人教版（2019） 选择性必修 第一册 Unit 1 People of Achievement学案（有答案）

Great Women, Great Quality
We have to admit that greatness in womanhood is an ancient and modern quality.They venture, they dare, and they have courage to begin new things.They have faith① in their work because they know they work for the good of their quality and from inborn instincts (本能)．The following are two typical examples of great women.
Marie Curie is best known for discovering the radioactive elements — polonium (钋) and radium and as the only woman to win two Nobel Prizes.She did not patent②her discoveries but made them available③ to everyone.She encouraged the use of X rays for medical treatment, but she was not sufficiently④ aware of the dangers of radium and died of leukemia (白血病) brought on by too much contact⑤ with radium.
Florence Nightingale was the daughter of a wealthy British landowner, William Nightingale.She wanted to become a nurse, but it was
not considered a proper profession for a young lady at that time.In 1851 Florence's father gave her permission⑥ to train as a nurse and in 1853 she went to Crimea to help the soldiers during the war.There she became known as “the lady with the lamp” for the concern she showed to the sick soldiers.Back in England, she started working to improve the training and status⑦ of nurses.She is considered a pioneer⑧ of nursing care.
[多积词汇]
①faith n. 　　　　　　 信念；信任
②patent vt. 获得……的专利
　　　n. 专利；专利品
③available adj. 可利用的；可获得的
④sufficiently adv. 充分地；足够地
⑤contact n. 联系
⑥permission n. 允许；许可
⑦status n. 地位；状态
⑧pioneer n. 先驱
　
Section Ⅰ　Warming Up & Reading — Pre reading
A STUDENT① OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE
It is 5：45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following Jane's way of studying chimps②， our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave③ like humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up④ is our first activity of the day. This means going⑤ back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before⑥. Everybody sits and waits in the shade of⑦ the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off⑧. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile⑨. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree⑩. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family.　
①student在此不作“学生”讲，而是“研究者”“学者”的意思。
②现在分词短语following Jane's way of studying chimps作方式状语。
③behave/bI'heIv/vt.&vi.举动；(举止或行为)表现
behave oneself/well守规矩/举止得体
behaviour/bI'heIvj /n.(＝behavior)行为；举止；习性
④动名词短语watching a family ...作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
⑤mean doing sth.意味着做某事
mean to do sth.打算做某事
⑥where引导的定语从句修饰the place。在定语从句中现在分词短语sleeping in a tree作后置定语。
⑦in the shade of ...在……的阴凉处
shade/ eId/n.荫；阴凉处 vt.遮住光线
⑧move off离开；起程；出发
⑨worthwhile/w θ'waIl/adj.值得的；值得做的
It is worthwhile to do sth./doing sth.做某事是值得的。
⑩句中用了“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
nest/nest/n.巢；窝
bond/b nd/n.联系；关系；结合；纽带
非洲野生动物研究者
[第1段译文]
清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起。我们一行人都准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么相似。我们当天的首项活动就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或互相喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家族里是表达爱的方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又累又脏，她说对了。不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们一起回窝里睡觉了。我们认识到黑猩猩家庭成员之间的关系像人类家庭一样紧密。
Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest . Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project . Her work changed the way people think about chimps . For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it . She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.
observe/ b'z v/vt.观察；观测；遵守
observation/ bz 'veI n/n.观察；观测
childhood/'t aIldh d/n.童年；幼年时代
in one's childhood在某人的童年时代
it is/was＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do sth.结构中，it为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。
“only＋副词/介词短语/状语从句”位于句首时，句子/主句用部分倒装结构。
定语从句people think about chimps修饰先行词the way，省略了关系词that或in which。
she discovered为省略了关系代词的定语从句。
此处是“observe＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，现在分词短语hunting a monkey and then eating it作宾语补足语。
work out计算出；找出……的答案，处理，解决；制订(计划)；弄清楚
[第2段译文]
在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录它们的日常活动。从孩提时代起，她就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件容易的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是很不寻常的事情。她母亲前几个月过来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩捕猎并吃肉。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩搏杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。
For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says：
“Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. I say to myself， ‘Aren't they lucky？’ And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. Once you have seen that you can never forget ...”
She has achieved everything she wanted to do： working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.
outspoken/a t'sp k n/adj.直言的；坦诚
be outspoken about sth.对某事直言不讳
respect/rI'spekt/vt.&n.尊敬；尊重；敬意
“making ... and respect”为“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
argue/'a ɡju /vt.&vi.讨论；辩论；争论
entertainment/ ent 'teInm nt/n.款待；娱乐；娱乐表演
lead a ... life过着……的生活
crowd in(想法、问题等)涌上心头；涌入脑海
once引导时间状语从句，现在分词短语crowding in作方式状语。
say to oneself (＝think to oneself)心里想
talk to oneself自言自语
she wanted to do是定语从句，修饰先行词everything。
inspire/In'spaI /vt.鼓舞；激发；启示
inspiration/ Insp 'reI n/n.灵感；鼓舞
cheer vt.为……喝彩
[第3～4段译文]
40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐和广告。她帮助建起了黑猩猩可以安全生活的专门的保护区。她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，她说：,“一旦我停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头，我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我对自己说：‘难道它们不幸运吗？’然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……”,她已经完成了她想要做的一切：在动物生活的环境中研究它们，获得博士学位，证明女人能像男人一样在森林里生活。她激励着那些想为女性的成就而欢呼喝彩的人们。
Ⅰ.Match the word with its meaning.
1．childhood　 　A．giving opinions openly and honestly
2．outspoken B．the period of time when someone is a child
3．observe C．home made in a tree usually for a bird
4．respect D．close connection that people have with each other
5．argue E．a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a political aim
6．support F．to give sb. the desire, confidence to do sth. well
7．inspire G．to admire someone because of his/her knowledge, skill etc.
8．bond H．to help or encourage sb./sth. by showing or saying that you agree with them
9．campaign I．to see or notice sb.
10．nest J．to speak angrily to sb. because you disagree with them
答案：1～5　BAIGJ　6～10　HFDEC
Ⅱ.Write down the meaning of phrases in each sentence.
1．At the sound of the gunshot, the wolves moved off quickly.离开
2．After the retirement, he led a quiet life.过着平静的生活
3．Seeing the picture, a thrill of excitement crowded in.涌上心头
4．He devoted all his life to studying maths and won great fame for our country.把……贡献给；致力于
5．You can work out the answer by adding up all the numbers.算出
Look at the following pictures, and discuss who they are and what makes them great.
A．Jane Goodall: To work with animals in the wild
B．Jody Williams: To prevent the making and use of landmines
C．Song Qingling: To work for civil rights, democracy and peace
D．Joan of Arc: To drive the English out of France
E．Elizabeth Fry: To help improve prison conditions
F．Lin Qiaozhi: To help women and children with their illness and health
答案：1～6　DEAFCB
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea.
1．The passage is mainly about________.
