Unit 3 Food and Culture
Grammar-----过去完成时的主动和被动语态
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
【Practice 1】
①We had built(build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she had received(receive) some good news.
③He said he had been(be) there before.
④We realized we had lost(lose) our way.
<解析>
① had built. 考查动词时态。句意为：直到去年年底，我们已经建了5幢新的大楼。由时间状语by the end of last year可知，此处表示在过去的某一时间已经完成的动作，应用过去完成时，故填 had built。
② had received. 考查动词时态。receive发生在主句谓语动词could see 之前，要用过去完成时。
③ had been. 考查动词时态。Be 发生在主句谓语动词said之前，要用过去完成时。
④ had lost. 考查动词时态。lose发生在主句谓语动词realized之前，要用过去完成时。
【Practice 2】
①The earthquake had been predicted (predict) several days before.
②The device had been used (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom has been cleaned (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child has been taken (take) care of by grandma all these years.
<解析>
①had been predicted.考查过去完成时的被动语态。时间状语 “ before+过去的时间点”表明时态应用过去完成时，且earthquake与predict之间是动宾关系，所以此空应用过去完成时的被动语态。
②had been used.时间状语“some months previously”表明时态应用过去完成时，且device与use之间是动宾关系，所以此空应用过去完成时被动语态。
③has been cleaned. 分析句子可知,主语our classroom 是单数名词,与动词clean 之间为被动关系,从后面句子you needn’t clean it now 可以判断,此处强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,应用现在完成时的被动语态has been cleaned。
④has been taken.由时间状语“all these years这些年”可知句子的谓语动词使用现在完成时have done 的形式,take care of 照顾与主语The child 构成被动的关系,因此使用其被动语态。
一、.用动词的适当形式填空
1．I surfed the net and saw (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain have taken (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I had got (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen had put (put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant has been (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She had wanted (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets had been sold (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．It was the third time that he had made (make) the same mistake.
二、 完成下列句子
1．她说她已来过上海。
She said that she had been to Shanghai.
2．我们到日本前学过一点日语。
We had studied a little Japanese before we came to Japan.
3．我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。
I didn't want to see the play because I had already seen it．
4．我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。
When I came back at midnight she still hadn't finished the work．
5．经过短暂的步行，我们到达金钱被人发现的地方。
After a short walk，we arrived at the place where the money had been found.
三、链接高考语法填空(2018江苏卷改编)
Most people nowadays are so busy with their lives that they do not have time to enjoy a healthy and 1.__balanced__(balance) diet. For most individuals，as 2.______a______ result of eating foods rich in fats and sugar several years, they choose to go on a diet but do not succeed at the end. Be sure to be with a strong 3.__awareness_(aware) that you are 4.____what__ you eat! Therefore, maintaining a healthy diet not only 5.__provides___(provide) your body with energy but also has numerous health benefits. One is that you will keep a healthy weight and is also the easiest and most 6.__beneficial___(benefit) way in which you can be energetic and protect yourself 7.___from___ a number of diseases when growing old. Another benefit is that you will meet your everyday nutritional 8.__requirement__(require). 9.__Basically__(basic) speaking，you should ensure that you take good amount of vegetables, grains, milk and proteins. In most cases，a healthy diet can help you decrease the risk of 10.__getting__(get) some diseases like diabetes and cancer.
1．balanced 解析： 考查形容词用法。 根据空后的diet判断应用形容词形式， 故填balanced。
2．a 解析： 考查冠词。 根据词组as a result of由于， 因为。 故填a。
3．awareness 解析： 考查名词的用法。 根据空前的a strong判断应用名词形式， 故填awareness。
4．what 解析： 考查表语从句用法。 根据空后的表语从句缺少eat的宾语判断填what。
5．provides 解析： 考查主谓一致用法。 根据该句的主语是maintaining a healthy diet判断谓语动词用第三人称单数形式， 故填provides。
6．beneficial 解析： 考查形容词用法。 根据空后的way判断应用形容词形式， 故填beneficial。
7．from/against 解析： 考查介词用法。 根据词组protect sb./sth. from/against sth.让……免受……。 故填from/against。
8．requirement(s) 解析： 考查名词用法。 根据前文的动词meet和空前的your everyday nutritional判断应用名词形式， 可知填requirement(s)。
9．Basically 解析： 考查副词用法。 根据空后是speaking判断用副词形式， 故填Basically。
10．getting 解析： 考查非谓语动词。 根据空前的介词of判断用动词ing形式作宾语， 故填getting。Unit 3 Food and Culture
Grammar-----过去完成时的主动和被动语态
Learning objectives:
1.To master the use of the past perfect tense and the past perfect passive voice correctly.
2.To understand the meaning of the past perfect tense by discussing and practicing.
Key and difficult points:How to use the grammar properly and make sentences.
Preview
课前预习 ：通过观察，课前自主领悟过去完成时主动及其被动语态
[观察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.
4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为______________（时态），其构成为“_____________”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的_______语态形式，其构成为“____________________________”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
Presentation
探究点一：过去完成时的主动语态 （结构：had done）
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
3．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。
4．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
5．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
6．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。
【Practice 1】
①We____________________(build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she_________________(receive) some good news.
③He said he________________(be) there before.
④We realized we________________(lose) our way.
探究点二：过去完成时的被动语态 （结构：had been done）
1.表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。
2．根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
He did what he had been told to. 他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived，he called her. 他到达时，给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left. 在离开前，他们把门锁上了。
3．在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
【Practice 2】
①The earthquake__________________________(predict) several days before.
②The device___________________ (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom_______________________ (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child____________________ (take) care of by grandma all these years.
Production
一、.用动词的适当形式填空
1．I surfed the net and__________ (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain_______________(take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I_______________(get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen_____________(put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant______________ (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She____________________ (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets___________________(sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．It was the third time that he_________________ (make) the same mistake.
二、 完成下列句子
1．她说她已来过上海。
She said that_________________________Shanghai.
2．我们到日本前学过一点日语。
We_______________________________________ before we came to Japan.
3．我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。
I didn't want to see the play because_____________________________________．
4．我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。
When I came back at midnight__________________________________________．
5．经过短暂的步行，我们到达金钱被人发现的地方。
After a short walk，we arrived at the place where________________________________.
三、链接高考语法填空(2018江苏卷改编)
Most people nowadays are so busy with their lives that they do not have time to enjoy a healthy and 1.____________(balance) diet. For most individuals，as 2.____________ result of eating foods rich in fats and sugar several years, they choose to go on a diet but do not succeed at the end. Be sure to be with a strong 3.____________(aware) that you are 4.____________ you eat! Therefore, maintaining a healthy diet not only 5.____________(provide) your body with energy but also has numerous health benefits. One is that you will keep a healthy weight and is also the easiest and most 6.____________(benefit) way in which you can be energetic and protect yourself 7.____________ a number of diseases when growing old. Another benefit is that you will meet your everyday nutritional 8.____________(require). 9.____________(basic) speaking，you should ensure that you take good amount of vegetables, grains, milk and proteins. In most cases，a healthy diet can help you decrease the risk of 10.____________(get) some diseases like diabetes and cancer.
