species are known to...a number of unnecessary items.”可知,对乌鸦的新发现是:它们可以存储和回收工具。故选C。
5.A 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的第一句可知,科学家们关于动物可以为未来做计划的研究是有争议的。故选A。
6.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据最后一段的倒数第二句可知,现在还不清楚它们是怎样进化的。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
Ways to Get Your Kids into Nature
Being in nature for kids has tremendous health benefits.There are many ways you can incorporate nature into your children’s lives, even if you live in the city.
Inspire curiosity by being curious yourself.A parent’s excitement can be spread to the children, and when you show respect for nature, your children follow suit.1. .“I don’t know!Let’s find out together.” is a wonderful way to get the ball rolling.Be open to a mutual adventure and allow your curious inner child to come out while you explore nature with your children.
2. .If you have to carpool (拼车) in the morning, turn off the devices instead and encourage your children to look out of the window.The early morning fall skies are beautiful with colour and migrating birds.After all, even views of nature from the car window are calming and beneficial.
Stop thinking about nature time as leisure time.Time in nature is an essential investment in your children’s health and well-being.If you view nature time as essential to good health, you will be more likely to engage in it.3. , nurturing creativity and wonder is part of your responsibility as parents.
Look at the stars.Visit your local observatory, and then drive out of the city some mornings or evenings for your own stargazing (天体观察) with a blanket and telescope.Observing the stars offers a deeper and wider understanding of the universe.4. .
Plant a small garden.5. .Bean and pea plants grow quickly and can be eaten when mature, so teach your children about food and the wonder of growth.
A.Limit electronic devices while driving
B.Encourage questions you don’t know the answers to
C.If you want to raise your healthy and well-balanced children
D.If you have the space, help your children plant a few vegetables
E.It will teach teamwork, pride in the community, and family togetherness
F.If your child is interested, encourage him to get involved in the community
G.Allow yourself to think about it, and talk to your children about that wonder
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了让孩子融入自然的一些方法。阅读本文,有利于培养学生亲近自然、热爱自然的意识。
答案及剖析:
1.B 考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。根据空后一句,并与上文的“Inspire curiosity”呼应可推知,此处表示鼓励孩子一起探索你自己也不知道答案的问题,从而引起孩子的好奇心,故选B。
2.A 考查学生对平行信息之间的衔接关系的理解能力。根据空后一句可推知,开车时关掉电子设备,多看看窗外也是一种与自然接触的好方式,故选A。
3.C 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据空前一句和空后的内容可推知,如果想要培养出健康、明智的孩子,培养他们的创造力和好奇心也是父母的责任,故选C。
4.G 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据空前一句可推知,和孩子一起观察星空能够加深对自然界的理解,与G项呼应,故选G。
5.D 考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。根据空前的“Plant a small garden.”和空后一句可推知,此处作者建议父母开辟一个小菜园,帮孩子种点蔬菜,一起见证它们生长的奇迹,故选D。(共75张PPT)
Part 2 Developing ideas,Presenting ideas,
Reflection
学习理解·语篇解构
核心知识·深入探究
备用讲义
写作专项指导
课时作业
学习理解·语篇解构
1.主题语境:人与自然——自然界植物语言的奥秘。
2.语篇类型:说明文。
3.课文内容分析:文章具体介绍了自然界中不同植物之间的交流方法,从而使学生通
过了解神奇的自然增长知识,进一步产生对自然的好奇心,形成与自然和谐相处的
积极的人生态度。
语篇导读 先行把握
多维解读 深度剖析
The Secret Language of Plants
has revealed
communicate
chemicals
tiny amounts of
drive
away
sound
tell
link
重点词汇
1.And in some modern stories,such as the film Avatar,trees can
communicate with animals and people.(教材第56页)
在一些现代故事——例如电影《阿凡达》中,树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
◆communicate v.交流,传递
核心知识·深入探究
The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.
有效闲聊的关键是学会如何与他人建立联系,而不只是与他人交谈。
He was eager to communicate the good news to the group.
他急于把好消息传达给小组成员。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①We are in (communicate) with them on the matter.
②He has (communicate) his wishes to me.
③The need (communicate) is a key characteristic of human
society.
communication
communicated
to communicate
2.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research
has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate
after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植
物间似乎确实可以交流。
◆reveal v.揭示,显示,透露
It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
据透露,重要的证据被隐瞒了。
She would not reveal her secret to anyone else except her mother.
除了她母亲外,她对谁都不愿意透露自己的秘密。
A survey of the British diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight.
有关英国人饮食的一项调查显示,越来越多的人体重超标。
语境运用
完成句子
①他不肯透露会议做出了什么决定。
He would not what decisions had been reached at the meeting.
②这些信件表明他是一个诚实的人。
These letters him an honest man.
③部长向我透露了秘密。
The minister revealed .
reveal
revealed
to be
the secret to me
3.This happens when a plant,say a bean plant,gets attacked by insects.
(教材第56页)
当一株植物——比如豆科植物——被昆虫袭击时,就会发生这种情况。
◆get attacked受到攻击(get相当于be)
While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty.
亨利在等待升迁机会的时候,他尽了最大的努力去履行他的职责。
Has she ever been asked for her autograph
有人向她索要过签名吗
语境运用
单句语法填空
①Anyone providing information which leads to the recovery of the
painting will get (reward).
②The student got (praise) because of his returning the wallet
to its owner.
③During the flight of a plane from Sichuan Airlines,a pane of glass in
aircraft cockpit got (break).
rewarded
praised
broken
4.The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are
being eaten.(教材第56页)
正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质。
(1)release v.& n.释放,松开,发行
After my examination I had a feeling of release.
考完试后我有一种如释重负的感觉。
It took firefighters two hours to release the driver from the wreckage of the car.
消防员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。
When is the best moment to release the date of the election to the newspapers
什么时候是向报界透露选举日期的最好时机
语境运用
完成句子
①关于这次事故,警方迄今没有透露更多的细节。
Police no further details about the accident until now.
②昨天公布的数据显示,零售额在3月份有所下滑。
Figures yesterday showed retail sales were down in March.
③在我们准许之前,你不要向公众公布这一消息。
Don’t release until we give you the
go-ahead.
have released
released
this news to the public
(2)amounts of 大量的(修饰不可数名词)
It was profitable for them to produce large amounts of food.
生产大量的食物能让他们获利。
It is detected that the Martian atmosphere contains only tiny amounts of water.
据探测,火星的大气层中只含有极少量的水。
温馨提示
“很多”“大量”的表达方法有多种。有些只能跟可数名词,有些只能跟不可数名词,还有的既可以跟可数名词又可以跟不可数名词。
①后只接可数名词复数:a (large) number of / (large) numbers of、a good/
great many、quite a few/a good few/not a few、a series of、dozens of、
scores of。
Philip found that there were a good many people already there.
菲利普发现已经有很多人在那儿了。
Not a few foreigners have taken part in the party.
不少外宾参加了聚会。
②后只接不可数名词:a large/ huge amount of / large amounts of、a great/
good deal of。
A large amount of money was spent on clothes.
大量的钱花在了衣服上。
③后接可数名词复数/不可数名词:a lot of/lots of、a (large)quantity of /
(large) quantities of、plenty of、a mass of/masses of、a great/
wide/considerable variety of、varieties of。
There is a quantity of water in the lake.
湖里有很多水。
There are large quantities of flowers in the garden.
花园里有很多花。
A great variety of books were recently published.
最近出版了各种各样的书。
There was a considerable variety of opinions.
当时各种各样的意见相当之多。
④many a/an、more than one后用可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数。
Many a ship has been wrecked on these rocks.
很多船在这些岩石上触礁。
语境运用
单句语法填空
①There are (variety) of cloth in the shop.
②Large numbers of (reporter) at the meeting are from all
over the country.
③A great number of visitors (be)attracted to my hometown,and
the number of foreigners there (be) quite large.
④The number of the children who (own)the mobile phones .
(be)growing all the time.
⑤Large quantities of information,as well as some timely help
(offer) since the organisation was built.
varieties
reporters
are
is
own
is
have been offered
5.Most surprisingly of all,plants have an amazing system of communication
that can link nearly every plant in a forest.(教材第56页)
然而最令人惊奇的是,植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统,几乎可以连接起森林中所
有的植物。
◆link v. 把……联系起来;连接
n.联系;连接;关系;纽带
The video cameras are linked to a powerful computer.
这些摄像机是与一台功能强大的计算机相连接的。
The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道把英国和欧洲其他国家连接起来了。
Social customs provide a vital link between generations.
社会风俗在代与代之间起到了极其重要的纽带作用。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①新建的大桥把那个岛与大陆连接起来。
The new bridge will the mainland.
②昨天我们在动物园门口与他们会合。
We with them at the gate of the zoo yesterday.
③这条古老的丝绸之路在古时候把中国和西方连接了起来。
This old Silk Road the West in ancient times.
link the island to
linked up
linked China with
6.Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to
help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.(教材第57页)
也许未来某一天,科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的
这些攻击。
◆prevent v.阻止,阻碍
It prevents people who are cut off from society falling victim to cheaters.(2020年天津卷,完形填空)
它阻止那些与社会隔绝的人成为骗子的受害者。
We recognised the possibility and took steps to prevent it happening.
我们认识到了这种可能性,并且采取了一些防止事情发生的措施。
If you like,a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.