A．how Jane Goodall worked with chimps in their environment
B．Jane Goodall strongly suggested that people should not use chimps for entertainment
C．how Jane Goodall helped people understand and respect the life of these animals
D．both A and C
答案：D
2．Read the passage and match each paragraph with its main idea.
(1)Paragraph 1　　　A．Jane has achieved many things through her efforts.
(2)Paragraph 2 B．Jane has done many things for chimps.
(3)Paragraph 3 C．Jane has helped people to have a better understanding of the behavior of chimps.
(4)Paragraph 4 D．A group studied a family of chimps in the same way that Jane did.
答案：(1)～(4)　DCBA
Ⅱ.Read for the details.
1．What did the group do first in the morning
A．They went into the forest slowly.
B．They left the family of chimps waking up.
C．They observed the family of chimps wake up.
D．They helped people understand the behavior of the chimps.
2．According to the first paragraph, the correct order of the things that the chimp families do the whole day is ________.
a．The mother chimp and her babies play in the tree.
b．The family wakes up and moves off.
c．The family goes to sleep in their nest for the night.
d．The family wanders into the forest.
e．Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other.
A．baecd B．bdeac
C．adbce D．abdec
3．Why did Jane go to Africa to study chimps in the wild？Because she wanted to ________.
A．work with them in their own environment
B．prove the way people think about chimps was wrong
C．discover what chimps eat
D．observe a chimp family
4．Jane was permitted to begin her work after ________.
A．the chimp family woke up
B．she lived in the forest
C．her mother came to support her
D．she arrived at Gombe
5．The purpose of her study was to ________.
A．watch the wild chimps in cages
B．gain a doctor's degree
C．understand and respect the lives of chimps
D．live in the forest as men can
答案：1～5　CBACC
Ⅲ.Analyze the difficult sentences.
1．This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before.
[句式分析]　
[尝试翻译]　这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。
2．Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
[句式分析]　这是一个倒装句。only后接after引导的状语从句放于句首，主句用部分倒装句式，即把助动词was提到了主语she的前面。
[尝试翻译]　她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
3．For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat.
[句式分析]　
[尝试翻译]　比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。
4．She has achieved everything she wanted to do：working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can.
[句式分析]　句子主干是she has achieved everything; she wanted to do是省略关系词that的定语从句；and连接的动名词短语working with ... gaining ...and showing ...作everything的同位语；其中that women can live in the forest as men can 为宾语从句。
[尝试翻译]　她已经做到了她想做的一切：在动物的栖息地工作，获得博士学位，向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。
阅读理解
A
Peggy Whitson's job demands a daily two hour workout in a gym where weight has no meaning and the view changes at 17,000 miles an hour.
Whitson makes it look easy. At 57, she is the oldest woman to fly in space, breaking the record in November, 2016, when she began her third long term stay at the International Space Station. After returning home in September, 2017, the NASA astronaut felt matter of fact about the age milestone (里程碑)．
“It wasn't a record I was seeking out，” Whitson said. “I was 42 and 48 for my first two space flights. I feel lucky that I was able to get to do another one in my 50s. I don't think people should let age discourage them, even on those jobs that require some amount of physical fitness. The oldest man is John Glenn (at 77), and we've had male astronauts in their 60s before, so it's not that unusual to be in your late 50s and be able to fly in space. It was just a matter of time before women started flying in space at this age.”
On Earth, she stays fit by weightlifting, biking, playing basketball and water skiing. She shared what it is like to live in microgravity, “It is like you're in a swimming pool, but you don't have to worry about breathing. If I push off from one side, I'm going to float to the other side. Every direction feels exactly the same, which is really hard for your brain to grasp, but it is amazing how fast you adapt.
“It's a big shock for the body to come back to Earth — everything is so heavy. We spend a lot of time getting used to being back in gravity again. Back pain is really the most dramatic for me this time. For me, coming home is harder than going up into space.”
语篇解读：本文介绍了世界上年龄最大的女宇航员Peggy Whitson，她在57岁时第三次登上国际空间站。
1．What does the underlined word “matter of fact” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Amazing.　　　　　　　　 B．Natural.
C．Enthusiastic. D．Unbelievable.
解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据语境可知，Whitson在57岁时成为年龄最大的女宇航员，她说自己不是在追求这个纪录，人们不应该让年龄阻碍自己。结合这些信息看，她对于这个年龄的里程碑没有很特别的感觉，因此该词的含义应该与B项最接近。matter of fact“不带感情的”。
2．How many months did Peggy Whitson spend in space for her third stay in the International Space Station
A．About 10 months. B．About 8 months.
C．About 9 months. D．About 7 months.
解析：选A　推理判断题。本文没有具体说Whitson在国际空间站停留了多长时间，但她在2016年11月开始了她的第三次太空停留，且她在2017年9月回到地球，因此她在国际空间站停留的时间大约为十个月。
3．What can we learn about Peggy Whitson from the passage
A．She is the oldest person to fly in space, breaking the record.
B．She is not the only female astronaut over 60.
C．She likes swimming most to stay fit on Earth.
D．She had been in space in 2002 and 2008.
解析：选D　推理判断题。第二、三段说Whitson在57岁成为年龄最大的女宇航员，故B项表述错误；年龄最大的宇航员是77岁的John Glenn，故A项表述错误；第四段她只是说在微重力状态下就像在游泳池里一样，没有说她最喜欢游泳，故C项表述错误；本文说她在2017年57岁时成为年龄最大的女宇航员，之前在42岁和48岁时到过太空，因此那两个时间可能是2002年和2008年，因此选D。
B
Reese Witherspoon was born on March 22, 1976 in New Orleans, Louisiana.She is the second child of the family.Reese spent the first four years of her life in Wiesbaden, Germany, where her father John Witherspoon served in the US Army Reserves.Shortly after, John moved the family back to the United States, settling in Nashville, Tennessee.
Reese was introduced to the entertainment industry at a very early age.At age 7, she began modeling.This led to appearances on several local television commercials.At age 11, she was placed first in a Ten State Talent Fair.
In 1990, she landed her first major acting role in The Man in the Moon (1991)．Her role as a 14 year old tomboy earned her good reviews.Roles in bigger films such as Jack the Bear (1993) and A Far Off Place (1993) followed shortly after.
Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature.However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures.Although neither film was a huge box office success, they did help to make Reese a rising star in Hollywood and open the door for bigger and better film roles.
Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde.In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Hollywood.In the year 2014, she produced both Gone Girl and Wild, for which she got nominated (提名) for a best actress Oscar again for her role.
Reese is actively involved in children's and women's advocacy organizations.She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children, an organization that helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency aid.
语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记。文章讲述了美国影视演员瑞茜·威瑟斯彭(Reese Witherspoon)的一些事迹。
4．Why did Reese stop her studies at Stanford University
A．Because she starred in two successful films.
B．Because she was more famous in Hollywood.
C．Because she didn't want to get higher education.
