(共64张PPT)
Lesson 1 P52-55
新北师大选择性必修Book 3
Unit 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE
In 1996, the world’s first cloned animal was born. It was a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was generated by an adult sheep’s somatic cell.
In 1997, the first cloned mouse named Cumulina was born in Hawii, and died a natural death from old age (34 months) in 2000.
In 1998, the world’s first cattle is replicated from a somatic cell in Japan. And then they produced cloned beef and milk.
In 2000, scientists cloned a mouflon. It is the first time that cloning technology is applied to an endangered animal.
In 2000, the world’s first successful cloning of primates — genetically closest animals to human—was born in the Oregon area.
In 2001, it was announced that the first five transgenic cloned pigs were born.
They can provide organs for humans.
1
What do you know about cloning What additional information would you like to know Use the words and phrases to help you.
cell
species
to edit genes
identical genes
to develop artificially
to make an exact copy of
to break the technical barrier
to produce animal models
What is cloning
Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned.
Read through the article. Draw a structual map to show how the paragraphs are organised.
2
To clone or not to clone
definition of cloning
cloning
opinions
writer’s attitude about cloning
natural cloning
first cloning
positive opinions
negative opinions
first-cloned primates
3
Group Work. Read paragraphs 1-4 and make detailed notes about cloning that better illustrate the information. Then share your notes in a small group.
4
Pair Work. Read the first four paragraphs again. Ask and answer the questions in pairs based on your notes.
1. What is cloning
2. What examples of natural cloning are given
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it naturally and artificially.
An example of natural cloning is taking a cutting from a plant and putting it in soil, and another is identical twins.
3. What was the first cloned mammal What happened to her
4. How has the science of cloning developed since the first cloned mammal
The first cloned animal was Dolly the sheep. She developed an illness and died when she was six and a half years old.
Scientists have been able to clone animals of other species.
5. What development in cloning was announced in 2018 What was special about it
6. For how long did Dr. Sun Qiang’s team work Why did they work so hard
In 2018, the first two long-tailed monkeys were cloned. Cloning a primate is more difficult than cloning other animals.
Dr. Sun Qiang’s team worked for more than five years in order to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models.
5
Group Work. Read paragraphs 5-6. List the potential benefits of, and moral concerns about cloning primates. Add your own concerns. Then share your notes in groups.
Cloning primates Potential benefits Moral concerns
cures for diseases, prevent aging, save research time, reduce the number of animals being tested on, producing more accurate results, better treatment
clones should be treated as objects or individuals, clones are inferior, some organisations may abuse the technology
6
Read the last paragraph. What does Einstein’s quote mean
Einstein’s quote means that science itself can’t be judged as good or bad, because it can only function when it is used by humans. He also indicates humans need to be careful with the information they learn through science and to remember to use science for good.
“Science is a powerful instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. A knife is useful, but it can also kill.”
7
Pair Work. Talk about cloning using the information in the article.
Cloning
01
Definition
02
Natural cloning
03
First cloning
04
First-cloned primates
05
Positive and negative opinions
06
Writer’s attitude
Cloning is a scientific process of making copy of a plant or an animal and developing it either naturally or artificially ...
Let’s talk about cloning.
8
Group Work. Think and share.
1. Why do researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced
2. What is the writer’s attitude towards cloning Five evidence.
Researchers insist on explore cloning to continue making progress in curing diseases and developing treatments.
The writer feels that cloning can be a helpful tool in medical research but that it can also become dangerous. Evidence of this is in the writer’s use of Einstein’s quote .
9
Read the first sentence of each paragraph. Are there any single words, such as linking words or time expressions, that help to make the article coherent.
10
Complete the summary using the information in the article.
