语法与词汇题解题技巧

课件49张PPT。语法与词汇题解题技巧付小艳
2012-1-11一、从下面五个方面考察学生的实际 水平基础语法知识
语法知识运用能力
词组的搭配和习惯用法
对词义的正确理解
功能交际（日常交际用语）必须从整体出发，从全面考虑。那种孤立地按语法结构和词汇意义进行单项选择是行不通的。二、单项填空题的命题依据及趋势研究近几年的真题，我们可以把这类题的考察内容或能力目标要求分为五大类。
1、英语语法的识记、理解、在具体语境条件中的分辨和灵活运用的能力
2、语法和词语知识在特定的语境条件限制下的灵活运用能力
3、英语词语或用法的辨析能力
4、记忆、理解和灵活应用英语某些固定搭配的能力
5、英语情景交际的能力 1. 英语语法的识记、理解、在具体语境条件中的分辨和灵活运用的能力 eg 1. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town --________ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
eg 2. After the war, a new school building was put up --________ There had once been a theatre.
A. which B. where C. which D. whenB. whereB. where通过解这些题不难发现在四个备选答案中，只有一项符合句子的语法结构要求，其余三项不成立。显然这种试题是考察语法知识，要求学生熟练掌握各项英语语法知识并结合新的语境去使用它。这类题占比重最大约1/2。 2. 语法和词语知识在特定的语境条件限制下的灵活运用能力eg 1. ----________ my glasses?
---- Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B. Had you seen
C. Would you see D. Have you seen
eg 2. ---- Who is Jerry cooper?
---- ________? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet
B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet
D. Haven’t you met him yetD. Have you seenD. Haven’t you met him yet解这种题不仅对句子结构所需要的语法知识要明确，而且必须弄明白，题干所提供的语境条件。在这种题目中四个备选答案都可能满足句子结构的语法需要，但从语境上选，却只有一个答案。可以称其为“语法、词语知识加情景交际”。3、英语词语或用法的辨析能力 eg 1. All the leading newspapers --________ the trade talks between China and the United States.
A. reported B. printed
C. announced D. published
eg 2. It is wise to have some money --________ for old age.
A. kept up B. put away
C. given away D. laid up
eg 3. She --________ his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.
A. looked up B. looked for
C. picked out D. picked upA. reportedB. put awayA. looked up解这类题必须全面了解备选答案的同语意义，有时还必须了解近义词的细微差别，主要考查词语辨析能力。但数量不多，2--3个。4. 记忆、理解和灵活应用英语某些固定搭配的能力eg 1. Here is my card. Let’s keep in _________.
A. touch B. relation
C. connection D. friendship
eg 2. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a _________ .
A. letter B. message
C. sentence D. noticeA. touchB. message解此种题，理解题干的语境条件是首要的，还要求具有英语中某些固定搭配的知识，“保持联系”“留下消息”，只能是一种约定俗成，不可更改的语言现象。（1—2个）。5.英语情景交际的能力eg 1.------I’m sorry I broke your mirror.
------Oh, really? _________.
A. It’s Ok with me B. It doesn’t matter
C. Don’t be sorry D. I don’t care
eg 2.-----Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?
------_________.
A. Yes, you may borrow
B. Yes, you could
C. Yes, help yourself
D. Yes, go onB. It doesn’t matter C. Yes, help yourself解此种题，无须语法知识，也不需词语知识，主要弄懂语境，选出适合此情景的答语即可。这是对情景能力的考查。近年来的考试中，增加了会话比重，突出特点是、灵活、短小、前言后语 连接紧凑，答语多呈省略状态。增加了答案的隐蔽性，建议采用代入法。根据命题依据，拟以下解题对策及技巧，首先仔细审题，正确理解题意，从语法结构，词语搭配，习惯用法，具体语境等多方分析、推理，切忌孤立、片面地看某一 选项，要综合全面地考虑。三、单项填空解题方法 1、 简化法
2、分析法
3、补全法
4、还原法
5. 根据语境，捕捉信息法1、 简化法做题时先去掉插入语或附加的次要信息成分，然后迅速找到答案。 eg1. It was exciting moment for those football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while
C. which D. whenD. when （解析）this years后跟了一个非限制性定义从句，从句前插入了时间状语for the first time in years，考生若理不清句子结构会难以下手。如不考虑这一时间状语的限制，结构就简化了，意思也就明朗多了。eg2. John plays football, _________, if not better than, David. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as （解析）由于题干中插入了if not better than，影响了考生对整个句子的理解。如去掉插入语，难度会大大降低，意思一目了然。B. as well as （评注）命题人常在题干中增加句子成分或插入语，使句子结构复杂化，从而影响正常的解题思路。这类试题的方法是：先试着隐去某一句子成分或插入语，简化结构，再着手理解句意，找到解决问题的突破口。 2、分析法所谓分析法就是通过对句子结构的分析，认知词与词、句与句之间的关系，从而找出切入点，再按语法概念去处理。这种方法往往对长句、复杂句有十分显著的作用。eg1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry outA. carried out （解析）本题中用定语从句说明是何种计划，从语法上看，关系代词除引导从句外，还在从句中充当主语或宾语。