D．Because she couldn't balance studies and acting.
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Following high school graduation ...However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures”可知，Reese因为要主演两部电影，所以放弃了继续求学，由此可推知，由于无法兼顾学业和演艺事业，她放弃了学业，故答案为D。
5．Which film made Reese most famous
A．The Man in the Moon.　　 B．Legally Blonde.
C．A Far Off Place. D．Jack the Bear.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde.In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Hollywood”可知，Reese突破性的角色就是《律政俏佳人》中的Elle Woods，在票房方面，这部喜剧片取得了巨大的成功，并使Reese成为好莱坞最顶尖的女明星之一，故答案为B。
6．What is the author's attitude toward Reese
A．Caring. B．Admiring.
C．Critical. D．Defensive.
解析：选B　观点态度题。根据文章内容可知，作者在介绍Reese演艺事业的发展时，采用的都是正面的描述，再根据最后一段中对Reese积极参与一些旨在帮助儿童和妇女的公益组织的描述可推知，作者对Reese持赞赏的态度，故答案为B。
C
Born in 1983 in Arizona, US, Jessica has learned to live her life with her feet.She was born without arms, and no doctors could figure out why.
There were many questions at the time about whether Jessica would be able to live a “normal” life.However, Jessica's father said, “I have never shed a tear about her birth condition.”With the support of her parents and family, Jessica became confident in herself as an adult and continued to explore the world with her feet.
As a child, Jessica studied dance in her hometown.When the first performance arrived, she asked to be put in the back row.Her dance teacher told her there was no back row.Nervously, she took the stage with the other students and performed her routine.When she finished, the applause from the audience gave her encouragement and the confidence to continue dancing for 14 years.
After graduating from high school, Jessica attended the University of Arizona, where she earned a bachelor's degree in Psychology.When talking about her major, she frequently explains that psychology has a great effect on her life, helping her out of a physical limitation.
During college, Jessica signed up for a club of Taekwondo (跆拳道) and learned all of the color belt material.The instructors created a course that would be accessible to any future armless students.Jessica became the first armless person to earn a black belt in the club.
Jessica's most famous accomplishment was learning how to fly.It took three states, four airplanes, two flight instructors and a discouraging year to find the right aircraft.She received the Guinness World Record for being the first person permitted to fly an airplane with only her feet.
Now Jessica works as a motivational lecturer.She travels the world sharing her story and encouraging people to be creative with the slogan “Think outside the shoe.”
语篇解读：美国的Jessica虽没有双臂，但乐观地面对生活，实现了一个又一个成就。
7．What encourages Jessica to keep dancing for so many years
A．The support of her family.
B．Her dance teacher's words.
C．The help of the other students.
D．Her success in the first performance.
解析：选D　细节理解题。由第三段的“When she finished, the applause from the audience gave her encouragement and the confidence to continue dancing for 14 years.”可知演出成功鼓励了她。
8．Why did Jessica major in psychology in university
A．Because psychology is the best subject in her university.
B．Because psychology can bring her a good job in the future.
C．Because psychology can help her go beyond her disability.
D．Because psychology is fit for an armless student.
解析：选C　细节理解题。由第四段的“she frequently explains that psychology has a great effect on her life, helping her out of a physical limitation.”可知心理学对她的生活有巨大的影响，帮助她克服身体的缺陷。
9．What's Jessica's greatest achievement
A．Flying an airplane with her feet.
B．Finding the right aircraft.
C．Speaking as a motivational lecturer.
D．Travelling around the world.
解析：选A　细节理解题。由第六段的“Jessica's most famous accomplishment was learning how to fly.”可知A项正确。
10．What's the best title of the passage
A．A talented girl, Jessica
B．A motivational speaker
C．Exploring the world with feet
D．Being creative as a student
解析：选C　标题归纳题。本文主要讲述没有双臂的女孩是如何克服生活中的障碍，不断进取，积极参与生活的故事，故C项合适。
Section Ⅱ　Warming Up & Reading — Language Points
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The students in our class are arguing (争论) with each other about which pavilion (展馆) is the best at the exhibition.
2．The campaign (运动) of fighting against pollution and protecting the environment is started up by the young people.
3．The best way to learn is to observe (观察) carefully.
4．It is worthwhile (值得的) to help others in need.
5．I want to be chosen as chairman, would you like to support (支持) me
6．You can't imagine how many people crowded (挤满) the cinema on the New Year.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．entertain vt.& vi.娱乐；招待；款待→entertainment_n．款待；娱乐；娱乐表演
2．achieve vt.取得；实现→achievement n．成就；功绩
3．connect vt.联系→connection n．连接；关系
4．organize vt.组织→organization n．组织；机构；团体
5．behave vt.& vi.举动；表现→behaviour n．行为；举止；习性
6．argue vt.& vi.讨论；辩论，争论→argument n．争论；争辩；争吵
[巧记单词]
例词 规律
派生词 entertainment v.＋ ment→n.
connection v.＋ (t)ion→n.
organization v.＋ ation→n.
Ⅲ.补全短语
1．fight for　　　　　　　　　为……而奋斗
2．put sb.to death 处死；处决
3．devote ... to 把……贡献给；致力于
4．move off_ 离开；起程；出发
5．communicate with 与……交际、交流
6．work out 算出；制定出
7．lead a ... life 过着……的生活
8．crowd in (想法、问题等)涌上心头；
涌入脑海
1．[教材原句]　Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.
大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。
[句型点拨]　while 在句中引导时间状语从句，意为“这时，当……时候”。
[佳句赏析]　While I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
当我沿大街行走时，碰巧遇到了我的一位老朋友。
2．[教材原句]　Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
到她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙时，她才得以开始自己的计划。
[句型点拨]　“only＋状语从句”放于句首，主句使用部分倒装句型。
[佳句赏析]　Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只有当他回来的时候，我们才查明了真相。
3．[教材原句]　Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.
我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头，我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩。
[句型点拨]　once在句中引导条件状语从句，意为“一旦……”。
[佳句赏析]　Failure can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to make use of it.
一旦你学会了利用失败，那么失败就能对你的生活起到积极的作用。
1. Women of achievement (P1)
卓有成就的女性
★achievement n. [C]成就；功绩
(1)a sense of achievement　　　　 成就感
make great achievements in ... 在……取得巨大成就
(2)achieve vt. 完成；达到
　 　　vi. 成功
achieve one's success 获得成功
achieve one's goal 达到目标
①I felt a great sense of achievement when I reached the top of the mountain.
当我到达山顶的时候，我有一种巨大的成就感。
②In the last few years, China has made great achievements in environmental protection.
在过去的几年里，中国在环保方面取得了巨大成就。
③His laziness makes it impossible for him to achieve_his_goal.