如果你喜欢的话,在香蕉上挤一些新鲜的柠檬汁可以防止香蕉变成褐色。
归纳拓展
语境运用
单句语法填空
①His physical condition prevents the blood (circulate)
freely.
②I wish you’d stop him (play) that trumpet.
③The rain continued.The water in the river keeps (rise).
④But our insisting it’s merely a window has kept them from
(attempt) millions of requests to open the door.
(2020年全国Ⅰ卷,完形填空)
circulating
playing
rising
attempting
重点句式
1....it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
……植物间似乎确实可以交流。
◆It appears that...看上去……;似乎……
It appears that your methodology may be affecting both companies.
看起来,你的做事方法可能对两家公司都产生了影响。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①看来她对自己的工作已失去兴趣。
It appears she’s lost interest in her job.
②虽然这似乎很难,但你必须努力克服困难。
While it appears ,you have to manage to overcome the
difficulty.
③好像他已经知道了真相。
It seemed the truth.
as if/that
(to be) hard
that/ as if he had known
2.It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to
communicate with each other.(教材第56页)
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。
◆It has been known that...众所周知……
It has been known that areas of children’s brains can grow when they learn music or a language.
众所周知,学习音乐或一种语言能开发孩子的大脑。
It has been known that the foreign plant and animal species have caused serious problems to native ecology.
据悉,外来动植物物种已对当地生态环境造成了严重的问题。
归纳拓展
温馨提示
表示“众所周知”的句型还有:It is well known that=It is generally accepted/acknowledged/agreed that=As we all know=As is known to all。
语境运用
完成句子
①同时,希望孩子们在将来会更负责任、更勇敢。
Meanwhile, children will be more responsible and
braver in the future.
②很有可能,我们都有一种折中的对话智慧。
we all have compromised conversational intelligence.
③据报道,献血对健康有好处。
donating blood does good to health.
it is hoped that
It is likely that
It is reported that
长难句分析
1.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research
has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate
after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植物间似乎确实可以交流。
本句为主从复合句。句中With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy为with复合结构,其中that talking plants are fantasy为宾语从句,充当believing的宾语;主句为new research has revealed something amazing;而it appears that plants can communicate after all为something amazing的同位语,其中that plants can communicate after all为主语从句。
语境运用
单句情境写作
①人们不断意识到气候变化越来越无常,他们开始明白一个事实:砍伐太多树木显然
是错误的。
.
With people realising that climate change is becoming more and more volatile,they come to understand the truth:it is obvious that cutting down too many trees is wrong.
②随着越来越多的人长期以来相信在阳光下阅读更好,科学家们正面临着巨大的挑
战:让人们在短时间内接受真相似乎很困难。
.
.
With more and more people long believing that reading in the sun is better,scientists are facing a huge challenge:it seems that making people accept the truth in a short time is very difficult.
.
.
.
③随着越来越多的人知道熬夜有害健康,他们知道了一些重要事情:立即改掉这些坏
习惯是有必要的。
.
With more and more people knowing that staying up late does harm to health,they have known something important:it is necessary that they get rid of these bad habits immediately.
.
.
2.Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water,
indicating drought is arriving.(教材第56页)
还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声,以示干旱就要来了。
本句中,when引导时间状语从句,indicate与noises之间为主动关系,因此indicating drought is arriving为现在分词短语作定语,可以用定语从句which indicates drought is arriving来表达。
语境运用
单句情境写作
①树叶变黄,候鸟向南飞,这显示天气会变凉爽。
.
.
The migratory birds fly south when the leaves turn yellow,showing the weather will become cool.
②他做完工作后什么也不想说,说明他很累。
.
.
He didn’t want to say anything after he finished his work,suggesting that he was very tired.
③当河水再次变得清澈时,鱼越来越多,说明环境得到了很好的改善。
.
There are more and more fish when the river is clear again,indicating the environment has been well improved.
.
备用讲义
1.Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a
tree in India.(教材第56页)
据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
本句Sb./ Sth.is said to do...为It is said that sb./sth. ...“据说……”句型的变式,也可以这样表达:It was said that Alexander the Great and Marco Polo had visited such a tree in India.
其他类似的说法还有:It is reported that据报道,It is announced that据宣布,It is declared that据宣布
It is said that about 20% of 25—34-year-olds live with their parents,
compared with 16% in 1991.(2020全国Ⅲ,阅读理解C)
与1991年的16%相比,据说现在大约20%的25-34岁的年轻人跟父母住在一起。
It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.(2020全国Ⅱ,七选五)
据报道在一些西方国家76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。
It was announced that the launch of the satellite was successful.
据宣布,这次卫星发射非常成功。
2.It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.(教材第56页)
在某种程度上,它很像人类使用的互联网。
◆in some ways在某些方面;在某种程度上
In some ways we wish we could turn the clock back.
在某些方面,我们希望能回到以前。
These paintings are in some ways a reminder that earthly pleasures are ephemeral.
这些画在某种意义上提醒人们世俗的享乐是短暂的。
归纳拓展
语境运用
完成句子
①他今天面临的麻烦在某种程度上和以往一样大。
The trouble facing him today are as big as ever.
②我们开车去那里,一路上开得很慢。
We got there by driving slow .
③我决不会采用他的任何方法。
am I going to adopt any of his methods.
in some ways
all the way
In no way
3.Plants can steal food from each other,or spread poisons to attack
other plants.(教材第57页)
植物会偷取同伴的养分,或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。
◆steal v.窃取,偷偷地(或悄悄地)移动
She stole out of the room so as not to wake the baby.
她生怕惊醒婴儿,蹑手蹑脚地从屋里出来。
语境运用
完成句子
①他的团队从自然界获得灵感,解决了这个工程难题。
His team solved the engineering problem by an idea
nature.
②以前他们经常晚上偷偷溜出来和我们碰面。
They often at night and joined us before.
stealing
from
stole away
4.The daffodil bulbs have been planted side by side in soil,with the
pointed ends facing up.(教材第59页)
水仙花球茎在土壤中并排种植,尖端朝上。
◆side by side并排,并肩
I saw them sitting side by side on the long chair.
我看见他们并排坐在长椅上。
The two children are walking side by side.
那两个孩子肩并肩地走着。
写作专项指导
Writing an observational journal
文本解读
1.文体类型:观察日志,属于说明文范畴,常用于记录观察的事物。
2.要点内容:记录水仙花从种植到开花的过程。
思路指引
实用表达
观察日志首段常用表达:
...has/have been planted in soil (a pot/flowerpot/flowerbed/...)
...need(s) watering regularly.
I water it every three days.
It is necessary to keep the soil damp/ put them in the shade/ put them in a cool place/...
The seed sprouts two days after...
观察日志中段常用表达:
I’ll cover it when the weather is cold.
New leaves sprout from the stem.
A flower bud is growing at the top of the stem.
...come(s) out.
A bud gradually becomes a flower.
The roots grow deeper into the soil.
观察日志尾段常用表达:
...grow(s) into...
Each stem produces a single flower.
As time goes by,it goes/runs to seed.
...grow(s) taller and stronger...
...flower(s) the following day.
The white flowers have fallen from the stem.
佳作建构
请根据下面的提示,用英语写一篇观察日志,描写甜椒(bell pepper)的生长过程。要点包括:
1.播种及发芽阶段(seed、sprout、8月初、发芽期10-15天);
2.生长及发育阶段(stem、blossom、幼苗期30-50天);
3.成熟及结果阶段(produce、fruit、开花和结果期60-100天)。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
审题谋篇
Ⅰ.对接单元词汇
1. v.种植
2. n.种子
3. v.播种
4. v.发芽
5. v.浇水
6. v.长出,产出
7. 并排
8. 又细又长
plant
seed
sow
sprout
water
produce
side by side
narrow and long
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式、语法
完成句子
1.甜椒一般在8月初种植。
Bell peppers are usually in early August.
2.我们切开甜椒,取出种子,然后将其并排种在土中。
We cut the bell peppers to get the .Then the seeds are .
into the soil side by side.
3.按时浇水。10—15天后,种子发芽了。
The seeds are regularly.After ten to fifteen days,the seeds
can .
4.两片绿叶从幼苗上长出来。幼苗又细又长。
Two green leaves are on the green seedlings.They are .
planted
seeds
sowed
watered
sprout
narrow and long
5.逐渐地,茎上长出更多的叶子。
As time goes by,more green leaves the stem.
6.水分和光照充足。甜椒继续生长。
There is enough water and sunlight.Those plants growing.
7.不久长出白色花苞。
Soon white buds .
8.花闻着一股清香,预示着将要结出丰硕的果实。
The flowers smell .It indicates they will bear
plentiful fruits.
9.接下来的60到100天里,甜椒将会结出果实。
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally .
fruits.
grow out of
keep
come out
sweet and fresh
produce
亮点提升
1.第3句中将前一句改写成过去分词短语,与后一句合并。
After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.
2.第4句中将后一句改写成定语从句,与前一句合并。
Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.
3.第6句中将前一句改写成with短语,充当后一句的状语。
With more water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.
4.第8句中将后一句改写成现在分词短语,与前一句合并,充当其状语。
The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.
范文展示
Bell peppers are usually planted in early August.First,we cut the bell peppers to get the seeds.Then the seeds are sowed into the soil side by side.After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.As time goes by,more leaves grow out of the stem.