Natural cloning has taken place for generations. An example of this is identical
1 ________. A sheep called Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned 2 __________. Since Dolly, more than 20 mammal 3 __________ have been cloned including camels and goats. In 2018, China announced that two monkeys had been cloned.
twins
artificially
species
In comparison with other species, scientists have had to work hard to break the technical 4 _______
to get primates with 5 _________ genes. Scientists say that this major breakthrough offers the 6 _____________ to creat monkeys with 7 ________ genes to give more 8 _________ research results and perhaps lead to 9 ___________ for various diseases. Whilst scientists insist it is 10 _________ to continue research, others raise 11 _________ concerns and worry that the technology might be 12 __________ by some organisations.
barriers
edited
potential
identical
accurate
cures
crucial
moral
abused
新北师大选择性必修Book 3
Language points P52-53
Unit 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
课文回顾：
1. At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much older animals.
句意：起初，多莉发育正常，但后来患上了一种疾病，这种疾病常见于衰老的动物。
Dolly, 克隆羊多莉。多莉1996年7月5日诞生于英国爱丁堡市罗斯林研究所，是一只通过现代工程创造出来的雌性绵羊，也是世界上第一个成功克隆的人造动物。
1. At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much older animals.
句意：起初，多莉发育正常，但后来患上了一种疾病，这种疾病常见于衰老的动物。
develop v
1） 发展；壮大
例句：
The place has rapidly developed from a small fishing community into a thriving tourist resort. 这个地方从一个小渔村迅速发展成为一个繁荣的旅游胜地。
2. 开发/研制产品
例句：
The company develops and markets new software.
这个公司开发并销售新软件。
3. 患病；出现问题
例句：
Her son developed asthma when he was two.
她的儿子两岁时患了哮喘。
4. 发生；变化
例句：
We need more time to see how things develop before we take action.
我们采取行动之前需要有更多时间观察情况的发展。
5. 冲洗（胶片）
例句：
I had the film developed yesterday.
我昨天把胶卷冲洗出来了。
6. 修建；开发
例句：
The site is being developed by a French company.
这块地正在由一家法国公司开发。
2. In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists.
句意：2018年1月，中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴，中中和华华。
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua 世界首对体细胞克隆猴。首只克隆猴“中中”于2017年11月27日在位于上海的中国科学院神经科学研究所、脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心的非人灵长类平台诞生；2017年12月5日，第二只克隆猴“华华”诞生。
2. In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists.
句意：2018年1月，中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴，中中和华华。
announce v. 宣布，宣告（决定、计划等）
1) announce sth.
例句：
They haven’t formally announced their engagement yet.
他们还没有正式宣布订婚。
2) announce that 从句
例句：
We are pleased to announce that we won the game.
我们高兴地宣布，我们赢得了这场比赛。
3) it was announced that 从句
例句：
It was announced that the number of middle schools in that city had grown to 108.
据宣布，那个城市的中学在数量上已增至108所。
3. In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated.
句意：与其他的物种相比，克隆灵长类动物要“困难得多”，而使用非生殖细胞克隆更为复杂。
comparison n. 比较，对照
1) comparison of ...
例句：
I will show you a comparison of the British and German economies.
我将向你展示英国经济和德国经济之间的比较。
2) comparison between ...
例句：Could you make a comparison between the two films 你能将两个电影比较一下吗？
3) by/in comparison (with sb/sth)
例句：The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with New York’s skyscrapers.
伦敦最高的建筑物与纽约的摩天大厦一比就相形见绌。
4) There’s no comparison ... 无法相比，不能相提并论
例句：
There’s absolutely no comparison between the two restaurants.
这两家饭店完全不能相提并论。
4. Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1, 000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years.
句意：研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中，5年多来每周7天，每天24小时照看1000多只猴子。
devote v.
1) devote oneself to sb/sth 献身；致力；专心
例句：
She devoted herself to her career.
她全力倾注于自己的事业。
2) devote sth to sth 把……用于
例句：
I could only devote two hours a day to the work.
我一天只能在这个工作上花两个小时。
3) devoted adj. 爱好的；热衷的；致力的
be devoted to sth 致力于……的
例句：
She has been devoted to the cause of educatuion for many years.
她致力于教育事业很多年了。
5. They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical questions this raises.
句意：他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆，担心由此会引发伦理问题。
bound adj. 一定会；很可能会
1) be bound to do/be sth
例句：
Your education is bound to affect your world view.