他的懒惰使他不可能达到目标。
2. Her research showed the connections between chimps and human beings.(P1)
她的研究揭示了黑猩猩和人类的关系。
★connection n．[C，U]连接；关系；联系
(1)there is a connection between A and B
　　　　　　　 　　　 A和B之间有联系
have a connection with/to 和……有联系
in connection with 与……有关
(2)connect vt. 使联结；
与……有关联
connect ... with ... 把……和……联系/连接起来
①I'm writing to you in connection with your recent job application.
我写此信与你最近求职一事有关。
②As far as I know, he has_no_connection_with the accident.
据我所知，他与这起事故无关。
③People usually connect Hangzhou with the West Lake.
人们提到杭州就想到西湖。
3．Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans.(P2)
简已经研究这些黑猩猩家族很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么地相似。
★behave vi.& vt.举动；(举止或行为)表现
(1)behave well/badly to/towards sb.　 对待某人好/不好
behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体
(2)well behaved adj. 表现好的
badly behaved adj. 表现差的
(3)behaviour n．[U] 举止；行为；习性
①He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他表现得像是什么都没发生过。
②If parents do not teach their child how to behave_himself,_he will do anything at will.
如果父母不教给他们的孩子如何守规矩，他做任何事情都会我行我素。
③I think all of us should mind our behaviour (behave) in public places.
我认为我们大家都应该注意在公共场所的行为举止。
4．However, the evening makes it all worthwhile.(P2)
但是到傍晚时分我们就觉得这一切都是值得的。
★worthwhile adj.值得的；值得做的
①It is worthwhile to spend/spending two hours reading the book.
花两个小时读这本书很值。
[辨析]
词条 搭配 意义和用法
worthwhile It's worthwhile doing/to do sth. worthwhile可作表语、定语、补语。“值得做某事”要用it作形式主语，后接不定式或动名词作真正的主语
worth be worth＋n. 值得……；值……
be worth doing worth一般只作表语，后接名词和动名词作宾语。“某事值得被做”，用动名词的主动形式表被动意义；表示“很值得做……”要用副词well来修饰
worthy be worthy of＋n. 值得……，应得
be worthy of being done/be worthy to be done 表示“某事值得被做”，既可接“of＋动名词”，又可接不定式的被动形式
选用上述单词填空
②The beautiful scenery is well worth visiting.
③He who does his duty is worthy of being praised.
④I think it worthwhile to see the film again.
5．She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.(P2)
她花了多年的时间来观察并记录它们的日常活动。
★observe vt.观察；观测；监视；看到；注意到；遵守(规则、法律等)；庆祝
写出下列句中observe的含义
①Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still observe the traditional customs.遵守
②It is a tradition for the people here to observe the Spring Festival.庆祝
③The scientist devoted most of his lifetime to observing the behaviour of the chimps.观察
④The thief was observed to open the window and run away.注意到
(1)observe sb. do sth.　　　 观察到某人做了某事
observe sb. doing sth. 观察到某人正在做某事
observe sb./sth. done 观察到……被……
observe＋that从句 发现……
(2)observation n. 观察
⑤The guard observed a young man stealing (steal) from the office, and he tried to approach him quietly.
门卫注意到一个年轻人正在办公室里偷东西，他试图悄悄地靠近他。
⑥They were glad to observe the work finished (finish) ahead of time.
他们很高兴看到工作提前完成。
6．For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.(P2)
40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。
★respect vt.&n.尊敬；尊重；敬意；方面
(1)respect sb. as ...　　　　　　　 尊敬某人为……
respect sb. for ... 因……而尊敬某人
(2)have/show respect for sb. 尊重某人
①I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.
我可能会选择放弃，并且尊重大多数人的观点。
②I deeply respect him for his courage, which has helped him overcome so much difficulty.
我深深地敬佩他的勇气，这种勇气已帮他克服了如此多的困难。
③We should show/have_respect_for_our parents.
我们应该尊敬父母。
[点津]　respect表示“尊重；敬重”时，为不可数名词；表示“细节；方面”时，为可数名词；表示“敬意；问候”时，多用作复数形式。
④This suggestion differs from the last one in many respects.
这条建议和上一条建议在很多方面不同。
⑤Please send them my respects when you write.
你写信的时候请代我向他们致意。
7．She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.(P2)
她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不该用于娱乐或广告。
★argue vt.&vi.讨论；辩论；争论
argue with sb.(about/over/on sth.) (就某事)与某人争论
argue for/against sth. 据理赞成/反对……
argue that ... 主张……；认为……
argue sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事
argue sb. out of doing sth. 服某人不做某事
①I argue that every one of us (should) try our best to help those in need.
我主张我们人人都应该尽力帮助需要帮助的人。
②As far as I know, they argue_for the right to vote.
据我所知，他们据理力争选举权。
③We tried many ways to argue him into following our advice, but in vain.
我们想尽各种办法劝说他接受我们的建议，但都是徒劳。
④They argued_with_each_other_about the way of dealing with the problem.
他们之间就解决这个问题的办法展开了讨论。
8．Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.(P2)
我一旦停下来，所有的一切都涌上心头。我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩。
★crowd in (on sb.)(想法、问题等)涌上心头；涌入脑海
(1)crowd into one's mind　　　 涌入某人的脑海
crowd in/into (sth.) 大批地涌入(……)
(2)crowded adj. 拥挤的；挤满的；充满的
be crowded with 挤满……；充满着……
①Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on her.
太多不安的思绪涌上她的心头。
②Memories crowded into my mind when I saw the photo.
当我看到这张照片时，往事一齐涌上心头。
③The hall was_crowded_with his devoted fans.
大厅中挤满了他的忠实粉丝。
9．She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.(P2)
她激励着那些为女性的成就而欢呼喝彩的人们。
★inspire vt.鼓舞；激发；启示
(1)inspire sb.with ...
＝inspire ... in sb.　 　 　 激起某人的……
inspire sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
be inspired by 受到……的启发；
由……得到灵感
(2)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的；激发灵感的
①His encouraging remarks inspired confidence in me.
→His encouraging remarks inspired_me_with_confidence.
他的一番激励激起了我的信心。
②His dream inspired him to_try (try) his best to do what needs doing.
他的梦想激励着他尽力做需要做的一切。
③An artist inspired (inspire) by the scene painted this beautiful picture.
一位受到这景色启示的艺术家画下了这幅美丽的画。
10．Jane was permitted to begin her work after her mother came to support her.(P3)
简在妈妈来帮助她之后才得以开始她的工作。
★support vt.& n．支持；供养；拥护；资助；支撑
(1)support oneself　　　　 自主谋生
support one's family 养家糊口
(2)in support of 为了支持……；为了拥护……
①From dawn to dusk, he works countless hours to support our family.
从早到晚，为了养活我们一家人，他没日没夜地工作。
②She decided to support_herself on her musical talents.
她决定依靠自己的音乐才能养活自己。
③Only a few people spoke in_support_of his plan, which made him very disappointed.
只有少数人支持他的计划，这使他很失望。
1．Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.(P2)
到她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙时，她才得以开始自己的计划。
★当only置于句首修饰作状语的副词、介词短语或从句时，句子要用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语前面。
①Only then did he realize that he was not fit for the job.