During the next thirty to fifty days,the stem grows longer and stronger.With enough water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.Soon white buds come out.The bell peppers blossom in sunlight.The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally produce fruits.
请根据下文提示,写一篇短文,描述你种植牵牛花的经历。
1.邻居种花,我也想尝试,从图书馆里的书上看到这方面的知识;
2.种了一些牵牛花种子,天天浇水;
3.最终没有破土而出;
4.请教邻居才知道是因为浇水和施肥太多。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
参考词汇:morning glory(牵牛花)、flowerpot(花盆)、fertilizer(肥料)。
写作练习
写作指导
One possible version:
Some of my neighbours began to grow flowers.So I wanted to have a try myself.
According to what I had learnt from a book in the library,I sowed some seeds of the morning glory in a flowerpot with a lot of fertilizer,and watered them every day.But,to my disappointment,the morning glory didn’t come up.So I went to consult one of my neighbours.He told me my failure was due to too much water and fertilizer.
The experience has taught me the lesson:Never go beyond the limit even if for good purpose.
课时作业
基础进阶·情境运用
Ⅰ.语境填词
1.Many forms of cancer can be cured if (detect) early.
2.He smiles and nods, (indicate) that everything is fine.
3.When plants (attack) by insects, they can release
chemicals.
4.Her sudden arrival prevented him from (go) out.
5. (surprise), she didn’t feel regretful about her actions.
detected
indicating
are attacked
going
Surprisingly
6.It remains (see) whether he will be fit enough to play in
the finals.
7.A subway line will link the airport the city centre.
8.He once (work) as a lecturer, but now he is a manager.
9.The Martian atmosphere contains only a tiny (amount) of
water.
10.By nine o’clock last night, we (get) 200 pictures from
the spaceship.
to be seen
to/with
worked
of
had got
Ⅱ.单句情境写作
1.What is more, people can correspond and (与……交流)
others more easily with the help of the technology.
2.All our members work (并肩) to fight pollution.
3. (随着考试临近) it’s a good idea to review
your class notes.
4. (毕竟),when someone wants to get better at something,
they should surround themselves with more of that activity, not less,
right
5.I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories .
(也,还)cried for your tragedies.
communicate with
side by side
With exams approaching
After all
as well as
话题延伸·素养升华
阅读
A
Plants cannot run or hide,so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten.Some curl up their leaves,others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling over them,chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack.New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack,letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil,nearby tomato plants appeared to notice.They increased their levels of an enzyme (酶),
which is known to prevent plant-eating animals.“None of the plants were ever actually attacked,”Orrock says.“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming,and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails;in the latest study,his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛虫),which usually eat tomato leaves greedily,had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance.This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival,says Orrock,who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious,a plant communication expert,who was not involved in the study.“It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects,”Karban says.“The research was comprehensive,”he adds,“but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million-dollar question,”Orrock says.He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学研究。研究表明植物会对外在威胁相当警觉,会自动做出反应进行自我保护。阅读本文,有助于学生了解自然生物。
1.John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to .
A.make them grow better
B.give them a warning
C.keep plant-eating animals away
D.inform plant-eating animals of danger
答案及剖析:
1.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第二段的最后一句可推知,John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告,让它们能够产生自我保护性反应,且与第三段第一句的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼应。故选B。
2.Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3
A.To introduce another animal.
B.To confirm the result of the study.
C.To appeal to people to protect animals.
D.To analyse different resistance chemicals.
答案及剖析:
2.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的第一句可推知,文章中提到毛虫的例子是为了验证研究的结果。故选B。
3.What does Richard Karban really want to know
A.How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B.What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C.Whether the research is of practical value.
D.What the finding of the research is.
答案及剖析:
3.A 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第四段的最后一句,并结合对最后一段的整体理解可推知,Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的。故选A。
4.What can be a suitable title of the text
A.Watchful Plants
B.Greedy Animals
C.A Snail’s Approach
D.A Defense Attack
答案及剖析:
4.A 标题归纳题。考查学生理解和概括文章标题的能力。根据文章中的关键词“plant”,并结合对全文的整体理解可推知,本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究,研究发现植物会对外在威胁或攻击做出自我保护性反应。故选A。
B
When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesn’t sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighbouring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It’s a plant’s way of crying out.But is anyone listening Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbours.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbours,relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don’t know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbours just happened to“overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged,but it wasn’t a true,intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago,imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There’s a whole lot going on.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了当植物受到伤害时,会分泌出一种特殊的化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。阅读本文,有利于激发学生探索自然的兴趣,引发他们对自然的思考和敬畏。
5.What does a plant do when it is under attack
A.It makes noises.
B.It gets help from other plants.
C.It stands quietly.
D.It sends out certain chemicals.
答案及剖析:
5.D 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的第二、第三句可知,当植物受到伤害时,会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。故选D。
6.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3
A.The attackers get attacked.
B.The insects gather under the table.
C.The plants get ready to fight back.
D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.
答案及剖析:
6.A 猜测句意题。考查学生在具体语境中推测句意的能力。根据画线句及其后面的一句可知,一旦它们到达这里,然后这些原本在进食的攻击者就会成为它们的午餐,根据语境,选A。
7.Scientists have found from their studies that plants can .
A.predict natural disasters
B.protect themselves against insects
C.talk to one another intentionally
D.attack insects with their neighbours
答案及剖析:
7.B 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段内容可知,植物在必要的时候会通过分泌化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。故选B。
8.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.The world is changing faster than ever.
B.People have stronger senses than before.
C.The world is more complex than it seems.
D.People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
答案及剖析:
8.C 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据“imagined a world far busier...a whole lot going on”可知,这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密,我们认知能力有限,有很多事仍在继续发生,远比我们想象的要更复杂。故选C。Part 2 Developing ideas,Presenting ideas,Reflection
1.主题语境:人与自然——自然界植物语言的奥秘。
2.语篇类型:说明文。
3.课文内容分析:文章具体介绍了自然界中不同植物之间的交流方法,从而使学生通过了解神奇的自然增长知识,进一步产生对自然的好奇心,形成与自然和谐相处的积极的人生态度。
The Secret Language of Plants
答案:1.has revealed 2.communicate 3.chemicals 4.tiny amounts of 5.drive;away 6.sound 7.tell 8.link
1.And in some modern stories,such as the film Avatar,trees can communicate with animals and people.(教材第56页)
在一些现代故事——例如电影《阿凡达》中,树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
◆communicate v.交流,传递
The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.
有效闲聊的关键是学会如何与他人建立联系,而不只是与他人交谈。
He was eager to communicate the good news to the group.
他急于把好消息传达给小组成员。
单句语法填空
①We are in (communicate) with them on the matter.
②He has (communicate) his wishes to me.
③The need (communicate) is a key characteristic of human society.
答案:①communication ②communicated ③to communicate
2.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植物间似乎确实可以交流。
◆reveal v.揭示,显示,透露
It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
据透露,重要的证据被隐瞒了。
She would not reveal her secret to anyone else except her mother.
除了她母亲外,她对谁都不愿意透露自己的秘密。
A survey of the British diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight.
有关英国人饮食的一项调查显示,越来越多的人体重超标。
完成句子
①他不肯透露会议做出了什么决定。
He would not what decisions had been reached at the meeting.
②这些信件表明他是一个诚实的人。
These letters him an honest man.
③部长向我透露了秘密。
The minister revealed .
答案:①reveal ②revealed;to be ③the secret to me
3.This happens when a plant,say a bean plant,gets attacked by insects.(教材第56页)
当一株植物——比如豆科植物——被昆虫袭击时,就会发生这种情况。
◆get attacked受到攻击(get相当于be)
While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty.
亨利在等待升迁机会的时候,他尽了最大的努力去履行他的职责。
Has she ever been asked for her autograph
有人向她索要过签名吗
单句语法填空
①Anyone providing information which leads to the recovery of the painting will get (reward).
②The student got (praise) because of his returning the wallet to its owner.
③During the flight of a plane from Sichuan Airlines,a pane of glass in aircraft cockpit got (break).
答案:①rewarded ②praised ③broken
4.The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten.(教材第56页)
正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质。
(1)release v.& n.释放,松开,发行
After my examination I had a feeling of release.
考完试后我有一种如释重负的感觉。
It took firefighters two hours to release the driver from the wreckage of the car.
消防员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。
When is the best moment to release the date of the election to the newspapers
什么时候是向报界透露选举日期的最好时机
完成句子
①关于这次事故,警方迄今没有透露更多的细节。
Police no further details about the accident until now.
②昨天公布的数据显示,零售额在3月份有所下滑。
Figures yesterday showed retail sales were down in March.
③在我们准许之前,你不要向公众公布这一消息。
Don’t release until we give you the go-ahead.
答案:①have released ②released ③this news to the public
(2)amounts of 大量的(修饰不可数名词)
It was profitable for them to produce large amounts of food.
生产大量的食物能让他们获利。
It is detected that the Martian atmosphere contains only tiny amounts of water.
据探测,火星的大气层中只含有极少量的水。
“很多”“大量”的表达方法有多种。有些只能跟可数名词,有些只能跟不可数名词,还有的既可以跟可数名词又可以跟不可数名词。
①后只接可数名词复数:a (large) number of / (large) numbers of、a good/great many、quite a few/a good few/not a few、a series of、dozens of、scores of。
Philip found that there were a good many people already there.