主语是they，显然它充当了see的主语，这样我们就不难看出宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系是被动关系，故须用过去分词。eg2. These wild flowers are so special , I would do ___ I can to save them. A. whatever B. that C. which D. whicheverA. whatever（解析）尽管本句很长，实际上第一个句子只是作铺垫，在做题时应把这一部分省去。第二部分是做我所能做的去拯救它们。do后面是其宾语从句且从句中又缺少宾语。通过上下文又有语气加强之感。（评注）对一些复杂的长句，同学们不要紧张害怕，在平时阅读时能注意意群的划分，把复杂的句子简单化，然后再依据语法的概念去分析处理，此类的句子也就简单了。 3、补全法 所谓补全法就是答题时尽量把题目中被省略的部分补全，有助于理顺句子结构，看清题意，从而找出正确的答案。 eg1.The Olympics Games, __________ in 776 B.C. , didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first playing
B. to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first playing C. first played （解析）该句考查了分词短语作定语的用法，first played可扩展为定语从句which was first played，这样, 选择过去分词便一目了然了。例2、----Nancy isn’t coming tonight. ----But she _________! A. promise B. promised C. will promises D. had promised（解析）该句的答语中省略了一 个时间状语，可根据情境添上 when I met her或 yesterday 等，这样就不难看出答案为B。 （评注）省略是语言运用中常见的现象。试题中句子成分的省略无疑加大了试题的难度。考生须通过对上下文的理解将省略的部分补全，即可收到事半功倍的效果。4、还原法还原法即通过转换句型来还原句子的本来面目，以明确题意，从而有利于找出正确答案。常用的还原法有以下几种类型：
（1）被动语态还原为主动语态。
（2）复合句分解成简单句。
（3）疑问句还原成陈述句。
（4）感叹句还原成陈述句。
（5）倒装语序还原成正常语序。
（6）强调结构还原成陈述结构。 （1）被动语态还原为主动语态。 例1. Much attention _______to be
paid ______English .
A. should; to speak
B. ought; speaking
C. should; to speaking
D. ought; to speaking D. ought; to speaking原句为“We ought to pay much attention to speaking English.” （2）复合句分解成简单句。例2. Mrs. Brown was much
disappointed to see/ (the washing
machine (she had had ____))(went
wrong again.)
A. it
B. it repaired
C. repaired
D. to be repaired C. repaired （解析）该题题干较复杂，可还原成两个句子：Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine went wrong again. 这是一个带宾语从句的复合句；She had had the washing machine repaired. (她找人修理过洗衣机。)，该句是machine 的定语从句。这样一来句子意思便一目了然，不难选出答案。 （3）疑问句还原成陈述句。例3. Who would you have _______ on
the wall newspaper?
A. to work B. work
C. worked D. got to workB. work 原句为“I would have him _______ on the wall newspaper ”。答案很明显，应为have sb. do sth. （4）感叹句还原成陈述句。例4. How pleased the boy was ____what his parents said!
A. listening to B. heard
C. to listen D. to hear 原句为“The boy was pleased to hear what his parents said.” D. to hear （5）倒装语序还原成正常语序。例5. So difficult _______ it to live in an
English-speaking country that I
determined to learn English well.
A. I have felt
B. have I felt
C. I did feel
D. did I feel D. did I feel （解析）该句可由倒装结构还原
为正常语序，即：I felt it so
difficult to live in an English-
speaking country that I
determined to learn English
well. 不难选出D为确答案。 （6）强调结构还原成陈述结构。例6. It was _______ the old clock that the old man spent the whole morning at home.
A. repair
B. repairing
C. to repair
D. repaired原句为“The old man spent the whole morning at home (in) repairing the old clock. ” [评注]正确使用还原法能帮
助学生分析一些复杂的句
子，便于理清题意，对于考
生适应形式变化多样的题目来说很有帮助。 5. 根据语境，捕捉信息法
有些单项题单纯依据语法、词汇知识
去选择会误入歧途。它要求考生要根
据上下文的语境，正确判断填空所依
据信息，再结合语法、词汇知识方面
正确判断。 例1. ---- Susan, go and join your
sister cleaning the yard.
---- Why _______ ? John is
sitting there doing
nothing.
A. him B. he
C. I D. meD. me[解析]本题不结合语境C、D两个选项均有可能。根据句意“为什么要我去？ John坐在那儿啥也没干”。可知，此空白处应填宾格形式，省略了谓语动词。例2. Shirley _______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it. A. has written B wrote C. had written D. was writing D. was writing [解析]单纯看半句根据时间状语last year很容易误选B，表示“已写完”；但根据后半句方知应该是“去年在写”，语境在此起了关键性的作用。[评注]现在考题中的单项填空单纯考查语法、词汇的已不多见，基本上是结合语境去考查语法、词汇的运用，以测试考生实际解决问题的能力，考生应培养根据语境去解决问题的能力。