到那时他才意识到他不适合做这项工作。
②Only in this way can_you_solve this problem.
只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。
③Only when one loses freedom does_one_know its value.
一个人只有在失去自由后才知道它的可贵。
[点津]　若only修饰主语，句子则不倒装。
④Only you can find out the truth.
只有你能弄清真相。
2．Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.(P2)
我一旦停下来，所有的一切都涌上心头。我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩。
★once在本句中引导条件状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”。如果once引导的从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句中的谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式时，或从句为“it be ...”形式时，从句中的“主语＋be”或“it be”可以省略。
①Physics is easy to learn once you understand the rules.
一旦你理解了规则，物理就不难学了。
②You will be successful in the interview once_you_have_confidence.
在面试时你一旦有了自信心，就一定会成功。
③Once broadcast (broadcast), the TV play will be very popular with young people.
一旦开播，这部电视剧就会很受年轻人的欢迎。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The police have been observing (observe) his movements these days.
2．As a teacher, he is respected for his good teaching.
3．We remembered the inspiring (inspire) talks he gave us last time.
4．It was a remarkable achievement (achieve) for such a young player.
5．In order to understand the behaviour (behave) of the animal, the researcher spent many years recording its daily activities.
6．The evidence was there in the file but no one made the connection (connect)．
7．Memories crowded in on him when by accident he found an old picture taken over thirty years ago.
8．They argued with each other about the matter the whole afternoon, and at last reached an agreement.
9．The small chair isn't strong enough to_support (support)that fat man.
10．The book is worth_reading (read), so you can read it.
11．Only then did he realize his mistakes.
12．By visiting schools, the actors hope to inspire children to_put (put) on their own productions.
13．Once seen (see), it can never be forgotten.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．You should observe_the_local_customs (遵守当地的风俗) when you go abroad.
2．He came here specially in_support_of (支持) me.
3．Only in this way can_you_catch_up_with_others (你才能赶上其他人)．
4．He tried to argue_her_into_joining (说服她加入) the dance club.
5．Once_you_get_to/arrive_at/reach (一旦你到达) Lijiang old town, you will fall in love with it immediately.
Ⅲ.一句多译
1．她的工作使我产生信心。
①Her work inspired_me_with_confidence.
②Her work inspired_confidence_in_me.
2．这个问题不值得讨论。
①The question is_not_worth_discussing.(worth)
②The question is_not_worthy_of_being_discussed.(worthy)
③The question is_not_worthy_to_be_discussed.(worthy)
④It is_not_worthwhile_to_discuss/discussing the question.(worthwhile)
Ⅳ.课文缩写语法填空
Jane Goodall had wanted to work with animals in their own environment 1.since she was a child. But this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was 2.unusual (usual) for a woman to live in the forest. However, 3.with the help of her mother, she began her work with the chimps, 4.which changed the way that/in which people think about chimps. Spending years observing and recording their daily 5.activities (active), Jane discovered that chimps hunt and eat meat, against 6.what people used to think. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other. 7.Working (work) with the chimps for years, Jane has argued that wild animals should 8.be_left (leave) in the wild and not used for 9.entertainment (entertain) or advertisements. She has achieved everything she wanted to do, but more 10.importantly (important), she has got the world to understand and respect the lives of chimps.
Ⅰ.单词拼写或用所给单词的正确形式填空
1．Police have launched a campaign (运动) to crack down on drug dealers.
2．We strongly support (支持) the peace progress.
3．The old man usually likes to observe_(观察) the sun rise and set.
4．She has earned the respect (尊重) of her fellow athletes.
5．Teaching is a very worthwhile (值得做的) career.
6．If you want to make great achievements (achieve), you should devote almost all your life.
7．His kind behaviour (behave) was praised by many people.
8．She is brilliant but her work lacks organization (organize)．
9．There's no connection (connect) between these two things.
10．The golden autumn light provided the inspiration (inspire) for the painting.
Ⅱ.选词填空
fight for， put sb. to death， devote ... to， move off， behave oneself， communicate with， work out， lead a ... life， crowd in
1．She shut her mind against the fears that crowded_in on her.
2．Under the leadership of the local government, people there are leading_a happy life.
3．The car stopped at the traffic light for a few minutes, and then moved_off.
4．The area can be easily worked_out if you know the length and the width.
5．She had started to devote her energies to teaching rather than performing.
6．Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate_with their teenage children.
7．The court finally put the criminal to_death because of the murder.
8．We should fight_for_our independence and freedom.
9．The children will not be allowed to go to the supermarket if they don't behave_themselves.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．Once_you_have_made_the_plan,_you should carry it out at once.
一旦你制订出了计划，就应该马上执行。
2．Only by working hard can_he_get_used_to the working conditions there.
只有通过努力工作，他才能习惯那里的工作条件。
3．The expert argued_that_we_should_respect the life of animals.
专家主张我们应该尊重动物的生活。
4．Having_achieved_his_goal has given him much confidence, and he works even harder.
实现了目标给了他很大的信心，他工作更努力了。
5．What he wanted then was to_lead_a_simple_life.
他那时想要的是过一种简单的生活。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
A
As a small boy in Norwich, England, Andy Ridley dreamt of an underwater world so full of life, it couldn't possibly exist. But decades later, a grown up Andy found it in real life — and his underwater fantasy world turned out to be even bigger than the UK.
The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is about 344,400 sq km and is so large it can be seen from space. As CEO of the new Citizens of the GBR initiative (计划), he wants ordinary people around the world to play a part in protecting this famous habitat, which is suffering from another widespread bleaching (白化) event.
It's not the first time Andy has taken on such a huge task. He co founded Earth Hour (EH), which involves people and businesses turning off their lights for the same hour each year.
“The Great Barrier Reef is a mirror on humanity — the health of the reef reflects how we're treating the planet，” Andy says. “I was working in the Netherlands and I started to see the stories about what was going on in the reef. I wanted to see what was really going on.”
So, in 2002, Andy, his zoologist wife, Dr Tammie Matson, and their two young children, left the bright lights of Europe for a life under the stars in Cairns.
Andy says one of his most magical experiences was on an early trip to Osprey Island. “I'd never seen anything like it，” he says.“It was full of life.” After this memorable dive Andy imagined how he could use the reef to create change, and Citizens of the GBR was born.
Whether you're a child growing up in a New York apartment or a grandfather living in Beijing, anyone can register (注册) as a “citizen” and have a say in how the GBR is protected. Registration will allow you to vote online on which projects the initiative finances and be kept informed of the results.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。从“地球一小时”到“大堡礁公民”，为了保护环境，Andy Ridley又开启了新的征程。
1．What is the aim of the GBR initiative
A．To stop the reef from turning white.
B．To find an underwater world full of life.
C．To build a fantasy world based on reality.