菲利普发现已经有很多人在那儿了。
Not a few foreigners have taken part in the party.
不少外宾参加了聚会。
②后只接不可数名词:a large/ huge amount of / large amounts of、a great/good deal of。
A large amount of money was spent on clothes.
大量的钱花在了衣服上。
③后接可数名词复数/不可数名词:a lot of/lots of、a (large)quantity of /(large) quantities of、plenty of、a mass of/masses of、a great/wide/considerable variety of、varieties of。
There is a quantity of water in the lake.
湖里有很多水。
There are large quantities of flowers in the garden.
花园里有很多花。
A great variety of books were recently published.
最近出版了各种各样的书。
There was a considerable variety of opinions.
当时各种各样的意见相当之多。
④many a/an、more than one后用可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数。
Many a ship has been wrecked on these rocks.
很多船在这些岩石上触礁。
单句语法填空
①There are (variety) of cloth in the shop.
②Large numbers of (reporter) at the meeting are from all over the country.
③A great number of visitors (be)attracted to my hometown,and the number of foreigners there (be) quite large.
④The number of the children who (own)the mobile phones (be)growing all the time.
⑤Large quantities of information,as well as some timely help (offer) since the organisation was built.
答案:①varieties ②reporters ③are;is ④own;is ⑤have been offered
5.Most surprisingly of all,plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.(教材第56页)
然而最令人惊奇的是,植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统,几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。
◆link v. 把……联系起来;连接
n.联系;连接;关系;纽带
The video cameras are linked to a powerful computer.
这些摄像机是与一台功能强大的计算机相连接的。
The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道把英国和欧洲其他国家连接起来了。
Social customs provide a vital link between generations.
社会风俗在代与代之间起到了极其重要的纽带作用。
完成句子
①新建的大桥把那个岛与大陆连接起来。
The new bridge will the mainland.
②昨天我们在动物园门口与他们会合。
We with them at the gate of the zoo yesterday.
③这条古老的丝绸之路在古时候把中国和西方连接了起来。
This old Silk Road the West in ancient times.
答案:①link the island to ②linked up ③linked China with
6.Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.(教材第57页)
也许未来某一天,科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的这些攻击。
◆prevent v.阻止,阻碍
It prevents people who are cut off from society falling victim to cheaters.(2020年天津卷,完形填空)
它阻止那些与社会隔绝的人成为骗子的受害者。
We recognised the possibility and took steps to prevent it happening.
我们认识到了这种可能性,并且采取了一些防止事情发生的措施。
If you like,a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.
如果你喜欢的话,在香蕉上挤一些新鲜的柠檬汁可以防止香蕉变成褐色。
单句语法填空
①His physical condition prevents the blood (circulate) freely.
②I wish you’d stop him (play) that trumpet.
③The rain continued.The water in the river keeps (rise).
④But our insisting it’s merely a window has kept them from (attempt) millions of requests to open the door.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷,完形填空)
答案:①circulating ②playing ③rising
④attempting
1....it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
……植物间似乎确实可以交流。
◆It appears that...看上去……;似乎……
It appears that your methodology may be affecting both companies.
看起来,你的做事方法可能对两家公司都产生了影响。
完成句子
①看来她对自己的工作已失去兴趣。
It appears she’s lost interest in her job.
②虽然这似乎很难,但你必须努力克服困难。
While it appears ,you have to manage to overcome the difficulty.
③好像他已经知道了真相。
It seemed the truth.
答案:①as if/that ②(to be) hard ③that/ as if he had known
2.It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.(教材第56页)
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。
◆It has been known that...众所周知……
It has been known that areas of children’s brains can grow when they learn music or a language.
众所周知,学习音乐或一种语言能开发孩子的大脑。
It has been known that the foreign plant and animal species have caused serious problems to native ecology.
据悉,外来动植物物种已对当地生态环境造成了严重的问题。
表示“众所周知”的句型还有:It is well known that=It is generally accepted/acknowledged/agreed that=As we all know=As is known to all。
完成句子
①同时,希望孩子们在将来会更负责任、更勇敢。
Meanwhile, children will be more responsible and braver in the future.
②很有可能,我们都有一种折中的对话智慧。
we all have compromised conversational intelligence.
③据报道,献血对健康有好处。
donating blood does good to health.
答案:①it is hoped that ②It is likely that ③It is reported that
1.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植物间似乎确实可以交流。
本句为主从复合句。句中With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy为with复合结构,其中that talking plants are fantasy为宾语从句,充当believing的宾语;主句为new research has revealed something amazing;而it appears that plants can communicate after all为something amazing的同位语,其中that plants can communicate after all为主语从句。
单句情境写作
①人们不断意识到气候变化越来越无常,他们开始明白一个事实:砍伐太多树木显然是错误的。
②随着越来越多的人长期以来相信在阳光下阅读更好,科学家们正面临着巨大的挑战:让人们在短时间内接受真相似乎很困难。
③随着越来越多的人知道熬夜有害健康,他们知道了一些重要事情:立即改掉这些坏习惯是有必要的。
答案:①With people realising that climate change is becoming more and more volatile,they come to understand the truth:it is obvious that cutting down too many trees is wrong.
②With more and more people long believing that reading in the sun is better,scientists are facing a huge challenge:it seems that making people accept the truth in a short time is very difficult.
③With more and more people knowing that staying up late does harm to health,they have known something important:it is necessary that they get rid of these bad habits immediately.
2.Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water,indicating drought is arriving.(教材第56页)
还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声,以示干旱就要来了。
本句中,when引导时间状语从句,indicate与noises之间为主动关系,因此indicating drought is arriving为现在分词短语作定语,可以用定语从句which indicates drought is arriving来表达。
单句情境写作
①树叶变黄,候鸟向南飞,这显示天气会变凉爽。
②他做完工作后什么也不想说,说明他很累。
③当河水再次变得清澈时,鱼越来越多,说明环境得到了很好的改善。
答案:①The migratory birds fly south when the leaves turn yellow,showing the weather will become cool.
②He didn’t want to say anything after he finished his work,suggesting that he was very tired.
③There are more and more fish when the river is clear again,indicating the environment has been well improved.
1.Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.(教材第56页)
据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
本句Sb./ Sth.is said to do...为It is said that sb./sth. ...“据说……”句型的变式,也可以这样表达:It was said that Alexander the Great and Marco Polo had visited such a tree in India.
其他类似的说法还有:It is reported that据报道,It is announced that据宣布,It is declared that据宣布
It is said that about 20% of 25—34-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16% in 1991.(2020全国Ⅲ,阅读理解C)
与1991年的16%相比,据说现在大约20%的25-34岁的年轻人跟父母住在一起。
It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.(2020全国Ⅱ,七选五)
据报道在一些西方国家76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。
It was announced that the launch of the satellite was successful.
据宣布,这次卫星发射非常成功。
2.It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.(教材第56页)
在某种程度上,它很像人类使用的互联网。
◆in some ways在某些方面;在某种程度上
In some ways we wish we could turn the clock back.
在某些方面,我们希望能回到以前。
These paintings are in some ways a reminder that earthly pleasures are ephemeral.
这些画在某种意义上提醒人们世俗的享乐是短暂的。
完成句子
①他今天面临的麻烦在某种程度上和以往一样大。
The trouble facing him today are as big as ever.
②我们开车去那里,一路上开得很慢。
We got there by driving slow .
③我决不会采用他的任何方法。
am I going to adopt any of his methods.
答案:①in some ways ②all the way ③In no way
3.Plants can steal food from each other,or spread poisons to attack other plants.(教材第57页)
植物会偷取同伴的养分,或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。
◆steal v.窃取,偷偷地(或悄悄地)移动
She stole out of the room so as not to wake the baby.
她生怕惊醒婴儿,蹑手蹑脚地从屋里出来。
完成句子
①他的团队从自然界获得灵感,解决了这个工程难题。
His team solved the engineering problem by an idea nature.
②以前他们经常晚上偷偷溜出来和我们碰面。
They often at night and joined us before.
答案:①stealing;from ②stole away
4.The daffodil bulbs have been planted side by side in soil,with the pointed ends facing up.(教材第59页)
水仙花球茎在土壤中并排种植,尖端朝上。
◆side by side并排,并肩
I saw them sitting side by side on the long chair.
我看见他们并排坐在长椅上。
The two children are walking side by side.
那两个孩子肩并肩地走着。
Writing an observational journal
1.文体类型:观察日志,属于说明文范畴,常用于记录观察的事物。
2.要点内容:记录水仙花从种植到开花的过程。
观察日志首段常用表达:
...has/have been planted in soil (a pot/flowerpot/flowerbed/...)
...need(s) watering regularly.
I water it every three days.
It is necessary to keep the soil damp/ put them in the shade/ put them in a cool place/...
The seed sprouts two days after...
观察日志中段常用表达:
I’ll cover it when the weather is cold.
New leaves sprout from the stem.
A flower bud is growing at the top of the stem.
...come(s) out.
A bud gradually becomes a flower.
The roots grow deeper into the soil.
观察日志尾段常用表达:
...grow(s) into...
Each stem produces a single flower.
As time goes by,it goes/runs to seed.