你的教育程度必然会影响你的世界观。
You are bound to be nervous the first time.
第一次总是会紧张的。
2) it is/was bound to do/ be sth
例句：
It was bound to happen sooner or later.
这事迟早都是要发生的。
It’s bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
明天肯定又是阳光灿烂。
6. Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.
句意：研究人员认为，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。
insist v. 坚持；坚决认为/主张/要求
1) insist that (从句要用虚拟语气)
例句：
My family insisted that I (should) stay and fight.
我的家人坚持认为我应该留下来继续抗争。
They insisted that he (should) be present at the ceremony. 他们坚决要求他出席这次典礼。
2) insist on
例句：
He insisted on his innocence. 他坚持认为自己无罪。
insist v. 坚称；坚持说
1) insist that (从句不用虚拟语气)
例句：
The president insisted that he was acting out of compassion. 总统坚持说他这么做是出于同情。
2) insist +quote
例句：
“It’s not that difficult,” she insists.
“并没有那么困难。”她坚持说。
新北师大选择性必修Book 3
Grammar P54-55
Unit 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY
完成时 The Perfect
1. 定义
完成时表示一个完成的动作。用来表示现在、过去或者未来某个时间点已经或将会完成的动作。
2. 构成
主语+have (根据时态和人称变化形式)+动词过去分词
3. 类别
1）现在完成时
Present perfect
2）现在完成进行时
Present perfect continuous
3）过去完成时
Past perfect
4）过去完成进行时
Past perfect continuous
现在完成时
Present perfect
1. 定义
现在完成时表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去。
2. 构成
主语+have/has+动词过去分词
例句：
He has already obtained a scholarship.
他已经获得了一份奖学金。
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
乔治已经在好几个场合见过那个先生。
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
现在完成进行时
Present perfect continuous
1. 定义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚终止，或者可能仍然要继续下去。
2. 构成
主语+have/has+been+动词现在分词
例句：
It has been raining for two hours.
已经下了两个小时的雨了。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。
She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.
她已经睡了6个小时，到现在还没有醒来。
过去完成时
Past perfect
1. 定义
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，以及此动作对过去的某一点造成的影响。
2. 构成
主语+had+动词过去分词
例句：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
过去完成进行时
Past perfect continuous
1. 定义
过去完成进行时表示动作从过去的过去开始一直延续到过去某个时间点。在过去某个时间点时，这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。
2. 构成
主语+had+been+动词现在分词
例句：
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找到。
She had only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
Up to that time he had been translating those books.
直到那时他一直在翻译这些书。
Identify the tense of the sentences and write the number in the correct columns.
11
1. Natural cloning has been going on for generations.
2. Gardeners have been using a form of cloning when they take a cutting from a plant ...
3. For years, there had been attempts to clone animals.
4. Cloning primates has been proved to be “much harder” than cloning other species.
5. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been wholly devoted to the research ...
6. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been taking care of more than 1000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7days a week ...
Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect
continuous
4
1, 2
3, 5
6
12
Complete the passage with the proper form of the words in brackets.
On Thursday, the Institute of Neuroscience announced it 1 ______________ (clone) two monkeys using non-reproductive cells. It is reported that researchers all around the world 2 __________________ (conduct) tests on animals, such as mice and dogs, for many years but couldn’t find a way to clone monkeys.
had cloned
have been conducting
The news of the successful cloning 3 ______________ (attract) attention from around the world. However, cloning primates 4 _________________ (also raise) ethical concerns. For example, some people ____________________ (discuss) issues concerning how clones will be treated in society.
has attracted
have also raised
have been discussing
13
Search online and find more information about the development of cloning. Share the information in class.
When you search for cloning, the following key words can be used:
cloning, identical, research, genes, controversy, species, laboratory.
14
Do you think cloning is a good idea Use what you have learnt to try to persuade someone to accept your point of view.
Yes, I think cloning is a good idea to some extent. You can replicate organs and blood tissues to save lives. But, cloning humans for harvesting their organs, and super babies with abilities beyond one’s imagination, are bad ideas that will lead to more problems. Most of the time, there are many risks involved.
Thank you！