D．To attract visitors to the Great Barrier Reef.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As CEO of the new Citizens of the GBR initiative, he wants ordinary people around the world to play a part in protecting this famous habitat, which is suffering from another widespread bleaching event”可知，“大堡礁公民”计划的目的是防止大堡礁继续白化。
2．Why did Andy go to Cairns
A．To do some business.
B．To have a family holiday.
C．To look for an interesting job.
D．To look into the bleaching event.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I started to see the stories about what was going on in the reef. I wanted to see what was really going on”可知，Andy到凯恩斯是为了就珊瑚礁白化问题一探究竟。
3．What inspired Andy to set up Citizens of the GBR
A．A sports accident.　 　 　 B．A diving experience.
C．A heated discussion. D．A magic performance.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第六段中的“After this memorable dive Andy imagined how he could use the reef to create change, and Citizens of the GBR was born”可知，一次潜水经历促使Andy决定开启“大堡礁公民”计划。
4．What will the “citizens” do according to the text
A．Raise money online.
B．Have a say in who can register.
C．Give opinions on the reef's protection.
D．Organize research projects on the environment.
解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“anyone can register as a ‘citizen’ and have a say in how the GBR is protected”可以推知，参与这一项目的“市民”可以就如何保护大堡礁发表意见。
B
Dr Dian Fossey, one of the world's leading women scientists, had a remarkable career.The work — she devoted her life to protecting and studying the mountain gorillas (大猩猩) of Africa — has proved highly effective and has resulted in the steady (平稳的) increase of this most endangered great apes.
Fossey made her first trip to Africa in 1963.Three years later, she returned to Africa to begin a long term study of the mountain gorillas.She set up camp in the Democratic Republic of Congo but moved to Rwanda because of political reasons in 1967.She established her “Karisoke” Research Centre camp on September 24, 1967.
Fossey's aims were to study gorilla ecology (生态学) and social organization.She found that in order to achieve this, she needed to recognize individual gorillas, which required that the gorillas get used to her presence (出现)．By copying gorillas, behaviour and sounds, Fossey began to gain their trust, and in 1970 an adult male gorilla she had named “Peanuts” reached out to touch her hand.
Close observations over thousands of hours enabled Fossey to gain the gorillas' trust and bring forth new knowledge about their behaviour.Stories and photographs of her work were published in National Geographic Magazine and elsewhere.
In 1977, one of Fossey's favorite gorillas, Digit, was killed by poachers and she established the Digit Fund to help raise money for gorilla protection efforts in the same year.
On December 26, 1985, Fossey was murdered while going back to her house in Karisoke.Her body was discovered near the research centre.Most probably, Dian Fossey had been killed by the poachers she'd fought against.On her tombstone (墓碑)：“No one loved gorillas more ...”
In 1988, the life and the work of Fossey were made into a movie based on her book.
语篇解读：本文为我们介绍了Dian Fossey博士及她献身的事业。
5．Why does the author say “Dr Dian Fossey had a remarkable career”？
A．Because she travelled all over the world.
B．Because she liked to play with gorillas.
C．Because she studied gorilla ecology.
D．Because she made great apes increase steadily.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，她的工作使濒危动物——巨猿的数量得以平稳增长，这是她的非凡成就。
6．Which of the following shows the right time order of the events in Fossey's life
a．She established the Digit Fund.
b．Her story was shown in a movie.
c．She was killed probably by the poachers.
d．She established her “Karisoke” centre.
A．a，d，c，b　　　　　　　　 B．a，c，d，b
C．d，c，b，a D．d，a，c，b
解析：选D　顺序排序题。Fossey建立the Digit Fund是在1977年；她的故事被拍成电影是在1988年；她被杀害是在1985年；她建立Karisoke研究中心是在1967年。由此可知D项的排序是正确的。
7．The underlined word “poachers” in Paragraph 5 probably refers to people who ________.
A．sell drugs against the law
B．hunt animals against the law
C．hate successful people
D．like to do harm to people
解析：选B　词义猜测题。根据最后三段中Fossey建立保护大猩猩的基金及她与poachers进行斗争可知，她应该是被偷猎者暗杀的。poacher指“偷猎者”。
8．From the words on Fossey's tombstone, we can infer that ________.
A．Fossey was the person who loved gorillas most
B．after Fossey died, no one loves gorillas
C．Fossey was the first one to study gorillas
D．everybody loves gorillas as Fossey did
解析：选A　推理判断题。写在Fossey 墓碑上的这句话的意思是“没有人比Fossey更爱大猩猩了”，也就是说Fossey是最热爱大猩猩的人，故选A项。
Ⅴ.阅读七选五
Photographer David J. Slater was following a group of monkeys through the forest when he had a bright idea. What would happen if he left them alone with his camera
__1__ The clever monkeys hit buttons (按钮) with their long, black fingers. They smiled and showed their teeth as they looked at the camera.
The monkeys played with the camera until — snap, snap, snap! Naruto, a 6 year old with bright orange eyes, took some selfies (自拍)．
Years later, a newspaper paid Slater to post the photos online. Then another website posted them — and another. Within hours, Naruto's selfies were seen everywhere. __2__
People became interested in Naruto's species, the crested black macaque (黑冠猴). These monkeys are often killed for their meat. __3__ Humans have been cutting down the trees the monkeys live in to make way for farms and roads.
Soon a group of people fighting for animal rights had an idea: Naruto took the photos. Doesn't that mean Naruto owns them — and the right to sell them
The group decided to take Slater to court (法庭). __4__ They wanted that money to be used to protect Naruto's species.
In September, the group made a deal with Slater. He will give away 25 percent of the money from Naruto's selfies. That money will be used to protect crested macaques.
Naruto didn't know what would happen when he snapped his silly selfies. __5__ The attention might just save their lives.
A．The selfies made money.
B．Slater refused their suggestion.
C．The monkey took the photograph of itself.
D．But he's lucky that he made his species famous.
E．But even those that avoid being killed are in danger.
F．You could even buy the pictures on T shirts and postcards.
G．Slater placed the camera on a stand, and then stepped back to watch.