...grow(s) taller and stronger...
...flower(s) the following day.
The white flowers have fallen from the stem.
请根据下面的提示,用英语写一篇观察日志,描写甜椒(bell pepper)的生长过程。要点包括:
1.播种及发芽阶段(seed、sprout、8月初、发芽期10-15天);
2.生长及发育阶段(stem、blossom、幼苗期30-50天);
3.成熟及结果阶段(produce、fruit、开花和结果期60-100天)。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Ⅰ.对接单元词汇
1. v.种植
2. n.种子
3. v.播种
4. v.发芽
5. v.浇水
6. v.长出,产出
7. 并排
8. 又细又长
答案:1.plant 2.seed 3.sow 4.sprout
5.water 6.produce 7.side by side
8.narrow and long
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式、语法
完成句子
1.甜椒一般在8月初种植。
Bell peppers are usually in early August.
2.我们切开甜椒,取出种子,然后将其并排种在土中。
We cut the bell peppers to get the .Then the seeds are into the soil side by side.
3.按时浇水。10—15天后,种子发芽了。
The seeds are regularly.After ten to fifteen days,the seeds can .
4.两片绿叶从幼苗上长出来。幼苗又细又长。
Two green leaves are on the green seedlings.They are .
5.逐渐地,茎上长出更多的叶子。
As time goes by,more green leaves the stem.
6.水分和光照充足。甜椒继续生长。
There is enough water and sunlight.Those plants growing.
7.不久长出白色花苞。
Soon white buds .
8.花闻着一股清香,预示着将要结出丰硕的果实。
The flowers smell .It indicates they will bear plentiful fruits.
9.接下来的60到100天里,甜椒将会结出果实。
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally fruits.
答案:1.planted 2.seeds;sowed 3.watered;sprout 4.narrow and long 5.grow out of
6.keep 7.come out 8.sweet and fresh 9.produce
1.第3句中将前一句改写成过去分词短语,与后一句合并。
2.第4句中将后一句改写成定语从句,与前一句合并。
3.第6句中将前一句改写成with短语,充当后一句的状语。
4.第8句中将后一句改写成现在分词短语,与前一句合并,充当其状语。
答案:1.After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.
2.Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.
3.With more water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.
4.The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.
Bell peppers are usually planted in early August.First,we cut the bell peppers to get the seeds.Then the seeds are sowed into the soil side by side.After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.As time goes by,more leaves grow out of the stem.
During the next thirty to fifty days,the stem grows longer and stronger.With enough water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.Soon white buds come out.The bell peppers blossom in sunlight.The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally produce fruits.
请根据下文提示,写一篇短文,描述你种植牵牛花的经历。
1.邻居种花,我也想尝试,从图书馆里的书上看到这方面的知识;
2.种了一些牵牛花种子,天天浇水;
3.最终没有破土而出;
4.请教邻居才知道是因为浇水和施肥太多。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
参考词汇:morning glory(牵牛花)、flowerpot(花盆)、fertilizer(肥料)。
One possible version:
Some of my neighbours began to grow flowers.So I wanted to have a try myself.
According to what I had learnt from a book in the library,I sowed some seeds of the morning glory in a flowerpot with a lot of fertilizer,and watered them every day.But,to my disappointment,the morning glory didn’t come up.So I went to consult one of my neighbours.He told me my failure was due to too much water and fertilizer.
The experience has taught me the lesson:Never go beyond the limit even if for good purpose.
课时作业(十) Unit 5 Part 2
Ⅰ.语境填词
1.Many forms of cancer can be cured if (detect) early.
2.He smiles and nods, (indicate) that everything is fine.
3.When plants (attack) by insects, they can release chemicals.
4.Her sudden arrival prevented him from (go) out.
5. (surprise), she didn’t feel regretful about her actions.
6.It remains (see) whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals.
7.A subway line will link the airport the city centre.
8.He once (work) as a lecturer, but now he is a manager.
9.The Martian atmosphere contains only a tiny (amount) of water.
10.By nine o’clock last night, we (get) 200 pictures from the spaceship.
答案:1.detected 2.indicating 3.are attacked 4.going 5.Surprisingly 6.to be seen
7.to 8.worked 9.amount 10.had got
Ⅱ.单句情境写作
1.What is more, people can correspond and (与……交流) others more easily with the help of the technology.
2.All our members work (并肩) to fight pollution.
3. (随着考试临近) it’s a good idea to review your class notes.
4. (毕竟),when someone wants to get better at something,they should surround themselves with more of that activity, not less, right
5.I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories (也,还)cried for your tragedies.
答案:1.communicate with 2.side by side
3.With exams approaching 4.After all 5.as well as
阅读
A
Plants cannot run or hide,so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten.Some curl up their leaves,others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling over them,chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack.New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack,letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil,nearby tomato plants appeared to notice.They increased their levels of an enzyme (酶),which is known to prevent plant-eating animals.“None of the plants were ever actually attacked,”Orrock says.“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming,and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails;in the latest study,his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛虫),which usually eat tomato leaves greedily,had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance.This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival,says Orrock,who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious,a plant communication expert,who was not involved in the study.“It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects,”Karban says.“The research was comprehensive,”he adds,“but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million-dollar question,”Orrock says.He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
1.John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to .
A.make them grow better
B.give them a warning
C.keep plant-eating animals away
D.inform plant-eating animals of danger
2.Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3
A.To introduce another animal.
B.To confirm the result of the study.
C.To appeal to people to protect animals.
D.To analyse different resistance chemicals.
3.What does Richard Karban really want to know
A.How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B.What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C.Whether the research is of practical value.
D.What the finding of the research is.
4.What can be a suitable title of the text
A.Watchful Plants
B.Greedy Animals
C.A Snail’s Approach
D.A Defense Attack
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学研究。研究表明植物会对外在威胁相当警觉,会自动做出反应进行自我保护。阅读本文,有助于学生了解自然生物。
答案及剖析:
1.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第二段的最后一句可推知,John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告,让它们能够产生自我保护性反应,且与第三段第一句的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼应。故选B。
2.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的第一句可推知,文章中提到毛虫的例子是为了验证研究的结果。故选B。
3.A 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第四段的最后一句,并结合对最后一段的整体理解可推知,Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的。故选A。
4.A 标题归纳题。考查学生理解和概括文章标题的能力。根据文章中的关键词“plant”,并结合对全文的整体理解可推知,本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究,研究发现植物会对外在威胁或攻击做出自我保护性反应。故选A。
B
When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesn’t sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighbouring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It’s a plant’s way of crying out.But is anyone listening Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbours.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbours,relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other Scientists don’t know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbours just happened to“overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged,but it wasn’t a true,intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago,imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There’s a whole lot going on.
5.What does a plant do when it is under attack
A.It makes noises.
B.It gets help from other plants.
C.It stands quietly.
D.It sends out certain chemicals.
6.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3
A.The attackers get attacked.
B.The insects gather under the table.
C.The plants get ready to fight back.
D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.
7.Scientists have found from their studies that plants can .
A.predict natural disasters
B.protect themselves against insects
C.talk to one another intentionally
D.attack insects with their neighbours
8.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.The world is changing faster than ever.
B.People have stronger senses than before.
C.The world is more complex than it seems.
D.People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了当植物受到伤害时,会分泌出一种特殊的化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。阅读本文,有利于激发学生探索自然的兴趣,引发他们对自然的思考和敬畏。
答案及剖析:
5.D 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的第二、第三句可知,当植物受到伤害时,会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。故选D。
6.A 猜测句意题。考查学生在具体语境中推测句意的能力。根据画线句及其后面的一句可知,一旦它们到达这里,然后这些原本在进食的攻击者就会成为它们的午餐,根据语境,选A。
7.B 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段内容可知,植物在必要的时候会通过分泌化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。故选B。
8.C 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据“imagined a world far busier...a whole lot going on”可知,这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密,我们认知能力有限,有很多事仍在继续发生,远比我们想象的要更复杂。故选C。
核心素养提升(Unit 5)
高考主播音频
(时间:120分钟 满分:150分)
第一部分 听力(共两节,满分30分)
第一节 (共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Where does the conversation probably take place ( C )
A.In a classroom. B.In a bookshop.
C.In a library.
2.What will the woman do next ( B )
A.Check the rare steak.
B.Make the steak medium.
C.Bring the man another steak.
3.What is the man’s opinion about the novel ( A )
A.It is interesting.
B.It is out of date.
C.It is boring.
4.How did the man know the woman ( C )
A.From a bar.
B.From a physics class.
C.From a studying club.
5.Why is the man calling the woman ( A )
A.To place an order.
B.To mail a sweater.
C.To ask for a number.
第二节 (共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6.What does the man complain about the hotel ( A )
A.He couldn’t find a room.
B.The prices were too high.
C.All sorts of people lived in it.
7.How did the man solve the problem at last ( B )
A.He traveled to another place.
B.He went to a colleague’s home.
C.He went to another hotel.
听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
8.What are the speakers mainly talking about ( C )
A.Sophia’s new job.
B.Sophia’s new friends.
C.The friendship between the woman and Sophia.
9.What does the woman say about Sophia ( A )
A.She seems to ignore her.
B.She works hard at her new job.
C.She is too busy to have dinner with her.
10.What does the woman decide to do ( B )
A.Find a new job.