语篇解读：本文是说明文。摄影师David J. Slater因在网上发布猴子的自拍照，身陷照片版权纠纷。
1．选G　由下文介绍聪明猴子的做法“hit buttons ... smiled and showed their teeth ... played with the camera”可知，G项中的placed the camera on a stand, and then stepped back to watch与上文介绍该摄影师的大胆想法What would happen if he left them alone with his camera相吻合。
2．选F　F项中的even buy the pictures on T shirts and postcards与该空前的“Naruto's selfies were seen everywhere”之间是递进关系，进一步说明猴子的自拍照被广泛传播。
3．选E　E项中的those that avoid being killed are in danger与该空前的“monkeys are often killed”相呼应，说明黑冠猴的处境十分危险。该空后的“cutting down the trees the monkeys live in to make way for farms and roads”则是对E项的解释。
4．选A　A项中的money与该空后的“that money”相呼应，此处指Slater被告上法庭的原因。
5．选D　D项中的he made his species famous与该空后的“The attention”相呼应。
Ⅵ.课时微写作(根据提示完成小作文)
Yesterday morning I saw my birthday present, a book given by my mother, the moment I woke up. There are some good tips on how to 1.behave_well (举止得体) in public, to 2.respect_others (尊敬他人), to communicate with others and so on. The book also gives some examples of some parents and their children who have 3.made_great_achievements (取得巨大成就) with the 4.support (帮助) of it. It has also 5.inspired (激励) a great many teenagers to make more friends and take part in more activities. By reading the book, I learned that 6.to_achieve_our_aims (为了实现目标), we should devote ourselves to our study and work. Only in this way 7.can_we_lead_a_happy_life (我们才能过上幸福的生活). As far as I'm concerned, it is 8._worthwhile (值得) to read it.
Section Ⅲ　Grammar — 主谓一致
?语法图解
?探究发现
①Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
②Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.
③Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.
④Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.
⑤Ten hours has passed since I came here.
[我的发现]
(1)句①中group强调成员，故其后谓语动词用复数形式；句③中的family和句④中的group强调整体，故其后谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)句②中的主语为动名词短语，故其谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。
(3)表示时间、距离、金额、度量衡等名词作主语时，常表示一个整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式，如句⑤。
谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，这叫主谓一致。主谓一致的应用主要有以下几种情况：
一、名词作主语
主语 谓语动词
可数名词单数或不可数名词 单数
可数名词复数 复数
只表示复数意义的集体名词people, police, cattle等 复数
family, class, group, team类集体名词 强调整体 单数
强调成员 复数
只作不可数名词用的集体名词clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery等 单数
单复数同形的名词means, sheep, works, deer, fish等 根据其表达的单复数意义而定
只有复数形式的名词goods, clothes, remains, earnings等 复数
Tom has eggs and milk for breakfast.
汤姆早餐吃鸡蛋，喝牛奶。
His family is going to move.
他家准备搬走。
When I visited them yesterday, the family were having dinner.
昨天当我拜访他们时，他们一家人正在吃饭。
即时演练1　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①Land is (be) valuable.Not an inch of land is (be) allowed to waste.
②The children are (be) very fond of playing farm games.
③Cattle mainly feed (feed) on grass.
④The equipment of our factory is (be) all imported from Britain.
⑤Each means has (have) been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
⑥My clothes were (be) bought at a discount of 10%.
二、数量概念词作主语
主语 谓语动词
表示单位数量，指时间、金钱、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语用于整体概念 单数
the rest/majority (of)及分数、百分数等 根据所指代或修饰的名词而定
a number of＋可数名词复数 复数
the number of＋可数名词复数 单数
quantities of 根据quantity的形式而定
more than one/many a＋可数名词单数 单数
one of＋可数名词复数 单数
Four kilometres is not very far.
四公里不算远。
The rest of the fresh water has been shipped to the city.
剩下的淡水已被送入城中。
More than one person is involved in the matter.
不止一个人被牵扯到这一事件中。
[点津]　(1)“more＋复数名词＋than one”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
More children than one are playing in the shade of the tree.
不止一个孩子在树荫下玩耍。
(2)在“one of＋复数名词/代词＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式。只有one之前出现the only, the very等修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词才用单数形式。试比较：
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.
他是通过这次考试的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
他是唯一通过这次考试的学生。
即时演练2
2－1.对比填空(用be动词的适当形式填空)
①A number of new houses were built there three years ago.
②The number of the students in the class is sixty.
③Large quantities of oil were spilling into the sea last year.
④The rest of the lecture is dull.
⑤The rest of the bicycles are on sale today.
2－2.用所给动词的适当形式填空
⑥It is reported that many a new house is_being_built (build) at present in the disaster area.
⑦More than one white rose has (have) bloomed.
三、不定代词作主语
主语 谓语动词
either, each (of), anyone, somebody, everything, no one等 单数
both/few/many/several (of)等 复数
all/some/most (of) 指代或修饰可数名词复数 复数
指代或修饰不可数名词 单数
none (of) 指代或修饰可数名词复数 单、复数均可
指代或修饰不可数名词 单数
Each of the books is worth reading.
每本书都值得读。
Both of the sisters are doctors.
姐妹俩都是医生。
None of them is/are aware of the danger.
他们中没有人意识到危险。
即时演练3　完成句子
①All are_eager_to reach an agreement.
大家都急于达成一项协议。
②All is_well that ends well.
结果好，一切都好。
③None of the books belongs/belong_to_me.
这些书中没有一本属于我。
④All we_need_is a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的果树。
四、并列结构作主语
主语 谓语动词
由both ... and ...连接 复数
由either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., or, not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...连接 就近一致
Both eggs and milk are good for your health.
鸡蛋和牛奶对你的健康都有好处。
Not only the students but also the teacher wants to go climbing.不仅是学生，老师也想去爬山。
[点津]　(1)and连接的两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词前没有冠词。
(2)由and连接的并列单数主语前若有no, each, every, many a等修饰，谓语动词要用单数。
The writer and poet was dead yesterday.
那位作家兼诗人昨天去世了。(同一个人，注意poet前无冠词。)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
Every hour and every minute is important.
每一小时和每一分钟都很重要。
即时演练4　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①Every sight and every sound is/was (be) a delight to the senses.
②Not only he but also all his family are (be) keen on concerts.
③Either they or I am (be) responsible for the result of the matter.
④The girl's teacher and friend is (be) a young doctor.
⑤Not Jack but his parents are (be) to blame for the home accident.
五、其他情况
情况 谓语动词
主语后有with, like, along/together with, as well as, rather than类短语 与主语一致
there be句式中 就近一致
不定式、动名词作主语 通常为单数
主语从句作主语 通常为单数
定语从句中关系代词作主语 与先行词一致
The teacher, together with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
There is some paper, a dictionary and five books on the desk.
桌子上有一些纸、一部字典和五本书。
Reading often means learning.
读书常意味着学习。
I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.
我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的那些时光。
[点津]　(1)多个不定式、动名词作主语表示不同概念时，谓语动词用复数。
(2)what引导主语从句时，谓语动词根据从句所指的内容而定。
What he said has been recorded.
他说的话已被录音。
What I say and think are none of your business.
我说什么、想什么与你无关。
即时演练5
5－1.用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The university estimates that living expenses for international students are around D|S8,450 a year, which is a burden for some of them.(be)
②The basketball coach, as well as his team, was (be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
5－2.完成句子
③I, who am_your_teacher,_will try my best to help you with your study.
我，作为你的老师，将尽力在学习上帮助你。
④To prevent the air from being polluted is_what_we're_now_researching.
防止空气污染是我们正在研究的课题。
⑤Whether they will hold a party or not has_not_been_decided.
他们还没有决定是否开派对。
[链接高考]
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have_reported (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements ...