B.Break with Sophia.
C.Give Sophia more time.
听第8段材料,回答第11至13题。
11.What kind of ticket does the man want ( A )
A.A round-trip economy ticket.
B.A one-way business ticket.
C.A round-trip business ticket.
12.How long will the man stay in Paris ( B )
A.About 2 days.
B.About 5 days.
C.About 7 days.
13.How will the man pay for the ticket ( C )
A.By credit card. B.By cheque.
C.In cash.
听第9段材料,回答第14至17题。
14.What is the relationship between the speakers ( C )
A.Husband and wife.
B.Employer and employee.
C.Interviewer and interviewee.
15.What decision has the woman made ( A )
A.Giving up her job.
B.Having a second child.
C.Balancing life and work.
16.When did the woman begin to think of a change ( B )
A.About twelve months ago.
B.About six months ago.
C.About weeks ago.
17.What made it hardest for the woman to make the decision ( A )
A.Her efforts.
B.The high salary.
C.The travel opportunity.
听第10段材料,回答第18至20题。
18.What did the school raise money for ( A )
A.A hospital.
B.Women’s equality.
C.The science fair.
19.Who won the award for excellence in English ( B )
A.Greg. B.Shannon.
C.John.
20.When might the announcement take place ( C )
A.In February. B.In April.
C.In June.
听力原文
第一节
(Text 1)
M:Excuse me.May I take this book out
W:I’m afraid not.The book has been put on the shelf by Dr Smith.Unless you have his written permission,he won’t lend it out.
M:Oh,I got it.Thanks.
(Text 2)
M:Excuse me,but this steak is too rare.I’d like it medium,please.
W:I’m sorry.I’ll put it back under the grill,sir.
(Text 3)
W:I wish we had better stuff to read for our literature class.That novel she assigned us is so boring.
M:Really I started it yesterday afternoon and I couldn’t put it down until I finished it.
(Text 4)
W:You look really familiar.Are you from my physics class,or did we meet at a bar
M:You must be thinking of my brother James.We joined the same English club,but
we’ve never actually talked before...
(Text 5)
W:Hello,Green Mail Order Service.How can I help you
M:I’m calling to order a men’s sweater from your mail order catalogue.The number is S6489,and I want a large size one.
第二节
(Text 6)
M:I’d been there several times before,but this was the first time I’d had any difficulties.
W:Difficulties What sort of difficulties
M:I’d never been there in March before and I’d completely forgotten the festival they have there every year.
W:And they’d put up the prices in the hotels
M:No,not really.That wasn’t the problem.There were simply too many people there and we couldn’t find a room.
W:How terrible!What did you do
M:I rang a colleague who lives in a village nearby and fortunately,he put us up for a few days.
(Text 7)
M:You haven’t spent much time with Sophia lately.You two used to do everything together.
W:We did,but since she started her new job,all she does is hang out with her new friends from work.
M:Maybe you should invite her over for dinner.Just the two of you.
W:I tried that a few weeks ago but she brought a friend from work with her!She
doesn’t seem very interested in our friendship anymore.
M:She’s probably just excited about her new job.You should give her some time.It would be a shame to lose such a friend.
W:I’ve given her enough time.I think it’s time for us to go our separate ways.
(Text 8)
M:I’d like to reserve a flight to Paris,please.
W:OK,sir.Do you want a one-way or a round-trip ticket
M:A round-trip ticket,please.
W:Fine,and when do you want to travel
M:I’m thinking of leaving on August 3rd,and coming back on August 7th.
W:OK,let me see.We have seats available in business and economy,sir.
M:Economy,please.
W:That will be $1,100.
M:That sounds fine.
W:All right,sir.I’ve confirmed your reservation.Would you like to pay by credit card or by cheque
M:Neither.I’ve got enough money on hand.
W:Then I’ll hold the seat for you.Is there anything else I can help you with Maybe a hotel reservation
M:No.Thank you.
(Text 9)
M:Sandra,you’ve made a different sort of decision.Can you tell us about that
W:Yes.About twelve months ago,I had my second baby.I went back to work six months after the baby was born,and I began to realize that I simply couldn’t do my job properly and be a good mother of the two children.
M:Tell us a bit more about your job.Why did you feel it was so difficult to do it and to bring up children at the same time
W:Well,I was director of a large travel company.I needed to travel myself a lot,and I just realized I didn’t want to be away from my children that much.
M:It must have been a very difficult decision,though.I mean it was a very good job...well-paid,lots of travelling...
W:Yes,but the most difficult thing was that I’d just worked so hard to get that position.I mean,you can’t imagine...
M:No,I’m sure.OK,thank you for your time,Sandra.
(Text 10)
Welcome to our annual student achievement awards.Here are our amazing award winners!In February,our school won the Peacock Award at the State Art Competition.In April,our basketball team won the league championships.It is the second year in a row that our Pandas beat the Eagles,our school’s toughest competitor.And just recently,our drama class held their last performance of Beauty and the Beast.With those ticket sales,we raised seven thousand dollars for the Children’s Hospital.Great job,everyone!Now for the award for Best Athlete.For the boys,John Jenkins,our basketball team captain.For the girls,Molly Rice.She came in second place in the state ping-pong championships.For outstanding achievement in science...Greg Anderson.He won $500 at the science fair by building a remote-controlled airplane.Shannon Jackson won for excellence in English,for her essay on women’s equality.Please come up and collect your awards.Well,that’s it,folks.Have a great summer!
第二部分 阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Lizzie’s Diary from Antarctica
Day 3:Tuesday December 2
We planned to go to Rothera that morning.We’d be staying there for the next two weeks.Because Antarctica is the windiest place on earth,sometimes you can’t fly at all.
We had a nervous wait over breakfast to find out if we’d be leaving that day.People have to stay in Stanley for weeks while the pilots wait for good weather.
It turned clear at 9:30 and we took off at 10:30 on a little red plane called Dash-7.But even when we were in the air,there was still a chance we wouldn’t be able to fly the whole day.
Day 4:Wednesday December 3
After waking up in the Antarctic for the first time today I can understand why everybody who comes here falls in love with the place.It is really beautiful.
We’re staying at Rothera Survey base with mountains of ice all around.It is very cold,but the regulars (常客) here are often seen walking around in T-shirts!
Day 5:Thursday December 4
I woke up to another beautiful sunny day here in the Antarctic.I’m told
it’s a bit colder today,but it’s not very windy so it feels warmer.Those of us who are new to the base have to do a special training course before we’re allowed to go off base to other stations or to go snowboarding over the nearby hill.
Day 7:Saturday December 6
Not a cloud in the sky and it’s warm enough to sit outside (in a jacket).
The most amazing thing about this place is how the scenery (风景) changes every day.
At first I thought I was going mad.I’d step outside in the morning and think,“I’m sure that big mountain of ice wasn’t there yesterday.” It’s because the sea ice is always moving—slowly thankfully!
21.When did Lizzie sit outside wearing a jacket
A.On Tuesday. B.On Wednesday.
C.On Thursday. D.On Saturday.
22.What could stop Lizzie from leaving Stanley for Rothera
A.Strong winds. B.Thick clouds.
C.Mountains of ice. D.Low temperature.
23.How did Lizzie feel during her stay in the Antarctic
A.Afraid. B.Nervous.
C.Amazed. D.Bored.
语篇导读:本文是一篇旅游日记。文章主要记述了作者在南极旅行时的经历。阅读本文,有利于加深学生对南极的了解,增进对自然的认识。
答案及剖析:
21.D 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据“Day 7:Saturday December 6”中提到的第一句可知,这一天不太冷,室外也挺暖和,这里备注写的是穿上了夹克,这天是星期六,故选D。
22.A 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。在“Day 3:Tuesday December 2”中提到“People have to stay...wait for good weather”可知,飞行员在等好天气,由第一段的“Because Antarctica is the windiest place on earth”可推测,应该是大风天气使得他们无法起飞,不能离开Stanley去Rothera,故选A。
23.C 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。在“Day 4:Wednesday December 3”的第一段和“Day 7:Saturday December 6”的第二段可推断,Lizzie觉得南极很神奇,故选C。
B
Scientists have recreated a 1985 study of birds in Peru that shows climate change is pushing them from their natural environment.Thirty years ago,researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru.In 2017,researchers looked again at the bird populations.They found that almost all had moved to higher places in the mountain.Almost all had decreased in size.And,the scientists say at least eight bird groups that started at the higher elevations(高地) had died out completely.
The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes.Or changes to food sources may have forced them to go higher.The findings were published in a science journal.The 1985 research has documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation in reaction to warming temperatures.Mark Urban,a biologist at a university,said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.
In 2016,Fitzpatrick,director and a co-writer of the study passed his notes,photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman.Freeman has been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.He set out in August and September of 2017 to copy Fitzpatrick’s study.His team used the same methods,searching the same places in the same time of year.
Freeman’s team wanted to see how things had changed for the bird groups since 1985.The average temperatures on the mountain had risen 0.42 degrees Celsius.His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.
Freeman said that the birds moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.He believes that temperature is the main cause of the birds’ movement.
Fitzpatrick noted that birds used to living in areas with little temperature change may be especially at risk because of climate change.He said,“We should expect that what’s happening on this mountain top is happening more generally in the Andes,and other tropical mountain ranges.”