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have_made (make) over the years.
4．(2018·浙江11月高考)Caffeine was (be) in your first Coke.If you ever enjoyed a chocolate bar, you ate caffeine.
5．(全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
6．(全国卷Ⅱ)Since 2011, the country has_grown (grow) more corn than rice.
7．(北京高考)China's high speed railways have_grown(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
8．(全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
9．(江苏高考)The publication of Great Expectations, which was (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.
10．(全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were_used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
[演练提能]
Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1．Twenty dollars for the little poor girl was (be) too much then.
2．To master one foreign language is (be) very important nowadays.
3．It is said that everybody is (be) going to take part in the game this afternoon.
4．People have_shown (show) great love to the victims since the disaster happened.
5．The scientist and engineer has (have) invented a new machine.
6．Tom, together with his friends, has (have) gone out to play.
7．Every girl and every boy has (have) the right to join the club.
8．— Is (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting
— Neither she nor I am (be)．
9．This kind of apple tastes good.Apples of this kind taste good.(taste)
10．The rich are for the plan, while the poor are against it.(be)
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．Every boy and girl in the area was_invited_to_the_party held last night.
这个地方的每一个男孩和女孩都被邀请参加了昨晚举行的宴会。
2．When I telephoned yesterday, the family were_watching_TV.
昨天当我打电话时，这一家人正在看电视。
3．The police are_searching_for a tall dark man with a beard.
警察正在找一个留着胡子的黑大个子。
4．Our clothing protects_us_from the cold.
我们的衣服可以御寒。
5．His luggage is_heavy,_and he needs someone to help him.
他的行李很重，需要有人帮他一下。
6．All possible means have_been_tried.
所有可能的方法都试了。
7．There are a lot of goods in front of us, which belong_to_the_owner of the store.
在我们的面前有很多的货物，它们属于商店的老板。
8．My shoes don't_fit_my_feet,_so I have to buy another pair.
我的鞋不合脚，我只好再买一双。
9．A new pair of glasses was_bought_yesterday for her by her friend.
昨天她的朋友为她买了一副新眼镜。
10．Jack and Tom have_decided_to have a picnic tomorrow.
杰克和汤姆决定明天去野餐。
Section Ⅳ　Learning about Language & Using Language
WHY NOT① CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK
I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on② great women of China.
By chance③ I came across④ an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi⑤， a specialist in women's diseases. She lived from 1901 to 1983. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career⑥， travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles⑦. One of them caught my eye. It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate⑧ from having and caring for babies. She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness⑨. Why did she write that Who were the women that Lin Qiaozhi thought needed this advice I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended⑩ for women in the countryside. Perhaps if they had an emergency they could not reach a doctor.
①Why not ...？“为什么不……”，用以提出建议。
②do some research on/into ...对……进行一些研究
③by chance (＝by accident) 碰巧；凑巧
(反)on purpose故意地
④come across(＝come upon＝meet with)(偶然)遇见；碰见
⑤过去分词短语called Lin Qiaozhi在此作后置定语，修饰a doctor。
⑥career/k 'rI /n.事业；生涯
⑦现在分词短语travelling abroad ...作方式状语。
⑧rate/reIt/n.比率；速度
at a rate of以……比率/速度
现在分词短语explaining how ...作后置定语，修饰a small book。
⑨sickness/'sIknIs/n.疾病；恶心
⑩intend/In'tend/vt.计划；打算
be intended for专为……打算/设计
emergency/I'm d nsI/n.突发事件；紧急情况
in case of emergency万一发生紧急情况
为什么不继续她的有益的事业？
[第1～2段译文]
上学(高中)时我喜欢英语、生物和化学，但是在大学我该选哪门专业呢？直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时，我才有了答案。
很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一位妇科专家。她1901年出生，1983年去世。林巧稚似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而忙碌着，去国外留学，也写书和文章。其中一本书引起了我的注意。这是一本小书，介绍了从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中如何降低死亡率。她给出了一些简单规则供人们遵循，以保持婴儿清洁、健康，免除疾病。她为什么要写那个呢？林巧稚认为哪些妇女会需要这些建议呢？我仔细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是专为农村妇女写的。也许她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生。
Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time . That was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys' . Was she so much cleverer than anyone else Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi, tired after a day's work, went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor family who could not pay her.
By now I could not wait to find out more about her. I discovered that Lin Qiaozhi had devoted her whole life to her patients and had chosen not to have a family of her own. Instead she made sure that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered. By this time I was very excited. Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work It was still not too late for me to improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and ...
“It hit sb.＋名词性从句”结构意为“某人突然想起……”；此处it是形式主语，how difficult it was ...是主语从句。
generation/ d en 'reI n/n.一代；一辈
from generation to generation一代代地
place ... second to把……置于……之后(次要位置)
be second to none不亚于任何人或事物，首屈一指
when girls' education ...是when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a generation。
it was hard work ... that got her into ...是强调句型，此处强调句子主语hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature。把it was和that去掉，句子仍然讲得通。
determination/dI t mI'neI n/n.决心；果断
What made her succeed later on是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语。
kindness/'kaIndn s/n.仁慈；好意
out of kindness出于好意
consideration/k n sId 'reI n/n.考虑；体谅
considerate/k n'sId r t/adj.考虑周到的
deliver/dI'lIv /vt.递送；生(小孩儿)；接生；发表(演说等)
could not wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事
that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered是that引导的宾语从句，作made sure的宾语。
carry on继续；坚持
too ... to太……而不能
[第3～4段译文]
突然我想起，在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难。那可是一个女性受教育总是排在男性之后的年代。是她比别人聪明得多吗？进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。后来使她成功的是她对所有病人表现出的爱心和体贴。数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在劳累一天之后，又在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生，而这些家庭不能付给她报酬。,现在我迫不及待地想多了解一些有关她的情况。我发现林巧稚把毕生都奉献给了病人，而自己却选择了独身。相反她确保了大约50 000名婴儿的安全出生。这时候，我非常激动。为什么不像林巧稚那样去医学院学习，继续她的有益的事业呢？对我来说，现在努力提高学习成绩、准备大学入学考试还不算晚，而且……
Ⅰ.Read the passage quickly and match each part with its main idea.
Part 1(Para.1)　　　A．What Lin Qiaozhi has done helped the author to find the life goal.
Part 2(Paras.2～3) B．The author's doubt about what she
should study at university.
Part 3(Para.4) C．Lin Qiaozhi's personalities and her achievements.
答案：Part 1－B　Part 2－C　Part 3－A
Ⅱ.Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1．From Para.1, what can we infer
A．The writer's homework was to change her life.
B．The writer liked biology and chemistry.
C．The writer was a middle school student.
D．The writer was studying at university.
2．The small book explaining how to cut the death rate is for the women who ________.
A．care for babies
B．live in the countryside
C．will deliver a baby
D．need advice on medicine
3．Which of the following statements about Lin Qiaoz