24.How many kinds of birds lived in Peru 30 years ago
A.At least 8 bird groups.
B.More than 400.
C.Over 8 bird groups.
D.Less than 400.
25.Why did the birds move up the mountain
A.To avoid temperature changes.
B.To find more food sources.
C.To adapt to extreme temperature.
D.To react to the increase of other kinds of animals.
26.How did Freeman and his team records the sounds of birds not easily being seen
A.They had the temperature rise 0.42 degrees Celsius.
B.They moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.
C.They placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain.
D.They kept on listening to the sounds happening on this mountain top.
27.What is the main idea of the text
A.Two teams used the same methods to do researches.
B.Scientists documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation.
C.Scientists have been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.
D.Rising temperature causes some birds in Peru to become extinct.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。研究发现,温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙,而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。阅读本文,有利于提升学生对自然界的认知,并增强保护鸟类及动植物的
意识。
答案及剖析:
24.B 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的第二句可知,在30年前,有400多种鸟类生活在秘鲁。故选B。
25.A 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第二段的第一句可知,它们是为了避开温度的变化。故选A。
26.C 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段的最后一句可知,他们通过在山上放置20个录音设备来记录那些不容易被看见的鸟类的声音。故选C。
27.D 主旨大意题。考查学生理解文本主旨要义的能力。根据全文内容可知,本文主要介绍了一项研究成果,即温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙,而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。D项体现了这项研究的结果,概括了本文的主要内容。故选D。
C
A team of scientists from 19 countries will set off for the Arctic on Friday,aiming to freeze their ship into the polar ice for a year to research the changing climate.
The mission will study the atmosphere,ocean,sea ice,ecosystem and natural processes—looking to build a picture of how climate change is affecting the region and the entire world.
“No other region of the world has warmed as quickly as the Arctic in the past decades,” Markus Rex said.“At the beginning of this year,we had an extreme case where the central Arctic was warmer than in Germany.It’s almost the center of global warming.At the same time,we know little about this region so far.We won’t be able to accurately predict our climate if we don’t have reliable forecasts for the Arctic.”
The Polarstern will set off from Tromso,Norway,and then tie up to a huge iceberg before drifting (漂移) for almost a year through the central polar region—the ice freezing at least 1.5 meters thick around it as winter draws in.Four icebreakers from Russia,China and Sweden,as well as aeroplanes and helicopters,will resupply the ship and carry crew members in and out.Once frozen in place,the Polarstern itself will remain home to all the expedition members—around 100 people at any one time.
Around it,a very small city of science will spring up on the ice,divided into sections to keep the different researchers’ experiments from interfering with one another.One will provide a launching spot for underwater robots investigating the world below the ice and the seafloor,while another will be the base for investigating the ice and snow and how they interact with air and water.
28.What do we know from what Markus Rex said
A.He is in charge of the research.
B.Germany used to be warm in winter.
C.Researchers don’t know about Arctic.
D.The conditions of the Arctic are serious.
29.Why is Polarstern mentioned
A.It is the largest icebreaker nowadays.
B.It will be used to do research in Arctic.
C.It will leave for Tromso in the near future.
D.It will be the home of researchers in winter.
30.Why are several sections in the city of science divided
A.To reduce ice losses.
B.To attract more scientists.
C.To make it convenient investigate.
D.To keep researchers avoiding being disturbed.
31.Where may the passage come from
A.A science fiction. B.A science report.
C.An advertisement. D.A weather report.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了来自19个国家的科学家为了更加深入地了解北冰洋的气候,将进行为期一年的科学考察。阅读本文,有利于加强学生对科学探究的了解和认识,激发学生探索自然的兴趣。
答案及剖析:
28.D 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第三段的第一句可知,北极情况很严峻。故选D。
29.B 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段内容可知,提到这艘破冰船的目的是说明它将用于在北极进行的研究。故选B。
30.D 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据最后一段的第一句可知,其目的是让研究人员避免受到干扰。故选D。
31.B 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。本文介绍的是科学家要在北极进行为期一年的科学考察,了解北极的气候变化。由此可知本文与“科学报道”有关。故选B。
D
When she first started learning about the climate change from one of her elders,Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier.But the glacier was gone,melted by the warming climate.Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasn’t there anymore.
Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change.And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson,a full-time lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell,US,an idea for a class.
This term,she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental studies.She used the experiences of Native American tribes (部落),scientists and activists,and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that “this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”
Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic (怀疑论者).Then he did his own reading and research,and changed his mind.
Dillon wasn’t going into environmental work—he was a computer-science major.Yet,the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a full-time volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration (恢复) projects.
Six months into the work,he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.
Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.
“We are already changing the planet—so many species are going to be lost,displaced or massively impacted,” she said.“The future isn’t going to be what they imagined.”
32.Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp
A.To lay a basis for Fawn Sharp’s further research.
B.To prove Fawn Sharp’s work is similar to Atkinson’s.
C.To lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.
D.To show scientists’ concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.
33.What’s the main purpose of Atkinson’s class
A.To explore how different people deal with climate change.
B.To get students more concerned about the environmental issue.
C.To find solutions to the environmental issue of Olympic Mountains.
D.To teach students how to conduct research about environment.
34.Which of the following best explains “intractable” underlined in Paragraph 3
A.Simple. B.Difficult.
C.Common. D.Interesting.
35.How did Atkinson’s class influence Dillon
A.It made him work as a part-time volunteer for restoration projects.
B.It made him realise a planet-wide climate disaster would happen.
C.It encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.
D.It discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.
语篇导读:本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章叙述了Fawn Sharp通过一次搭乘直升机飞行的经历认识到了冰川融化和环境污染问题的严重性,同时Jennifer Wren Atkinson决定给学生开设课程,教学生如何应对环境污染,她的课程让很多学生关注环境问题。阅读本文,有利于培养学生对环境污染的严重性的认识,提高保护环境的意识。
答案及剖析:
32.C 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第一段可知,Fawn Sharp有一次搭乘直升机飞行时意识到气候变化导致了冰川融化;由此可推知,作者在第一段中提及Fawn Sharp的例子是为了引出下文气候变化导致环境问题的话题,故选C。
33.B 细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第三段的第二句可知,Atkinson开设该课程的目的是让学生更加关注环境问题,故选B。
34.B 猜测词义题。考查学生在具体语境中推测词汇意义的能力。根据画线词所在句和本段内容可知,这是一个如此困难的问题,以至于学生们要用他们的余生来解决,故选B。
35.C 推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据倒数第三段内容可推知,Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护,故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Concern about extinction—the permanent loss of a species—motivates a wide variety of people to take action to protect animal species at risk of dying out.Animal protection and animal rights are familiar themes associated with the field of environmental activism.Certainly,endangered animals suffer no lack of support.36.
Surprisingly,some of the most endangered plants are species that,up until recently,were used by humans as necessary food crops.37.
In order to maximise productivity,farmers have chosen to focus on a handful of high yield crops that can be harvested efficiently.At one time,the number of plant species used by humans to meet their nutritional requirements numbered above 7,000.Now,it is around 150.Some experts even claim that humans actually rely on merely 12 species of plants for most of their food.
A single food crop generally contains several species,which may be further divided into hundreds of varieties,but these varieties are quickly disappearing.
38. Eighty percent of the corn varieties grown in Mexico in 1930 have disappeared.Ninety percent of the 10,000 wheat varieties cultivated in China in 1949 are no longer used.
39. Crop diversity is a factor that ensures the continuation of certain beneficial natural processes in ecosystems—the cycling of nutrients,management of pests,and maintenance of water quality.40. Clearly,there is an urgent need to preserve the plant’s irreplaceable crop diversity before it is lost altogether.
A.You probably want to know the exact approach to protecting endangered plants.
B.Also,crop diversity provides the necessary gene pool to supply crops with a variety of traits (特点).
C.Threatened by current shortsighted farming techniques,crop diversity has shrunk dramatically.
D.However,endangered plants are defended by few.
E.Examples of losses in crop diversity have been recorded worldwide.
F.The permanent loss of plant species represents a huge threat to humanity.
G.Thanks to modern farming techniques,many countries have taken measures to protect them.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类为了提高粮食生产率,目光短浅地采用了一些耕作技术,导致大量农作物品种的迅速消失,一些品种甚至绝种。作者进而强烈呼吁——保护人类粮食作物的多样性。阅读本文,有利于开阔学生的视野。
答案及剖析:
36.D 考查学生理解语义转折句的衔接关系的能力。第一段主要介绍当前有许多人关注并支持濒危动物保护事业,而对濒危植物保护的关注与支持则不尽如人意。因此这两种情况应是转折对比关系,故选D。
37.C 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。第二段的第一句说“令人惊讶的是,直到最近,一些最濒危的植物还在被人类用作必要的粮食作物”,所以下文应该是选与之成强烈对比的选项,以点明当前大量植物濒危的原因,故选C。
38.E 考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。第四段设空处前面说“单一粮食作物通常所包含的数百个变种正在迅速消失”,设空处后面是在举例说明,E项承上启下,故选E。
39.F 考查学生对平行信息之间的衔接关系的理解能力。设空处后一句在谈保持作物多样性的好处,根据语境可知,此处应选F。
40.B 考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据上下文语境可知,本段为“总—分”结构,前句谈了保持作物多样性的一些好处,B项承接上文。故选B。
第三部分 语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Afroz Shah,a lawyer in Mumbai,hasn’t had a weekend off in four years.But he hasn’t spent this time preparing for court.
His mission Saving the world’s oceans from 41 pollution.
It’s a calling he found in 2015 after moving to a community in Mumbai called Versova Beach.He had played there as a child and was 42 to see how much it had changed.The sand was no longer 43 because it was covered by a layer of garbage more than five feet thick—most of it is plastic waste.
“The whole beach was like a 44 of plastic,” he said,“It hurt me.The 45 mess.” What Shah had seen is part of a global environmental crisis.More than 8 million tons of plastic 46 in the world’s oceans each year.It’s predicted that by 2050,there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.“Plastic in the ocean is a 47 .And the sea-species have no choice at all,” Shah said,“We are attacking their habitats.”
In October 2015,Shah began 48 up plastic waste from the beach every Sunday morning.At first,it was just him and a neighbour,and then he began calling on others to join in.Word 49 and with help from social media,more volunteers got
50 .
For Shah,the work has always been a(n) 51 journey,but it has earned global attention.After he was 52 as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations in 2016,Shah now devotes nearly all of his free time to this cause.
He’s now spent 209 weekends on this mission, 53 more than 200,000 volunteers,some of whom are young students,to join him in what’s been called the world’s biggest beach cleanup.By October 2018,Versova Beach was 54 clean and Shah’s cleanups expanded to another beach as well as a stretch of the Mithi River and other regions of India.
“This world talks too much.I think we must talk 55 and take action more,” he said when interviewed by media in October 2019.“We are a smart species.Well adapt.We’ll learn.And with these youngsters rising up,I see hope.”
41.A.plastic B.soil
C.river D.oil
42.A.upset B.confused
C.delighted D.hesitant
43.A.pure B.golden
C.shiny D.visible
44.A.curtain B.carpet
C.painting D.photograph
45.A.temporary B.permanent
C.ugly D.pretty
46.A.sticks to B.keeps off
C.gives back D.ends up
47.A.killer B.cleaner
C.guest D.decoration
48.A.pulling B.thinking
C.picking D.looking
49.A.came B.failed
C.went D.spread
50.A.involved B.lived
C.stuck D.paid
51.A.easy B.tough
C.personal D.general
52.A.known B.regarded
C.decided D.honoured
53.A.requiring B.rejecting
C.inviting D.inspiring
54.A.originally B.finally
C.politically D.theoretically
55.A.fewer B.less
C.better D.worse
语篇导读:本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了孟买的一名律师Afroz Shah四年间花费自己的周末时间去清理沙滩塑料垃圾的故事。他在2016年被联合国授予“地球卫士”称号,并且激励了二十多万名志愿者,其中一些是年轻学生,加入到他所谓的世界上最大的海滩清理行动中来。阅读本文,有利于培养学生保护环境、与自然和谐相处的意识。
[文章脉络]
答案及剖析:
41.A 从下文中多处可以看出,Shah着手治理塑料(plastic) 污染,故选A。
42.A 从下文的“because it was covered by a layer of garbage”可知,此处是不好的改变,所以他心里很沮丧(upset)。故选A。
43.D 根据语境可知,这片沙滩再也看不见(visible)了,因为它被一层垃圾覆盖了。故选D。
44.B 从上文可知,沙滩被一层垃圾覆盖,像毯子(carpet) 一样。故选B。
45.C 从文中的“mess”“a global environmental crisis”可知,这些垃圾污染是不好的,是丑陋的(ugly)。故选C。
46.D 从下文的“It’s predicted that by 2050,there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.”可知,塑料垃圾最终(ends up)进入了海洋。故选D。
47.A 从下文中的“We are attacking their habitats.”可知,海洋中的塑料是一个杀手(killer)。故选A。
48.C 结合语境可知,他每周日早上都在沙滩捡(picking) 塑料垃圾。短语pick up意为“捡起”。故选C。
49.D 此处指消息传播(spread),其他选项不符合语境。故选D。
50.A 结合后文“more than 200,000 volunteers”可知,更多的志愿者参与了(involved) 进来。短语get involved意为“参与”。故选A。
51.C 从下文中的“but it has earned global attention”可知,此处与后文表对比转折,同时“personal”与“global”对应。故选C。
52.D 结合后文的“as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations in 2016”可知,这是一种荣誉的授予(honoured)。故选D。
53.D 结合后文内容可知,Shah激励了(inspiring) 二十多万名志愿者。故选D。
54.B 根据下文中的“Shah’s cleanups expanded...other regions of India.”可知,Versova海滩终于(finally) 被清理干净了。故选B。
55.B 本题的“less”和后面的“more”对应。表示“少说多做”。故选B。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Rainforests are thick forests in the hot parts of the world.They have a great effect 56. the world environment.For example,they play 57. part in controlling the climate.Without 58. (they),climate would change a lot.What’s more,many plants are of 59. (important) in medical value.
However,in the past hundred years,humans 60. (begin) destroying rainforests to search for land and wood.The 61. (hard) we harvest from them,the more carbon dioxide 62. (release) into the air,63.
affects the climate,environment and ourselves as a whole.Meanwhile,we are losing the opportunity 64. (explore) the medical use of the plants.With the population 65. (grow) rapidly,we indeed have an increasing need for resources,but we will suffer more in the end if we keep on doing so.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了热带雨林对环境和人类的重要性,因此我们应该停止对它们的破坏。阅读本文,有利于提升学生维护自然和谐生态的意识。
答案及剖析:
56.on 考查介词。have an effect on...意为“对……有影响”,为习惯搭配。
57.a 考查冠词。此处的part是可数名词,以辅音音素开头,需要用不定冠词a修饰,play a part in意为“在……方面起作用”。
58.them 考查代词。充当介词without的宾语,用宾格。
59.importance 考查名词。充当介词of的宾语,用名词。
60.have begun 考查时态。根据时间状语in the past hundred years可知,此处强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响,应用现在完成时。
61.harder 考查副词比较级。此处是“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越……,就越……”。
62.is released 考查被动语态与主谓一致。 此处carbon dioxide为物质名词,视为单数,且与release之间为被动关系,故用is released。
63.which 考查非限制性定语从句。指代整个主句的内容并在从句中作主语,应用which。
64.to explore 考查非谓语动词。充当后置定语修饰opportunity,表示“……的机会”,用不定式。
65.growing 考查非谓语动词。此处grow与the population之间为主动关系,故用growing。
第四部分 写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假设你是学生会主席李华,为了拯救濒危动物,你打算在学校举办一场活动,希望得到林校长的批准和支持。请根据以下提示给林校长写一封申请信,内容包括:
1.活动:举办濒危动物图片展,旧书义卖活动,为拯救濒危野生动物捐款;
2.时间:本周二至周五的每天下午放学后;
3.地点:学校图书馆前与篮球场。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Dear Mr Lin,
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[写作指导]
One possible version:
Dear Mr Lin,
I am writing to ask permission from you to hold an activity.
As we all know,many rare wild animals are in great danger.Once they are gone,there will never be any more.Each animal has its place in the balance of nature.Destroying any kind of wild animals can create many problems,so we plan to help save wild animals by holding an activity.We will hold a Picture Exhibition on Endangered Animals as well as a fair to sell old books.The whole school will work together to raise as much money as possible.The exhibition and the fair are to be held after school in the afternoon from this Tuesday to Friday in front of the school library and on the basketball court.
We sincerely hope that we can get your permission.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
Rats eat our food or make it so dirty that it isn’t fit for people at all.
That’s why people often kill them by laying down poison.After a day or two,they find the poison still there.The rats haven’t touched it,even though it is near the food which they eat.People think they must be clever and cunning.Some scientists have been trying to find the best way to poison rats.They have watched to see just what a rat does day and night.They have found out that rats aren’t so clever.They are just very shy.
Rats usually live in holes.They run from these holes to the places where they eat and drink.They have special paths on which they travel each time.So they know their paths quite well.
If anything new,such as stone or wood,is put in the path,the rats won’t go near it at first as they are too frightened.It will take them many days to get over the fear.They are also frightened to go near a place that they know,where something has been taken away.If a path goes around a rock,the rats follow the same path around the rock each time.If the rock is taken away,they will still run round the place where the rock was!They won’t cross the empty place,which is now open to them,even though it would be quicker.
Rats will always keep away from anything unusual to them.That’s why they
won’t eat poison on the first or second night.They usually won’t go anywhere near it for about four days until they get used to being there.Even then they only eat a little at a time.If people want to kill rats with poison,all they have to do is to leave it out for a few days.Once the rats have got used to it,they will eat it and die.
[写作指导]
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体:说明文。主旨大意:老鼠不吃老鼠药不是因为老鼠聪明而是因为它们害怕新鲜事物。一旦熟悉并适应了老鼠药的出现,它们就会把它吃掉。
2.明确各段主旨。
3.概括各段要点。
4.提炼语言,完善概要。
It is generally considered that rats are smart enough not to be poisoned.
That’s not true.(要点1)Actually,they just refuse to accept new changes in their familiar paths.(要点2)If any change takes place on their usual paths,they feel unsafe for several days before they adjust themselves to it and use the paths again.(要点3)Therefore,they won’t be poisoned until they become familiar with the poison.(要点4)
